1
|
Hofstadter WA, Cook KC, Tsopurashvili E, Gebauer R, Pražák V, Machala EA, Park JW, Grünewald K, Quemin ERJ, Cristea IM. Infection-induced peripheral mitochondria fission drives ER encapsulations and inter-mitochondria contacts that rescue bioenergetics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7352. [PMID: 39187492 PMCID: PMC11347691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The dynamic regulation of mitochondria shape via fission and fusion is critical for cellular responses to stimuli. In homeostatic cells, two modes of mitochondrial fission, midzone and peripheral, provide a decision fork between either proliferation or clearance of mitochondria. However, the relationship between specific mitochondria shapes and functions remains unclear in many biological contexts. While commonly associated with decreased bioenergetics, fragmented mitochondria paradoxically exhibit elevated respiration in several disease states, including infection with the prevalent pathogen human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and metastatic melanoma. Here, incorporating super-resolution microscopy with mass spectrometry and metabolic assays, we use HCMV infection to establish a molecular mechanism for maintaining respiration within a fragmented mitochondria population. We establish that HCMV induces fragmentation through peripheral mitochondrial fission coupled with suppression of mitochondria fusion. Unlike uninfected cells, the progeny of peripheral fission enter mitochondria-ER encapsulations (MENCs) where they are protected from degradation and bioenergetically stabilized during infection. MENCs also stabilize pro-viral inter-mitochondria contacts (IMCs), which electrochemically link mitochondria and promote respiration. Demonstrating a broader relevance, we show that the fragmented mitochondria within metastatic melanoma cells also form MENCs. Our findings establish a mechanism where mitochondria fragmentation can promote increased respiration, a feature relevant in the context of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katelyn C Cook
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Robert Gebauer
- Department of Chemistry, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vojtěch Pražák
- Department of Chemistry, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emily A Machala
- Department of Chemistry, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ji Woo Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Department of Chemistry, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle R J Quemin
- Department of Chemistry, MIN Faculty, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Virology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR9198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim JJ, Hong S, Seo JY. A Cysteine Residue of Human Cytomegalovirus vMIA Protein Plays a Crucial Role in Viperin Trafficking to Control Viral Infectivity. J Virol 2023; 97:e0187422. [PMID: 37306568 PMCID: PMC10308886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01874-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viperin is a multifunctional interferon-inducible protein that is directly induced in cells by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. The viral mitochondrion-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) interacts with viperin at the early stages of infection and translocates it from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria, where viperin modulates the cellular metabolism to increase viral infectivity. Viperin finally relocalizes to the viral assembly compartment (AC) at late stages of infection. Despite the importance of vMIA interactions with viperin during viral infection, their interacting residues are unknown. In the present study, we showed that cysteine residue 44 (Cys44) of vMIA and the N-terminal domain (amino acids [aa] 1 to 42) of viperin are necessary for their interaction and for the mitochondrial localization of viperin. In addition, the N-terminal domain of mouse viperin, which is structurally similar to that of human viperin, interacted with vMIA. This indicates that the structure, rather than the sequence composition, of the N-terminal domain of viperin, is required for the interaction with vMIA. Recombinant HCMV, in which Cys44 of vMIA was replaced by an alanine residue, failed to translocate viperin to the mitochondria at the early stages of infection and inefficiently relocalized it to the AC at late stages of infection, resulting in the impairment of viperin-mediated lipid synthesis and a reduction in viral replication. These data indicate that Cys44 of vMIA is therefore essential for the intracellular trafficking and function of viperin to increase viral replication. Our findings also suggest that the interacting residues of these two proteins are potential therapeutic targets for HCMV-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE Viperin traffics to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and viral assembly compartment (AC) during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Viperin has antiviral activity at the ER and regulates cellular metabolism at the mitochondria. Here, we show that Cys44 of HCMV vMIA protein and the N-terminal domain (aa 1 to 42) of viperin are necessary for their interaction. Cys44 of vMIA also has a critical role for viperin trafficking from the ER to the AC via the mitochondria during viral infection. Recombinant HCMV expressing a mutant vMIA Cys44 has impaired lipid synthesis and viral infectivity, which are attributed to mislocalization of viperin. Cys44 of vMIA is essential for the trafficking and function of viperin and may be a therapeutic target for HCMV-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jin Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sookyung Hong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Seo
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bachman LO, Zwezdaryk KJ. Targeting the Host Mitochondria as a Novel Human Cytomegalovirus Antiviral Strategy. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051083. [PMID: 37243170 DOI: 10.3390/v15051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exploits host mitochondrial function to promote viral replication. HCMV gene products have been described to directly interact and alter functional or structural aspects of host mitochondria. Current antivirals against HCMV, such as ganciclovir and letermovir, are designed against viral targets. Concerns with the current antivirals include toxicity and viral resistance. Targeting host mitochondrial function is a promising alternative or complimentary antiviral approach as (1) drugs targeting host mitochondrial function interact with host targets, minimizing viral resistance, and (2) host mitochondrial metabolism plays key roles in HCMV replication. This review describes how HCMV alters mitochondrial function and highlights pharmacological targets that can be exploited for novel antiviral development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn O Bachman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kevin J Zwezdaryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Modeling ATP-mediated endothelial cell elongation on line patterns. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1531-1548. [PMID: 35902488 PMCID: PMC9626447 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) migration is crucial for a wide range of processes including vascular wound healing, tumor angiogenesis, and the development of viable endovascular implants. We have previously demonstrated that ECs cultured on 15-μm wide adhesive line patterns exhibit three distinct migration phenotypes: (a) “running” cells that are polarized and migrate continuously and persistently on the adhesive lines with possible spontaneous directional changes, (b) “undecided” cells that are highly elongated and exhibit periodic changes in the direction of their polarization while maintaining minimal net migration, and (c) “tumbling-like” cells that migrate persistently for a certain amount of time but then stop and round up for a few hours before spreading again and resuming migration. Importantly, the three migration patterns are associated with distinct profiles of cell length. Because of the impact of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on cytoskeletal organization and cell polarization, we hypothesize that the observed differences in EC length among the three different migration phenotypes are driven by differences in intracellular ATP levels. In the present work, we develop a mathematical model that incorporates the interactions between cell length, cytoskeletal (F-actin) organization, and intracellular ATP concentration. An optimization procedure is used to obtain the model parameter values that best fit the experimental data on EC lengths. The results indicate that a minimalist model based on differences in intracellular ATP levels is capable of capturing the different cell length profiles observed experimentally.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ferreira AR, Gouveia A, Magalhães AC, Valença I, Marques M, Kagan JC, Ribeiro D. Human Cytomegalovirus vMIA Inhibits MAVS Oligomerization at Peroxisomes in an MFF-Dependent Manner. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871977. [PMID: 35445031 PMCID: PMC9014249 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon intracellular recognition of viral RNA, RIG-I-like proteins interact with MAVS at peroxisomes and mitochondria, inducing its oligomerization and the downstream production of direct antiviral effectors. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is able to specifically evade this antiviral response, via its antiapoptotic protein vMIA. Besides suppressing the programmed cell death of infected cells, vMIA inhibits the antiviral signalling at mitochondria by inducing the organelle’s fragmentation, consequently hindering the interaction between MAVS and the endoplasmic reticulum protein STING. Here we demonstrate that vMIA interferes with the peroxisomal antiviral signalling via a distinct mechanism that is independent of the organelle’s morphology and does not affect STING. vMIA interacts with MAVS at peroxisomes and inhibits its oligomerization, restraining downstream signalling, in an MFF-dependent manner. This study also demonstrates that vMIA is totally dependent on the organelle’s fission machinery to induce peroxisomal fragmentation, while this dependency is not observed at mitochondria. Furthermore, although we demonstrate that vMIA is also able to inhibit MAVS oligomerization at mitochondria, our results indicate that this process, such as the whole vMIA-mediated inhibition of the mitochondrial antiviral response, is independent of MFF. These observed differences in the mechanisms of action of vMIA towards both organelles, likely reflect their intrinsic differences and roles throughout the viral infection. This study uncovers specific molecular mechanisms that may be further explored as targets for antiviral therapy and highlights the relevance of peroxisomes as platforms for antiviral signalling against HCMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana Gouveia
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Magalhães
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Valença
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana Marques
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Daei Sorkhabi A, Sarkesh A, Saeedi H, Marofi F, Ghaebi M, Silvestris N, Baradaran B, Brunetti O. The Basis and Advances in Clinical Application of Cytomegalovirus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cell Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Oncol 2022; 12:818447. [PMID: 35515137 PMCID: PMC9062077 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.818447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A high percentage of malignant gliomas are infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and the endogenous expression of HCMV genes and their products are found in these tumors. HCMV antigen expression and its implications in gliomagenesis have emerged as a promising target for adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) strategies in glioblastoma multiforme (GB) patients. Since antigen-specific T cells in the tumor microenvironments lack efficient anti-tumor immune response due to the immunosuppressive nature of glioblastoma, CMV-specific ACT relies on in vitro expansion of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells employing immunodominant HCMV antigens. Given the fact that several hurdles remain to be conquered, recent clinical trials have outlined the feasibility of CMV-specific ACT prior to tumor recurrence with minimal adverse effects and a substantial improvement in median overall survival and progression-free survival. This review discusses the role of HCMV in gliomagenesis, disease prognosis, and recent breakthroughs in harnessing HCMV-induced immunogenicity in the GB tumor microenvironment to develop effective CMV-specific ACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ghaebi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nguyen NT, Nguyen TT, Park KS. Oxidative Stress Related to Plasmalemmal and Mitochondrial Phosphate Transporters in Vascular Calcification. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030494. [PMID: 35326144 PMCID: PMC8944874 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential for maintaining cellular function but excess of Pi leads to serious complications, including vascular calcification. Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenic progression of calcific changes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Pi-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and its detrimental consequences remain unclear. Type III Na+-dependent Pi cotransporter, PiT-1/-2, play a significant role in Pi uptake of vascular smooth muscle cells. Pi influx via PiT-1/-2 increases the abundance of PiT-1/-2 and depolarization-activated Ca2+ entry due to its electrogenic properties, which may lead to Ca2+ and Pi overload and oxidative stress. At least four mitochondrial Pi transporters are suggested, among which the phosphate carrier (PiC) is known to be mainly involved in mitochondrial Pi uptake. Pi transport via PiC may induce hyperpolarization and superoxide generation, which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress, together with generation of cytosolic ROS. Increase in net influx of Ca2+ and Pi and their accumulation in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix synergistically increases oxidative stress and osteogenic differentiation, which could be prevented by suppressing either Ca2+ or Pi overload. Therapeutic strategies targeting plasmalemmal and mitochondrial Pi transports can protect against Pi-induced oxidative stress and vascular calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Thi Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea
- Medical Doctor Program, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
| | - Tuyet Thi Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi 12406, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (T.T.N.); (K.-S.P.); Tel.: +84-247-108-9779 (T.T.N.); +82-33-741-0294 (K.-S.P.)
