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Bretscher P, Corthay A, Dembic Z, Rammensee HG. Obituary: Dr Zoltan A. Nagy (1941-2020). Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13027. [PMID: 38116836 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bretscher
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Zlatko Dembic
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Institute for Cell Biology, Dept. Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Design of peptide immunotherapies for MHC Class-II-associated autoimmune disorders. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:826191. [PMID: 24324511 PMCID: PMC3845387 DOI: 10.1155/2013/826191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders, that occur when autoreactive immune cells are induced to activate their responses against self-tissues, affect one percent of the world population and represent one of the top 10 leading causes of death. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a principal susceptibility locus for many human autoimmune diseases, in which self-tissue antigens providing targets for pathogenic lymphocytes are bound to HLA molecules encoded by disease-associated alleles. In spite of the attempts to design strategies for inhibition of antigen presentation targeting the MHC-peptide/TCR complex via generation of blocking antibodies, altered peptide ligands (APL), or inhibitors of costimulatory molecules, potent therapies with minimal side effects have yet to be developed. Copaxone (glatiramer acetate, GA) is a random synthetic amino acid copolymer that reduces the relapse rate by about 30% in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Based on the elucidated binding motifs of Copaxone and of the anchor residues of the immunogenic myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide to HLA-DR molecules, novel copolymers have been designed and proved to be more effective in suppressing MS-like disease in mice. In this report, we describe the rationale for design of second-generation synthetic random copolymers as candidate drugs for a number of MHC class-II-associated autoimmune disorders.
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3
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Burster T, Boehm BO. Processing and presentation of (pro)-insulin in the MHC class II pathway: the generation of antigen-based immunomodulators in the context of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:227-38. [PMID: 20503254 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes play a crucial role in the autoimmune process leading to T1D. Dendritic cells take up foreign antigens and autoantigens; within their endocytic compartments, proteases degrade exogenous antigens for subsequent presentation to CD4(+) T cells via MHC class II molecules. A detailed understanding of autoantigen processing and the identification of autoantigenic T cell epitopes are crucial for the development of antigen-based specific immunomodulators. APL are peptide analogues of auto-immunodominant T cell epitopes that bind to MHC class II molecules and can mediate T cell activation. However, APL can be rapidly degraded by proteases occurring in the extracellular space and inside cells, substantially weakening their efficiency. By contrast, protease-resistant APL function as specific immunomodulators and can be used at low doses to examine the functional plasticity of T cells and to potentially interfere with autoimmune responses. Here, we review the latest achievements in (pro)-insulin processing in the MHC class II pathway and the generation of APL to mitigate autoreactive T cells and to activate Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Burster
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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4
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Xia J, Bergseng E, Fleckenstein B, Siegel M, Kim CY, Khosla C, Sollid LM. Cyclic and dimeric gluten peptide analogues inhibiting DQ2-mediated antigen presentation in celiac disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6565-73. [PMID: 17681795 PMCID: PMC2034199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is an immune mediated enteropathy elicited by gluten ingestion. The disorder has a strong association with HLA-DQ2. This HLA molecule is involved in the disease pathogenesis by presenting gluten peptides to T cells. Blocking the peptide-binding site of DQ2 may be a way to treat celiac disease. In this study, two types of peptide analogues, modeled after natural gluten antigens, were studied as DQ2 blockers. (a) Cyclic peptides. Cyclic peptides containing the DQ2-alphaI gliadin epitope LQPFPQPELPY were synthesized with flanking cysteine residues introduced and subsequently crosslinked via a disulfide bond. Alternatively, cyclic peptides were prepared with stable polyethylene glycol bridges across internal lysine residues of modified antigenic peptides such as KQPFPEKELPY and LQLQPFPQPEKPYPQPEKPY. The effect of cyclization as well as the length of the spacer in the cyclic peptides on DQ2 binding and T cell recognition was analyzed. Inhibition of peptide-DQ2 recognition by the T cell receptor was observed in T cell proliferation assays. (b) Dimeric peptides. Previously we developed a new type of peptide blocker with much enhanced affinity for DQ2 by dimerizing LQLQPFPQPEKPYPQPELPY through the lysine side chains. Herein, the effect of linker length on both DQ2 binding and T cell inhibition was investigated. One dimeric peptide analogue with an intermediate linker length was found to be especially effective at inhibiting DQ2 mediated antigen presentation. The implications of these findings for the treatment of celiac disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Elin Bergseng
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Burkhard Fleckenstein
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Siegel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Chu-Young Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- * Corresponding authors. Ludvig M. Sollid, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, N-0027 Oslo, Norway, Tel. +47 23073500; Fax. +47 23073510; E-mail: or Chaitan Khosla, Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, Tel. 650-723-6538; Fax.650-725-7294; E-mail:
| | - Ludvig M. Sollid
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
- * Corresponding authors. Ludvig M. Sollid, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, N-0027 Oslo, Norway, Tel. +47 23073500; Fax. +47 23073510; E-mail: or Chaitan Khosla, Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, Tel. 650-723-6538; Fax.650-725-7294; E-mail:
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5
