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Greco G, Di Lorenzo R, Ricci L, Di Serio T, Vardaro E, Laneri S. Clinical Studies Using Topical Melatonin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5167. [PMID: 38791203 PMCID: PMC11121188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is ubiquitously present in all animals and plants, where it exerts a variety of physiological activities thanks to its antioxidant properties and its key role as the first messenger of extracellular signaling functions. Most of the clinical studies on melatonin refer to its widespread oral use as a dietary supplement to improve sleep. A far smaller number of articles describe the clinical applications of topical melatonin to treat or prevent skin disorders by exploiting its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This review focuses on the clinical studies in which melatonin was applied on the skin as a photoprotective, anti-aging, or hair growth-promoting agent. The methodologies and results of such studies are discussed to provide an overall picture of the state of the art in this intriguing field of research. The clinical studies in which melatonin was applied on the skin before exposure to radiation (UV, sunlight, and high-energy beams) were all characterized by an appropriate design (randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled) and strongly support its clinical efficacy in preventing or reducing skin damage such as dermatitis, erythema, and sunburn. Most of the studies examined in this review do not provide a clear demonstration of the efficacy of topical melatonin as a skin anti-aging or as a hair growth-promoting agent owing to limitations in their design and/or to the use of melatonin combined with extra active ingredients, except for one trial that suggests a possible beneficial role of melatonin in treating some forms of alopecia in women. Further research efforts are required to reach definitive conclusions concerning the actual benefits of topical melatonin to counteract skin aging and hair loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sonia Laneri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.G.); (R.D.L.); (L.R.); (T.D.S.); (E.V.)
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He Y, Gao M, Yang W, Sun S, Wang Q, Gu L. Melatonin ameliorates histone modification disorders in mammalian aged oocytes by neutralizing the alkylation of HDAC1. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:361-370. [PMID: 37625658 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Aging-associated histone modification changes in oocytes have been sporadically reported, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we systematically characterize multiple histone modifications in oocytes during aging. We find that maternal and postovulatory aging markedly alter the status of histone modifications, specifically H4K12ac and H3K4me3, in both mouse and porcine oocytes. Meanwhile, we identify a substantial reduction in HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1) protein in aged oocytes, which contributes to the changes in H4K12ac and H3K4me3. Moreover, by employing methylglyoxal (MG) and site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate that the elevated reactive carbonyl species (RCS) level induces HDAC1 degradation, likely through attacking the cysteine residues, thereby influences histone modification state. Importantly, supplementation of melatonin not only prevents the loss of HDAC1 protein, but also partially corrects the H4K12ac and H3K4me3 status in aged oocytes. To sum up, this study established the link between redox disequilibrium and histone modification alterations during mammalian oocyte aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu He
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ming Gao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weizheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shaochen Sun
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Ling Gu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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Duarte MB, Medeiros BZ, da Silva Lemos I, da Silva GL, Alano CG, Dondossola ER, Torres CA, Effting PS, Rico EP, Streck EL. Melatonin improves behavioral parameters and oxidative stress in zebrafish submitted to a leucine-induced MSUD protocol. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2105-2114. [PMID: 37099078 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency in branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKAC). The treatment is a standard therapy based on a protein-restricted diet with low branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) content to reduce plasma levels and, consequently, the effects of accumulating their metabolites, mainly in the central nervous system. Although the benefits of dietary therapy for MSUD are undeniable, natural protein restriction may increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies, resulting in a low total antioxidant status that can predispose and contribute to oxidative stress. As MSUD is related to redox and energy imbalance, melatonin can be an important adjuvant treatment. Melatonin directly scavenges the hydroxy radical, peroxyl radical, nitrite anion, and singlet oxygen and indirectly induces antioxidant enzyme production. Therefore, this study assesses the role of melatonin treatment on oxidative stress in brain tissue and behavior parameters of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to two concentrations of leucine-induced MSUD: leucine 2 mM and 5mM; and treated with 100 nM of melatonin. Oxidative stress was assessed through oxidative damage (TBARS, DCF, and sulfhydryl content) and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT). Melatonin treatment improved redox imbalance with reduced TBARS levels, increased SOD activity, and normalized CAT activity to baseline. Behavior was analyzed with novel object recognition test. Animals exposed to leucine improved object recognition due to melatonin treatment. With the above, we can suggest that melatonin supplementation can protect neurologic oxidative stress, protecting leucine-induced behavior alterations such as memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Bernardo Duarte
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Bianca Zampiroli Medeiros
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Isabela da Silva Lemos
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Lodetti da Silva
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Translacional, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Carolina Giassi Alano
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Translacional, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Ronconi Dondossola
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Translacional, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Carolina Antunes Torres
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Pauline Souza Effting
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Pacheco Rico
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Translacional, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil
| | - Emilio Luiz Streck
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brasil.