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
- Mitohormesis Research Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.T.N.); (K.-S.P.); Tel.: +84-247-108-9779 (T.T.N.); +82-33-741-0294 (K.-S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sheng X, Cristea IM. The antiviral sirtuin 3 bridges protein acetylation to mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during human cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009506. [PMID: 33857259 PMCID: PMC8078788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of mitochondrial structure and function is a central component of infection with viruses, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), as a virus means to modulate cellular metabolism and immune responses. Here, we link the activity of the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 and global mitochondrial acetylation status to host antiviral responses via regulation of both mitochondrial structural integrity and metabolism during HCMV infection. We establish that SIRT3 deacetylase activity is necessary for suppressing virus production, and that SIRT3 maintains mitochondrial pH and membrane potential during infection. By defining the temporal dynamics of SIRT3-substrate interactions during infection, and overlaying acetylome and proteome information, we find altered SIRT3 associations with the mitochondrial fusion factor OPA1 and acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2 (ACAA2), concomitant with changes in their acetylation levels. Using mutagenesis, microscopy, and virology assays, we determine OPA1 regulates mitochondrial morphology of infected cells and inhibits HCMV production. OPA1 acetylation status modulates these functions, and we establish K834 as a site regulated by SIRT3. Control of SIRT3 protein levels or enzymatic activity is sufficient for regulating mitochondrial filamentous structure. Lastly, we establish a virus restriction function for ACAA2, an enzyme involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation. Altogether, we highlight SIRT3 activity as a regulatory hub for mitochondrial acetylation and morphology during HCMV infection and point to global acetylation as a reflection of mitochondrial health. Given their functions in cellular metabolism and immune responses, mitochondria are targeted and disrupted by numerous prevalent viral pathogens, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). To characterize mechanisms underlying mitochondrial regulation during HCMV infection in human fibroblasts, this study integrates enzyme-substrate interaction studies, mass spectrometry quantification of protein abundance and acetylation, mutagenesis, microscopy, and virology assays. These analyses establish a link between the mitochondrial acetylation status and mitochondrial structure and metabolism during HCMV infection. We demonstrate that the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 acts in host defense by modulating proteins that regulate mitochondrial structure and fatty acid oxidation. SIRT3 helps to maintain mitochondrial integrity through several mechanisms, including regulation of mitochondrial pH, membrane potential, and the balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion. As excess mitochondrial acetylation is detrimental to mitochondrial metabolism, the virus-induced alterations in SIRT3 functions and mitochondrial acetylation may be linked to known HCMV pathologies, such as the metabolic syndrome and cardiac hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Sheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leserer S, Bayraktar E, Trilling M, Bogdanov R, Arrieta‐Bolaños E, Tsachakis‐Mück N, Crivello P, Koldehoff M, Maaßen F, Ross RS, Fleischhauer K, Beelen DW, Turki AT. Cytomegalovirus kinetics after hematopoietic cell transplantation reveal peak titers with differential impact on mortality, relapse and immune reconstitution. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:436-445. [PMID: 33439488 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Even in the era of PCR-based monitoring, prophylaxis, and preemptive therapy, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia remains a relevant cause of non-relapse mortality (NRM) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). However, studies using binary analysis (presence/absence of CMV) reported contradicting data for NRM, overall survival and leukemia relapse. Here, we analyzed CMV replication kinetics in 11 508 whole blood PCR samples of 705 patients with HCT between 2012 and 2017. Using two independent models based on CMV peak titers and on the time point of first CMV reactivation, we stratified patients into risk cohorts. Each cohort had distinct cellular immune reconstitution profiles and differentiated for relevant clinical outcomes. Patients with high CMV peak titers had significantly reduced overall survival (HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.53-2.96; p < .0001), due to high NRM. Early impaired T cell reconstitution was a risk factor for high CMV peak titers, however relevant CMV viremia also related to boosted T cell reconstitution. Importantly, intermediate CMV peak titers associated with a significantly reduced relapse probability (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31-0.91; p = .022). In short, CMV kinetics models distinguished relevant clinical outcome cohorts beyond the R+ serostatus with distinct immune reconstitution patterns and resolve in part contradicting results of previous studies exclusively focused on the presence or absence of CMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Leserer
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
- Computational Hematology Workgroup, Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cellular Therapy, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Evren Bayraktar
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
- Computational Hematology Workgroup, Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
- Chair of Applied Mathematics and Numerics III TU Dortmund University Dortmund Germany
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Rashit Bogdanov
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
- Computational Hematology Workgroup, Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Esteban Arrieta‐Bolaños
- Institute for Experimental Cellular Therapy, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Nikolaos Tsachakis‐Mück
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Pietro Crivello
- Institute for Experimental Cellular Therapy, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Michael Koldehoff
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Fabienne Maaßen
- Institute for Experimental Cellular Therapy, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
- Institute for Virology University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Rudolf Stefan Ross
- Institute for Virology University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg‐Essen Essen Germany
| | - Katharina Fleischhauer
- Institute for Experimental Cellular Therapy, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Heidelberg Germany
| | - Dietrich W. Beelen
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| | - Amin T. Turki
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
- Computational Hematology Workgroup, Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cellular Therapy, West‐German Cancer Center University Hospital Essen Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Monk CH, Zwezdaryk KJ. Host Mitochondrial Requirements of Cytomegalovirus Replication. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:115-123. [PMID: 33816061 PMCID: PMC8015347 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Metabolic rewiring of the host cell is required for optimal viral replication. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been observed to manipulate numerous mitochondrial functions. In this review, we describe the strategies and targets HCMV uses to control different aspects of mitochondrial function. Recent Findings The mitochondria are instrumental in meeting the biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs of HCMV replication. This is achieved through altered metabolism and signaling pathways. Morphological changes mediated through biogenesis and fission/fusion dynamics contribute to strategies to avoid cell death, overcome oxidative stress, and maximize the biosynthetic and bioenergetic outputs of mitochondria. Summary Emerging data suggests that cytomegalovirus relies on intact, functional host mitochondria for optimal replication. HCMV large size and slow replication kinetics create a dependency on mitochondria during replication. Targeting the host mitochondria is an attractive antiviral target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandler H Monk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave #8638, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kevin J Zwezdaryk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave #8638, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Al-Qahtani AA, Alarifi S, Alkahtani S, Stournaras C, Sourvinos G. Efficient proliferation and mitosis of glioblastoma cells infected with human cytomegalovirus is mediated by RhoA GTPase. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3066-3072. [PMID: 32945485 PMCID: PMC7453514 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prevalent viral pathogen, which can cause severe clinical consequences in neonates, immunocompromised individuals, patients with AIDS, and organ and stem cell transplant recipients. HCMV inhibits the host cell cycle progress while the immediate-early protein 1 (IE1) tethers to condensed chromatin in mitotic cells. The present study investigated the effect of HCMV on the cell cycle in human glioblastoma cells, as well as the role of RhoA GTPase during mitosis in the same context. Live cell microscopy showed that despite the apparent cell cycle arrest at late stages of mitosis in normal fibroblasts, HCMV-infected U373MG cells successfully went through all stages of cell division. HCMV IE1 protein exhibited a remarkably tight association with mitotic chromosomes from early mitosis to late cytokinesis. Depletion of RhoA significantly impaired the proliferation rate of HCMV-infected U373MG cells; consistent with this observation, the number of cells entering mitosis was also decreased. These results demonstrated the differential behavior of HCMV during mitosis in a normal and a cancer background. Furthermore, RhoA may be a critical component for the efficient cell division of HCMV-infected glioblastoma cells, which subsequently ensures the maintenance of viral genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - George Sourvinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rochette L, Meloux A, Zeller M, Malka G, Cottin Y, Vergely C. Mitochondrial SLC25 Carriers: Novel Targets for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102417. [PMID: 32455902 PMCID: PMC7288124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The transfer of metabolites through the mitochondrial membranes is a vital process that is highly controlled and regulated by the inner membrane. A variety of metabolites, nucleotides, and cofactors are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) by a superfamily of membrane transporters which are known as the mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) or the solute carrier family 25 (SLC25 protein family). In humans, the MCF has 53 members encoded by nuclear genes. Members of the SLC25 family of transporters, which is the largest group of solute carriers, are also known as mitochondrial carriers (MCs). Because MCs are nuclear-coded proteins, they must be imported into the IMM. When compared with normal cells, the mitochondria of cancer cells exhibit significantly increased transmembrane potentials and a number of their transporters are altered. SLC25 members were identified as potential biomarkers for various cancers. The objective of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the involvement of mitochondrial SLC25 carriers in associated diseases. This review suggests that the SLC25 family could be used for the development of novel points of attack for targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Rochette
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460) Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-380-393-292
| | - Alexandre Meloux
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460) Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Marianne Zeller
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460) Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Gabriel Malka
- Centre Interface Applications Médicales (CIAM), Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique, Ben-Guerir 43 150, Morocco;
| | - Yves Cottin
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460) Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.V.)