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Guichard G. MHC ligands as potential therapeutics in the treatment of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.7.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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de Graaf KL, Barth S, Herrmann MM, Storch MK, Otto C, Olsson T, Melms A, Jung G, Wiesmüller KH, Weissert R. MHC Class II Isotype- and Allele-Specific Attenuation of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2792-802. [PMID: 15294998 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most autoimmune diseases are associated with certain MHC class II haplotypes. Autoantigen-based specific immune therapy can lead either to beneficial or, in the context of inflammatory conditions, detrimental outcomes. Therefore, we designed a platform of peptides by combinatorial chemistry selected in a nonbiased Ag-independent approach for strong binding to the rat MHC class II isotype RT1.D(n) allelic product of the RT1(n) haplotype that is presenting autoantigen in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in LEW.1N rats. Peptide p17 (Ac-FWFLDNAPL-NH(2)) was capable of suppressing the induction of and also ameliorated established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. MHC class II isotype and allele specificity of the therapeutic principle were demonstrated in myelin basic protein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in LEW rats bearing the RT1(l) haplotype. A general immunosuppressive effect of the treatment was excluded by allogeneic heart transplantation studies. In vitro studies demonstrated the blocking effect of p17 on autoantigenic T cell responses. We thus demonstrate a rational design of strong MHC class II-binding peptides with absolute isotype and allele specificity able to compete for autoantigenic sequences presented on disease-associated MHC class II molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien L de Graaf
- Experimental Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Department of General Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Overbergh L, Decallonne B, Branisteanu DD, Valckx D, Kasran A, Bouillon R, Mathieu C. Acute shock induced by antigen vaccination in NOD mice. Diabetes 2003; 52:335-41. [PMID: 12540605 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.52.2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes in NOD mice can be prevented through autoantigen vaccination by shifting lymphocyte differentiation toward a T-helper 2 (Th(2)) response. However, in other models of autoimmunity, this approach may be accompanied by unexpected triggering of Th(2)-dependent anaphylactic shock. To test the safety of vaccination therapy in the NOD mouse model, we evaluated the effects of immunization with a wide battery of antigens in NOD, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice. Surprisingly, a nondiabetogenic antigen, hen egg white lysozyme, induced severe shock exclusively in NOD mice (shock in 11 of 11 mice, lethal in 3 mice). Shock severity was further increased by a more pronounced Th(2) setting generated by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) administration (17 of 17 mice, lethal in 14 mice, P < 0.0001). Pretreatment with dexamethasone resulted in full rescue, indicating an immune-mediated mechanism. Serum IgE levels and Th(1)/Th(2) cytokine profile analysis showed that the shock phenomenon was paralleled by a Th(2) response. mRNA expression of platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) was significantly higher in NOD mice (P < 0.01) and was further increased by 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Pretreatment with WEB2086 (PAF-R antagonist) again protected all mice from lethal shock, indicating PAF as an anaphylaxis effector. In conclusion, in NOD mice, vaccination leading to a Th(2) immune shift can result in a lethal anaphylactic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Trembleau S, Gregori S, Penna G, Gorny I, Adorini L. IL-12 administration reveals diabetogenic T cells in genetically resistant I-Ealpha-transgenic nonobese diabetic mice: resistance to autoimmune diabetes is associated with binding of Ealpha-derived peptides to the I-A(g7) molecule. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4104-14. [PMID: 11564833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.4104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) and NOD-DRalpha transgenic (tg) mice, expressing Aalpha(d):Abeta(g7) and Aalpha(d):Abeta(g7) plus DRalpha:Ebeta(g7) class II molecules, respectively, both develop insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), whereas NOD-Ealpha tg mice expressing Aalpha(d):Abeta(g7) plus Ealpha:Ebeta(g7) are protected. We show that IL-12 administration induces rapid IDDM onset in NOD-DRalpha but fails to provoke insulitis and diabetes in NOD-Ealpha tg mice. Nevertheless, T cells from IL-12-treated NOD-Ealpha tg mice secrete IFN-gamma and transfer IDDM to NOD-SCID and NOD-Ealpha-SCID recipients, demonstrating the presence of peripheral diabetogenic Th1 cells in the protected mice. Surprisingly, regulatory cells were undetectable. Moreover, Ealpha:Ebeta(g7) could substitute for DRalpha:Ebeta(g7) in Ag presentation, arguing against mechanisms of protection involving capture of diabetogenic I-A(g7)-restricted epitopes by Ealpha:Ebeta(g7)molecules. Interestingly, the expression of naturally processed epitopes derived from DRalpha- and Ealpha-chains bound to I-A(g7) is different in the two strains of tg mice, and the difference is enhanced by IL-12 administration. I-A(g7) molecules from both NOD-DRalpha and NOD-Ealpha tg mice present the conserved DRalpha/Ealpha 52-68 sequence, at high and low levels, respectively. In addition, only IDDM-resistant NOD-Ealpha tg mice possess APCs bearing Ealpha65-77/I-A(g7) complexes, which tolerize the specific T cells. This is associated with the selective inhibition of the response to insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2), an autoantigen in IDDM. Our results support protective mechanisms based on I-A(g7) blockade by peptides unique to the Ealpha-chain, such as Ealpha65-77 and/or tolerance of diabetogenic T cells cross-reactive with Ealpha-peptide/I-A(g7) complexes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Autoantigens
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreas/immunology
- Peptide Fragments
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/immunology
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 8
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Th1 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trembleau
- Roche Milan Ricerche, Via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy
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9
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Fridkis-Hareli M, Stern JN, Fugger L, Strominger JL. Synthetic peptides that inhibit binding of the myelin basic protein 85-99 epitope to multiple sclerosis-associated HLA-DR2 molecules and MBP-specific T-cell responses. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:753-63. [PMID: 11476898 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Copolymer 1 (Cop 1, poly [Y, E, A, K]) is a random synthetic amino acid copolymer effective in the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease that is linked to HLA-DR2 (DRB1*1501). In the present study various peptides, synthesized according to the binding motifs for both the immunodominant epitope of myelin basic protein (MBP) 85-99, a candidate autoantigen in MS, and Cop 1, differentially inhibited binding of these antigens to disease-associated HLA-DR2 (DRB1*1501) molecules. In particular, two peptides with residue K at position P-1, as referred to MBP 85-99, inhibited effectively the binding of both biotinylated MBP 85-99 and Cop 1 to HLA-DR2 molecules as well as IL-2 production by two MBP-specific HLA-DR2-restricted T-cell clones. These findings suggest the possible utility of these compounds or their more stable derivatives in treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fridkis-Hareli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Abstract
