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Dellbrügge F, Jesse LD, Medyukhina A, Liu N, Neugebauer S, Freißmuth M, Höppener S, Figge MT, Morrison H, Riecken LB, Press AT. Contribution of radixin and ezrin to the maintenance of hepatocytes' excretory function in health and disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21009. [PMID: 37928027 PMCID: PMC10623174 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & aims Excretory liver failure is frequently associated with poor prognosis in critically ill patients. It is characterized by the loss of canalicular membrane export pumps at the hepatocyte membrane. The membrane export pump Multidrug resistant-associated protein (MRP) 2 is pivotal in hepatocytes for brushed membrane morphology and transport of various metabolites. In addition, MRP2 anchoring proteins of the Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) family are crucial for the correct MRP2 location, integration, and function in different tissues. In hepatocytes, altered ERM signaling is elementary for developing excretory liver failure. Methods Polarized human HepaRG cells, primary human hepatocytes, and hepatocyte-specific Ezrin knockout mice are employed to investigate ERM expression and function in health and the bile duct ligation model of obstructive cholestasis. Results ERM-scaffolding protein Ezrin has no relevant function in maintaining the canalicular structure in hepatocytes during health and disease. Conclusions Homeostasis of the canalicular pole in hepatocytes is maintained exclusively by Radixin but not Ezrin, and Radixin dysfunction promotes cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Dellbrügge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Lena D. Jesse
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Medyukhina
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Sophie Neugebauer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Freißmuth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Höppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller University, Fürstengraben 1, 07737, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc T. Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University, Fürstengraben 1, 07737, Jena, Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University, Fürstengraben 1, 07737, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars B. Riecken
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian T. Press
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740, Jena, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller University, Fürstengraben 1, 07737, Jena, Germany
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Buenaventura RGM, Merlino G, Yu Y. Ez-Metastasizing: The Crucial Roles of Ezrin in Metastasis. Cells 2023; 12:1620. [PMID: 37371090 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is the cytoskeletal organizer and functions in the modulation of membrane-cytoskeleton interaction, maintenance of cell shape and structure, and regulation of cell-cell adhesion and movement, as well as cell survival. Ezrin plays a critical role in regulating tumor metastasis through interaction with other binding proteins. Notably, Ezrin has been reported to interact with immune cells, allowing tumor cells to escape immune attack in metastasis. Here, we review the main functions of Ezrin, the mechanisms through which it acts, its role in tumor metastasis, and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Gabriel M Buenaventura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Xu Z, Xiao L, Wang S, Cheng Y, Wu J, Meng Y, Bao K, Zhang J, Cheng C. Alteration of gastric microbiota and transcriptome in a rat with gastric intestinal metaplasia induced by deoxycholic acid. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160821. [PMID: 37206332 PMCID: PMC10188980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Bile reflux plays a key role in the development of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), an independent risk factor of gastric cancer. Here, we aimed to explore the biological mechanism of GIM induced by bile reflux in a rat model. Methods Rats were treated with 2% sodium salicylate and allowed to freely drink 20 mmol/L sodium deoxycholate for 12 weeks, and GIM was confirmed by histopathological analysis. Gastric microbiota was profiled according to the 16S rDNA V3-V4 region, gastric transcriptome was sequenced, and serum bile acids (BAs) were analyzed by targeted metabolomics. Spearman's correlation analysis was used in constructing the network among gastric microbiota, serum BAs, and gene profiles. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) measured the expression levels of nine genes in the gastric transcriptome. Results In the stomach, deoxycholic acid (DCA) decreased the microbial diversity but promoted the abundances of several bacterial genera, such as Limosilactobacillus, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group. Gastric transcriptome showed that the genes enriched in gastric acid secretion were significantly downregulated, whereas the genes enriched in fat digestion and absorption were obviously upregulated in GIM rats. The GIM rats had four promoted serum BAs, namely cholic acid (CA), DCA, taurocholic acid, and taurodeoxycholic acid. Further correlation analysis showed that the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group was significantly positively correlated with DCA and RGD1311575 (capping protein-inhibiting regulator of actin dynamics), and RGD1311575 was positively correlated with Fabp1 (fatty acid-binding protein, liver), a key gene involved in fat digestion and absorption. Finally, the upregulated expression of Dgat1 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1) and Fabp1 related to fat digestion and absorption was identified by RT-PCR and IHC. Conclusion DCA-induced GIM enhanced gastric fat digestion and absorption function and impaired gastric acid secretion function. The DCA-Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group-RGD1311575/Fabp1 axis might play a key role in the mechanism of bile reflux-related GIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Xu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqin Cheng
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yufen Meng
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaifan Bao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Junfeng Zhang
| | - Chun Cheng
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Chun Cheng
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Barik GK, Sahay O, Paul D, Santra MK. Ezrin gone rogue in cancer progression and metastasis: An enticing therapeutic target. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188753. [PMID: 35752404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer as it remains the most complicated, devastating, and enigmatic aspect of cancer. Several decades of extensive research have identified several key players closely associated with metastasis. Among these players, cytoskeletal linker Ezrin (the founding member of the ERM (Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin) family) was identified as a critical promoter of metastasis in pediatric cancers in the early 21st century. Ezrin was discovered 40 years ago as a aminor component of intestinal epithelial microvillus core protein, which is enriched in actin-containing cell surface structures. It controls gastric acid secretion and plays diverse physiological roles including maintaining cell polarity, regulating cell adhesion, cell motility and morphogenesis. Extensive research for more than two decades evinces that Ezrin is frequently dysregulated in several human cancers. Overexpression, altered subcellular localization and/or aberrant activation of Ezrin are closely associated with higher metastatic incidence and patient mortality, thereby justifying Ezrin as a valuable prognostic biomarker in cancer. Ezrin plays multifaceted role in multiple aspects of cancer, with its significant contribution in the complex metastatic cascade, through reorganizing the cytoskeleton and deregulating various cellular signaling pathways. Current preclinical studies using genetic and/or pharmacological approaches reveal that inactivation of Ezrin results in significant inhibition of Ezrin-mediated tumor growth and metastasis as well as increase in the sensitivity of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we discuss the recent advances illuminating the molecular mechanisms responsible for Ezrin dysregulation in cancer and its pleiotropic role in cancer progression and metastasis. We also highlight its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in various cancers. More importantly, we put forward some potential questions, which we strongly believe, will stimulate both basic and translational research to better understand Ezrin-mediated malignancy, ultimately leading to the development of Ezrin-targeted cancer therapy for the betterment of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar Barik
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Osheen Sahay
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Debasish Paul
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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Kawaguchi K, Asano S. Pathophysiological Roles of Actin-Binding Scaffold Protein, Ezrin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063246. [PMID: 35328667 PMCID: PMC8952289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is one of the members of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family of proteins. It was originally discovered as an actin-binding protein in the microvilli structure about forty years ago. Since then, it has been revealed as a key protein with functions in a variety of fields including cell migration, survival, and signal transduction, as well as functioning as a structural component. Ezrin acts as a cross-linker of membrane proteins or phospholipids in the plasma membrane and the actin cytoskeleton. It also functions as a platform for signaling molecules at the cell surface. Moreover, ezrin is regarded as an important target protein in cancer diagnosis and therapy because it is a key protein involved in cancer progression and metastasis, and its high expression is linked to poor survival in many cancers. Small molecule inhibitors of ezrin have been developed and investigated as candidate molecules that suppress cancer metastasis. Here, we wish to comprehensively review the roles of ezrin from the pathophysiological points of view.