- Department of cardiology, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Vergely
- Equipe d’Accueil (EA 7460) Physiopathologie et Epidémiologie Cérébro-Cardiovasculaires (PEC2), Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne—Franche Comté, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alarifi S, Alkahtani S, Al-Qahtani AA, Stournaras C, Sourvinos G. Induction of interleukin-11 mediated by RhoA GTPase during human cytomegalovirus lytic infection. Cell Signal 2020; 70:109599. [PMID: 32165237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen which periodically reactivates, causing severe clinical consequences in immunosuppressed patients, organ and stem cell transplant recipients or newborn babies with congenital infections. HCMV infection stimulates the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection. Rho GTPases mediate cytokine expression while increasing evidence implicates them in important aspects of HCMV life cycle. Here, we studied the role of RhoA on the interleukin 11 (IL-11) release in HCMV-infected fibroblasts. Human fibroblasts, either endogenously expressing or silenced for RhoA, were infected by HCMV or UV-inactivated virus and IL-11 transcription and secretion were evaluated. We found that HCMV lytic infection increased the IL-11 levels, both in terms of transcription and translation. Both infectious and non-infectious HCMV particles were able to induce the IL-11 production. The depletion of RhoA resulted in an even higher release of IL-11, revealing the implication of this specific Rho isoform in this biological event. Finally, infection of cells in the presence of the HCMV DNA replication inhibitor, ganciclovir, significantly reduced the secretion of IL-11, strongly associating its induction with active viral DNA replication. Collectively, these data demonstrate, for the first time, a novel role of RhoA GTPase during HCMV lytic infection, regulating the activation of an immune response through IL-11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saud Alarifi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University, School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Sourvinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Human Cytomegalovirus Alters Host Cell Mitochondrial Function during Acute Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01183-19. [PMID: 31694945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01183-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a large DNA herpesvirus that is highly prevalent in the human population. HCMV can result in severe direct and indirect pathologies under immunosuppressed conditions and is the leading cause of birth defects related to infectious disease. Currently, the effect of HCMV infection on host cell metabolism as an increase in glycolysis during infection has been defined. We have observed that oxidative phosphorylation is also increased. We have identified morphological and functional changes to host mitochondria during HCMV infection. The mitochondrial network undergoes fission events after HCMV infection. Interestingly, the network does not undergo fusion. At the same time, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential increase. The electron transport chain (ETC) functions at an elevated rate, resulting in the release of increased reactive oxygen species. Surprisingly, despite the stress applied to the host mitochondria, the network is capable of responding to and meeting the increased bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands placed on it. When mitochondrial DNA is depleted from the cells, we observed severe impairment of viral replication. Mitochondrial DNA encodes many of the ETC components. These findings suggest that the host cell ETC is essential to HCMV replication. Our studies suggest the host cell mitochondria may be a therapeutic target.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus present in up to 85% of some populations. Like all herpesviruses, HCMV infection is for life. No vaccine is currently available, neutralizing antibody therapies are ineffective, and current antivirals have limited long-term efficacy due to side effects and potential for viral mutation and resistance. The significance of this research is in understanding how HCMV manipulates the host mitochondria to support bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements for replication. Despite a large genome, HCMV relies exclusively on host cells for metabolic functions. By understanding the dependency of HCMV on the mitochondria, we could exploit these requirements and develop novel antivirals.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mado K, Chekulayev V, Shevchuk I, Puurand M, Tepp K, Kaambre T. On the role of tubulin, plectin, desmin, and vimentin in the regulation of mitochondrial energy fluxes in muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C657-C667. [PMID: 30811221 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00303.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria perform a central role in life and death of the eukaryotic cell. They are major players in the generation of macroergic compounds and function as integrated signaling pathways, including the regulation of Ca2+ signals and apoptosis. A growing amount of evidence is demonstrating that mitochondria of muscle cells use cytoskeletal proteins (both microtubules and intermediate filaments) not only for their movement and proper cellular positioning, but also to maintain their biogenesis, morphology, function, and regulation of energy fluxes through the outer mitochondrial membrane (MOM). Here we consider the known literature data concerning the role of tubulin, plectin, desmin and vimentin in bioenergetic function of mitochondria in striated muscle cells, as well as in controlling the permeability of MOM for adenine nucleotides (ADNs). This is of great interest since dysfunctionality of these cytoskeletal proteins has been shown to result in severe myopathy associated with pronounced mitochondrial dysfunction. Further efforts are needed to uncover the pathways by which the cytoskeleton supports the functional capacity of mitochondria and transport of ADN(s) across the MOM (through voltage-dependent anion channel).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kati Mado
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Vladimir Chekulayev
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Igor Shevchuk
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Marju Puurand
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Kersti Tepp
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics , Tallinn , Estonia
| | - Tuuli Kaambre
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics , Tallinn , Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
HCMV Infection and Apoptosis: How Do Monocytes Survive HCMV Infection? Viruses 2018; 10:v10100533. [PMID: 30274264 PMCID: PMC6213175 DOI: 10.3390/v10100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of peripheral blood monocytes plays a key role in the hematogenous dissemination of the virus to multiple organ systems following primary infection or reactivation of latent virus in the bone marrow. Monocytes have a short life span of 1⁻3 days in circulation; thus, HCMV must alter their survival and differentiation to utilize these cells and their differentiated counterparts-macrophages-for dissemination and long term viral persistence. Because monocytes are not initially permissive for viral gene expression and replication, HCMV must control host-derived factors early during infection to prevent apoptosis or programmed cell death prior to viral induced differentiation into naturally long-lived macrophages. This review provides a short overview of HCMV infection of monocytes and describes how HCMV has evolved to utilize host cell anti-apoptotic pathways to allow infected monocytes to bridge the 48⁻72 h viability gate so that differentiation into a long term stable mature cell can occur. Because viral gene expression is delayed in monocytes following initial infection and only occurs (begins around two to three weeks post infection in our model) following what appears to be complete differentiation into mature macrophages or dendritic cells, or both; virally-encoded anti-apoptotic gene products cannot initially control long term infected cell survival. Anti-apoptotic viral genes are discussed in the second section of this review and we argue they would play an important role in long term macrophage or dendritic cell survival following infection-induced differentiation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mukherjee A, Patra U, Bhowmick R, Chawla-Sarkar M. Rotaviral nonstructural protein 4 triggers dynamin-related protein 1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation during infection. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12831. [PMID: 29444369 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic equilibrium between mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial fusion serves as an important quality control system within cells ensuring cellular vitality and homeostasis. Viruses often target mitochondrial dynamics as a part of their obligatory cellular reprogramming. The present study was undertaken to assess the status and regulation of mitochondrial dynamics during rotavirus infection. Distinct fragmentation of mitochondrial syncytia was observed during late hours of RV (SA11, Wa, A5-13) infection. RV nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) was identified as the viral trigger for disrupted mitochondrial morphology. Severance of mitochondrial interconnections was found to be a dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-dependent process resulting synergistically from augmented mitochondrial fission and attenuated mitochondrial fusion. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 was subsequently identified as the cellular kinase responsible for fission-active Ser616 phosphorylation of Drp1. In addition to its positive role in mitochondrial fission, Drp1 also resulted in mitochondrial translocation of E3-ubiquitin ligase Parkin leading to degradation of mitochondrial fusion protein Mitofusin 1. Interestingly, RV-NSP4 was found to interact with and be involved in recruiting fission-active pool of Serine 616 phosphoDrp1 (Ser616 pDrp1) to mitochondria independent of accessory adaptors Mitochondrial fission factor and Fission protein 1 (Fis1). Inhibition of either Drp1 or Ser616 pDrp1 resulted in significant decrease in RV-NSP4-induced intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Overall, this study underscores an efficient strategy utilised by RV to couple apoptosis to mitochondrial fission facilitating dissemination of viral progeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Upayan Patra
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Rahul Bhowmick
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:329. [PMID: 29491386 PMCID: PMC5832426 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are tightly associated with very dynamic platforms termed mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). MAMs provide an excellent scaffold for crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria and play a pivotal role in different signaling pathways that allow rapid exchange of biological molecules to maintain cellular health. However, dysfunctions in the ER–mitochondria architecture are associated with pathological conditions and human diseases. Inflammation has emerged as one of the various pathways that MAMs control. Inflammasome components and other inflammatory factors promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that sustain pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize the critical role of MAMs in initiating inflammation in the cellular defense against pathogenic infections and the association of MAMs with inflammation-mediated diseases.