The encouraging clinical results observed in trials using anti-TNF therapy clearly warrant further studies to determine whether TNF inhibitors are capable of modifying the destructive component of this disease in long-term follow-up studies as well as to assess the safety of long-term use (see the article by Keystone in this issue). It is also reasonable to propose that interfering with the cytokine cascade earlier in the course of disease may be of even greater therapeutic benefit. As the pathogenetic mechanisms in RA are more clearly defined, especially in early disease and in those individuals destined to develop severe disease, the potential of other biologic agents to specifically inhibit these critical pathways may provide better treatments for our patients. Many potential targets in the immune-mediated process of RA are currently being rigorously evaluated in clinical trials. Use of combinations of biologic therapies, perhaps in human patients with RA, should be of considerable interest in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Moreland
- Arthritis Clinical Intervention Program, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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11
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Pedotti R, Mitchell D, Wedemeyer J, Karpuj M, Chabas D, Hattab EM, Tsai M, Galli SJ, Steinman L. An unexpected version of horror autotoxicus: anaphylactic shock to a self-peptide. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:216-22. [PMID: 11224520 DOI: 10.1038/85266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
EAE can refer either to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis or experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Although EAE is classically a prototypic T helper 1 (TH1) cell-mediated autoimmune disease, it can also be induced by TH2 cells. Characteristically, the most severe manifestation of allergy, anaphylaxis, is associated with exposure to a foreign antigen that is often derived from medication, insect venom or food. We report here that, after self-tolerance to myelin is destroyed, anaphylaxis may be triggered by a self-antigen, in this case a myelin peptide. "Horror autotoxicus", which was initially described by Ehrlich, may not only include autoimmunity to self, it may also encompass immediate hypersensitivity to self, which leads to shock and rapid death.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pedotti
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305, USA
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12
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Maclaren N. Immunotherapy of immune-mediated diabetes. Present and future. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2000; 19:277-97. [PMID: 11138410 DOI: 10.1385/criai:19:3:277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Maclaren
- Research Institute for Children, 520 Elmwood Park Boulevard, #160, Harahan, LA 70123, USA
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13
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Fridkis-Hareli M, Rosloniec EF, Fugger L, Strominger JL. Synthetic peptides that inhibit binding of the collagen type II 261-273 epitope to rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DR1 and -DR4 molecules and collagen-specific T-cell responses. Hum Immunol 2000; 61:640-50. [PMID: 10880734 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copolymer 1 [Cop 1, poly (Y, E, A, K)] is a random synthetic amino acid copolymer effective in the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease that is linked to HLA-DR2 (DRB1*1501). Another copolymer [poly (Y, A, K)] was also identified that binds to rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated HLA-DR1 (DRB1*0101) or HLA-DR4 (DRB1*0401) molecules and inhibits the response of HLA-DR1- and -DR4-restricted T cell clones to an immunodominant epitope of collagen type II (CII) 261-273 (a candidate autoantigen in RA). In the present study various peptides have been synthesized based on binding "motifs" of Cop 1 for HLA-DR1 and -DR4 molecules. Those peptides with K at P-1 or K at P8 were particularly effective as inhibitors of binding of CII 261-273, of Cop 1 and of the influenza virus hemagglutinin peptide 306-318 to these class II proteins. Moreover, several of them were also potent inhibitors of the CII 261-273-reactive T cell clones. These findings suggest that small peptides or their more stable derivatives may be able to substitute for copolymers in the treatment of RA, and by implication of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fridkis-Hareli
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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14
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Corper AL, Stratmann T, Apostolopoulos V, Scott CA, Garcia KC, Kang AS, Wilson IA, Teyton L. A structural framework for deciphering the link between I-Ag7 and autoimmune diabetes. Science 2000; 288:505-11. [PMID: 10775108 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5465.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to murine and human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus correlates strongly with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II I-A or HLA-DQ alleles that lack an aspartic acid at position beta57. I-Ag7 lacks this aspartate and is the only class II allele expressed by the nonobese diabetic mouse. The crystal structure of I-Ag7 was determined at 2.6 angstrom resolution as a complex with a high-affinity peptide from the autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65. I-Ag7 has a substantially wider peptide-binding groove around beta57, which accounts for distinct peptide preferences compared with other MHC class II alleles. Loss of Asp(beta57) leads to an oxyanion hole in I-Ag7 that can be filled by peptide carboxyl residues or, perhaps, through interaction with the T cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Corper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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15
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Lehmann PV. Selective peptidomimetic blockers of autoantigen presentation: a novel therapeutic approach to autoimmune disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2000; 21:79-80. [PMID: 10689356 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(99)01434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P V Lehmann