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Kawaguchi K, Nakayama S, Saito D, Kogiso H, Yasuoka K, Marunaka Y, Nakahari T, Asano S. Ezrin knockdown reduces procaterol-stimulated ciliary beating without morphological changes in mouse airway cilia. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274273. [PMID: 35132996 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucociliary clearance, which is conducted by the beating cilia cooperating with the surface mucous layer, is a major host defense mechanism of the airway epithelium. Ezrin, a crosslinker between membrane proteins and actin cytoskeleton, is located in microvilli and around the basal bodies in airway ciliary cells. It is also likely that ezrin may play the important role of apical localization of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in airway ciliary cells. Here we studied the physiological roles of ezrin by using the trachea and airway epithelial cells prepared from the ezrin-knockdown (Vil2kd/kd) mice. The trachea and airway ciliary cells of Vil2kd/kd mice represented normal morphology and basal body orientation, suggesting that ezrin is not directly involved in development and planer cell polarity of cilia. Procaterol stimulates ciliary beating (frequency and amplitude) via β2AR in the airway ciliary cells. In the Vil2kd/kd mice, airway ciliary beating stimulated with procaterol was partly inhibited due to the impairment of cell surface expression of β2AR. These results suggest that ezrin regulates the beating of airway ciliary cells by promoting the apical surface localization of β2AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotoku Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakayama
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, Riken Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Daichi Saito
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Haruka Kogiso
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kasane Yasuoka
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.,Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahari
- Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shinji Asano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.,Research Unit for Epithelial Physiology, Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Luo W, Yang Z, Zhang W, Zhou D, Guo X, Wang S, He F, Wang Y. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Dynamic Pathophysiology Across Different Stages in a Rat Model of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:785938. [PMID: 35145378 PMCID: PMC8821658 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.785938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a global health problem and causes a vast worldwide societal burden. However, distinct mechanisms between acute and subacute stages have not been systemically revealed. The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins in severe TBI from the acute to subacute phase. Methods Sixty Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham surgery and model groups. The severe TBI models were induced by the controlled cortical impact (CCI) method. We evaluated the neurological deficits through the modified neurological severity score (NSS). Meanwhile, H&E staining and immunofluorescence were performed to assess the injured brain tissues. The protein expressions of the hippocampus on the wounded side of CCI groups and the same side of Sham groups were analyzed by the tandem mass tag-based (TMT) quantitative proteomics on the third and fourteenth days. Then, using the gene ontology (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), and protein–protein interaction (PPI), the shared and stage-specific differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened, analyzed, and visualized. Eventually, target proteins were further verified by Western blotting (WB). Results In the severe TBI, the neurological deficits always exist from the acute stage to the subacute stage, and brain parenchyma was dramatically impaired in either period. Of the significant DEPs identified, 312 were unique to the acute phase, 76 were specific to the subacute phase, and 63 were shared in both. Of the 375 DEPs between Sham-a and CCI-a, 240 and 135 proteins were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Of 139 DEPs, 84 proteins were upregulated, and 55 were downregulated in the Sham-s and CCI-s. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differential pathophysiology across both stages. One of the most critical shared pathways is the complement and coagulation cascades. Notably, three pathways associated with gastric acid secretion, insulin secretion, and thyroid hormone synthesis were only enriched in the acute phase. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was significantly enriched in the subacute stage. WB experiments confirmed the reliability of the TMT quantitative proteomics results. Conclusion Our findings highlight the same and different pathological processes in the acute and subacute phases of severe TBI at the proteomic level. The results of potential protein biomarkers might facilitate the design of novel strategies to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Luo
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyu Yang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Periodical Office, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohang Guo
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shunshun Wang
- Postpartum Health Care Department, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Wang,
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Derouiche A, Geiger KD. Perspectives for Ezrin and Radixin in Astrocytes: Kinases, Functions and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153776. [PMID: 31382374 PMCID: PMC6695708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly perceived as active partners in physiological brain function and behaviour. The structural correlations of the glia–synaptic interaction are the peripheral astrocyte processes (PAPs), where ezrin and radixin, the two astrocytic members of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family of proteins are preferentially localised. While the molecular mechanisms of ERM (in)activation appear universal, at least in mammalian cells, and have been studied in great detail, the actual ezrin and radixin kinases, phosphatases and binding partners appear cell type specific and may be multiplexed within a cell. In astrocytes, ezrin is involved in process motility, which can be stimulated by the neurotransmitter glutamate, through activation of the glial metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) 3 or 5. However, it has remained open how this mGluR stimulus is transduced to ezrin activation. Knowing upstream signals of ezrin activation, ezrin kinase(s), and membrane-bound binding partners of ezrin in astrocytes might open new approaches to the glial role in brain function. Ezrin has also been implicated in invasive behaviour of astrocytomas, and glial activation. Here, we review data pertaining to potential molecular interaction partners of ezrin in astrocytes, with a focus on PKC and GRK2, and in gliomas and other diseases, to stimulate further research on their potential roles in glia-synaptic physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Derouiche
- Institute of Anatomy II, Goethe-University Frankfurt, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Kathrin D Geiger
- Neuropathology, Institute for Pathology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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Yao X, Smolka AJ. Gastric Parietal Cell Physiology and Helicobacter pylori-Induced Disease. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:2158-2173. [PMID: 30831083 PMCID: PMC6715393 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acidification of the gastric lumen poses a barrier to transit of potentially pathogenic bacteria and enables activation of pepsin to complement nutrient proteolysis initiated by salivary proteases. Histamine-induced activation of the PKA signaling pathway in gastric corpus parietal cells causes insertion of proton pumps into their apical plasma membranes. Parietal cell secretion and homeostasis are regulated by signaling pathways that control cytoskeletal changes required for apical membrane remodeling and organelle and proton pump activities. Helicobacter pylori colonization of human gastric mucosa affects gastric epithelial cell plasticity and homeostasis, promoting epithelial progression to neoplasia. By intervening in proton pump expression, H pylori regulates the abundance and diversity of microbiota that populate the intestinal lumen. We review stimulation-secretion coupling and renewal mechanisms in parietal cells and the mechanisms by which H pylori toxins and effectors alter cell secretory pathways (constitutive and regulated) and organelles to establish and maintain their inter- and intracellular niches. Studies of bacterial toxins and their effector proteins have provided insights into parietal cell physiology and the mechanisms by which pathogens gain control of cell activities, increasing our understanding of gastrointestinal physiology, microbial infectious disease, and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Adam J. Smolka
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Sato K, Glaser S, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Meng F, Francis H, Alpini G. Preclinical insights into cholangiopathies: disease modeling and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:461-472. [PMID: 30990740 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1608950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The common predominant clinical features of cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and biliary atresia (BA) are biliary damage/senescence and liver fibrosis. Curative therapies are lacking, and liver transplantation is the only option. An understanding of the mechanisms and pathogenesis is needed to develop novel therapies. Previous studies have developed various disease-based research models and have identified candidate therapeutic targets. Areas covered: This review summarizes recent studies performed in preclinical models of cholangiopathies and the current understanding of the pathophysiology representing potential targets for novel therapies. A literature search was conducted in PubMed using the combination of the searched term 'cholangiopathies' with one or two keywords including 'model', 'cholangiocyte', 'animal', or 'fibrosis'. Papers published within five years were obtained. Expert opinion: Access to appropriate research models is a key challenge in cholangiopathy research; establishing more appropriate models for PBC is an important goal. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results and have led to novel therapeutic approaches, especially for PSC. Further studies on the pathophysiology of PBC and BA are necessary to identify candidate targets. Innovative therapeutic approaches such as stem cell transplantation have been introduced, and those therapies could be applied to PSC, PBC, and BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- c Department of Medical Physiology , Texas A&M University Collage of Medicine , Temple , TX , USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Heather Francis
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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Tsai FC, Bertin A, Bousquet H, Manzi J, Senju Y, Tsai MC, Picas L, Miserey-Lenkei S, Lappalainen P, Lemichez E, Coudrier E, Bassereau P. Ezrin enrichment on curved membranes requires a specific conformation or interaction with a curvature-sensitive partner. eLife 2018; 7:37262. [PMID: 30234483 PMCID: PMC6167055 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
One challenge in cell biology is to decipher the biophysical mechanisms governing protein enrichment on curved membranes and the resulting membrane deformation. The ERM protein ezrin is abundant and associated with cellular membranes that are flat, positively or negatively curved. Using in vitro and cell biology approaches, we assess mechanisms of ezrin’s enrichment on curved membranes. We evidence that wild-type ezrin (ezrinWT) and its phosphomimetic mutant T567D (ezrinTD) do not deform membranes but self-assemble anti-parallelly, zipping adjacent membranes. EzrinTD’s specific conformation reduces intermolecular interactions, allows binding to actin filaments, which reduces membrane tethering, and promotes ezrin binding to positively-curved membranes. While neither ezrinTD nor ezrinWT senses negative curvature alone, we demonstrate that interacting with curvature-sensing I-BAR-domain proteins facilitates ezrin enrichment in negatively-curved membrane protrusions. Overall, our work demonstrates that ezrin can tether membranes, or be targeted to curved membranes, depending on conformations and interactions with actin and curvature-sensing binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ching Tsai
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurelie Bertin
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Bousquet
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaire, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - John Manzi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yosuke Senju
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meng-Chen Tsai
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France.,Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laura Picas
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS UMR 9004, Montpellier, France
| | - Stephanie Miserey-Lenkei
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaire, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Département de Microbiologie, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Université Paris Descartes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Coudrier
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaire, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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12
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Murata M, Osanai M, Takasawa A, Takasawa K, Aoyama T, Kawada Y, Yamamoto A, Ono Y, Hiratsuka Y, Kojima T, Sawada N. Occludin induces microvillus formation via phosphorylation of ezrin in a mouse hepatic cell line. Exp Cell Res 2018; 366:172-180. [PMID: 29555369 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apical and basolateral cell membranes are separated by tight junctions (TJs). Microvilli are limited to the apical cell membrane. TJs and microvilli are the landmarks for epithelial cell polarity. However, the direct relationship between TJ proteins (TJPs) and the components of microvilli remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether occludin, which is considered to be a functional TJP, is involved in microvillus formation. In occludin knockout mouse hepatic cells (OcKO cells), the microvillus density was less than that in wild-type (WT) cells and the length of microvilli was short. Immunoreactivity of ezrin was decreased in OcKO cells compared with that in WT cells. Although there was no change in the expression level of ezrin, phosphorylation of ezrin was decreased in OcKO cells. The microvillus density and the length of microvilli were increased in OcKO cells by transfection of full-length mouse occludin and COOH-terminal domains of occludin. These results suggested that occludin induced microvillus formation via phosphorylation of ezrin and that the COOH-terminal domain of occludin, which is localized in non-TJ areas, might be able to induce microvilli formation. Our results provide new insights into the function of occludin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Murata
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akira Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Kumi Takasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Aoyama
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuka Kawada
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hiratsuka
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute of Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Norimasa Sawada
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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13
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Abstract
Ezrin is highly expressed in glomerular podocytes and is reported to form a multi-protein complex with scaffold protein Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 2 (NHERF2) and podocalyxin, a major sialoprotein. Podocalyxin-knockout mice died within 24 h of birth with anuric renal failure, whereas NHERF2-knockout mice show no apparent changes in the glomerular functions. However, the physiological roles of ezrin in glomerular podocytes remain unclear. Here, we investigated the importance of ezrin in the regulation of glomerular podocyte function using ezrin-knockdown mice (Vil2 kd/kd ). The Vil2 kd/kd mice did not exhibit apparent glomerular dysfunction, morphological defects or abnormal localisation of podocalyxin and NHERF2 in podocytes. Thus, we investigated the influence of ezrin defects on Rho-GTPase activity, as ezrin interacts with the Rho-GTPase dissociation inhibitor (Rho-GDI), which plays a key role in the regulation of podocyte actin organisation. In Vil2 kd/kd glomeruli, Rac1 activity was significantly reduced compared to wildtype (WT) glomeruli at baseline. Furthermore, Vil2 kd/kd mice showed reduced susceptibility to glomerular injury. In WT glomeruli, Rac1 activity was enhanced in nephrotic conditions, but remained at baseline levels in Vil2 kd/kd glomeruli, suggesting that loss of ezrin protects podocytes from injury-induced morphological changes by suppressing Rac1 activation.