Collapse
|
19
|
Close WL, Anderson AN, Pellett PE. Betaherpesvirus Virion Assembly and Egress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:167-207. [PMID: 29896668 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virions are the vehicle for cell-to-cell and host-to-host transmission of viruses. Virions need to be assembled reliably and efficiently, be released from infected cells, survive in the extracellular environment during transmission, recognize and then trigger entry of appropriate target cells, and disassemble in an orderly manner during initiation of a new infection. The betaherpesvirus subfamily includes four human herpesviruses (human cytomegalovirus and human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7), as well as viruses that are the basis of important animal models of infection and immunity. Similar to other herpesviruses, betaherpesvirus virions consist of four main parts (in order from the inside): the genome, capsid, tegument, and envelope. Betaherpesvirus genomes are dsDNA and range in length from ~145 to 240 kb. Virion capsids (or nucleocapsids) are geometrically well-defined vessels that contain one copy of the dsDNA viral genome. The tegument is a collection of several thousand protein and RNA molecules packed into the space between the envelope and the capsid for delivery and immediate activity upon cellular entry at the initiation of an infection. Betaherpesvirus envelopes consist of lipid bilayers studded with virus-encoded glycoproteins; they protect the virion during transmission and mediate virion entry during initiation of new infections. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of betaherpesvirus virion assembly, including how infection modifies, reprograms, hijacks, and otherwise manipulates cellular processes and pathways to produce virion components, assemble the parts into infectious virions, and then transport the nascent virions to the extracellular environment for transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L Close
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ashley N Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Philip E Pellett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rahbar A, Touma J, Costa H, Davoudi B, Bukholm IR, Sauer T, Vetvik K, Geisler J, Söderberg-Naucler C. Low Expression of Estrogen Receptor-α and Progesterone Receptor in Human Breast Cancer Tissues Is Associated With High-Grade Human Cytomegalovirus Protein Expression. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 17:526-535.e1. [PMID: 28595965 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanisms for breast cancer (BC) are largely unknown. We investigated possible correlations between the expression levels of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) proteins and established histopathological markers of BC, including expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-α, the progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively examined paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of BC (n = 62), ductal carcinoma in situ (n = 19), and adjacent normal breast tissue (n = 42) for HCMV immediate-early protein (IE), HCMV late antigen, HCMV DNA and RNA, and investigated possible correlations between them and expression of ER-α, PgR, and HER2. RESULTS HCMV DNA and RNA were detected in all examined infiltrating BCs. High-grade positivity for HCMV-IE was detected in 77% of infiltrating BCs, 39% of ductal carcinomas in situ, and 7% of tumor-free breast tissue samples. HCMV expression correlated inversely with ER-α (P = .02) and PgR (P = .003) expression. HER2 expression was also reduced in HCMV-positive samples without reaching a level of statistical significance (P = .09). CONCLUSION The negative correlation between high-grade expression HCMV-IE and hormone receptor expression suggests a role for HCMV in hormone receptor-negative BC tumors, possibly by forcing BC cells into a more aggressive phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine Solna, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit and Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Joel Touma
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Helena Costa
- Department of Medicine Solna, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit and Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Belghis Davoudi
- Department of Medicine Solna, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit and Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Rashid Bukholm
- Norwegian System of Compensation for Patient Claimes, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torill Sauer
- Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katja Vetvik
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Jürgen Geisler
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Naucler
- Department of Medicine Solna, Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit and Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lachance P, Chen J, Featherstone R, Sligl WI. Association Between Cytomegalovirus Reactivation and Clinical Outcomes in Immunocompetent Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx029. [PMID: 29497626 PMCID: PMC5781329 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our systematic review was to investigate the association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and outcomes in immunocompetent critically ill patients. Methods We searched electronic databases and gray literature for original studies and abstracts published between 1990 and October 2016. The review was limited to studies including critically ill immunocompetent patients. Cytomegalovirus reactivation was defined as positive polymerase chain reaction, pp65 antigenemia, or viral culture from blood or bronchoalveolar lavage. Selected patient-centered outcomes included mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), and nosocomial infections. Health resource utilization outcomes included intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay. Results Twenty-two studies were included. In our primary analysis, CMV reactivation was associated with increased ICU mortality (odds ratio [OR], 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.87–3.47), overall mortality (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.60–2.56), duration of mechanical ventilation (mean difference 6.60 days; 95% CI, 3.09–10.12), nosocomial infections (OR, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.05–4.98), need for RRT (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.31–4.31), and ICU length of stay (mean difference 8.18 days; 95% CI, 6.14–10.22). In addition, numerous sensitivity analyses were performed. Conclusions In this meta-analysis, CMV reactivation was associated with worse clinical outcomes and greater health resource utilization in critically ill patients. However, it remains unclear whether CMV reactivation plays a causal role or if it is a surrogate for more severe illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; and
| | - Robin Featherstone
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Wendy I Sligl
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; and
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Superresolution Imaging Identifies That Conventional Trafficking Pathways Are Not Essential for Endoplasmic Reticulum to Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Protein Transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16. [PMID: 28154412 PMCID: PMC5428351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins traffic from the cytosol to mitochondria. Some of these proteins localize at mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), where mitochondria are closely apposed with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have previously shown that the human cytomegalovirus signal-anchored protein known as viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) traffics from the ER to mitochondria and clusters at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Here, we have examined the host pathways by which vMIA traffics from the ER to mitochondria and clusters at the OMM. By disruption of phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 (PACS-2), mitofusins (Mfn1/2), and dynamin related protein 1 (Drp1), we find these conventional pathways for ER to the mitochondria trafficking are dispensable for vMIA trafficking to OMM. Instead, mutations in vMIA that change its hydrophobicity alter its trafficking to mitochondria. Superresolution imaging showed that PACS-2- and Mfn-mediated membrane apposition or hydrophobic interactions alter vMIA’s ability to organize in nanoscale clusters at the OMM. This shows that signal-anchored MAM proteins can make use of hydrophobic interactions independently of conventional ER-mitochondria pathways to traffic from the ER to mitochondria. Further, vMIA hydrophobic interactions and ER-mitochondria contacts facilitate proper organization of vMIA on the OMM.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cytomegalovirus as an oncomodulatory agent in the progression of glioma. Cancer Lett 2017; 384:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
24
|
Pivotal Role of Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1 and Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like in Neuronal Cell Death Induced by the Human Neuroinvasive Coronavirus OC43. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01513-16. [PMID: 27795420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01513-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses (HCoV) are respiratory pathogens with neuroinvasive, neurotropic, and neurovirulent properties, highlighting the importance of studying the potential implication of these viruses in neurological diseases. The OC43 strain (HCoV-OC43) was reported to induce neuronal cell death, which may participate in neuropathogenesis. Here, we show that HCoV-OC43 harboring two point mutations in the spike glycoprotein (rOC/Us183-241) was more neurovirulent than the wild-type HCoV-OC43 (rOC/ATCC) in mice and induced more cell death in murine and human neuronal cells. To evaluate the role of regulated cell death (RCD) in HCoV-OC43-mediated neural pathogenesis, we determined if knockdown of Bax, a key regulator of apoptosis, or RIP1, a key regulator of necroptosis, altered the percentage of neuronal cell death following HCoV-OC43 infection. We found that Bax-dependent apoptosis did not play a significant role in RCD following infection, as inhibition of Bax expression mediated by RNA interference did not confer cellular protection against the cell death process. On the other hand, we demonstrated that RIP1 and MLKL were involved in neuronal cell death, as RIP1 knockdown and chemical inhibition of MLKL significantly increased cell survival after infection. Taken together, these results indicate that RIP1 and MLKL contribute to necroptotic cell death after HCoV-OC43 infection to limit viral replication. However, this RCD could lead to neuronal loss in the mouse CNS and accentuate the neuroinflammation process, reflecting the severity of neuropathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Because they are naturally neuroinvasive and neurotropic, human coronaviruses are suspected to participate in the development of neurological diseases. Given that the strain OC43 is neurovirulent in mice and induces neuronal cell death, we explored the neuronal response to infection by characterizing the activation of RCD. Our results revealed that classical apoptosis associated with the Bax protein does not play a significant role in HCoV-OC43-induced neuronal cell death and that RIP1 and MLKL, two cellular proteins usually associated with necroptosis (an RCD back-up system when apoptosis is not adequately induced), both play a pivotal role in the process. As necroptosis disrupts cellular membranes and allows the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) and possibly induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, it may represent a proinflammatory cell death mechanism that contributes to excessive neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and eventually to neurological disorders after a coronavirus infection.