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, BRB 929, Cleveland, OH 44106-4943, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The tremendous progress in the field of basic immunology and immunochemistry made in the last decade has significantly advanced our understanding of antigen processing and presentation by MHC class I and II proteins. In this review different techniques to study peptide interaction with MHC class II molecules are summarized and their impact on the elucidation of quantitative parameters, like affinities or kinetic data, is discussed. A recently introduced method based on synthetic combinatorial peptide libraries allows to quantify the binding contribution of each amino acid residue in a class II ligand and is presented in more detail. As this knowledge is fundamental for current investigations in modern medicine, e.g. for novel immune system based therapy concepts, further aspects like the design of new high affinity MHC class II ligands and the prediction of peptide antigens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fleckenstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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17
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Major histocompatibility complex–derived peptides as novel forms of immunosuppression. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00075200-199909000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Berezhkovskiy L, Pham S, Reich EP, Deshpande S. Synthesis and kinetics of cyclization of MHC class II-derived cyclic peptide vaccine for diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 54:112-9. [PMID: 10461745 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conformationally constrained cyclic peptides are known to be better vaccines because of their ability to mimic the native structure of a protein against which an immune response is sought. To test the hypothesis of using conformationally constrained, disease-associated, MHC-derived peptides as vaccines for the prevention of type I diabetes, a 22 amino acid nonobese diabetic(NOD) mouse MHC class II-derived synthetic peptide was cyclized by the formation of end-to-end disulfide bonds and used to prevent diabetes and insulitis in NOD mice. The peptide was synthesized by Fmoc chemistry and cyclized using two methods: a commercially available cyclizing resin (Ekathiox) and air oxidation. When a 10 m excess of resin was used, the Ekathiox yielded a substantial amount of cyclic peptide with few or no side reactions. The kinetics of cyclization by air oxidation at different temperatures indicated that increasing both temperature and pH decreased the cyclization time significantly. Air oxidation at pH 10 at 37-55 degrees C yielded the desired product within 2 h.
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19
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Abstract
A growing body of experimental evidence demonstrates that synthetic peptides corresponding to linear sequences of MHC (HLA in humans) proteins have immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo in animal models and in humans. Although the original concept was that these peptides inhibited antigen recognition at the MHC-T cell receptor interface via physical blockade, it is now clear that the mechanisms responsible for the myriad of functional effects are more complex. Recent findings show that some peptides affect signal transduction and cell cycle progression. Fragments of MHC molecules can dampen or downregulate immune responses via a variety of mechanisms. Some soluble MHC molecules or synthetic peptides are capable of inducing and maintaining immunologic tolerance in animals. This information suggests that synthetic peptides themselves or drugs mimicking their effects may represent a new class of immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Falcioni F, Ito K, Vidovic D, Belunis C, Campbell R, Berthel SJ, Bolin DR, Gillespie PB, Huby N, Olson GL, Sarabu R, Guenot J, Madison V, Hammer J, Sinigaglia F, Steinmetz M, Nagy ZA. Peptidomimetic compounds that inhibit antigen presentation by autoimmune disease-associated class II major histocompatibility molecules. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17:562-7. [PMID: 10385320 DOI: 10.1038/9865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a heptapeptide with high affinity to rheumatoid arthritis-associated class II major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules. Using a model of its interaction with the class II binding site, a variety of mimetic substitutions were introduced into the peptide. Several unnatural amino acids and dipeptide mimetics were found to be appropriate substituents and could be combined into compounds with binding affinities comparable to that of the original peptide. Compounds were designed that were several hundred-fold to more than a thousand-fold more potent than the original peptide in inhibiting T-cell responses to processed protein antigens presented by the target MHC molecules. Peptidomimetic compounds of this type could find therapeutic use as MHC-selective antagonists of antigen presentation in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Falcioni
- Department of Immunology, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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21
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Krebs S, Rognan D. From peptides to peptidomimetics: design of nonpeptide ligands for major histocompatibility proteins. PHARMACEUTICA ACTA HELVETIAE 1998; 73:173-81. [PMID: 9861866 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-6865(98)00021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ever increasing data available on antigen presentation by class I or class II histocompatibility proteins have made these glycoproteins highly interesting pharmaceutical targets for either vaccination or immunosuppressive therapy of autoimmune diseases and cancers. Herewith, we review the design and biological properties of the very first nonpeptide ligands of major histocompatibility proteins as well as their potential application in vaccination, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) blockade or T cell receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krebs