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14
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ASAP3 regulates microvilli structure in parietal cells and presents intervention target for gastric acidity. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17003. [PMID: 29263912 PMCID: PMC5661632 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric acidity-associated disorders such as peptic ulcer and reflux diseases are widespread, and the reported resistance and side effects of currently used medicines suggest an urgent requirement for alternative therapeutic approaches. Here we demonstrate a critical role of ASAP3 in regulating the microvilli structure of parietal cells in vivo, and reveal the feasibility of controlling gastric acidity by targeting ASAP3. Conditional knockout of ASAP3 in mice caused elongation and stacking of microvilli in parietal cells, and substantially decreased gastric acid secretion. These were associated with active assembly of F-actin caused by a higher level of GTP-bound Arf6 GTPase. Consistently, a small molecular compound QS11 inhibited ASAP3 function and significantly reduced gastric acidity in vivo. Of note, the expression of ASAP3 was positively correlated with gastric acid secretion in 90 human cases, and high expression of ASAP3 was associated with reflux disease and peptic ulcer. These results reveal for the first time that ASAP3 regulates the microvilli structures in parietal cells. Our data also suggest ASAP3 as a feasible and drugable therapeutic target for gastric acidity-associated diseases.
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15
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Duran CL, Howell DW, Dave JM, Smith RL, Torrie ME, Essner JJ, Bayless KJ. Molecular Regulation of Sprouting Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:153-235. [PMID: 29357127 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term angiogenesis arose in the 18th century. Several studies over the next 100 years laid the groundwork for initial studies performed by the Folkman laboratory, which were at first met with some opposition. Once overcome, the angiogenesis field has flourished due to studies on tumor angiogenesis and various developmental models that can be genetically manipulated, including mice and zebrafish. In addition, new discoveries have been aided by the ability to isolate primary endothelial cells, which has allowed dissection of various steps within angiogenesis. This review will summarize the molecular events that control angiogenesis downstream of biochemical factors such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and lipids. These and other stimuli have been linked to regulation of junctional molecules and cell surface receptors. In addition, the contribution of cytoskeletal elements and regulatory proteins has revealed an intricate role for mobilization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in response to cues that activate the endothelium. Activating stimuli also affect various focal adhesion proteins, scaffold proteins, intracellular kinases, and second messengers. Finally, metalloproteinases, which facilitate matrix degradation and the formation of new blood vessels, are discussed, along with our knowledge of crosstalk between the various subclasses of these molecules throughout the text. Compr Physiol 8:153-235, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David W Howell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie E Torrie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Essner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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16
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Okamoto CT. Regulation of Transporters and Channels by Membrane-Trafficking Complexes in Epithelial Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a027839. [PMID: 28246186 PMCID: PMC5666629 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The vectorial secretion and absorption of fluid and solutes by epithelial cells is dependent on the polarized expression of membrane solute transporters and channels at the apical and basolateral membranes. The establishment and maintenance of this polarized expression of transporters and channels are affected by divers protein-trafficking complexes. Moreover, regulation of the magnitude of transport is often under control of physiological stimuli, again through the interaction of transporters and channels with protein-trafficking complexes. This review highlights the value in utilizing transporters and channels as cargo to characterize core trafficking machinery by which epithelial cells establish and maintain their polarized expression, and how this machinery regulates fluid and solute transport in response to physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis T Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121
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17
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Yuan X, Yao PY, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Su Z, Yao W, Wang X, Gui P, Mullen M, Henry C, Ward T, Wang W, Brako L, Tian R, Zhao X, Wang F, Cao X, Wang D, Liu X, Ding X, Yao X. MST4 kinase phosphorylates ACAP4 protein to orchestrate apical membrane remodeling during gastric acid secretion. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16174-16187. [PMID: 28808054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestion in the stomach depends on acidification of the lumen. Histamine-elicited acid secretion is triggered by activation of the PKA cascade, which ultimately results in the insertion of gastric H,K-ATPases into the apical plasma membranes of parietal cells. Our recent study revealed the functional role of PKA-MST4-ezrin signaling axis in histamine-elicited acid secretion. However, it remains uncharacterized how the PKA-MST4-ezrin signaling axis operates the insertion of H,K-ATPases into the apical plasma membranes of gastric parietal cells. Here we show that MST4 phosphorylates ACAP4, an ARF6 GTPase-activating protein, at Thr545 Histamine stimulation activates MST4 and promotes MST4 interaction with ACAP4. ACAP4 physically interacts with MST4 and is a cognate substrate of MST4 during parietal cell activation. The phosphorylation site of ACAP4 by MST4 was mapped to Thr545 by mass spectrometric analyses. Importantly, phosphorylation of Thr545 is essential for acid secretion in parietal cells because either suppression of ACAP4 or overexpression of non-phosphorylatable ACAP4 prevents the apical membrane reorganization and proton pump translocation elicited by histamine stimulation. In addition, persistent overexpression of MST4 phosphorylation-deficient ACAP4 results in inhibition of gastric acid secretion and blockage of tubulovesicle fusion to the apical membranes. Significantly, phosphorylation of Thr545 enables ACAP4 to interact with ezrin. Given the location of Thr545 between the GTPase-activating protein domain and the first ankyrin repeat, we reason that MST4 phosphorylation elicits a conformational change that enables ezrin-ACAP4 interaction. Taken together, these results define a novel molecular mechanism linking the PKA-MST4-ACAP4 signaling cascade to polarized acid secretion in gastric parietal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yuan
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Phil Y Yao
- the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.,the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Jiying Jiang
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zeqi Su
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wendy Yao
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Xueying Wang
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ping Gui
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - McKay Mullen
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Calmour Henry
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Tarsha Ward
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Wenwen Wang
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Larry Brako
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Ruijun Tian
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuannv Zhao
- the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fengsong Wang
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310.,the Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China, and
| | - Xinwang Cao
- the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310.,the Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, China, and
| | - Dongmei Wang
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xing Liu
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China, .,the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Xia Ding
- the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China,
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- From the BUCM-USTC Collaborative Center for Parietal Cell Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China, .,the Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
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18
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Kawaguchi K, Yoshida S, Hatano R, Asano S. Pathophysiological Roles of Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin Proteins. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:381-390. [PMID: 28381792 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins function as general cross-linkers between plasma membrane proteins and the actin cytoskeleton and are involved in the functional expression of membrane proteins on the cell surface. They also integrate Rho guanosine 5'-triphosphatase (GTPase) signaling to regulate cytoskeletal organization by sequestering Rho-related proteins. They act as protein kinase A (PKA)-anchoring proteins and sequester PKA close to its target proteins for their effective phosphorylation and functional regulation. Therefore, ERM proteins seem to play important roles in the membrane transport of electrolytes by ion channels and transporters. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiological roles of ERM proteins in in vivo studies and introduce the phenotypes of their knockout and knockdown mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotoku Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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19
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Li LY, Xie YH, Xie YM, Liao LD, Xu XE, Zhang Q, Zeng FM, Tao LH, Xie WM, Xie JJ, Xu LY, Li EM. Ezrin Ser66 phosphorylation regulates invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells by mediating filopodia formation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:162-171. [PMID: 28504189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ezrin, links the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, and plays an important role in the development and progression of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the roles of ezrin S66 phosphorylation in tumorigenesis of ESCC remain unclear. METHODS Distribution of ezrin in membrane and cytosol fractions was examined by analysis of detergent-soluble/-insoluble fractions and cytosol/membrane fractionation. Both immunofluorescence and live imaging were used to explore the role of ezrin S66 phosphorylation in the behavior of ezrin and actin in cell filopodia. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion of ESCC cells were investigated by proliferation and migration assays, respectively. Tumorigenesis, local invasion and metastasis were assessed in a nude mouse model of regional lymph node metastasis. RESULTS Ezrin S66 phosphorylation enhanced the recruitment of ezrin to the membrane in ESCC cells. Additionally, non-phosphorylatable ezrin (S66A) significantly prevented filopodia formation, as well as caused a reduction in the number, length and lifetime of filopodia. Moreover, functional experiments revealed that expression of non-phosphorylatable ezrin (S66A) markedly suppressed migration and invasion but not proliferation of ESCC cells in vitro, and attenuated local invasion and regional lymph node metastasis, but not primary tumor growth of ESCC cells in vivo. CONCLUSION Ezrin S66 phosphorylation enhances filopodia formation, contributing to the regulation of invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ying-Hua Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yang-Min Xie
- Experimental Animal Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lian-Di Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiu-E Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Fa-Min Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li-Hua Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wen-Ming Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jian-Jun Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - En-Min Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China.
