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Colson P, Chaudet H, Delerce J, Pontarotti P, Levasseur A, Fantini J, La Scola B, Devaux C, Raoult D. Role of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Infect 2024; 88:106150. [PMID: 38570164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and large-scale genomic surveillance provided an exceptional opportunity to analyze mutations that appeared over three years in viral genomes. Here we studied mutations and their epidemic consequences for SARS-CoV-2 genomes from our center. METHODS We analyzed 61,397 SARS-CoV-2 genomes we sequenced from respiratory samples for genomic surveillance. Mutations frequencies were calculated using Nextclade, Microsoft Excel, and an in-house Python script. RESULTS A total of 22,225 nucleotide mutations were identified, 220 (1.0%) being each at the root of ≥836 genomes, classifying mutations as 'hyperfertile'. Two seeded the European pandemic: P323L in RNA polymerase, associated with an increased mutation rate, and D614G in spike that improved fitness. Most 'hyperfertile' mutations occurred in areas not predicted with increased virulence. Their mean number was 8±6 (0-22) per 1000 nucleotides per gene. They were 3.7-times more frequent in accessory than informational genes (13.8 versus 3.7/1000 nucleotides). Particularly, they were 4.1-times more frequent in ORF8 than in the RNA polymerase gene. Interestingly, stop codons were present in 97 positions, almost only in accessory genes, including ORF8 (21/100 codons). CONCLUSIONS most 'hyperfertile' mutations did not predict emergence of a new epidemic, and some were stop codons indicating the existence of so-named 'non-virulence' genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Chaudet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Vecteurs, Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Camp de Sainte Marthe, Marseille, France
| | - Jérémy Delerce
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Pontarotti
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Department of Biological Sciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-SNC5039, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Fantini
- "Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR UA 16, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Department of Biological Sciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-SNC5039, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
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2
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Domingo E, García-Crespo C, Soria ME, Perales C. Viral Fitness, Population Complexity, Host Interactions, and Resistance to Antiviral Agents. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 439:197-235. [PMID: 36592247 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fitness of viruses has become a standard parameter to quantify their adaptation to a biological environment. Fitness determinations for RNA viruses (and some highly variable DNA viruses) meet with several uncertainties. Of particular interest are those that arise from mutant spectrum complexity, absence of population equilibrium, and internal interactions among components of a mutant spectrum. Here, concepts, fitness measurements, limitations, and current views on experimental viral fitness landscapes are discussed. The effect of viral fitness on resistance to antiviral agents is covered in some detail since it constitutes a widespread problem in antiviral pharmacology, and a challenge for the design of effective antiviral treatments. Recent evidence with hepatitis C virus suggests the operation of mechanisms of antiviral resistance additional to the standard selection of drug-escape mutants. The possibility that high replicative fitness may be the driver of such alternative mechanisms is considered. New broad-spectrum antiviral designs that target viral fitness may curtail the impact of drug-escape mutants in treatment failures. We consider to what extent fitness-related concepts apply to coronaviruses and how they may affect strategies for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos García-Crespo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Soria
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Perales
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Petrof O, Fajgenblat M, Neyens T, Molenberghs G, Faes C. The doubling effect of COVID-19 cases on key health indicators. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275523. [PMID: 36417418 PMCID: PMC9683546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
From the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers advised policy makers to make informed decisions towards the adoption of mitigating interventions. Key easy-to-interpret metrics applied over time can measure the public health impact of epidemic outbreaks. We propose a novel method which quantifies the effect of hospitalizations or mortality when the number of COVID-19 cases doubles. Two analyses are used, a country-by-country analysis and a multi-country approach which considers all countries simultaneously. The new measure is applied to several European countries, where the presence of different variants, vaccination rates and intervention measures taken over time leads to a different risk. Based on our results, the vaccination campaign has a clear effect for all countries analyzed, reducing the risk over time. However, the constant emergence of new variants combined with distinct intervention measures impacts differently the risk per country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Petrof
- I-Biostat, DSI, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Maxime Fajgenblat
- Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Neyens
- I-Biostat, DSI, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre (L-BioStat), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Molenberghs
- I-Biostat, DSI, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- I-BioStat, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christel Faes