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Boutin JA, Kennaway DJ, Jockers R. Melatonin: Facts, Extrapolations and Clinical Trials. Biomolecules 2023; 13:943. [PMID: 37371523 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a fascinating molecule that has captured the imagination of many scientists since its discovery in 1958. In recent times, the focus has changed from investigating its natural role as a transducer of biological time for physiological systems to hypothesized roles in virtually all clinical conditions. This goes along with the appearance of extensive literature claiming the (generally) positive benefits of high doses of melatonin in animal models and various clinical situations that would not be receptor-mediated. Based on the assumption that melatonin is safe, high doses have been administered to patients, including the elderly and children, in clinical trials. In this review, we critically review the corresponding literature, including the hypotheses that melatonin acts as a scavenger molecule, in particular in mitochondria, by trying not only to contextualize these interests but also by attempting to separate the wheat from the chaff (or the wishful thinking from the facts). We conclude that most claims remain hypotheses and that the experimental evidence used to promote them is limited and sometimes flawed. Our review will hopefully encourage clinical researchers to reflect on what melatonin can and cannot do and help move the field forward on a solid basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boutin
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of Normandy, INSERM U1239, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - D J Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Science Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - R Jockers
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
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Hernández-Cerón M, Chavarria V, Ríos C, Pineda B, Palomares-Alonso F, Rojas-Tomé IS, Jung-Cook H. Melatonin in Combination with Albendazole or Albendazole Sulfoxide Produces a Synergistic Cytotoxicity against Malignant Glioma Cells through Autophagy and Apoptosis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:869. [PMID: 37371349 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and lethal brain tumor in adults, presenting diffuse brain infiltration, necrosis, and drug resistance. Although new drugs have been approved for recurrent patients, the median survival rate is two years; therefore, new alternatives to treat these patients are required. Previous studies have reported the anticancer activity of albendazole, its active metabolite albendazole sulfoxide, and melatonin; therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate if the combination of melatonin with albendazole or with albendazole sulfoxide induces an additive or synergistic cytotoxic effect on C6 and RG2 rat glioma cells, as well as on U87 human glioblastoma cells. Drug interaction was determined by the Chou-Talalay method. We evaluated the mechanism of cell death by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and crystal violet staining. The cytotoxicity of the combinations was mainly synergistic. The combined treatments induced significantly more apoptotic and autophagic cell death on the glioma cell lines. Additionally, albendazole and albendazole sulfoxide inhibited proliferation independently of melatonin. Our data justify continuing with the evaluation of this proposal since the combinations could be a potential strategy to aid in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernández-Cerón
- Doctorate in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Víctor Chavarria
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Doctorate in Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular, Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Pineda
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (INNN), Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | | | - Irma Susana Rojas-Tomé
- Neuropsycopharmacology Lab, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Helgi Jung-Cook
- Pharmacy Department, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Huang Z, Li Y, Konishi K, Sakai Y, Tashiro K, Fukami T, Borjigin J. In vitro deacetylation of N-acetylserotonin by arylacetamide deacetylase. J Pineal Res 2023:e12870. [PMID: 37002641 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is a deacetylation enzyme present in the mammalian liver, gastrointestinal tract, and brain. During our search for mammalian enzymes capable of metabolizing N-acetylserotonin (NAS), AADAC was identified as having the ability to convert NAS to serotonin. Both human and rodent recombinant AADAC proteins can deacetylate NAS in vitro, although the human AADAC shows markedly higher activity compared with rodent enzyme. The AADAC-mediated deacetylation reaction can be potently inhibited by eserine in vitro. In addition to NAS, recombinant hAADAC can deacetylate melatonin (to form 5-methoxytryptamine) and N-acetyltryptamine (NAT) (to form tryptamine). In addition to the in vitro deacetylation of NAS by the recombinant AADAC proteins, liver (mouse and human) and brain (human) extracts were able to deacetylate NAS; these activities were sensitive to eserine. Taken together, these results demonstrate a new role for AADAC and suggest a novel pathway for the AADAC-mediated metabolism of pineal indoles in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheping Huang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yu Li
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Bacteriologic Laboratory, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Keigo Konishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Kakuma-machi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Kakuma-machi, Japan
| | - Kiyomichi Tashiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Kakuma-machi, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Kakuma-machi, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Kakuma-machi, Japan