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20
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Wang Y, Wang S, Bao Y, Li T, Chang X, Yang G, Meng X. Multipathway Integrated Adjustment Mechanism of Glycyrrhiza Triterpenes Curing Gastric Ulcer in Rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:209-215. [PMID: 28539709 PMCID: PMC5421414 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.204550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric ulcer is a common chronic disease in human digestive system, which is difficult to cure, easy to relapse, and endangers human health seriously. Compared with western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine has a unique advantage in improving the general situation, stablizing medical condition, and with little side effects. Glycyrrhiza known as “king of all the medicine”, has a range of pharmacological activities and is commonly used in a variety of proprietary Chinese medicines and formulations. Objective: On the basis of explicit antiulcer effect of Glycyrrhiza triterpenes, the molecular mechanisms of its therapeutic effect on acetic acid induced gastric ulcer in rats were explored. Materials and Methods: Acetic acid induced gastric ulcer model in rats was established to evaluate the curing effect of G. triterpenes and all of the rats were randomised into six groups: Control group, model group, omeprazole group (0.8 mg/mL), triterpenes high dose group (378.0 mg/mL), triterpenes middle dose group (126.0 mg/mL), and triterpenes low dose group (42.0 mg/mL). All rats in groups were orally administered the active group solution 1.5 mL once daily (model and control groups with saline) for 7 days. HPLC-TOF-MS analysis method was performed to obtain the plasma metabolites spectrums of control group, model group, triterpenes high, middle and low dose groups. Results: A total of 11 differential endogenous metabolites related to the therapeutic effect of G. triterpenes were identified, including tryptophan, phingosine-1-phosphate, pantothenic acid, and so on, among which tryptophan and phingosine-1-phosphate are related with the calcium signaling pathway and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. At the same time, in order to verify the above results, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction were performed to evaluate the expression of H+-K+-ATPase alpha mRNA and phospholipase a 2 mRNA in relational signaling pathways. Combined with statistical analysis of plasma metabolic spectrum and gene expression in tissue, it is suggested that G. triterpenes has antiulcer effect on gastric ulcer in rats. Conclusion: G. triterpenes has a certain regulating effect on the metabolism of tryptophan, AA, sphingosine, and other endogenous metabolites, and we speculated that the antiulcer potential of G. triterpenes can be primarily attributed to its inhibiting gastric acid secretion, reducing the release of inflammatory mediators, and protecting gastric mucosa effects to prevent the further development of gastric ulcer. SUMMARY G. triterpenes can obviously relieve the symptoms of gastric ulcer, especially the low dose group. G. triterpenes can effectively regulate the amount of small molecule metablism in gastric ulcer rats in vivo, including tryptophan, phingosine-1-phosphate, etc. G. triterpenes resisting gastric ulcer is probably by regulating arachidonic acid metabolism, sphingosine metabolism, etc. Down-regulation of H+-K+-ATPase alpha subunit mRNA and up-regulation of PLA2 mRNA in gastric tissue of dose group validated the possible mechanisms of G. triterpenes for the treatment of gastric ulcer
Abbreviations used: HP: Helicobacter pylori, ECL: enterochromaffinlike, TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine; HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC/MS: High Performance Liquid chromatography Mass Spectrometry, HPLC-TOF-MS: High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tof Mass Spectrometry, SD: Sprague Dawley, PCDL: Personal Compound Database and Library, MPP: Mass Profiler Professiona; PCA: principal component analysis, RT-PCR: real time polymerase chain reaction, PGE 2: Prostaglandin E2, COX1: cyclooxygenase 1 S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate, AA: Arachidonic acid, 5-HT: 5- hydroxytryptamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongrui Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanlin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiansheng Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Component Medicine Engineering Research Center of Liaoning Province, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Province Modern Chinese Medicine Research Engineering Laboratory, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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21
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The Caenorhabditis elegans Excretory System: A Model for Tubulogenesis, Cell Fate Specification, and Plasticity. Genetics 2017; 203:35-63. [PMID: 27183565 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.189357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The excretory system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a superb model of tubular organogenesis involving a minimum of cells. The system consists of just three unicellular tubes (canal, duct, and pore), a secretory gland, and two associated neurons. Just as in more complex organs, cells of the excretory system must first adopt specific identities and then coordinate diverse processes to form tubes of appropriate topology, shape, connectivity, and physiological function. The unicellular topology of excretory tubes, their varied and sometimes complex shapes, and the dynamic reprogramming of cell identity and remodeling of tube connectivity that occur during larval development are particularly fascinating features of this organ. The physiological roles of the excretory system in osmoregulation and other aspects of the animal's life cycle are only beginning to be explored. The cellular mechanisms and molecular pathways used to build and shape excretory tubes appear similar to those used in both unicellular and multicellular tubes in more complex organs, such as the vertebrate vascular system and kidney, making this simple organ system a useful model for understanding disease processes.
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22
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Yoshida S, Fukutomi T, Kimura T, Sakurai H, Hatano R, Yamamoto H, Mukaisho KI, Hattori T, Sugihara H, Asano S. Comprehensive proteome analysis of brush border membrane fraction of ileum of ezrin knockdown mice. Biomed Res 2017; 37:127-39. [PMID: 27108882 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.37.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin is an actin binding protein which cross-links membrane proteins with cytoskeleton directly or indirectly via PDZ domain-containing scaffold proteins. It is mainly expressed at the brush border membrane (BBM) of gastrointestinal tracts, and is involved in the construction of microvilli structure and the functional expression of membrane protein complexes at the cell surface. To precisely study the roles of ezrin on the expression of membrane proteins at the cell surface, here we prepared the BBM fractions of ileums from the wild-type and ezrin-knockdown (Vil2(kd/kd)) mice, analyzed them by mass spectrometry, and compared their proteomic patterns. Totally 313 proteins were identified in the BBM fractions. Several transport proteins, cytoskeleton-associated proteins, and trafficking proteins were up- or down-regulated in the BBM fraction of the ileum in the Vil2(kd/kd) mice. Among them, the expressions of i) Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor 1 (a PDZ domain-containing scaffold protein), ii) sodium monocarboxylate transporter 1, which contains a PDZ domain-binding motif at their carboxy-terminal, and iii) chloride intracellular channel protein 5 were down-regulated at the BBM fraction of the ileum in the Vil2(kd/kd) mice, suggesting that ezrin is involved in their expression in the BBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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23
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Hatano R, Kawaguchi K, Togashi F, Sugata M, Masuda S, Asano S. Ursodeoxycholic Acid Ameliorates Intrahepatic Cholestasis Independent of Biliary Bicarbonate Secretion in Vil2kd/kd Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:34-42. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hatano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Kotoku Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Fumitaka Togashi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Masato Sugata
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Shizuka Masuda
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Shinji Asano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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24
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Dose-dependent role of claudin-1 in vivo in orchestrating features of atopic dermatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4061-8. [PMID: 27342862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525474113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in humans. It was recently noted that the characteristics of epidermal barrier functions critically influence the pathological features of AD. Evidence suggests that claudin-1 (CLDN1), a major component of tight junctions (TJs) in the epidermis, plays a key role in human AD, but the mechanism underlying this role is poorly understood. One of the main challenges in studying CLDN1's effects is that Cldn1 knock-out mice cannot survive beyond 1 d after birth, due to lethal dehydration. Here, we established a series of mouse lines that express Cldn1 at various levels and used these mice to study Cldn1's effects in vivo. Notably, we discovered a dose-dependent effect of Cldn1's expression in orchestrating features of AD. In our experimental model, epithelial barrier functions and morphological changes in the skin varied exponentially with the decrease in Cldn1 expression level. At low Cldn1 expression levels, mice exhibited morphological features of AD and an innate immune response that included neutrophil and macrophage recruitment to the skin. These phenotypes were especially apparent in the infant stages and lessened as the mice became adults, depending on the expression level of Cldn1 Still, these adult mice with improved phenotypes showed an enhanced hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity response compared with WT mice. Furthermore, we revealed a relationship between macrophage recruitment and CLDN1 levels in human AD patients. Our findings collectively suggest that CLDN1 regulates the pathogenesis, severity, and natural course of human AD.