- Department of Pharmacy-ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Geluk A, van Meijgaarden KE, Roep BO, Ottenhoff TH. Altered peptide ligands of islet autoantigen Imogen 38 inhibit antigen specific T cell reactivity in human type-1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 1998; 11:353-61. [PMID: 9776713 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1998.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from autoimmune T cell-dependent destruction of insulin producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. T cells from recent-onset IDDM patients specifically proliferate to beta cell membrane Ag enriched fractions, containing the mitochondrial 38 kD islet antigen (Imogen). Recently, we identified a peptide epitope (Imogen p55-70) that is recognized by a 38 kD-specific, Th1 clone from an IDDM patient. In animal models of autoimmune diseases, altered self peptide ligands (APL) have been used effectively in peptide-based immune prevention or therapy. No such APL, however, have been reported so far that can modulate autoreactive T-cell responses in IDDM. Here, we have designed APL of p55-70. These APL efficiently downregulate in vitro activation of the 38 kD-specific Th1 clone induced by either p55-70 or by native beta cell autoantigens. Self peptide reactive T-cell proliferation could be inhibited only when APL and the self peptide were present on the same APC. Unrelated peptides with equal HLA-DR binding affinity were not effective, excluding simple MHC competition as the mechanism for T-cell modulation. APL triggered upregulation of CD69 and CD25 expression, but not T-cell proliferation, TCR down-modulation or T-cell anergy. Thus, the p55-70 APL inhibit beta cell autoantigen-induced activation of an Imogen-reactive T-cell clone derived from an IDDM patient, by acting as partial TCR agonists that inhibit TCR down-modulation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Autoantigens/pharmacology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Down-Regulation
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/metabolism
- HLA-DR1 Antigen/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Ribosomal Proteins
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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23
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Geluk A, Taneja V, van Meijgaarden KE, de Vries RR, David CS, Ottenhoff TH. HLA-DR/DQ transgenic, class II deficient mice as a novel model to select for HSP T cell epitopes with immunotherapeutic or preventative vaccine potential. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1998; 10:191-6. [PMID: 9559973 DOI: 10.1007/bf02678296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity against mycobacteria is dependent on antigen/MHC class II specific, CD4+ Th1 cells. HLA-DR3-restricted Th1 cells respond to a subset of mycobacterial antigens, including the immunodominant hsp65, and recognize a single epitope in hsp65, notably p1-20. Altered peptide ligands (APL) of p1-20 can inhibit p1-20/hsp65-induced proliferation of DR3-restricted T cells in an allele specific manner in vitro. In order to develop a preclinical model in which p1-20 APL can be tested in vivo in the context of HLA, we have used murine class II deficient, HLA transgenic (Ab0) mice, in which all CD4+ T cells are restricted by the tg HLA molecule. BCG-immunized DR3.Ab0 and DQ8.Ab0 mice both responded well to hsp65. Furthermore, DR3.Ab0 mice recognized precisely the same p1-20 epitope as DR3-restricted human T cells, whereas DQ8.Ab0 mice responded to a different set of hsp65 peptides. This shows that (i) the same immunodominant protein and peptide epitope are recognized by T cells from DR3.Ab0 mice and DR3+ humans and (ii) indicates the major role of HLA-polymorphism in controlling the human T cell response to mycobacterial antigens. Thus, HLA-transgenic, Ab0 mice provide a novel, preclinical model system to analyze APL and vaccines in the context of HLA polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geluk
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands.
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24
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Kalden JR, Breedveld FC, Burkhardt H, Burmester GR. Immunological treatment of autoimmune diseases. Adv Immunol 1998; 68:333-418. [PMID: 9505094 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Kalden
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hammer
- Roche Milano Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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26
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Wilson SS, DeLuca D. NOD fetal thymus organ culture: an in vitro model for the development of T cells involved in IDDM. J Autoimmun 1997; 10:461-72. [PMID: 9376074 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1997.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a model which incorporates fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC) from NOD mice to replicate thymic development of diabetogenic T cells. NOD fetal pancreas organ culture (FPOC) co-cultured with 13-16 day NOD FTOC for an additional 14-21 days produced less insulin than FPOC cultured alone. Insulin production from the FTOC of non-diabetic strains C57BL/6 and BALB/c was not inhibited by co-culture with FTOC from their syngeneic counterparts. Sections of the NOD co-cultures showed peri-islet infiltration with lymphocytes. Insulin reduction by FTOC/FP co-culture was prevented by co-culture of the NOD FT with FT from immunologically incompetent C.B-17 SCID/SCID mice. Co-culture of NOD FP with NOD FT prior to the development of T cells prevented generation of diabetogenic FTOC. Thus, early exposure of NOD T cell precursors to the thymic stromal elements of C.B-17 SCID/SCID FT or to islet antigens can negatively select for diabetogenic T cells or activate immuno-regulatory cells that can suppress diabetogenic T cell activity. The addition of blocking F(ab')2 fragments of anti-CD3epsilon monoclonal antibody to NOD FTOC/FP co-cultures prevented insulin reduction, implicating a role for TcR-mediated recognition in this "in vitro IDDM" model. The addition of activating whole anti-CD3epsilon caused the complete ablation of insulin production in FTOC/FP co-cultures from all strains tested. Transfer of unprimed syngeneic FTOC cells to prediabetic NOD mice prevented the onset of IDDM while transfer of islet-cell primed FTOC/FP cells slightly increased disease incidence. These data suggest that while diabetogenic T cells are present in the FT, they are normally suppressed, even after organ culture. However, these cells can induce the destruction of islet cells, in vitro and in vivo, if they are appropriately activated with pancreatic tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Female
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/pharmacology
- Insulin/biosynthesis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Organ Culture Techniques/methods
- Pancreas/cytology
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/physiology
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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27
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Carrasco-Marin E, Kanagawa O, Unanue ER. Insights into the chemistry and biology of the I-Ag7 class II molecule. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 148:291-301. [PMID: 9352592 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(97)87237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Carrasco-Marin
- Center for Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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28