Collapse
|
25
|
Goulidaki N, Alarifi S, Alkahtani SH, Al-Qahtani A, Spandidos DA, Stournaras C, Sourvinos G. RhoB is a component of the human cytomegalovirus assembly complex and is required for efficient viral production. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:2748-63. [PMID: 26114383 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1066535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), an ubiquitous β-herpesvirus, is a significant pathogen that causes medically severe diseases in immunocompromised individuals and in congenitally infected neonates. RhoB belongs to the family of Rho GTPases, which regulates diverse cellular processes. Rho proteins are implicated in the entry and egress from the host cell of mainly α- and γ-herpesviruses, whereas β-herpesviruses are the least studied in this regard. Here, we studied the role of RhoB GTPase during HCMV lytic infection. Microscopy analysis, both in fixed and live infected cells showed that RhoB was translocated to the assembly complex/compartment (AC) of HCMV, a cytoplasmic zone in infected cells where many viral structural proteins are known to accumulate and assembly of new virions takes place. Furthermore, RhoB was localized at the AC even when the expression of the late HCMV AC proteins was inhibited. At the very late stages of infection, cellular projections were formed containing RhoB and HCMV virions, potentially contributing to the successful viral spread. Interestingly, the knockdown of RhoB in HCMV-infected cells resulted in a significant reduction of the virus titer and could also affect the accumulation of AC viral proteins at this subcellular compartment. RhoB knockdown also affected actin fibers' structure. Actin reorganization was observed at late stages of infection originating from the viral AC and surrounding the cellular projections, implying a potential interplay between RhoB and actin during HCMV assembly and egress. In conclusion, our results demonstrate for the first time that RhoB is a constituent of the viral AC and is required for HCMV productive infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nektaria Goulidaki
- a Laboratory of Virology ; Medical School ; University of Crete ; Heraklion, Crete , Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Karniely S, Weekes MP, Antrobus R, Rorbach J, van Haute L, Umrania Y, Smith DL, Stanton RJ, Minczuk M, Lehner PJ, Sinclair JH. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Upregulates the Mitochondrial Transcription and Translation Machineries. mBio 2016; 7:e00029. [PMID: 27025248 PMCID: PMC4807356 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00029-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) profoundly affects cellular metabolism. Like in tumor cells, HCMV infection increases glycolysis, and glucose carbon is shifted from the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle to the biosynthesis of fatty acids. However, unlike in many tumor cells, where aerobic glycolysis is accompanied by suppression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, HCMV induces mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration. Here, we affinity purified mitochondria and used quantitative mass spectrometry to determine how the mitochondrial proteome changes upon HCMV infection. We found that the mitochondrial transcription and translation systems are induced early during the viral replication cycle. Specifically, proteins involved in biogenesis of the mitochondrial ribosome were highly upregulated by HCMV infection. Inhibition of mitochondrial translation with chloramphenicol or knockdown of HCMV-induced ribosome biogenesis factor MRM3 abolished the HCMV-mediated increase in mitochondrially encoded proteins and significantly impaired viral growth under bioenergetically restricting conditions. Our findings demonstrate how HCMV manipulates mitochondrial biogenesis to support its replication. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a betaherpesvirus, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality during congenital infection and among immunosuppressed individuals. HCMV infection significantly changes cellular metabolism. Akin to tumor cells, in HCMV-infected cells, glycolysis is increased and glucose carbon is shifted from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to fatty acid biosynthesis. However, unlike in tumor cells, HCMV induces mitochondrial biogenesis even under aerobic glycolysis. Here, we have affinity purified mitochondria and used quantitative mass spectrometry to determine how the mitochondrial proteome changes upon HCMV infection. We find that the mitochondrial transcription and translation systems are induced early during the viral replication cycle. Specifically, proteins involved in biogenesis of the mitochondrial ribosome were highly upregulated by HCMV infection. Inhibition of mitochondrial translation with chloramphenicol or knockdown of HCMV-induced ribosome biogenesis factor MRM3 abolished the HCMV-mediated increase in mitochondrially encoded proteins and significantly impaired viral growth. Our findings demonstrate how HCMV manipulates mitochondrial biogenesis to support its replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Karniely
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J Rorbach
- MRC, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - L van Haute
- MRC, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Y Umrania
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D L Smith
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - R J Stanton
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - M Minczuk
- MRC, Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J H Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Khan M, Syed GH, Kim SJ, Siddiqui A. Mitochondrial dynamics and viral infections: A close nexus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1853:2822-33. [PMID: 25595529 PMCID: PMC4500740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viruses manipulate cellular machinery and functions to subvert intracellular environment conducive for viral proliferation. They strategically alter functions of the multitasking mitochondria to influence energy production, metabolism, survival, and immune signaling. Mitochondria either occur as heterogeneous population of individual organelles or large interconnected tubular network. The mitochondrial network is highly susceptible to physiological and environmental insults, including viral infections, and is dynamically maintained by mitochondrial fission and fusion. Mitochondrial dynamics in tandem with mitochondria-selective autophagy 'mitophagy' coordinates mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis. Mitochondrial dynamics impacts cellular homeostasis, metabolism, and innate-immune signaling, and thus can be major determinant of the outcome of viral infections. Herein, we review how mitochondrial dynamics is affected during viral infections and how this complex interplay benefits the viral infectious process and associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gulam Hussain Syed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aleem Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Seifert EL, Ligeti E, Mayr JA, Sondheimer N, Hajnóczky G. The mitochondrial phosphate carrier: Role in oxidative metabolism, calcium handling and mitochondrial disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:369-75. [PMID: 26091567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial phosphate carrier (PiC) is a mitochondrial solute carrier protein, which is encoded by SLC25A3 in humans. PiC delivers phosphate, a key substrate of oxidative phosphorylation, across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This transport activity is also relevant for allowing effective mitochondrial calcium handling. Furthermore, PiC has also been described to affect cell survival mechanisms via interactions with cyclophilin D and the viral mitochondrial-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA). The significance of PiC has been supported by the recent discovery of a fatal human condition associated with PiC mutations. Here, we present first the early studies that lead to the discovery and molecular characterization of the PiC, then discuss the very recently developed mouse models for PiC and pathological mutations in the human SLC25A3 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Seifert
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Erzsébet Ligeti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1085, Hungary
| | - Johannes A Mayr
- Department of Paediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Neal Sondheimer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Koldehoff M, Lindemann M, Opalka B, Bauer S, Ross RS, Elmaagacli AH. Cytomegalovirus induces apoptosis in acute leukemia cells as a virus-versus-leukemia function. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:3189-97. [PMID: 25818505 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1032968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation occurs frequently after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and is associated with an increased treatment-related mortality. Induction of apoptosis by HCMV is unusual because HCMV utilizes various strategies to prevent apoptosis in infected cells in order to delay cell death and maintain viral replication. Here we show that HCMV can infect the acute leukemia cell lines Kasumi-1 (AML) and SD-1 (BCR-ABL-positive ALL), which inhibited their proliferation and induced apoptosis in almost all cells after 14 days. Although HCMV induced a significant up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic gene cFLIP and the anti-stress gene Gadd45a, and simultaneously down-regulated the pro-apoptotic genes p53, Gadd45gamma in Kasumi-1 and SD-1 cells, we found that these anti-apoptotic mechanisms failed in HCMV-infected acute leukemia cells and apoptosis occurred via a caspase-dependent pathway. We conclude that HCMV can provide anti-leukemic effects in vitro. To determine if this phenomenon may be clinically relevant further investigations will be required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koldehoff
- a Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation , West German Cancer Center , Essen , Germany
| | | | - Bertram Opalka
- c Department of Hematology , West German Cancer Center , Essen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- d Department of Medical Oncology , West German Cancer Center , Essen , Germany
| | | | - Ahmet H Elmaagacli
- a Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation , West German Cancer Center , Essen , Germany.,f Department of Oncology and Hematology , HELIOS Schwerin , Schwerin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bonora M, Wieckowski MR, Chinopoulos C, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Pinton P. Molecular mechanisms of cell death: central implication of ATP synthase in mitochondrial permeability transition. Oncogene 2015; 34:1475-86. [PMID: 24727893 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The term mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is commonly used to indicate an abrupt increase in the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to low molecular weight solutes. Widespread MPT has catastrophic consequences for the cell, de facto marking the boundary between cellular life and death. MPT results indeed in the structural and functional collapse of mitochondria, an event that commits cells to suicide via regulated necrosis or apoptosis. MPT has a central role in the etiology of both acute and chronic diseases characterized by the loss of post-mitotic cells. Moreover, cancer cells are often relatively insensitive to the induction of MPT, underlying their increased resistance to potentially lethal cues. Thus, intense efforts have been dedicated not only at the understanding of MPT in mechanistic terms, but also at the development of pharmacological MPT modulators. In this setting, multiple mitochondrial and extramitochondrial proteins have been suspected to critically regulate the MPT. So far, however, only peptidylprolyl isomerase F (best known as cyclophilin D) appears to constitute a key component of the so-called permeability transition pore complex (PTPC), the supramolecular entity that is believed to mediate MPT. Here, after reviewing the structural and functional features of the PTPC, we summarize recent findings suggesting that another of its core components is represented by the c subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bonora
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - M R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C Chinopoulos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - O Kepp
- 1] Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] Metabolomics and Cell Biology platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - G Kroemer
- 1] Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] Metabolomics and Cell Biology platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [4] Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - L Galluzzi
- 1] Equipe 11 labelisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris 5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - P Pinton
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Superresolution imaging of viral protein trafficking. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:449-60. [PMID: 25724304 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane is closely apposed to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), which facilitates communication between these organelles. These contacts, known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), facilitate calcium signaling, lipid transfer, as well as antiviral and stress responses. How cellular proteins traffic to the MAM, are distributed therein, and interact with ER and mitochondrial proteins are subject of great interest. The human cytomegalovirus UL37 exon 1 protein or viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) is crucial for viral growth. Upon synthesis at the ER, vMIA traffics to the MAM and OMM, where it reprograms the organization and function of these compartments. vMIA significantly changes the abundance of cellular proteins at the MAM and OMM, including proteins that regulate calcium homeostasis and cell death. Through the use of superresolution imaging, we have shown that vMIA is distributed at the OMM in nanometer scale clusters. This is similar to the clusters reported for the mitochondrial calcium channel, VDAC, as well as electron transport chain, translocase of the OMM complex, and mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system components. Thus, aside from addressing how vMIA targets the MAM and regulates survival of infected cells, biochemical studies and superresolution imaging of vMIA offer insights into the formation, organization, and functioning of MAM. Here, we discuss these insights into trafficking, function, and organization of vMIA at the MAM and OMM and discuss how the use of superresolution imaging is contributing to the study of the formation and trafficking of viruses.