- I-Biostat, DSI, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Colson P, Gautret P, Delerce J, Chaudet H, Pontarotti P, Forterre P, Tola R, Bedotto M, Delorme L, Bader W, Levasseur A, Lagier J, Million M, Yahi N, Fantini J, La Scola B, Fournier P, Raoult D. The emergence, spread and vanishing of a French SARS-CoV-2 variant exemplifies the fate of RNA virus epidemics and obeys the Mistigri rule. J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28102. [PMID: 36031728 PMCID: PMC9539255 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The nature and dynamics of mutations associated with the emergence, spread, and vanishing of SARS-CoV-2 variants causing successive waves are complex. We determined the kinetics of the most common French variant ("Marseille-4") for 10 months since its onset in July 2020. Here, we analyzed and classified into subvariants and lineages 7453 genomes obtained by next-generation sequencing. We identified two subvariants, Marseille-4A, which contains 22 different lineages of at least 50 genomes, and Marseille-4B. Their average lifetime was 4.1 ± 1.4 months, during which 4.1 ± 2.6 mutations accumulated. Growth rate was 0.079 ± 0.045, varying from 0.010 to 0.173. Most of the lineages exhibited a bell-shaped distribution. Several beneficial mutations at unpredicted sites initiated a new outbreak, while the accumulation of other mutations resulted in more viral heterogenicity, increased diversity and vanishing of the lineages. Marseille-4B emerged when the other Marseille-4 lineages vanished. Its ORF8 gene was knocked out by a stop codon, as reported in SARS-CoV-2 of mink and in the Alpha variant. This subvariant was associated with increased hospitalization and death rates, suggesting that ORF8 is a nonvirulence gene. We speculate that the observed heterogenicity of a lineage may predict the end of the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Philippe Gautret
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Hervé Chaudet
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance,French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Camp de Sainte MartheMarseilleFrance
| | - Pierre Pontarotti
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)MarseilleFrance
| | - Patrick Forterre
- Département de MicrobiologieInstitut PasteurParisFrance,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRSGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Raphael Tola
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance
| | | | - Léa Delorme
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance,French Armed Forces Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), Camp de Sainte MartheMarseilleFrance
| | - Wahiba Bader
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Jean‐Christophe Lagier
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Matthieu Million
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Nouara Yahi
- INSERM UMR_S 1072Aix‐Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Bernard La Scola
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Pierre‐Edouard Fournier
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP‐HM)MarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
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5
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Somovilla P, Rodríguez-Moreno A, Arribas M, Manrubia S, Lázaro E. Standing Genetic Diversity and Transmission Bottleneck Size Drive Adaptation in Bacteriophage Qβ. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168876. [PMID: 36012143 PMCID: PMC9408265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical issue to understanding how populations adapt to new selective pressures is the relative contribution of the initial standing genetic diversity versus that generated de novo. RNA viruses are an excellent model to study this question, as they form highly heterogeneous populations whose genetic diversity can be modulated by factors such as the number of generations, the size of population bottlenecks, or exposure to new environment conditions. In this work, we propagated at nonoptimal temperature (43 °C) two bacteriophage Qβ populations differing in their degree of heterogeneity. Deep sequencing analysis showed that, prior to the temperature change, the most heterogeneous population contained some low-frequency mutations that had previously been detected in the consensus sequences of other Qβ populations adapted to 43 °C. Evolved populations with origin in this ancestor reached similar growth rates, but the adaptive pathways depended on the frequency of these standing mutations and the transmission bottleneck size. In contrast, the growth rate achieved by populations with origin in the less heterogeneous ancestor did depend on the transmission bottleneck size. The conclusion is that viral diversification in a particular environment may lead to the emergence of mutants capable of accelerating adaptation when the environment changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Somovilla
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Torrejón Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Moreno
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Torrejón Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Arribas
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Torrejón Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susanna Manrubia
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), c/Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Lázaro
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Torrejón Km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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COLSON P, PAROLA P, RAOULT D. The emergence, dynamics and significance of SARS-CoV-2 variants. New Microbes New Infect 2022; 45:100962. [PMID: 35127101 PMCID: PMC8806113 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2022.100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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7
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Chan WM, Ip JD, Chu AWH, Tse H, Tam AR, Li X, Kwan MYW, Yau YS, Leung WS, Chik TSH, To WK, Ng ACK, Yip CCY, Poon RWS, Chan KH, Wong SCY, Choi GKY, Lung DC, Cheng VCC, Hung IFN, Yuen KY, To KKW. Phylogenomic analysis of COVID-19 summer and winter outbreaks in Hong Kong: An observational study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 10:100130. [PMID: 33778795 PMCID: PMC7985010 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral genomic surveillance is vital for understanding the transmission of COVID-19. In Hong Kong, breakthrough outbreaks have occurred in July (third wave) and November (fourth wave) 2020. We used whole viral genome analysis to study the characteristics of these waves. METHODS We analyzed 509 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected from Hong Kong patients between 22nd January and 29th November, 2020. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were performed, and were interpreted with epidemiological information. FINDINGS During the third and fourth waves, diverse SARS-CoV-2 genomes were identified among imported infections. Conversely, local infections were dominated by a single lineage during each wave, with 96.6% (259/268) in the third wave and 100% (73/73) in the fourth wave belonging to B.1.1.63 and B.1.36.27 lineages, respectively. While B.1.1.63 lineage was imported 2 weeks before the beginning of the third wave, B.1.36.27 lineage has circulated in Hong Kong for 2 months prior to the fourth wave. During the fourth wave, 50.7% (37/73) of local infections in November was identical to the viral genome from an imported case in September. Within B.1.1.63 or B.1.36.27 lineage in our cohort, the most common non-synonymous mutations occurred at the helicase (nsp13) gene. INTERPRETATION Although stringent measures have prevented most imported cases from spreading in Hong Kong, a single lineage with low-level local transmission in October and early November was responsible for the fourth wave. A superspreading event or lower temperature in November may have facilitated the spread of the B.1.36.27 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Mui Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jonathan Daniel Ip
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Allen Wing-Ho Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Herman Tse
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anthony Raymond Tam
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Mike Yat-Wah Kwan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yat-Sun Yau
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wai-Shing Leung
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Thomas Shiu-Hong Chik
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing-Kin To
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anthony Chin-Ki Ng
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cyril Chik-Yan Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Rosana Wing-Shan Poon
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sally Cheuk-Ying Wong
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Garnet Kwan-Yue Choi
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - David Christopher Lung
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vincent Chi-Chung Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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8
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Brufsky A, Lotze MT. Ratcheting down the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 pandemic. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2379-2380. [PMID: 32458475 PMCID: PMC7283725 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Brufsky
- Department of Hematology‐Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women's HospitalUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvania
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Department of SurgeryUPMC Hillman Cancer CenterPittsburghPennsylvania
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10
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Keeffe JR, Van Rompay KKA, Olsen PC, Wang Q, Gazumyan A, Azzopardi SA, Schaefer-Babajew D, Lee YE, Stuart JB, Singapuri A, Watanabe J, Usachenko J, Ardeshir A, Saeed M, Agudelo M, Eisenreich T, Bournazos S, Oliveira TY, Rice CM, Coffey LL, MacDonald MR, Bjorkman PJ, Nussenzweig MC, Robbiani DF. A Combination of Two Human Monoclonal Antibodies Prevents Zika Virus Escape Mutations in Non-human Primates. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1385-1394.e7. [PMID: 30403995 PMCID: PMC6268006 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes severe neurologic complications and fetal aberrations. Vaccine development is hindered by potential safety concerns due to antibody cross-reactivity with dengue virus and the possibility of disease enhancement. In contrast, passive administration of anti-ZIKV antibodies engineered to prevent enhancement may be safe and effective. Here, we report on human monoclonal antibody Z021, a potent neutralizer that recognizes an epitope on the lateral ridge of the envelope domain III (EDIII) of ZIKV and is protective against ZIKV in mice. When administered to macaques undergoing a high-dose ZIKV challenge, a single anti-EDIII antibody selected for resistant variants. Co-administration of two antibodies, Z004 and Z021, which target distinct sites on EDIII, was associated with a delay and a 3- to 4-log decrease in peak viremia. Moreover, the combination of these antibodies engineered to avoid enhancement prevented viral escape due to mutation in macaques, a natural host for ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Priscilla C Olsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie A Azzopardi
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Yu E Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jackson B Stuart
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anil Singapuri
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer Watanabe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jodie Usachenko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Amir Ardeshir
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marianna Agudelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Eisenreich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lark L Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Margaret R MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Davide F Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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11
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Global molecular genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) sequences confirms the presence of four main PCV2 genotypes and reveals a rapid increase of PCV2d. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1830-41. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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12
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Wille M, Avril A, Tolf C, Schager A, Larsson S, Borg O, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Temporal dynamics, diversity, and interplay in three components of the virodiversity of a Mallard population: influenza A virus, avian paramyxovirus and avian coronavirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 29:129-37. [PMID: 25461850 PMCID: PMC7106038 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the autumn of 2011, 3029 samples collected from 144 Mallards. A high prevalence of influenza A with 27 different HA/NA subtype combinations. A bimodal seasonal prevalence curve, up to 12%, of gammacoronavirus. An increased coronavirus prevalence given birds are coinfected with influenza A. Low prevalence and diversity of avian paramyxovirus type 1.