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25
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Li N, Mruk DD, Lee WM, Wong CKC, Cheng CY. Is toxicant-induced Sertoli cell injury in vitro a useful model to study molecular mechanisms in spermatogenesis? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:141-156. [PMID: 26779951 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells isolated from rodents or humans and cultured in vitro are known to establish a functional tight junction (TJ)-permeability barrier that mimics the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in vivo. This model has been widely used by investigators to study the biology of the TJ and the BTB. Studies have shown that environmental toxicants (e.g., perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), bisphenol A (BPA) and cadmium) that exert their disruptive effects to induce Sertoli cell injury using this in vitro model are reproducible in studies in vivo. Thus, this in vitro system provides a convenient approach to probe the molecular mechanism(s) underlying toxicant-induced testis injury but also to provide new insights in understanding spermatogenesis, such as the biology of cell adhesion, BTB restructuring that supports preleptotene spermatocyte transport, and others. Herein, we provide a brief and critical review based on studies using this in vitro model of Sertoli cell cultures using primary cells isolated from rodent testes vs. humans to monitor environmental toxicant-mediated Sertoli cell injury. In short, recent findings have shown that environmental toxicants exert their effects on Sertoli cells to induce testis injury through their action on Sertoli cell actin- and/or microtubule-based cytoskeleton. These effects are mediated via their disruptive effects on actin- and/or microtubule-binding proteins. Sertoli cells also utilize differential spatiotemporal expression of these actin binding proteins to confer plasticity to the BTB to regulate germ cell transport across the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Dolores D Mruk
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Will M Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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26
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Emperipolesis mediated by CD8 T cells is a characteristic histopathologic feature of autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 48:226-35. [PMID: 25051956 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emperipolesis has been widely described in patients with autoimmune hepatitis, but the significance and the diagnostic value have not been quantitated. The goal of this study was to define the features and clinical significance of emperipolesis in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). A retrospective histological evaluation of 101 patients with AIH and 184 controls was performed. Confocal staining for CD4, CD8, CD19, CD56, CD163, and CD11b, CK8/18 and cleaved caspase-3 was performed. Emperipolesis was observed in 65.3 % of the patients with AIH in haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides, which was significantly higher than in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (17.9 %), chronic hepatitis B (14.9 %), and drug-induced liver injury (25.6 %). Among AIH patients, the patients with emperipolesis had significantly higher serum (alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase [ALT/AST]) levels. Histologically, emperipolesis was associated with more severe necroinflammatory features and more advanced fibrosis. The lymphocytes in hepatocytes were predominantly as CD8 T cells. Emperipolesis of CD8 T cells induced cleaved caspase-3 expression, and was prominent in areas apoptosis. Emperipolesis is a characteristic feature of AIH which is often seen in conjunction with interface hepatitis, plasmacytic infiltration and hepatocyte rosetting and is associated with more severe necroinflammatory and fibrotic changes. In AIH, emperipolesis is predominantly mediated by CD8 T cells, appears to induce apoptosis and may be another mechanism of autoimmune-mediated hepatocyte injury.
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27
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Yoshida S, Yamamoto H, Tetsui T, Kobayakawa Y, Hatano R, Mukaisho KI, Hattori T, Sugihara H, Asano S. Effects of ezrin knockdown on the structure of gastric glandular epithelia. J Physiol Sci 2016; 66:53-65. [PMID: 26329936 PMCID: PMC10717290 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin, an adaptor protein that cross-links plasma membrane-associated proteins with the actin cytoskeleton, is concentrated on apical surfaces of epithelial cells, especially in microvilli of the small intestine and stomach. In the stomach, ezrin is predominantly expressed on the apical canalicular membrane of parietal cells. Transgenic ezrin knockdown mice in which the expression level of ezrin was reduced to <7% compared with the wild-type suffered from achlorhydria because of impairment of membrane fusion between tubulovesicles and apical membranes. We observed, for the first time, hypergastrinemia and foveolar hyperplasia in the gastric fundic region of the knockdown mice. Dilation of fundic glands was observed, the percentage of parietal and chief cells was reduced, and that of mucous-secreting cells was increased. The parietal cells of knockdown mice contained dilated tubulovesicles and abnormal mitochondria, and subsets of these cells contained abnormal vacuoles and multilamellar structures. Therefore, lack of ezrin not only causes achlorhydria and hypergastrinemia but also changes the structure of gastric glands, with severe perturbation of the secretory membranes of parietal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroto Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takahito Tetsui
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuka Kobayakawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Mukaisho
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takanori Hattori
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugihara
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Shinji Asano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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28
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Li N, Tang EI, Cheng CY. Regulation of blood-testis barrier by actin binding proteins and protein kinases. Reproduction 2015; 151:R29-41. [PMID: 26628556 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is an important ultrastructure in the testis, since the onset of meiosis and spermiogenesis coincides with the establishment of a functional barrier in rodents and humans. It is also noted that a delay in the assembly of a functional BTB following treatment of neonatal rats with drugs such as diethylstilbestrol or adjudin also delays the first wave of spermiation. While the BTB is one of the tightest blood-tissue barriers, it undergoes extensive remodeling, in particular, at stage VIII of the epithelial cycle to facilitate the transport of preleptotene spermatocytes connected in clones across the immunological barrier. Without this timely transport of preleptotene spermatocytes derived from type B spermatogonia, meiosis will be arrested, causing aspermatogenesis. Yet the biology and regulation of the BTB remains largely unexplored since the morphological studies in the 1970s. Recent studies, however, have shed new light on the biology of the BTB. Herein, we critically evaluate some of these findings, illustrating that the Sertoli cell BTB is regulated by actin-binding proteins (ABPs), likely supported by non-receptor protein kinases, to modulate the organization of actin microfilament bundles at the site. Furthermore, microtubule-based cytoskeleton is also working in concert with the actin-based cytoskeleton to confer BTB dynamics. This timely review provides an update on the unique biology and regulation of the BTB based on the latest findings in the field, focusing on the role of ABPs and non-receptor protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive ResearchCenter for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Tang
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive ResearchCenter for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive ResearchCenter for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Sauvanet C, Wayt J, Pelaseyed T, Bretscher A. Structure, Regulation, and Functional Diversity of Microvilli on the Apical Domain of Epithelial Cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:593-621. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Sauvanet
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Jessica Wayt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Thaher Pelaseyed
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Anthony Bretscher
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Weill Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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30
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Jiang H, Wang W, Zhang Y, Yao WW, Jiang J, Qin B, Yao WY, Liu F, Wu H, Ward TL, Chen CW, Liu L, Ding X, Liu X, Yao X. Cell Polarity Kinase MST4 Cooperates with cAMP-dependent Kinase to Orchestrate Histamine-stimulated Acid Secretion in Gastric Parietal Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:28272-28285. [PMID: 26405038 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The digestive function of the stomach depends on acidification of the gastric lumen. Acid secretion into the lumen is triggered by activation of the PKA cascade, which ultimately results in the insertion of gastric H,K-ATPases into the apical plasma membranes of parietal cells. A coupling protein is ezrin, whose phosphorylation at Ser-66 by PKA is required for parietal cell activation. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism(s) by which this signaling pathway operates in gastric acid secretion. Here we show that PKA cooperates with MST4 to orchestrate histamine-elicited acid secretion by phosphorylating ezrin at Ser-66 and Thr-567. Histamine stimulation activates PKA, which phosphorylates MST4 at Thr-178 and then promotes MST4 kinase activity. Interestingly, activated MST4 then phosphorylates ezrin prephosphorylated by PKA. Importantly, MST4 is important for acid secretion in parietal cells because either suppression of MST4 or overexpression of non-phosphorylatable MST4 prevents the apical membrane reorganization and proton pump translocation elicited by histamine stimulation. In addition, overexpressing MST4 phosphorylation-deficient ezrin results in an inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Taken together, these results define a novel molecular mechanism linking the PKA-MST4-ezrin signaling cascade to polarized epithelial secretion in gastric parietal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,; Molecular Imaging Center, Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Yin Zhang
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - William W Yao
- Molecular Imaging Center, Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Jiying Jiang
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Bo Qin
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,; Molecular Imaging Center, Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Wendy Y Yao
- Molecular Imaging Center, Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Fusheng Liu
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Airforce General Hospital, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,; Molecular Imaging Center, Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Tarsha L Ward
- Molecular Imaging Center, Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30310
| | - Chun Wei Chen
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Lifang Liu
- Airforce General Hospital, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Xia Ding
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xing Liu
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,; Molecular Imaging Center, Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30310.