Collapse
|
32
|
Bhuvanendran S, Salka K, Rainey K, Sreetama SC, Williams E, Leeker M, Prasad V, Boyd J, Patterson GH, Jaiswal JK, Colberg-Poley AM. Superresolution imaging of human cytomegalovirus vMIA localization in sub-mitochondrial compartments. Viruses 2014; 6:1612-36. [PMID: 24721787 PMCID: PMC4014713 DOI: 10.3390/v6041612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) protein, traffics to mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). vMIA association with the MAM has not been visualized by imaging. Here, we have visualized this by using a combination of confocal and superresolution imaging. Deconvolution of confocal microscopy images shows vMIA localizes away from mitochondrial matrix at the Mitochondria-ER interface. By gated stimulated emission depletion (GSTED) imaging, we show that along this interface vMIA is distributed in clusters. Through multicolor, multifocal structured illumination microscopy (MSIM), we find vMIA clusters localize away from MitoTracker Red, indicating its OMM localization. GSTED and MSIM imaging show vMIA exists in clusters of ~100–150 nm, which is consistent with the cluster size determined by Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM). With these diverse superresolution approaches, we have imaged the clustered distribution of vMIA at the OMM adjacent to the ER. Our findings directly compare the relative advantages of each of these superresolution imaging modalities for imaging components of the MAM and sub-mitochondrial compartments. These studies establish the ability of superresolution imaging to provide valuable insight into viral protein location, particularly in the sub-mitochondrial compartments, and into their clustered organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad Bhuvanendran
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Kyle Salka
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Kristin Rainey
- Section on Biophotonics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sen Chandra Sreetama
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Williams
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Margretha Leeker
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Vidhya Prasad
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Jonathan Boyd
- Life Science Division, Leica Microsystems, Inc., 1700 Leider Lane, Buffalo Grove, IL 60089, USA.
| | - George H Patterson
- Section on Biophotonics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Anamaris M Colberg-Poley
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Human cytomegalovirus pUL37x1-induced calcium flux activates PKCα, inducing altered cell shape and accumulation of cytoplasmic vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1140-8. [PMID: 24616524 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402515111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus immediate-early protein pUL37x1 induces the release of Ca(2+) stores from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol. This release causes reorganization of the cellular actin cytoskeleton with concomitant cell rounding. Here we demonstrate that pUL37x1 activates Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase Cα (PKCα). Both PKCα and Rho-associated protein kinases are required for actin reorganization and cell rounding; however, only PKCα is required for the efficient production of virus progeny, arguing that HCMV depends on the kinase for a second function. PKCα activation is also needed for the production of large (1-5 μm) cytoplasmic vesicles late after infection. The production of these vesicles is blocked by inhibition of fatty acid or phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthesis, and the failure to produce vesicles is correlated with substantially reduced production of enveloped virus capsids. These results connect earlier work identifying a requirement for lipid synthesis with specific morphological changes, and support the argument that the PKCα-induced large vesicles are either required for the efficient production of mature virus particles or serve as a marker for the process.
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The mitochondrion relies on compartmentalization of certain enzymes, ions and metabolites for the sake of efficient metabolism. In order to fulfil its activities, a myriad of carriers are properly expressed, targeted and folded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Among these carriers, the six-transmembrane-helix mitochondrial SLC25 (solute carrier family 25) proteins facilitate transport of solutes with disparate chemical identities across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Although their proper function replenishes building blocks needed for metabolic reactions, dysfunctional SLC25 proteins are involved in pathological states. It is the purpose of the present review to cover the current knowledge on the role of SLC25 transporters in health and disease.
Collapse
|
35
|
Amsler L, Verweij M, DeFilippis VR. The tiers and dimensions of evasion of the type I interferon response by human cytomegalovirus. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4857-71. [PMID: 24013068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a member of the β-herpesvirus family that invariably occupies hosts for life despite a consistent multi-pronged antiviral immune response that targets the infection. This persistence is enabled by the large viral genome that encodes factors conferring a wide assortment of sophisticated, often redundant phenotypes that disable or otherwise manipulate impactful immune effector processes. The type I interferon system represents a first line of host defense against infecting viruses. The physiological reactions induced by secreted interferon act to effectively block replication of a broad spectrum of virus types, including HCMV. As such, the virus must exhibit counteractive mechanisms to these responses that involve their inhibition, tolerance, or re-purposing. The goal of this review is to describe the impact of the type I interferon system on HCMV replication and to showcase the number and diversity of strategies employed by the virus that allow infection of hosts in the presence of interferon-dependent activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Amsler
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Oregon Health and Science University 505 NW 185th Ave. Beaverton, OR, USA, 97006
| | - Marieke Verweij
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Oregon Health and Science University 505 NW 185th Ave. Beaverton, OR, USA, 97006
| | - Victor R DeFilippis
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Oregon Health and Science University 505 NW 185th Ave. Beaverton, OR, USA, 97006
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Viperin regulates cellular lipid metabolism during human cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003497. [PMID: 23935494 PMCID: PMC3731232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been shown to induce increased lipogenesis in infected cells, and this is believed to be required for proper virion envelopment. We show here that this increase is a consequence of the virus-induced redistribution of the host protein viperin to mitochondria and its capacity to interact with and block the function of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein (TFP), the enzyme that mediates fatty acid-β-oxidation. The resulting decrease in cellular ATP levels activates the enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which induces expression of the glucose transporter GLUT4, resulting in increased glucose import and translocation to the nucleus of the glucose-regulated transcription factor ChREBP. This induces increased transcription of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes, increased lipid synthesis and lipid droplet accumulation, and generation of the viral envelope. Viperin-dependent lipogenesis is required for optimal production of infectious virus. We show that all of these metabolic outcomes can be replicated by direct targeting of viperin to mitochondria in the absence of HCMV infection, and that the motif responsible for Fe-S cluster binding by viperin is essential. The data indicate that viperin is the major effector underlying the ability of HCMV to regulate cellular lipid metabolism. Virus infection induces the production of interferons, which in turn stimulate the production of a set of proteins that often have antiviral functions. One of these interferon-inducible proteins is viperin, the product of the human Rsad2 gene. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) paradoxically induces expression of viperin independently of the interferon response, and we previously showed that a virus-encoded protein transports the induced viperin to mitochondria where it interferes with fatty acid b-oxidation, a major energy generating system of the cell. We show here that this ultimately results in enhanced lipid synthesis by the infected cell that is essential for production of infectious virus. The mechanism involves sensing the depletion in ATP levels caused by inhibition of fatty acid b-oxidation by the enzyme AMP-induced protein kinase. This induces a cascade of events that result in the increased transcription of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes and consequent lipid biogenesis that is needed by the virus for adequate membrane envelope formation. Thus HCMV uses the interferon-inducible protein viperin, known to be antiviral for other viruses, even for HCMV itself if viperin is pre-expressed in cells prior to infection, to modulate the metabolic status of the cell to facilitate its replication.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang A, Hildreth RL, Colberg-Poley AM. Human cytomegalovirus inhibits apoptosis by proteasome-mediated degradation of Bax at endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrion contacts. J Virol 2013; 87:5657-68. [PMID: 23487455 PMCID: PMC3648137 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00145-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes the UL37 exon 1 protein (pUL37x1), which is the potent viral mitochondrion-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA), to increase survival of infected cells. HCMV vMIA traffics from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to ER subdomains, which are physically linked to mitochondria known as mitochondrion-associated membranes (MAM), and to mitochondria. The antiapoptotic function of vMIA is thought to primarily result from its ability to inhibit Bax-mediated permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Here, we establish that vMIA retargets Bax to the MAM as well as to the OMM from immediate early through late times of infection. However, MAM localization of Bax results in its increased ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. Surprisingly, HCMV infection does not increase OMM-associated degradation (OMMAD) of Bax, even though the ER and mitochondria are physically connected at the MAM. It was recently found that lipid rafts at the plasma membrane can connect extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways and can serve as sites of apoptosome assembly. In transfected permissive human fibroblasts, vMIA mediates, through its cholesterol affinity, association of Bax and apoptosome components with MAM lipid rafts. While Bax association with MAM lipid rafts was detected in HCMV-infected cells, association of apoptosome components was not. These results establish that Bax recruitment to the MAM and its MAM-associated degradation (MAMAD) are a newly described antiapoptotic mechanism used by HCMV infection to increase cell survival for its growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Zhang
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard L. Hildreth
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program,
| | - Anamaris M. Colberg-Poley
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program,
- Departments of Integrative Systems Biology,
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
- Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
McCormick AL, Roback L, Wynn G, Mocarski ES. Multiplicity-dependent activation of a serine protease-dependent cytomegalovirus-associated programmed cell death pathway. Virology 2012; 435:250-7. [PMID: 23159167 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