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Harrison LC, Honeyman MC, Trembleau S, Gregori S, Gallazzi F, Augstein P, Brusic V, Hammer J, Adorini L. A peptide-binding motif for I-A(g7), the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule of NOD and Biozzi AB/H mice. J Exp Med 1997; 185:1013-21. [PMID: 9091575 PMCID: PMC2196246 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.6.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The class II major histocompatibility complex molecule I-A(g7) is strongly linked to the development of spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in non obese diabetic mice and to the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Biozzi AB/H mice. Structurally, it resembles the HLA-DQ molecules associated with human IDDM, in having a non-Asp residue at position 57 in its beta chain. To identify the requirements for peptide binding to I-A(g7) and thereby potentially pathogenic T cell epitopes, we analyzed a known I-A(g7)-restricted T cell epitope, hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) amino acids 9-27. NH2- and COOH-terminal truncations demonstrated that the minimal epitope for activation of the T cell hybridoma 2D12.1 was M12-R21 and the minimum sequence for direct binding to purified I-A(g7) M12-Y20/K13-R21. Alanine (A) scanning revealed two primary anchors for binding at relative positions (p) 6 (L) and 9 (Y) in the HEL epitope. The critical role of both anchors was demonstrated by incorporating L and Y in poly(A) backbones at the same relative positions as in the HEL epitope. Well-tolerated, weakly tolerated, and nontolerated residues were identified by analyzing the binding of peptides containing multiple substitutions at individual positions. Optimally, p6 was a large, hydrophobic residue (L, I, V, M), whereas p9 was aromatic and hydrophobic (Y or F) or positively charged (K, R). Specific residues were not tolerated at these and some other positions. A motif for binding to I-A(g7) deduced from analysis of the model HEL epitope was present in 27/30 (90%) of peptides reported to be I-A(g7)-restricted T cell epitopes or eluted from I-A(g7). Scanning a set of overlapping peptides encompassing human proinsulin revealed the motif in 6/6 good binders (sensitivity = 100%) and 4/13 weak or non-binders (specificity = 70%). This motif should facilitate identification of autoantigenic epitopes relevant to the pathogenesis and immunotherapy of IDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Harrison
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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29
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Rudy GB, Sutherland RM, Lew AM. Temporal discontinuities in progression of NOD autoimmune diabetes. Immunol Res 1997; 16:137-47. [PMID: 9212360 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Consideration of the pathophysiology of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse can be viewed from a temporal perspective. We argue that there are discontinuous phases and each phase may reflect a phenotype educed by a particular set of genetic and epigenetic events. Therefore, temporal dissection may be a useful platform for causal dissection and we have set out this article as follows: 1. Introduction. 2. "Pre-time." a. Genetics. b. Parental effects. 3. Development of insulitis. a. Development of autoimmunity vs waning of or failure to establish tolerance. b. Importance of beta cell mass. c. Homing. 4. Onset of beta cell destruction. 5. Further Discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Rudy
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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30
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31
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32
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Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) is a serious, life-long disease replete with life-threatening complications that are not preventable through conventional insulin replacement therapies. The prolonged prodromal period of autoimmunity to beta cell antigens offers multiple intervention opportunities. These can target different steps that precede final destruction of insulin-secreting beta cells and clinical onset of the disease. All current and proposed immunotherapies are experimental procedures that have proven to be protective in animal models, especially the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. This brief review deals with a selected list of nonspecific and autoantigen-specific immunotherapies that may bring hope in the near future to individuals at risk of developing the disease. None are yet proven to be effective in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Ramiya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA
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33
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Nihira SI, Falcioni F, Juretic A, Bolin D, Nagy ZA. Induction of class II major histocompatibility complex blockade as well as T cell tolerance by peptides administered in soluble form. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:1736-42. [PMID: 8765014 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peptides binding to a particular class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule can inhibit the activation of T cells by other peptides binding to the same molecule, a phenomenon termed class II MHC blockade. All class II-binding peptides exert MHC blockade in vivo in depot form with adjuvant, and some also retain their blocking properties in soluble form. We demonstrate here that soluble peptides, when used at doses causing short-term MHC blockade, can also induce long-term antigen-specific T cell tolerance to themselves. The tolerogenicity of soluble peptides correlates with their antigenicity in adjuvant, but it is not necessarily related to their capacity to act as class II blockers in vivo. The tolerant state is manifested in a decreased production of both T helper cell 1 (Th1)-type and Th2-type lymphokines, and it cannot be reversed by interleukin-2. Once T cells are primed with a peptide in complete Freund's adjuvant, they are resistant to tolerization with the same peptide applied in soluble form. Tolerance induction is partially impaired in B cell-deficient mu MT-/- mice, suggesting a role for B cell antigen presentation in this process. The results suggest that the potential immunogenicity of class II MHC blockers could be circumvented by choosing a tolerogenic mode of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Nihira
- Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA
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34
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Gay S, Müller-Ladner U, Gay RE. Molecular basis of rheumatoid joint destruction: analogies to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity in diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1996; 30 Suppl:131-5. [PMID: 8964188 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(96)80049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Gay
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology 35294-0006, USA
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35