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- BUCM-USTC Joint Program in Cellular Dynamics and Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review examines the role of actin binding proteins (ABPs) on blood-testis barrier (BTB), an androgen-dependent ultrastructure in the testis, in particular their involvement on BTB remodeling during spermatogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS The BTB divides the seminiferous epithelium into the basal and the adluminal compartments. The BTB is constituted by coexisting actin-based tight junction, basal ectoplasmic specialization, and gap junction, and also intermediate filament-based desmosome between Sertoli cells near the basement membrane. Junctions at the BTB undergo continuous remodeling to facilitate the transport of preleptotene spermatocytes residing in the basal compartment across the immunological barrier during spermatogenesis. Thus, meiosis I/II and postmeiotic spermatid development take place in the adluminal compartment behind the BTB. BTB remodeling also regulates exchanges of biomolecules between the two compartments. As tight junction, basal ectoplasmic specialization, and gap junction use F-actin for attachment, actin microfilaments rapidly convert between their bundled and unbundled/branched configuration to confer BTB plasticity. The events of actin reorganization are regulated by two major classes of ABPs that convert actin microfilaments between their bundled and branched/unbundled configuration. SUMMARY We provide a model on how ABPs regulate BTB remodeling, shedding new light on unexplained male infertility, such as environmental toxicant-induced reproductive dysfunction since the testis, in particular the BTB, is sensitive to environmental toxicants, such as cadmium, bisphenol A, phthalates, and PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid or perfluorooctane sulfonate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
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Hatano R, Akiyama K, Tamura A, Hosogi S, Marunaka Y, Caplan MJ, Ueno Y, Tsukita S, Asano S. Knockdown of ezrin causes intrahepatic cholestasis by the dysregulation of bile fluidity in the bile duct epithelium in mice. Hepatology 2015; 61:1660-71. [PMID: 25311759 PMCID: PMC6083834 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiopathies share common features, including bile duct proliferation, periportal fibrosis, and intrahepatic cholestasis. Damage of biliary epithelium by autoimunne disorder, virus infection, toxic compounds, and developmental abnormalities causes severe progressive hepatic disorders responsible for high mortality. However, the etiologies of these cholestatic diseases remain unclear because useful models to study the pathogenic mechanisms are not available. In the present study, we have found that ezrin knockdown (Vil2(kd/kd) ) mice develop severe intrahepatic cholestasis characterized by extensive bile duct proliferation, periductular fibrosis, and intrahepatic bile acid accumulation without developmental defects of bile duct morphology and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Ezrin is a membrane cytoskeletal cross-linker protein, which is known to interact with transporters, scaffold proteins, and actin cytoskeleton at the plasma membrane. We found that the normal apical membrane localizations of several transport proteins including cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), anion exchanger 2 (AE-2), aquaporin 1 (AQP1), and Na(+) /H(+) exchanger regulatory factor were disturbed in bile ducts of Vil2(kd/kd) mice. Stable expression of a dominant negative form of ezrin in immortalized mouse cholangiocytes also led to the reduction of the surface expression of CFTR, AE-2, and AQP1. Reduced surface expression of these transport proteins was accompanied by reduced functional expression, as evidenced by the fact these cells exhibited decreased CFTR-mediated Cl(-) efflux activity. Furthermore, bile flow and biliary HCO3 (-) concentration were also significantly reduced in Vil2(kd/kd) mice. CONCLUSION Dysfunction of ezrin mimics important aspects of the pathological mechanisms responsible for cholangiopathies. The Vil2(kd/kd) mouse may be a useful model to exploit in the development and testing of potential therapies for cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hatano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kaori Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekuni Hosogi
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology and Bio- Ionomics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology and Bio- Ionomics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael J. Caplan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Asano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Stathopoulos P, Alexopoulos H, Dalakas MC. Autoimmune antigenic targets at the node of Ranvier in demyelinating disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:143-56. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Yu H, Zhou J, Takahashi H, Yao W, Suzuki Y, Yuan X, Yoshimura SH, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Emmett N, Bond V, Wang D, Ding X, Takeyasu K, Yao X. Spatial control of proton pump H,K-ATPase docking at the apical membrane by phosphorylation-coupled ezrin-syntaxin 3 interaction. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33333-42. [PMID: 25301939 PMCID: PMC4246090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.581280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive function of the stomach depends on acidification of the gastric lumen. Acid secretion into the lumen is triggered by activation of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) cascade, which ultimately results in the insertion of gastric H,K-ATPases into the apical plasma membranes of parietal cells. A coupling protein is ezrin whose phosphorylation at Ser-66 by PKA is required for parietal cell activation. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism(s) by which ezrin operates in gastric acid secretion. Here we show that phosphorylation of Ser-66 induces a conformational change of ezrin that enables its association with syntaxin 3 (Stx3) and provides a spatial cue for H,K-ATPase trafficking. This conformation-dependent association is specific for Stx3, and the binding interface is mapped to the N-terminal region. Biochemical analyses show that inhibition of ezrin phosphorylation at Ser-66 prevents ezrin-Stx3 association and insertion of H,K-ATPase into the apical plasma membrane of parietal cells. Using atomic force microscopic analyses, our study revealed that phosphorylation of Ser-66 induces unfolding of ezrin molecule to allow Stx3 binding to its N terminus. Given the essential role of Stx3 in polarized secretion, our study presents the first evidence in which phosphorylation-induced conformational rearrangement of the ezrin molecule provides a spatial cue for polarized membrane trafficking in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yu
- From the Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China 230027
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- From the Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China 230027, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Hirohide Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plasma Membrane, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - William Yao
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Yuki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Plasma Membrane, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Xiao Yuan
- From the Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China 230027
| | - Shige H Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Plasma Membrane, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yin Zhang
- From the Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China 230027, Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Ya Liu
- From the Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China 230027
| | | | - Vincent Bond
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, and
| | - Dongmei Wang
- From the Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China 230027
| | - Xia Ding
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Kunio Takeyasu
- Laboratory of Plasma Membrane, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan,
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- From the Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, University of Science and Technology of China School of Life Science, Hefei, China 230027,
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Nishimura T, Higuchi K, Sai Y, Sugita Y, Yoshida Y, Tomi M, Wada M, Wakayama T, Tamura A, Tsukita S, Soga T, Nakashima E. Fetal growth retardation and lack of hypotaurine in ezrin knockout mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105423. [PMID: 25144766 PMCID: PMC4140781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is a membrane-associated cytoplasmic protein that serves to link cell-membrane proteins with the actin-based cytoskeleton, and also plays a role in regulation of the functional activities of some transmembrane proteins. It is expressed in placental trophoblasts. We hypothesized that placental ezrin is involved in the supply of nutrients from mother to fetus, thereby influencing fetal growth. The aim of this study was firstly to clarify the effect of ezrin on fetal growth and secondly to determine whether knockout of ezrin is associated with decreased concentrations of serum and placental nutrients. Ezrin knockout mice (Ez−/−) were confirmed to exhibit fetal growth retardation. Metabolome analysis of fetal serum and placental extract of ezrin knockout mice by means of capillary electrophoresis–time-of-flight mass spectrometry revealed a markedly decreased concentration of hypotaurine, a precursor of taurine. However, placental levels of cysteine and cysteine sulfinic acid (precursors of hypotaurine) and taurine were not affected. Lack of hypotaurine in Ez−/− mice was confirmed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Administration of hypotaurine to heterogenous dams significantly decreased the placenta-to-maternal plasma ratio of hypotaurine in wild-type fetuses but only slightly decreased it in ezrin knockout fetuses, indicating that the uptake of hypotaurine from mother to placenta is saturable and that disruption of ezrin impairs the uptake of hypotaurine by placental trophoblasts. These results indicate that ezrin is required for uptake of hypotaurine from maternal serum by placental trophoblasts, and plays an important role in fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nishimura
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Sai
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugita
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshida
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Wada
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Emi Nakashima
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Matsumoto Y, Inden M, Tamura A, Hatano R, Tsukita S, Asano S. Ezrin mediates neuritogenesis via down-regulation of RhoA activity in cultured cortical neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105435. [PMID: 25144196 PMCID: PMC4140760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal morphogenesis is implicated in neuronal function and development with rearrangement of cytoskeletal organization. Ezrin, a member of Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) proteins links between membrane proteins and actin cytoskeleton, and contributes to maintenance of cellular function and morphology. In cultured hippocampal neurons, suppression of both radixin and moesin showed deficits in growth cone morphology and neurite extensions. Down-regulation of ezrin using siRNA caused impairment of netrin-1-induced axon outgrowth in cultured cortical neurons. However, roles of ezrin in the neuronal morphogenesis of the cultured neurons have been poorly understood. In this report, we performed detailed studies on the roles of ezrin in the cultured cortical neurons prepared from the ezrin knockdown (Vil2kd/kd) mice embryo that showed a very small amount of ezrin expression compared with the wild-type (Vil2+/+) neurons. Ezrin was mainly expressed in cell body in the cultured cortical neurons. We demonstrated that the cultured cortical neurons prepared from the Vil2kd/kd mice embryo exhibited impairment of neuritogenesis. Moreover, we observed increased RhoA activity and phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2 (MLC2), as a downstream effector of RhoA in the Vil2kd/kd neurons. In addition, inhibition of Rho kinase and myosin II rescued the impairment of neuritogenesis in the Vil2kd/kd neurons. These data altogether suggest a novel role of ezrin in the neuritogenesis of the cultured cortical neurons through down-regulation of RhoA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inden