Multiple infections, or simultaneous infection of a host with multiple parasites, are the rule rather than the exception. Interactions between co-occurring pathogens in a population may be mutualistic, competitive or facilitative. For some pathogen combinations, these interrelated effects will have epidemiological consequences; however this is as yet poorly incorporated into practical disease ecology. For example, screening of Mallards for influenza A viruses (IAV) have repeatedly revealed high prevalence and large subtype diversity in the Northern Hemisphere. Other studies have identified avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) and coronaviruses (CoVs) in Mallards, but without making inferences on the larger viral assemblage. In this study we followed 144 wild Mallards across an autumn season in a natural stopover site and constructed infection histories of IAV, APMV-1 and CoV. There was a high prevalence of IAV, comprising of 27 subtype combinations, while APMV-1 had a comparatively low prevalence (with a peak of 2%) and limited strain variation, similar to previous findings. Avian CoVs were common, with prevalence up to 12%, and sequence analysis identified different putative genetic lineages. An investigation of the dynamics of co-infections revealed a synergistic effect between CoV and IAV, whereby CoV prevalence was higher given that the birds were co-infected with IAV. There were no interactive effects between IAV and APMV-1. Disease dynamics are the result of an interplay between parasites, host immune responses, and resources; and is imperative that we begin to include all factors to better understand infectious disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Alexis Avril
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden; CIRAD, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Conny Tolf
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Anna Schager
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Sara Larsson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Olivia Borg
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden.
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13
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Gao Y, Guan X, Liu Y, Li X, Yun B, Qi X, Wang Y, Gao H, Cui H, Liu C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Gao Y. An avian leukosis virus subgroup J isolate with a Rous sarcoma virus-like 5'-LTR shows enhanced replication capability. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:150-158. [PMID: 25274857 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.071290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) was first isolated from meat-producing chickens that had developed myeloid leukosis. However, ALV-J infections associated with hemangiomas have occurred in egg-producing (layer) flocks in China. In this study, we identified an ALV-J layer isolate (HLJ13SH01) as a recombinant of ALV-J and a Rous sarcoma virus Schmidt-Ruppin B strain (RSV-SRB), which contained the RSV-SRB 5'-LTR and the other genes of ALV-J. Replication kinetic testing indicated that the HLJ13SH01 strain replicated faster than other ALV-J layer isolates in vitro. Sequence analysis indicated that the main difference between the two isolates was the 5'-LTR sequences, particularly the U3 sequences. A 19 nt insertion was uniquely found in the U3 region of the HLJ13SH01 strain. The results of a Dual-Glo luciferase assay revealed that the 19 nt insertion in the HLJ13SH01 strain increased the enhancer activity of the U3 region. Moreover, an additional CCAAT/enhancer element was found in the 19 nt insertion and the luciferase assay indicated that this element played a key role in increasing the enhancer activity of the 5'-U3 region. To confirm the potentiation effect of the 19 nt insertion and the CCAAT/enhancer element on virus replication, three infectious clones with 5'-U3 region variations were constructed and rescued. Replication kinetic testing of the rescued viruses demonstrated that the CCAAT/enhancer element in the 19 nt insertion enhanced the replication capacity of the ALV-J recombinant in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaolu Guan
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Bingling Yun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Honglei Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
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14
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Monjane AL, Pande D, Lakay F, Shepherd DN, van der Walt E, Lefeuvre P, Lett JM, Varsani A, Rybicki EP, Martin DP. Adaptive evolution by recombination is not associated with increased mutation rates in Maize streak virus. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:252. [PMID: 23268599 PMCID: PMC3556111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses in the family Geminiviridae are proving to be very useful in real-time evolution studies. The high mutation rate of geminiviruses and other ssDNA viruses is somewhat mysterious in that their DNA genomes are replicated in host nuclei by high fidelity host polymerases. Although strand specific mutation biases observed in virus species from the geminivirus genus Mastrevirus indicate that the high mutation rates in viruses in this genus may be due to mutational processes that operate specifically on ssDNA, it is currently unknown whether viruses from other genera display similar strand specific mutation biases. Also, geminivirus genomes frequently recombine with one another and an alternative cause of their high mutation rates could be that the recombination process is either directly mutagenic or produces a selective environment in which the survival of mutants is favoured. To investigate whether there is an association between recombination and increased basal mutation rates or increased degrees of selection favoring the survival of mutations, we compared the mutation dynamics of the MSV-MatA and MSV-VW field isolates of Maize streak virus (MSV; Mastrevirus), with both a laboratory constructed MSV recombinant, and MSV recombinants closely resembling MSV-MatA. To determine whether strand specific mutation biases are a general characteristic of geminivirus evolution we compared mutation spectra arising during these MSV experiments with those arising during similar experiments involving the geminivirus Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Begomovirus genus). RESULTS Although both the genomic distribution of mutations and the occurrence of various convergent mutations at specific genomic sites indicated that either mutation hotspots or selection for adaptive mutations might elevate observed mutation rates in MSV, we found no association between recombination and mutation rates. Importantly, when comparing the mutation spectra of MSV and TYLCV we observed similar strand specific mutation biases arising predominantly from imbalances in the complementary mutations G → T: C → A. CONCLUSIONS While our results suggest that recombination does not strongly influence mutation rates in MSV, they indicate that high geminivirus mutation rates are at least partially attributable to increased susceptibility of all geminivirus genomes to oxidative damage while in a single stranded state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adérito L Monjane
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
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15