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Hayashi Y, Haneji N, Hamano H. Cytokine gene expression and autoantibody production in Sjögren's syndrome of MRL/lpr mice. Autoimmunity 1996; 23:269-77. [PMID: 8915033 DOI: 10.3109/08916939608995349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of development of organ-specific autoimmune lesions resembling human Sjögren's syndrome of MRL/lpr mice, we have analyzed local cytokine gene expressions and organ-specific autoantibody production in vivo. We have demonstrated that a major proportion of T cells bearing CD4 and V(beta)8 molecules are essentially responsible for triggering the autoimmunity in the salivary glands of MRL/lpr mice. The local cytokine gene expressions including interferon(IFN)-gamma, IL-12(p40) mRNAs were observed during the course of murine Sjogren's syndrome in MRL/lpr autoimmune strain. In particular, a high level of local expressions of IL-12 mRNA was detected earlier in the proinflammatory stage of autoimmune lesions. A significant level of local expression of MHC class-II(I-Ak) mRNA was detected before the onset of inflammatory lesions in the salivary glands, and I-Ak-positive epithelial duct cells were frequently observed in the salivary glands of MRL/lpr mice. In addition, we found the salivary gland-specific autoantibody in sera from MRL/lpr mice with early phase of autoimmune lesions by immunoblot analysis. These results suggest that cytokine gene stimulation and autoantibody production are essentially involved in the development of organ-specific autoimmune lesions in Sjögren's syndrome of MRL/lpr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hayashi
- The Department of Pathology, Tokushima University School of Dentistry, Japan
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36
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Similar Peptides from Two β Cell Autoantigens, Proinsulin and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase, Stimulate T Cells of Individuals at Risk for Insulin-Dependent Diabetes. Mol Med 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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37
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Vaysburd M, Lock C, McDevitt H. Prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in nonobese diabetic mice by immunogenic but not by tolerated peptides. J Exp Med 1995; 182:897-902. [PMID: 7650494 PMCID: PMC2192152 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.3.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, susceptibility to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is in part controlled by a single expressed class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, I-Ag7. This molecule probably exerts its control through the representation of a self-peptide, derived from an unknown beta cell antigen, leading to T cell activation and eventual islet destruction. In this paper, synthetic peptides have been used to compete for binding to the I-Ag7 molecule in an attempt to suppress the autoimmune response. The administration of an I-Ag7-binding immunogenic peptide, lambda repressor (cI) 12-26, in a water and oil emulsion (incomplete Freund's adjuvant) can prevent the transfer of IDDM into irradiated recipients by spleen cells from diabetic donors. Nonbinding, nonimmunogenic peptides have no effect in this situation. However, the immune response to the "blocking" peptide in these experiments was a complicating factor in interpreting the results. To establish that the effect was at the level of competition for MHC binding, two additional approaches were tried. First, tolerance was induced to the immunogenic peptide, cI 12-26, before using it to "block" disease. Tolerance abolished the effect on diabetes transfer. Second, an effort was made to identify peptides that were nonimmunogenic but that bound to I-Ag7. Such a peptide, mouse prostatic secretory glycoprotein precursor 63-76, had no effect on the incidence of transferred disease. We conclude that the "blocking" effects seen in initial experiments in the NOD mouse were not caused by blockade of MHC presentation, but by other unknown effects related to the immunogenicity of the "blocking" peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vaysburd
- Department of Microbiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5402, USA
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38
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Rudy G, Stone N, Harrison LC, Colman PG, McNair P, Brusic V, French MB, Honeyman MC, Tait B, Lew AM. Similar peptides from two beta cell autoantigens, proinsulin and glutamic acid decarboxylase, stimulate T cells of individuals at risk for insulin-dependent diabetes. Mol Med 1995; 1:625-33. [PMID: 8529129 PMCID: PMC2229979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin (1) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) (2) are both autoantigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), but no molecular mechanism has been proposed for their association. We have identified a 13 amino acid peptide of proinsulin (amino acids 24-36) that bears marked similarity to a peptide of GAD65 (amino acids 506-518) (G. Rudy, unpublished). In order to test the hypothesis that this region of similarity is implicated in the pathogenesis of IDDM, we assayed T cell reactivity to these two peptides in subjects at risk for IDDM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects at risk for IDDM were islet cell antibody (ICA)-positive, first degree relatives of people with insulin-dependent diabetes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 pairs of at-risk and HLA-DR matched control subjects were tested in an in vitro proliferation assay. RESULTS Reactivity to both proinsulin and GAD peptides was significantly greater among at-risk subjects than controls (proinsulin; p < 0.008; GAD; p < 0.018). In contrast to reactivity to the GAD peptide, reactivity to the proinsulin peptide was almost entirely confined to the at-risk subjects. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of T cell reactivity to a proinsulin-specific peptide. In addition, it is the first example of reactivity to a minimal peptide region shared between two human autoimmune disease-associated self antigens. Mimicry between these similar peptides may provide a molecular basis for the conjoint autoantigenicity of proinsulin and GAD in IDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rudy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
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39