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Asano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Parameswaran N, Gupta N. Re-defining ERM function in lymphocyte activation and migration. Immunol Rev 2013; 256:63-79. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neetha Parameswaran
- Department of Immunology; Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Neetu Gupta
- Department of Immunology; Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
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Jiang L, Phang JM, Yu J, Harrop SJ, Sokolova AV, Duff AP, Wilk KE, Alkhamici H, Breit SN, Valenzuela SM, Brown LJ, Curmi PMG. CLIC proteins, ezrin, radixin, moesin and the coupling of membranes to the actin cytoskeleton: a smoking gun? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:643-57. [PMID: 23732235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The CLIC proteins are a highly conserved family of metazoan proteins with the unusual ability to adopt both soluble and integral membrane forms. The physiological functions of CLIC proteins may include enzymatic activity in the soluble form and anion channel activity in the integral membrane form. CLIC proteins are associated with the ERM proteins: ezrin, radixin and moesin. ERM proteins act as cross-linkers between membranes and the cortical actin cytoskeleton. Both CLIC and ERM proteins are controlled by Rho family small GTPases. CLIC proteins, ERM and Rho GTPases act in a concerted manner to control active membrane processes including the maintenance of microvillar structures, phagocytosis and vesicle trafficking. All of these processes involve the interaction of membranes with the underlying cortical actin cytoskeleton. The relationships between Rho GTPases, CLIC proteins, ERM proteins and the membrane:actin cytoskeleton interface are reviewed. Speculative models are proposed involving the formation of localised multi-protein complexes on the membrane surface that assemble via multiple weak interactions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Jiang
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Juanita M Phang
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiang Yu
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen J Harrop
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anna V Sokolova
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony P Duff
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Krystyna E Wilk
- School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Heba Alkhamici
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Samuel N Breit
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stella M Valenzuela
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Louise J Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Paul M G Curmi
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Ezrin is required for the functional regulation of the epithelial sodium proton exchanger, NHE3. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55623. [PMID: 23405179 PMCID: PMC3566197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) mediates absorption of sodium, bicarbonate and water from renal and intestinal lumina. This activity is fundamental to the maintenance of a physiological plasma pH and blood pressure. To perform this function NHE3 must be present in the apical membrane of renal tubular and intestinal epithelia. The molecular determinants of this localization have not been conclusively determined, although linkage to the apical actin cytoskeleton through ezrin has been proposed. We set out to evaluate this hypothesis. Functional studies of NHE3 activity were performed on ezrin knockdown mice (Vil2kd/kd) and NHE3 activity similar to wild-type animals detected. Interpretation of this finding was difficult as other ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) proteins were present. We therefore generated an epithelial cell culture model where ezrin was the only detectable ERM. After knockdown of ezrin expression with siRNA, radixin and moesin expression remained undetectable. Consistent with the animal ultrastructural data, cells lacking ezrin retained an epithelial phenotype but had shortened and thicker microvilli. NHE3 localization was identical to cells transfected with non-targeting siRNA. The attachment of NHE3 to the apical cytoskeleton was unaltered as assessed by fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and the solubility of NHE3 in Triton X-100. Baseline NHE3 activity was unaltered, however, cAMP-dependent inhibition of NHE3 was largely lost even though NHE3 was phosphorylated at serines 552 and 605. Thus, ezrin is not necessary for the apical localization, attachment to the cytoskeleton, baseline activity or cAMP induced phosphrylation of NHE3, but instead is required for cAMP mediated inhibition.
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Khan LA, Zhang H, Abraham N, Sun L, Fleming JT, Buechner M, Hall DH, Gobel V. Intracellular lumen extension requires ERM-1-dependent apical membrane expansion and AQP-8-mediated flux. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:143-56. [PMID: 23334498 PMCID: PMC4091717 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many unicellular tubes such as capillaries form lumens intracellularly, a process that is not well understood. Here we show that the cortical membrane organizer ERM-1 is required to expand the intracellular apical/lumenal membrane and its actin undercoat during single-cell C.elegans excretory canal morphogenesis. We characterize AQP-8, identified in an ERM-1 overexpression (ERM-1[++]) suppressor screen, as a canalicular aquaporin that interacts with ERM-1 in lumen extension in a mercury-sensitive manner, implicating water-channel activity. AQP-8 is transiently recruited to the lumen by ERM-1, co-localizing in peri-lumenal cuffs interspaced along expanding canals. An ERM-1[++]-mediated increase in the number of lumen-associated canaliculi is reversed by AQP-8 depletion. We propose that the ERM-1-AQP-8 interaction propels lumen extension by translumenal flux, suggesting a direct morphogenetic effect of water-channel-regulated fluid pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liakot A Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA
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Hatano R, Fujii E, Segawa H, Mukaisho K, Matsubara M, Miyamoto KI, Hattori T, Sugihara H, Asano S. Ezrin, a membrane cytoskeletal cross-linker, is essential for the regulation of phosphate and calcium homeostasis. Kidney Int 2012; 83:41-9. [PMID: 22895514 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin cross-links plasma membrane proteins with the actin cytoskeleton. In the kidney, ezrin mainly localizes at the brush border membrane of proximal tubules with the scaffolding protein, Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) 1. NHERF1 interacts with the sodium/phosphate cotransporter, Npt2a. Defects in NHERF1 or Npt2a in mice cause hypophosphatemia. Here we studied the physiological role of ezrin in renal phosphate reabsorption using ezrin knockdown mice (Vil2). These mice exhibit hypophosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and osteomalacia. The reduced plasma phosphate concentrations were ascribed to defects in urinary phosphate reabsorption. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting indicated a marked reduction in renal Npt2a and NHERF1 expression at the apical membrane of proximal tubules in the knockdown mice. On the other hand, urinary loss of calcium was not found in Vil2 mice. Plasma concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were elevated following reduced plasma phosphate levels, and mRNA of the vitamin D-dependent TRPV6 calcium channel were significantly increased in the duodenum of knockdown mice. Expression of TRPV6 at the apical membrane, however, was significantly decreased. Furthermore, tibial bone mineral density was significantly lower in both the adult and young Vil2 mice. These results suggest that ezrin is required for the regulation of systemic phosphate and calcium homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hatano
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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He XJ, Wang WR, Zhang Y, Yang Q. The effect of radixin knockdown on the expression and efflux function of MRP2 in SGC-7901 cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:426-34. [PMID: 22469515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2, ABCC2) is the second member of the MRP transporter family and functions physiologically as an organic anion transporter. Earlier studies have confirmed that radixin, which is a member of the ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) family, modulates MRP2 localization at the canalicular membrane in hepatocytes. The relationship between radixin and MRP2 - particularly, the effect of radixin on the expression and function of MRP2 in cells or tissues that co-express all three ERM proteins - has not been well studied. To examine the role of radixin in the expression and function of MRP2 and other MRPs, we chose human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 cells that express all three ERM proteins rather than hepatocytes, which predominantly express radixin. Radixin stable knockdown SGC-7901 cells, which were constructed by RNAi, exhibited no compensatory up-regulation of ezrin or moesin. The mRNA expression profiles of MRPs in the radixin knockdown cells were primarily evaluated by RT-PCR. Real time quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that the radixin deficiency caused the mRNA and protein expression levels of MRP2 to be reduced by about 50%, respectively. Accordingly, efflux and MTT assays showed that the radixin knockdown cells exhibited lower efflux ability with respect to calcein but no significant change in cell viability. In conclusion, among the MRP1-6 family members, radixin selectively modulates the expression and function of MRP2 in a system co-expressing all three ERM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Mak H, Naba A, Varma S, Schick C, Day A, SenGupta SK, Arpin M, Elliott BE. Ezrin phosphorylation on tyrosine 477 regulates invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:82. [PMID: 22397367 PMCID: PMC3372425 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The membrane cytoskeletal crosslinker, ezrin, a member of the ERM family of proteins, is frequently over-expressed in human breast cancers, and is required for motility and invasion of epithelial cells. Our group previously showed that ezrin acts co-operatively with the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, Src, in deregulation of cell-cell contacts and scattering of epithelial cells. In particular, ezrin phosphorylation on Y477 by Src is specific to ezrin within the ERM family, and is required for HGF-induced scattering of epithelial cells. We therefore sought to examine the role of Y477 phosphorylation in ezrin on tumor progression. Methods Using a highly metastatic mouse mammary carcinoma cell line (AC2M2), we tested the effect of over-expressing a non-phosphorylatable form of ezrin (Y477F) on invasive colony growth in 3-dimensional Matrigel cultures, and on local invasion and metastasis in an orthotopic engraftment model. Results AC2M2 cells over-expressing Y477F ezrin exhibited delayed migration in vitro, and cohesive round colonies in 3-dimensional Matrigel cultures, compared to control cells that formed invasive colonies with branching chains of cells and numerous actin-rich protrusions. Moreover, over-expression of Y477F ezrin inhibits local tumor invasion in vivo. Whereas orthotopically injected wild type AC2M2 tumor cells were found to infiltrate into the abdominal wall and visceral organs within three weeks, tumors expressing Y477F ezrin remained circumscribed, with little invasion into the surrounding stroma and abdominal wall. Additionally, Y477F ezrin reduces the number of lung metastatic lesions. Conclusions Our study implicates a role of Y477 ezrin, which is phosphorylated by Src, in regulating local invasion and metastasis of breast carcinoma cells, and provides a clinically relevant model for assessing the Src/ezrin pathway as a potential prognostic/predictive marker or treatment target for invasive human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Mak