At a low MOI (≤0.01), cytomegalovirus-associated programmed cell death terminates productive infection via a pathway triggered by the mitochondrial serine protease HtrA2/Omi. This infected cell death is associated with late phase replication events naturally suppressed by the viral mitochondrial inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA). Here, higher MOI (ranging from 0.1-3.0) triggers cell death earlier during infection independent of viral DNA synthesis. Thus, MOI-dependent activating signals early, at high MOI, or late, at low MOI, during replication promote serine protease-dependent death that is suppressed by vMIA. Treatment with an antioxidant targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS) or the serine protease inhibitor N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) delays cell death, and the combination has an additive impact. These studies identify serine proteases and ROS as important factors triggering programmed cell death induced by vMIA-deficient virus, and show that this death pathway occurs earlier and reduces viral yields as the MOI is increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Louise McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1462 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Baseler WA, Thapa D, Jagannathan R, Dabkowski ER, Croston TL, Hollander JM. miR-141 as a regulator of the mitochondrial phosphate carrier (Slc25a3) in the type 1 diabetic heart. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C1244-51. [PMID: 23034391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00137.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria are central in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mitochondrial proteomic alterations resulting from diabetes mellitus have been reported although the mechanisms driving changes in proteomic signatures are unknown. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been considered as potential regulators of proteins. The goal of this study was to determine whether miRNAs play a role in diabetes-induced mitochondrial proteomic alterations. Quanitative RT-PCR miRNA screening in diabetic mice, 5 wk following multiple low-dose streptozotocin treatment was associated with alteration in the expression of 29 miRNAs in the diabetic heart compared with control. Among those miRNAs upregulated in the diabetic heart was miR-141 (P < 0.002). miRNA target prediction analyses identified miR-141 as a potential regulator of the inner mitochondrial membrane phosphate transporter, solute carrier family 25 member 3 (Slc25a3), which provides inorganic phosphate to the mitochondrial matrix and is essential for ATP production. With the use of a luciferase reporter construct with a Slc25a3 3'-untranslated region (UTR) target sequence, overexpression of miR-141 downregulated luciferase activity levels confirming miR-141/Slc25a3 3'-UTR binding. miR-141 overexpression in HL-1 cells elicited a decrease in Slc25a3 protein content, ATP production and a decrease in ATP synthase activity, similar to the diabetic phenotype (P < 0.05, for both). Diabetic interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) displayed decreased Slc25a3 protein content, which was inversely correlated with increased miR-141 expression. Further, diabetic IFM ATP synthase activity was also decreased (P < 0.05). Together these results indicate that miR-141 can regulate Slc25a3 protein expression in the diabetic heart. Further, diabetes-induced miRNA changes may influence mitochondrial proteomes and functional processes such as mitochondrial ATP production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Baseler
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Senovilla L, Eisenberg T, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Vacchelli E, Robert T, Ripoche H, Jägemann N, Paccard C, Servant N, Hupé P, Lazar V, Dessen P, Barillot E, Zischka H, Madeo F, Kroemer G. Independent transcriptional reprogramming and apoptosis induction by cisplatin. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3472-80. [PMID: 22918244 PMCID: PMC3466557 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neither the molecular mechanisms whereby cancer cells intrinsically are or become resistant to the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin nor the signaling pathways that account for cisplatin cytotoxicity have thus far been characterized in detail. In an attempt to gain further insights into the molecular cascades elicited by cisplatin (leading to resistance or underpinning its antineoplastic properties), we comparatively investigated the ability of cisplatin, C2-ceramide and cadmium dichloride, alone or in the presence of an array of mitochondrion-protective agents, to trigger the permeabilization of purified mitochondria. In addition, we compared the transcriptional response triggered by cisplatin, C2-ceramide and cadmium dichloride in non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Finally, we assessed the capacity of cisplatin, C2-ceramide and cadmium dichloride to reduce the clonogenic potential of a battery of yeast strains lacking proteins involved in the regulation of cell death, DNA damage signaling and stress management. This multipronged experimental approach revealed that cisplatin elicits signaling pathways that are for the most part "private," i.e., that manifest limited overlap with the molecular cascades ignited by other inducers of mitochondrial apoptosis, and triggers apoptosis mainly in a transcription-independent fashion. Indeed, bona fide cisplatin-response modifiers that we have recently identified by a functional genome-wide siRNA screen are either not transcriptionally regulated during cisplatin-induced cell death or their transcriptional modulation reflects the activation of an adaptive response promoting cisplatin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Ilio Vitale
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- INSERM; U848; Villejuif, France
- Université ParisSud/Paris XI; Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Senovilla
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- INSERM; U848; Villejuif, France
- Université ParisSud/Paris XI; Villejuif, France
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | | | - Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- INSERM; U848; Villejuif, France
- Université ParisSud/Paris XI; Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Robert
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Unité de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Bioinformatique; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Hugues Ripoche
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- CNRS; UMR8200; Villejuif, France
| | - Nora Jägemann
- Institute of Toxicology; Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health; Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Paccard
- Institut Curie; Paris, France
- INSERM; U900; Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech; Fontainebleau, France
| | - Nicolas Servant
- Institut Curie; Paris, France
- INSERM; U900; Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech; Fontainebleau, France
| | - Philippe Hupé
- Institut Curie; Paris, France
- INSERM; U900; Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech; Fontainebleau, France
- CNRS; UMR144; Paris, France
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Unité de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Bioinformatique; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Dessen
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Unité de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Bioinformatique; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- INSERM; U985; Villejuif, France
| | - Emmanuel Barillot
- Institut Curie; Paris, France
- INSERM; U900; Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech; Fontainebleau, France
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Toxicology; Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health; Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
- INSERM; U848; Villejuif, France
- Metabolomics Platform; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hildreth RL, Bullough MD, Zhang A, Chen HL, Schwartz PH, Panchision DM, Colberg-Poley AM. Viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (UL37 exon 1 protein) does not protect human neural precursor cells from human cytomegalovirus-induced cell death. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2436-2446. [PMID: 22875256 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.044784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can cause severe brain abnormalities. Apoptotic HCMV-infected brain cells have been detected in a congenitally infected infant. In biologically relevant human neural precursor cells (hNPCs), cultured in physiological oxygen tensions, HCMV infection (m.o.i. of 1 or 3) induced cell death within 3 days post-infection (p.i.) and increased thereafter. Surprisingly, its known anti-apoptotic genes, including the potent UL37 exon 1 protein (pUL37x1) or viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA), which protects infected human fibroblasts (HFFs) from apoptosis and from caspase-independent, mitochondrial serine protease-mediated cell death, were expressed by 2 days p.i. Consistent with this finding, an HCMV UL37x1 mutant, BADsubstitutionUL37x1 (BADsubUL37x1) induced cell death in hNPCs (m.o.i. = 1) to level which were indistinguishable from parental virus (BADwild-type)-infected hNPCs. Surprisingly, although BADsubUL37x1 is growth defective in permissive HFFs, it produced infectious progeny in hNPCs with similar kinetics and to levels comparable to BADwild-type-infected hNPCs (m.o.i. = 1). While delayed at a lower multiplicity (m.o.i. = 0.3), the BADsubUL37x1 mutant reached similar levels to revertant within 12 days, in contrast to its phenotype in HFFs. The inability of pUL37x1/vMIA to protect hNPCs from HCMV-induced cell death did not result from impaired trafficking as pUL37x1/vMIA trafficked efficiently to mitochondria in transfected hNPCs and in HCMV-infected hNPCs. These results establish that pUL37x1/vMIA, although protective in permissive HFFs, does not protect HCMV-infected hNPCs from cell death under physiologically relevant oxygen tensions. They further suggest that pUL37x1/vMIA is not essential for HCMV growth in hNPCs and has different cell type-specific roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Hildreth
- Molecular Medicine Program, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Matthew D Bullough
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Hui-Ling Chen
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute; Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Room M5110, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Philip H Schwartz
- National Human Neural Stem Cell Resource, Children's Hospital of Orange County Research Institute, Orange, CA, USA
| | - David M Panchision
- Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anamaris M Colberg-Poley
- Molecular Medicine Program, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University, USA.,Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, USA.,Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Grimm S. Dissecting mitochondrial apoptosis pathways by gain-of-function cell culture screens. Mitochondrion 2012; 13:189-94. [PMID: 22691408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
While more primitive organism such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster feature a limited, and by now probably mostly known, array of basic cell death factors, the mammalian cell is replete with additional regulators of the cell's demise. This abundance of apoptosis mediators has made it imperative to set up a systematic inventory of mammalian cell death genes. Genetic screens in this biological system have recently uncovered the rich diversity of cell death signalling and have in particular highlighted mitochondria as an organelle loaded with apoptosis regulators. Many of the screens that have addressed this utilised the novel technique of RNA interference but some also looked at gain-of-functions with transfected cDNAs. Here we give an overview of the rationale for the latter approach, present the genes discovered by this strategy and in particular describe the involvement of mitochondria and their signalling pathways defined by those genes.