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Su JH, Ma XX, He YL, Li JD, Ma XS, Dou YX, Luo XN, Cai XP. Mapping codon usage of the translation initiation region in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus genome. Virol J 2011; 8:476. [PMID: 22014033 PMCID: PMC3219751 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respitatory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a recently emerged pathogen and severely affects swine populations worldwide. The replication of PRRSV is tightly controlled by viral gene expression and the codon usage of translation initiation region within each gene could potentially regulate the translation rate. Therefore, a better understanding of the codon usage pattern of the initiation translation region would shed light on the regulation of PRRSV gene expression. RESULTS In this study, the codon usage in the translation initiation region and in the whole coding sequence was compared in PRRSV ORF1a and ORFs2-7. To investigate the potential role of codon usage in affecting the translation initiation rate, we established a codon usage model for PRRSV translation initiation region. We observed that some non-preferential codons are preferentially used in the translation initiation region in particular ORFs. Although some positions vary with codons, they intend to use codons with negative CUB. Furthermore, our model of codon usage showed that the conserved pattern of CUB is not directly consensus with the conserved sequence, but shaped under the translation selection. CONCLUSIONS The non-variation pattern with negative CUB in the PRRSV translation initiation region scanned by ribosomes is considered the rate-limiting step in the translation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-hong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, PR China
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16
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Hendry AP, Kinnison MT, Heino M, Day T, Smith TB, Fitt G, Bergstrom CT, Oakeshott J, Jørgensen PS, Zalucki MP, Gilchrist G, Southerton S, Sih A, Strauss S, Denison RF, Carroll SP. Evolutionary principles and their practical application. Evol Appl 2011; 4:159-83. [PMID: 25567966 PMCID: PMC3352551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary principles are now routinely incorporated into medicine and agriculture. Examples include the design of treatments that slow the evolution of resistance by weeds, pests, and pathogens, and the design of breeding programs that maximize crop yield or quality. Evolutionary principles are also increasingly incorporated into conservation biology, natural resource management, and environmental science. Examples include the protection of small and isolated populations from inbreeding depression, the identification of key traits involved in adaptation to climate change, the design of harvesting regimes that minimize unwanted life-history evolution, and the setting of conservation priorities based on populations, species, or communities that harbor the greatest evolutionary diversity and potential. The adoption of evolutionary principles has proceeded somewhat independently in these different fields, even though the underlying fundamental concepts are the same. We explore these fundamental concepts under four main themes: variation, selection, connectivity, and eco-evolutionary dynamics. Within each theme, we present several key evolutionary principles and illustrate their use in addressing applied problems. We hope that the resulting primer of evolutionary concepts and their practical utility helps to advance a unified multidisciplinary field of applied evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Mikko Heino
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway ; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg, Austria ; Institute of Marine Research Bergen, Norway
| | - Troy Day
- Departments of Mathematics and Statistics and Biology, Queen's University Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas B Smith
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gary Fitt
- CSIRO Entomology and Cotton Catchment Communities CRC, Long Pocket Laboratories Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia
| | - Carl T Bergstrom
- Department of Biology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John Oakeshott
- CSIRO Entomology, Black Mountain Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter S Jørgensen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - George Gilchrist
- Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation Arlington, VA, USA
| | | | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Strauss
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Denison
- Ecology Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Scott P Carroll
- Institute for Contemporary Evolution Davis, CA, USA ; Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Rowland RRR. The interaction between PRRSV and the late gestation pig fetus. Virus Res 2010; 154:114-22. [PMID: 20832434 PMCID: PMC7172144 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) crosses the placenta during late gestation and productively infects the fetus. Virus replication and cytokine responses were measured in tissues of fetuses recovered at 109–112 days of gestation, just prior to parturition. At the time of recovery, gross anatomical abnormalities were evident in both infected and non-infected fetuses from the infected dams. Virus isolation and immunohistochemistry identified the thymus as the primary site of virus replication. Steady state RT-PCR amplification of inflammatory, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, showed elevated IFN-γ and TNF-α mRNAs in tissues from infected fetuses, which corresponded to elevated cytokine proteins in serum but not amniotic fluid. Further evidence for induction of immunity was found in the hyperplastic response of lymph nodes, which included the development of germinal centers occupied CDw75+ B cells. Collectively, these data support the notion that the immunocompetent fetus is capable of initiating an antiviral response, which is compartmentalized within the infected fetus. Furthermore, fetal pathology may not be a direct result of virus replication in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, 1800 Denison Ave, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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18
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Abstract
We investigate how different rates of environmental change affect adaptive outcomes and dynamics by selecting Chlamydomonas populations for over 200 generations in environments where the rate of change varies. We find that slower rates of environmental change result in end populations that grow faster and pay a lower cost of adaptation than populations that adapt to a sudden change of the same magnitude. We detected partial selective sweeps in adapting populations by monitoring changes in marker frequency in each population. Although populations adapting to a sudden environmental change showed evidence of mutations of large effect segregating early on, populations adapting to slow rates of change showed patterns that were consistent with mutations of relatively small effect occurring at less predictable times. This work suggests that rates of environmental change may fundamentally alter adaptive dynamics and outcomes of adaptation by changing the size and timing of fitness increases. We suggest that using mutations of smaller effect during adaptation may result in lower levels of pleiotropy and historical constraints, which could in turn result in higher fitness by the end of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JT UK.