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Hayashi D, Tamura A, Tanaka H, Yamazaki Y, Watanabe S, Suzuki K, Suzuki K, Sentani K, Yasui W, Rakugi H, Isaka Y, Tsukita S. Deficiency of claudin-18 causes paracellular H+ leakage, up-regulation of interleukin-1β, and atrophic gastritis in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:292-304. [PMID: 22079592 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although defects in tight junction (TJ) epithelial paracellular barrier function are believed to be a primary cause of inflammation, the mechanisms responsible remain largely unknown. METHODS We generated knockout mice of stomach-type claudin-18, a major component of TJs in the stomach. RESULTS Cldn18(-/-) mice were afflicted with atrophic gastritis that started on postnatal day 3. This coincided with a decrease in intragastric pH due to H(+) secretion from parietal cells and concomitant up-regulation of the cytokines, interleukin-1β, cyclooxygenase-2, and KC, resulting in spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM). Oral administration of hydrochloric acid on postnatal day 1 induced the expression of these cytokines in Cldn18(-/-) infant stomach, but not in Cldn18(+/+) mice. A paracellular H(+) leak in Cldn18(-/-) stomach was detected by electrophysiology and H(+) titration, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy showed structural defects in the TJs, in which the tightly packed claudin-18 (stomach-type)-based TJ strands were lost, leaving a loose meshwork of strands consisting of other claudin species. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that claudin-18 normally forms a paracellular barrier against H(+) in the stomach and that its deficiency causes paracellular H(+) leak, a persistent up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, chronic recruitment of neutrophils, and the subsequent development of SPEM in atrophic gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hayashi
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Yang YQ, Li JC. Progress of research in cell-in-cell phenomena. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:372-7. [PMID: 22271432 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of a nonphagocytotic process of cell-in-cell phenomena can be traced to over a century ago. However, its biological significance remains poorly understood. Three types of cell-in-cell phenomena have been described so far, termed "cannibalism," "emperipolesis," and "entosis." These three kinds of cell-in-cell phenomena, apart from a common feature of one cell internal to another, are distinct both cytologically and biologically. In this review, we discussed them in their morphology, cell recognition, penetration mechanisms, and physiological roles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qin Yang
- Institute of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Zwaenepoel I, Naba A, Da Cunha MML, Del Maestro L, Formstecher E, Louvard D, Arpin M. Ezrin regulates microvillus morphogenesis by promoting distinct activities of Eps8 proteins. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1080-94. [PMID: 22262457 PMCID: PMC3302735 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-07-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane cytoskeleton linker ezrin differentially regulates the activity of Eps8 and Eps8L1a in microvillar actin-F assembly. Eps8L1a displays F-actin capping activity, therefore controlling microvillus length, whereas, as previously shown, Eps8 displays bundling activity. The mechanisms that regulate actin filament polymerization resulting in the morphogenesis of the brush border microvilli in epithelial cells remain unknown. Eps8, the prototype of a family of proteins capable of capping and bundling actin filaments, has been shown to bundle the microvillar actin filaments. We report that Eps8L1a, a member of the Eps8 family and a novel ezrin-interacting partner, controls microvillus length through its capping activity. Depletion of Eps8L1a leads to the formation of long microvilli, whereas its overexpression has the opposite effect. We demonstrate that ezrin differentially modulates the actin-capping and -bundling activities of Eps8 and Eps8L1a during microvillus assembly. Coexpression of ezrin with Eps8 promotes the formation of membrane ruffles and tufts of microvilli, whereas expression of ezrin and Eps8L1a induces the clustering of actin-containing structures at the cell surface. These distinct morphological changes are neither observed when a mutant of ezrin defective in its binding to Eps8/Eps8L1a is coexpressed with Eps8 or Eps8L1a nor observed when ezrin is expressed with mutants of Eps8 or Eps8L1a defective in the actin-bundling or -capping activities, respectively. Our data show a synergistic effect of ezrin and Eps8 proteins in the assembly and organization of actin microvillar filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Zwaenepoel
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France
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Kano T, Wada S, Morimoto K, Kato Y, Ogihara T. Effect of Knockdown of Ezrin, Radixin, and Moesin on P-Glycoprotein Function in HepG2 Cells. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:5308-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Haynes J, Srivastava J, Madson N, Wittmann T, Barber DL. Dynamic actin remodeling during epithelial-mesenchymal transition depends on increased moesin expression. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:4750-64. [PMID: 22031288 PMCID: PMC3237619 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-02-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LifeAct-GFP, a fluorescent reporter for actin filaments, is used to uncover the dynamics of actin cytoskeleton remodeling in real time during TGF-β–induced EMT. Efficient actin filament remodeling and complete transition to a mesenchymal phenotype depend on an increase in expression of the ERM protein moesin. Remodeling of actin filaments is necessary for epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT); however, understanding of how this is regulated in real time is limited. We used an actin filament reporter and high-resolution live-cell imaging to analyze the regulated dynamics of actin filaments during transforming growth factor-β–induced EMT of mammary epithelial cells. Progressive changes in cell morphology were accompanied by reorganization of actin filaments from thin cortical bundles in epithelial cells to thick, parallel, contractile bundles that disassembled more slowly but remained dynamic in transdifferentiated cells. We show that efficient actin filament remodeling during EMT depends on increased expression of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) protein moesin. Cells suppressed for moesin expression by short hairpin RNA had fewer, thinner, and less stable actin bundles, incomplete morphological transition, and decreased invasive capacity. These cells also had less α-smooth muscle actin and phosphorylated myosin light chain in cortical patches, decreased abundance of the adhesion receptor CD44 at membrane protrusions, and attenuated autophosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. Our findings suggest that increased moesin expression promotes EMT by regulating adhesion and contractile elements for changes in actin filament organization. We propose that the transciptional program driving EMT controls progressive remodeling of actin filament architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Haynes
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Adyshev DM, Moldobaeva NK, Elangovan VR, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. Differential involvement of ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins in sphingosine 1-phosphate-induced human pulmonary endothelial cell barrier enhancement. Cell Signal 2011; 23:2086-96. [PMID: 21864676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction induced by inflammatory agonists is a frequent pathophysiologic event in multiple diseases. The platelet-derived phospholipid sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) reverses this dysfunction by potently enhancing the EC barrier through a process involving Rac GTPase-dependent cortical actin rearrangement as an integral step. In this study we explored the role of the ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) family of actin-binding linker protein in modulating S1P-induced human pulmonary EC barrier enhancement. S1P induces ERM translocation to the EC periphery and promotes ERM phosphorylation on a critical threonine residue (Ezrin-567, Radixin-564, Moesin-558). This phosphorylation is dependent on activation of PKC isoforms and Rac1. The majority of ERM phosphorylation on these critical threonine residues after S1P occurs in moesin and ezrin. Baseline radixin phosphorylation is higher than in the other two ERM proteins but does not increase after S1P. S1P-induced moesin and ezrin threonine phosphorylation is not mediated by the barrier enhancing receptor S1PR1 because siRNA downregulation of S1PR1 fails to inhibit these phosphorylation events, while stimulation of EC with the S1PR1-specific agonist SEW2871 fails to induce these phosphorylation events. Silencing of either all ERM proteins or radixin alone (but not moesin alone) reduced S1P-induced Rac1 activation and phosphorylation of the downstream Rac1 effector PAK1. Radixin siRNA alone, or combined siRNA for all three ERM proteins, dramatically attenuates S1P-induced EC barrier enhancement (measured by transendothelial electrical resistance (TER), peripheral accumulation of di-phospho-MLC, and cortical cytoskeletal rearrangement. In contrast, moesin depletion has the opposite effects on these parameters. Ezrin silencing partially attenuates S1P-induced EC barrier enhancement and cytoskeletal changes. Thus, despite structural similarities and reported functional redundancy, the ERM proteins differentially modulate S1P-induced alterations in lung EC cytoskeleton and permeability. These results suggest that ERM activation is an important regulatory event in EC barrier responses to S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djanybek M Adyshev
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Neisch AL, Fehon RG. Ezrin, Radixin and Moesin: key regulators of membrane-cortex interactions and signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:377-82. [PMID: 21592758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cell cortex serves as a critical nexus between the extracellular environment/cell membrane and the underlying cytoskeleton and cytoplasm. In many cells, the cell cortex is organized and maintained by the Ezrin, Radixin and Moesin (ERM) proteins, which have the ability to interact with both the plasma membrane and filamentous actin. Although this membrane-cytoskeletal linkage function is critical to stability of the cell cortex, recent studies indicate that this is only a part of what ERMs do in many cells. In addition to their role in binding filamentous actin, ERMs regulate signaling pathways through their ability to bind transmembrane receptors and link them to downstream signaling components. In this review we discuss recent evidence in a variety of cells indicating that ERMs serve as scaffolds to facilitate efficient signal transduction on the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Neisch
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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