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Akhtar I, Gold JP, Pan LY, Ferrara JL, Yang XD, Kim JI, Tan KN. CD4+ beta islet cell-reactive T cell clones that suppress autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Exp Med 1995; 182:87-97. [PMID: 7790825 PMCID: PMC2192107 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the isolation of a panel of CD4+ T helper type 1 autoreactive T cell clones from the spleen of unprimed nonobese diabetic mice, a murine model of human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The T cell clones express a diverse repertoire of T cell receptors, three of which recognize beta islet cell autoantigen(s). The islet cell-reactive T cell clones inhibit adoptive transfer of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and intraislet lymphocytic infiltration. The protective capacity of the T cell clones correlates with their ability to produce a novel immunoregulatory activity that potently inhibits in vitro allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. The partially purified activity significantly inhibited the adoptive transfer of diabetes. Our work provides evidence in support of the existence of T helper type 1, CD4+ T cells reactive to beta islet cell autoantigens that have acquired a protective instead of a diabetogenic effector function. These T cells mediate their protective action in part by production of an immunoregulatory activity capable of down-regulating immune responses, and they are likely to represent a population of regulatory T cells that normally plays a role in maintaining peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Akhtar
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Lazarus
- Department of Medicine, Ireland Cancer Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio, USA
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41
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Kay BK. Biologically displayed random peptides as reagents in mapping protein-protein interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02172066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Kirschmann DA, De Ciechi PA, Bono CP, Zacheis ML, Schwartz BD, Woulfe SL. Utilization of soluble fusion proteins for induction of T cell proliferation. Cell Immunol 1995; 160:193-8. [PMID: 7720079 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(95)80027-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A peptide display library was evaluated as a means to identify peptide binding motifs for class II molecules. Peptides expressed as part of a soluble fusion protein with a maltose binding protein (malE) were produced by Escherichia coli. Constructs containing the high-affinity binding influenza hemagglutinin peptide 307W-319 (mal-HA) or the low-affinity binding tetanus toxoid peptide 830-843 (mal-TT) were used as controls. mal-HA, but not mal-TT, inhibited synthetic biotinylated-HA peptide from binding to purified DR4 Dw4 molecules in a dose-dependent manner. The fusion-peptide presentation system was also evaluated for its ability to induce antigen-specific T cell proliferation. DR4 Dw4+ B cells pulsed with mal-HA, but not mal-TT, induced dose-dependent proliferation of an HA-specific DR4 Dw4-restricted T cell line to the same extent as synthetic HA peptide. Using this type of peptide display library, it may be possible to determine the antigenic specificity of T cell clones isolated from patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Kirschmann
- Department of Immunology and Glycobiology, Monsanto Corporate Research/G. D. Searle, St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA
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43
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Adorini L, Guéry JC, Trembleau S. Advances in selective immunosuppression. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1995; 33:255-85. [PMID: 7495672 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Bowman MA, Leiter EH, Atkinson MA. Prevention of diabetes in the NOD mouse: implications for therapeutic intervention in human disease. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1994; 15:115-20. [PMID: 8172643 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) in humans remains an elusive goal, despite the broad spectrum of therapeutic interventions that prevent the development of IDD in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Can an animal model in which spontaneous autoimmune pathology is interrupted so easily serve as an archetype for the design of clinical trials aimed at the prevention of IDD in humans? In this article, Mark Bowman, Edward Leiter and Mark Atkinson review the intervention strategies that prevent IDD in the NOD mouse and indicate why these studies may well be relevant to the prevention of IDD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bowman
- Dept of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
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Abstract
T-cell recognition of autoantigens stands as the primary target for immune intervention in autoimmune disease. Experiments in animal models, in combination with a number of clinical trials completed in the last year, have helped to clarify the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases and indicate future strategies for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
In the last year progress has been made towards elucidating the roles of the MHC gene products in autoimmunity. A major advance has been the recent determination of the crystallographic structure of the human MHC class II molecule, which will be invaluable in delineating the minimum structural requirements for peptides that induce autoimmune disease. In addition, the use of animal models and transgenic mouse technology is continuing to increase our understanding of the involvement of the MHC gene products in immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Fathman
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, California 94305-5111
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Deng H, Apple R, Clare-Salzler M, Trembleau S, Mathis D, Adorini L, Sercarz E. Determinant capture as a possible mechanism of protection afforded by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules in autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 1993; 178:1675-80. [PMID: 8228814 PMCID: PMC2191262 DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.5.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
How peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II complexes are naturally generated is still unknown, but accumulating evidence suggests that unfolding proteins or long peptides can become bound to class II molecules at the dominant determinant before proteolytic cleavage. We have compared the immunogenicity of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) in nonobese diabetic (NOD), (NOD x BALB/c)F1, and E(d) alpha transgenic NOD mice. We find that a response to the subdominant ANOD-restricted determinant disappears upon introduction of an E(d) molecule, and is restored when scission of HEL separates this determinant from its adjoining, competitively dominant, E(d)-restricted determinant. This suggests that the E(d) molecule binds and protects its dominant determinant on a long peptide while captured neighboring determinants are lost during proteolysis. These results provide clear evidence for "determinant capture" as a mechanism of determinant selection during antigen processing and a possible explanation for MHC-protective effects in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1489
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