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19
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Orlinger KK, Hoenninger VM, Kofler RM, Mandl CW. Construction and mutagenesis of an artificial bicistronic tick-borne encephalitis virus genome reveals an essential function of the second transmembrane region of protein e in flavivirus assembly. J Virol 2006; 80:12197-208. [PMID: 17035331 PMCID: PMC1676298 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01540-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses have a monopartite positive-stranded RNA genome, which serves as the sole mRNA for protein translation. Cap-dependent translation produces a polyprotein precursor that is co- and posttranslationally processed by proteases to yield the final protein products. In this study, using tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), we constructed an artificial bicistronic flavivirus genome (TBEV-bc) in which the capsid protein and the nonstructural proteins were still encoded in the cap cistron but the coding region for the surface proteins prM and E was moved to a separate translation unit under the control of an internal ribosome entry site element inserted into the 3' noncoding region. Mutant TBEV-bc was shown to produce particles that packaged the bicistronic RNA genome and were infectious for BHK-21 cells and mice. Compared to wild-type controls, however, TBEV-bc was less efficient in both RNA replication and infectious particle formation. We took advantage of the separate expression of the E protein in this system to investigate the role in viral assembly of the second transmembrane region of protein E (E-TM2), a second copy of which was retained in the cap cistron to fulfill its other role as an internal signal sequence in the polyprotein. Deletion analysis and replacement of the entire TBEV E-TM2 region with its counterpart from another flavivirus revealed that this element, apart from its role as a signal sequence, is important for virion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus K Orlinger
- Clinical Institute of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Genovese D, Dettori S, Argentini C, Villano U, Chionne P, Angelico M, Rapicetta M. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C virus genotype 4 isolates in Egypt and analysis of the variability of envelope proteins E1 and E2 in patients with chronic hepatitis. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1902-9. [PMID: 15815016 PMCID: PMC1081338 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.4.1902-1909.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 isolates circulating in the Alexandria District (Egypt) in terms of genetic divergence and the presence of different subtypes. Hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) and the NH2 region of the E2 protein were characterized, and the heterogeneity of subtype 4a isolates was evaluated by analyzing epitope frequencies, immunoproteasome prediction, and possible glycosylation patterns. The heterogeneity of the nucleotide sequences was greater than that found in previous studies, which reported only subtype 4a. Subtype 4a was most common (78% of cases), yet four new subtypes were found, with subtype 4m representing 11% of the cases and the other three subtypes representing another 11%. Substantial heterogeneity was also found when the intrasubtype 4a sequences were analyzed. Differences in the probability of glycosylation and in the positions of the different sites were also observed. The analysis of the predicted cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte epitopes showed differences in both the potential proteosome cleavage and the prediction score. The Egyptian isolates in our study also showed high variability in terms of the HVR1 neutralization epitope. Five of these isolates showed amino acid substitutions never previously observed (a total of six positions). Four of these residues (in four different isolates) were in positions involved in anchoring to the E2 glycoprotein core and in maintaining the HVR1 conformation. The results of this study indicate that HCV genotype 4 in Egypt is extremely variable, not only in terms of sequence, but also in terms of functional and immunological determinants. These data should be taken into account in planning the development of vaccine trials in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Genovese
- Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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21
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Elena SF, Sanjuán R. RNA viruses as complex adaptive systems. Biosystems 2005; 81:31-41. [PMID: 15917126 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses have high mutation rates and so their populations exist as dynamic and complex mutant distributions. It has been consistently observed that when challenged with a new environment, viral populations adapt following hyperbolic-like kinetics: adaptation is initially very rapid, but then slows down as fitness reaches an asymptotic value. These adaptive dynamics have been explained in terms of populations moving towards the top of peaks on rugged fitness landscapes. Fitness fluctuations of varying magnitude are observed during adaptation. Often the presence of fluctuations in the evolution of physical systems indicates some form of self-organization, or where many components of the system are simultaneously involved. Here we analyze data from several in vitro evolution experiments carried out with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) looking for the signature of criticality and scaling. Long-range fitness correlations have been detected during the adaptive process. We also found that the magnitude of fitness fluctuations, far from being trivial, conform to a Weibull probability distribution function, suggesting that viral adaptation belongs to a broad category of phenomena previously documented in other fields and related with emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Peret TCT, Abed Y, Anderson LJ, Erdman DD, Boivin G. Sequence polymorphism of the predicted human metapneumovirus G glycoprotein. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:679-686. [PMID: 14993653 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative G glycoprotein genes of 25 human metapneumovirus (hMPV) field isolates obtained during five consecutive epidemic seasons (1997 to 2002) were sequenced. Sequence alignments identified two major genetic groups, designated groups 1 and 2, and two minor genetic clusters within each major group, designated subgroups A and B. Extensive nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence variability was observed, consisting of high rates of nucleotide substitutions, use of alternative transcription-termination codons and insertions that retained the reading frame. Deduced amino acid sequences showed the greatest variability, with most differences located in the extracellular domain of the protein: nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities for the entire open reading frame ranged from 52 to 58 % and 31 to 35 %, respectively, between the two major groups. Like the closely related avian pneumovirus and human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses, the predicted G protein of hMPV shared the basic features of a type II mucin-like glycosylated protein. However, differences from these related viruses were also observed, e.g. lack of conserved cysteine clusters as seen in human respiratory syncytial virus and avian pneumovirus. The displacement of genetic groups of hMPV observed during the study period suggests that potential antigenic differences in the G glycoprotein, which have evolved in response to immune-mediated pressure, may influence the circulation patterns of hMPV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C T Peret
- Task Force for Child Survival and Development, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Yacine Abed
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Québec University Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology, Laval University, Québec City, Canada GIV 4G2
| | - Larry J Anderson
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Dean D Erdman
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the Québec University Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology, Laval University, Québec City, Canada GIV 4G2
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Guo HZ, Yin Y, Wang WL, Zhang CS, Wang T, Wang Z, Zhang J, Cheng H, Wang HT. Sequence evolution of putative cytotoxic T cell epitopes in NS3 region of hepatitis C virus. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:847-51. [PMID: 15040030 PMCID: PMC4726999 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i6.847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: Quasispecies of hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the foundation for rapid sequence evolution of HCV to evade immune surveillance of hosts. The consensus sequence evolution of a segment of HCV NS3 region, which encompasses putative cytotoxic T cell epitopes, was evaluated.
METHODS: Three male patients, infected with HCV through multiple transfusions, were identified from clinical symptoms and monitored by aminotransferase for 60 months. Blood samples taken at months 0, 32, and 60 were used for viral RNA extraction. A segment of HCV NS3 region was amplified from the RNA extraction by RT-PCR and subjected to subcloning and sequencing. HLA types of these three patients were determined using complement-dependent microlymphocytotoxic assay. CTL epitopes were predicted using MHC binding motifs.
RESULTS: No patient had clinical symptoms or elevation of aspartate/alanine aminotransferase. Two patients showed positive HCV PCR results at all 3 time points. The other one showed a positive HCV PCR result only at month 0. A reported HLA-A2-restricted CTL epitope had no alteration in the HLA-A2-negative carrier over 60 months. In the HLA-A2-positive individuals, all the sequences from 0 month 0 showed an amber mutation on the initial codon of the epitope. Most changes of consensus sequences in the same patient occurred on predicted cytotoxic T cell epitopes.
CONCLUSION: Amber mutation and changes of consensus sequence in HCV NS3 region may be related to viral immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Zhang Guo
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710033, Shaanxi Province, China
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Pugachev KV, Guirakhoo F, Ocran SW, Mitchell F, Parsons M, Penal C, Girakhoo S, Pougatcheva SO, Arroyo J, Trent DW, Monath TP. High fidelity of yellow fever virus RNA polymerase. J Virol 2004; 78:1032-8. [PMID: 14694136 PMCID: PMC368746 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.2.1032-1038.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three consecutive plaque purifications of four chimeric yellow fever virus-dengue virus (ChimeriVax-DEN) vaccine candidates against dengue virus types 1 to 4 were performed. The genome of each candidate was sequenced by the consensus approach after plaque purification and additional passages in cell culture. Our data suggest that the nucleotide sequence error rate for SP6 RNA polymerase used in the in vitro transcription step to initiate virus replication was as high as 1.34 x 10(-4) per copied nucleotide and that the error rate of the yellow fever virus RNA polymerase employed by the chimeras for genome replication in infected cells was as low as 1.9 x 10(-7) to 2.3 x 10(-7). Clustering of beneficial mutations that accumulated after multiple virus passages suggests that the N-terminal part of the prM protein, a specific site in the middle of the E protein, and the NS4B protein may be essential for nucleocapsid-envelope interaction during flavivirus assembly.