Collapse
|
43
|
Doi N, Hoshi Y, Itokawa M, Yoshikawa T, Ichikawa T, Arai M, Usui C, Tachikawa H. Paradox of schizophrenia genetics: is a paradigm shift occurring? BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2012; 8:28. [PMID: 22650965 PMCID: PMC3487746 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic research of schizophrenia (SCZ) based on the nuclear genome model (NGM) has been one of the most active areas in psychiatry for the past two decades. Although this effort is ongoing, the current situation of the molecular genetics of SCZ seems disappointing or rather perplexing. Furthermore, a prominent discrepancy between persistence of the disease at a relatively high prevalence and a low reproductive fitness of patients creates a paradox. Heterozygote advantage works to sustain the frequency of a putative susceptibility gene in the mitochondrial genome model (MGM) but not in the NGM. METHODS We deduced a criterion that every nuclear susceptibility gene for SCZ should fulfill for the persistence of the disease under general assumptions of the multifactorial threshold model. SCZ-associated variants listed in the top 45 in the SZGene Database (the version of the 23rd December, 2011) were selected, and the distribution of the genes that could meet or do not meet the criterion was surveyed. RESULTS 19 SCZ-associated variants that do not meet the criterion are located outside the regions where the SCZ-associated variants that could meet the criterion are located. Since a SCZ-associated variant that does not meet the criterion cannot be a susceptibility gene, but instead must be a protective gene, it should be linked to a susceptibility gene in the NGM, which is contrary to these results. On the other hand, every protective gene on any chromosome can be associated with SCZ in the MGM. Based on the MGM we propose a new hypothesis that assumes brain-specific antioxidant defenses in which trans-synaptic activations of dopamine- and N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptors are involved. Most of the ten predictions of this hypothesis seem to accord with the major epidemiological facts and the results of association studies to date. CONCLUSION The central paradox of SCZ genetics and the results of association studies to date argue against the NGM, and in its place the MGM is emerging as a viable option to account for genomic and pathophysiological research findings involving SCZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagafumi Doi
- Ibaraki Prefectural Medical Center of Psychiatry, 654Asahi-machi, Kasama-shi, Ibaraki, 309-1717, Japan
| | - Yoko Hoshi
- Integrated Neuroscience Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masanari Itokawa
- Project for Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoe Ichikawa
- Project for Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Makoto Arai
- Project for Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Chie Usui
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, 3-1-10 Takanodai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 177-8521, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tachikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Williamson CD, DeBiasi RL, Colberg-Poley AM. Viral product trafficking to mitochondria, mechanisms and roles in pathogenesis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012; 12:18-37. [PMID: 22034933 PMCID: PMC4435936 DOI: 10.2174/187152612798994948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. However, targeted antiviral therapies have been developed for only a subset of these viruses, with the majority of currently licensed antiviral drugs targeting viral entry, replication or exit steps during the viral life cycle. Due to increasing emergence of antiviral drug resistant viruses, the isolation of multiple viral subtypes, and toxicities of existing therapies, there remains an urgent need for the timely development of novel antiviral agents, including those targeting host factors essential for viral replication. This review summarizes viral products that target mitochondria and their effects on common mitochondria regulated pathways. These viral products and the mitochondrial pathways affected by them provide potential novel targets for the rational design of antiviral drugs. Viral products alter oxidative balance, mitochondrial permeability transition pore, mitochondrial membrane potential, electron transport and energy production. Moreover, viruses may cause the Warburg Effect, in which metabolism is reprogrammed to aerobic glycolysis as the main source of energy. Finally, viral products affect proapoptotic and antiapoptotic signaling, as well as mitochondrial innate immune signaling. Because of their importance for the generation of metabolic intermediates and energy as well as cell survival, mitochondrial pathways are targeted by multiple independent viral products. Structural modifications of existing drugs targeted to mitochondrial pathways may lead to the development of novel antiviral drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad D. Williamson
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Roberta L. DeBiasi
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC 20037 Tel. 202-476-3984 FAX 202-476-3929
| | - Anamaris M. Colberg-Poley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC 20037 Tel. 202-476-3984 FAX 202-476-3929
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC 20037 Tel. 202-476-3984 FAX 202-476-3929
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mattijssen S, Pruijn GJM. Viperin, a key player in the antiviral response. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:419-26. [PMID: 22182524 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Viperin is an antiviral protein that is induced by different viruses, type I interferon, poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. Recently, our knowledge on the mechanism by which viperin inhibits viral replication has strongly increased. Interestingly, it also became clear that viperin can be used by viruses to increase their infectivity. Here, our current knowledge on the induction of viperin and its effect on virus replication will be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Mattijssen
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry-271, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bouaziz C, Sharaf el dein O, Martel C, El Golli E, Abid-Essefi S, Brenner C, Lemaire C, Bacha H. Molecular events involved in ochratoxin A induced mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, modulation by Bcl-2 family members. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:579-590. [PMID: 20549612 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we looked for the role of the mitochondrion in the cytotoxicity of ochratoxin A (OTA), which is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins in the world. In different human carcinoma cell lines, OTA triggered a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic process, which is characterized by opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTPC), loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ(m) ), increase in O(2) [chemp](-) production, mitochondrial relocalization of Bax, release of cytochrome c, and caspase activation. However, studies performed on purified organelles suggested that OTA does not directly target the mitochondrion. In addition, we showed that mitochondrial alterations induced by this mycotoxin are favored by the proapoptotic protein Bax, but not Bak. These alterations are prevented by the antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and to a lesser degree by Bcl-X(L). Taken together, these data indicate that although mitochondria, PTPC members and proteins of Bcl-2 family play a pivotal role in OTA-induced apoptosis, they do not constitute real targets to overcome its toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chayma Bouaziz
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
SCaMC-1 promotes cancer cell survival by desensitizing mitochondrial permeability transition via ATP/ADP-mediated matrix Ca(2+) buffering. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:650-60. [PMID: 22015608 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+)-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) is the final common pathway of stress-induced cell death in many major pathologies, but its regulation in intact cells is poorly understood. Here we report that the mitochondrial carrier SCaMC-1/SLC25A24 mediates ATP-Mg(2-)/Pi(2-) and/or HADP(2-)/Pi(2-) uptake into the mitochondria after an increase in cytosolic [Ca(2+)]. ATP and ADP contribute to Ca(2+) buffering in the mitochondrial matrix, resulting in desensitization of the mPT. Comprehensive gene expression analysis showed that SCaMC-1 overexpression is a general feature of transformed and cancer cells. Knockdown of the transporter led to vast reduction of mitochondrial Ca(2+) buffering capacity and sensitized cells to mPT-mediated necrotic death triggered by oxidative stress and Ca(2+) overload. These findings revealed that SCaMC-1 exerts a negative feedback control between cellular Ca(2+) overload and mPT-dependent cell death, suggesting that the carrier might represent a novel target for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
48
|
A yeast BH3-only protein for the rescue. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1543-4. [PMID: 21909117 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
49
|
Kaarbø M, Ager-Wick E, Osenbroch PØ, Kilander A, Skinnes R, Müller F, Eide L. Human cytomegalovirus infection increases mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:935-45. [PMID: 21907833 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts infected by Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) undergo a robust increase in mitochondrial biogenesis with a corresponding increase in mitochondrial activity that is partly dependent on the viral anti-apoptotic pUL37x1 protein (vMIA). The increased respiration activity is blocked by the mitochondrial translation inhibitor chloramphenicol, which additionally suppresses viral production. Intriguingly, chloramphenicol and pUL37x1 depletion have different effects on respiration capacity but similar effects on CMV production, suggesting that pUL37x1 promotes viral replication by efficient utilization of new mitochondria. These results argue for a role of pUL37x1 beyond controlling apoptosis.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with cytoskeletal alterations and cell swelling (cytomegaly), which have been attributed to the viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) protein. In a recent issue of Science, Seo et al. (2011) showed that the antiviral host protein viperin is co-opted to function with vMIA for facilitating infection.
Collapse
|