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ELENA SANTIAGOF, CODOÑER FRANCISCOM, SANJUÁN RAFAEL. Intraclonal variation in RNA viruses: generation, maintenance and consequences. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ranjith-Kumar CT, Kim YC, Gutshall L, Silverman C, Khandekar S, Sarisky RT, Kao CC. Mechanism of de novo initiation by the hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: role of divalent metals. J Virol 2002; 76:12513-25. [PMID: 12438577 PMCID: PMC136676 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.24.12513-12525.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We functionally analyzed the role of metal ions in RNA-dependent RNA synthesis by three recombinant RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) from GB virus-B (GBV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), with emphasis on the HCV RdRp. Using templates capable of both de novo initiation and primer extension and RdRps purified in the absence of metal, we found that only reactions with exogenously provided Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) gave rise to significant amounts of synthesis. Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) affected the mode of RNA synthesis by the three RdRps. Both metals supported primer-dependent and de novo-initiated RNA by the GBV RdRp, while Mn(2+) significantly increased the amount of de novo-initiated products by the HCV and BVDV RdRps. For the HCV RdRp, Mn(2+) reduced the K(m) for the initiation nucleotide, a GTP, from 103 to 3 micro M. However, it increased de novo initiation even at GTP concentrations that are comparable to physiological levels. We hypothesize that a change in RdRp structure occurs upon GTP binding to prevent primer extension. Analysis of deleted proteins revealed that the C terminus of the HCV RdRp plays a role in Mn(2+)-induced de novo initiation and can contribute to the suppression of primer extension. Spectroscopy examining the intrinsic fluorescence of tyrosine and tryptophan residues in the HCV RdRp produced results consistent with the protein undergoing a conformational change in the presence of metal. These results document the fact that metal can affect de novo initiation or primer extension by flaviviral RdRps.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Ranjith-Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Elena SF. Evolutionary history conditions the timing of transmission in vesicular stomatitis virus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2001; 1:151-9. [PMID: 12798030 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-1348(01)00022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been postulated that early transmitted viruses would evolve to be more virulent than late transmitted ones. The reason for this prediction is that early transmission selects for rapid viral replication and, consequently, rapid host death, whereas late transmission would select for slow-replicating viruses that permit longer survival to the host. To test this prediction, experimental lineages of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) had been adapted to three different transmission dynamics during more than 100 generations. Transmission dynamic differed in the stage of infection at which transmission took place: early, intermediate or late. Regardless the timing of transmission imposed during the competition experiments done for estimating fitness, lineages adapted to an intermediate time of transmission reached higher fitness than viruses adapted to either early or late transmission. Viruses adapted to early and late transmission schedules showed a trade-off in their performance at other transmission times, with higher fitness at their own transmission time than at any other. The basis of fitness differences, in terms of growth parameters, have also been explored. Fitness correlated with the rate of growth and with the moment of maximum population density but not with the maximum density itself. In addition, a positive correlation between virus performance at late transmission and stability outside the cellular host has been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Elena
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Apartat Oficial 2085, 46071 València, Spain.
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Abstract
Although host radiation allows a parasite to expand its ecological niche, traits governing the infection of multiple host types can decrease fitness in the original or alternate host environments. Reasons for this reduction in fitness include slower replication due to added genetic material or modifications, fitness trade-offs across host environments, and weaker selection resulting from simultaneous adaptation to multiple habitats. We examined the consequences of host radiation using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and mammalian host cells in tissue culture. Replicate populations of VSV were allowed to evolve for 100 generations on the original host (BHK cells), on either of two novel hosts (HeLa and MDCK cells), or in environments where the availability of novel hosts fluctuated in a predictable or random way. As expected, each experimental population showed a substantial fitness gain in its own environment, but those evolved on new hosts (constant or fluctuating) suffered reduced competitiveness on the original host. However, whereas evolution on one novel host negatively correlated with performance on the unselected novel host, adaptation in fluctuating environments led to fitness improvements in both novel habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Turner
- Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biología Evolutiva and Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, 46071 València, Spain
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