| | - Jimo Borjigin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Nichols AL, Blumenfeld Z, Luebbert L, Knox HJ, Muthusamy AK, Marvin JS, Kim CH, Grant SN, Walton DP, Cohen BN, Hammar R, Looger L, Artursson P, Dougherty DA, Lester HA. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors within Cells: Temporal Resolution in Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Membrane. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2222-2241. [PMID: 36868853 PMCID: PMC10072302 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1519-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most prescribed treatment for individuals experiencing major depressive disorder. The therapeutic mechanisms that take place before, during, or after SSRIs bind the serotonin transporter (SERT) are poorly understood, partially because no studies exist on the cellular and subcellular pharmacokinetic properties of SSRIs in living cells. We studied escitalopram and fluoxetine using new intensity-based, drug-sensing fluorescent reporters targeted to the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cultured neurons and mammalian cell lines. We also used chemical detection of drug within cells and phospholipid membranes. The drugs attain equilibrium in neuronal cytoplasm and ER at approximately the same concentration as the externally applied solution, with time constants of a few s (escitalopram) or 200-300 s (fluoxetine). Simultaneously, the drugs accumulate within lipid membranes by ≥18-fold (escitalopram) or 180-fold (fluoxetine), and possibly by much larger factors. Both drugs leave cytoplasm, lumen, and membranes just as quickly during washout. We synthesized membrane-impermeant quaternary amine derivatives of the two SSRIs. The quaternary derivatives are substantially excluded from membrane, cytoplasm, and ER for >2.4 h. They inhibit SERT transport-associated currents sixfold or 11-fold less potently than the SSRIs (escitalopram or fluoxetine derivative, respectively), providing useful probes for distinguishing compartmentalized SSRI effects. Although our measurements are orders of magnitude faster than the therapeutic lag of SSRIs, these data suggest that SSRI-SERT interactions within organelles or membranes may play roles during either the therapeutic effects or the antidepressant discontinuation syndrome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors stabilize mood in several disorders. In general, these drugs bind to SERT, which clears serotonin from CNS and peripheral tissues. SERT ligands are effective and relatively safe; primary care practitioners often prescribe them. However, they have several side effects and require 2-6 weeks of continuous administration until they act effectively. How they work remains perplexing, contrasting with earlier assumptions that the therapeutic mechanism involves SERT inhibition followed by increased extracellular serotonin levels. This study establishes that two SERT ligands, fluoxetine and escitalopram, enter neurons within minutes, while simultaneously accumulating in many membranes. Such knowledge will motivate future research, hopefully revealing where and how SERT ligands engage their therapeutic target(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Nichols
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Zack Blumenfeld
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007
| | - Laura Luebbert
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hailey J Knox
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Anand K Muthusamy
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Jonathan S Marvin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Viginia 20147
| | - Charlene H Kim
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Stephen N Grant
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - David P Walton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Bruce N Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Rebekkah Hammar
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Loren Looger
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Viginia 20147
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development Platform and Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dennis A Dougherty
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
| | - Henry A Lester
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106
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Sevilla A, Chéret J, Lee W, Paus R. Concentration-dependent stimulation of melanin production as well as melanocyte and keratinocyte proliferation by melatonin in human eyelid epidermis. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:684-693. [PMID: 36601673 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear how the multifunctional indoleamine neurohormone, melatonin, alters melanin production and melanocytes within intact human epidermis under physiologically relevant conditions. In the current pilot study, we aimed to clarify this in long-term organ-cultured, full-thickness human eyelid skin, selected for its clinically recognized sensitivity to pigmentation-modulatory hormones. Warthin-Starry histochemistry showed that 100 μM melatonin significantly increased epidermal melanin content and melanocyte dendricity after 6 days of organ culture, even though tyrosinase activity in situ was inhibited, as assessed by quantitative immunohistomorphometry. While the higher melatonin dose tested here (200 μM) did not change epidermal melanization, but again inhibited tyrosinase activity, it increased the number and proliferation of both gp100+ epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes as well as protein expression of the premelanosomal marker, gp100, ex vivo. Contrary to most previous studies, these eyelid skin organ culture results suggest that long-term melatonin application exerts overall stimulatory, dose-dependent effects on the epidermal pigmentary unit within intact human skin, which appear surprisingly tyrosinase-independent. While these provocative preliminary findings require further work-up and independent confirmation, they encourage one to systematically explore whether prolonged melatonin therapy can (re-)stimulate melanogenesis and increase the pool/activity of epidermal melanocytes in hypopigmented skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,CUTANEON - Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
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Andrews PW, Bosyj C, Brenton L, Green L, Gasser PJ, Lowry CA, Pickel VM. All the brain's a stage for serotonin: the forgotten story of serotonin diffusion across cell membranes. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221565. [PMID: 36321487 PMCID: PMC9627707 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the conventional model of serotonin neurotransmission, serotonin released by neurons in the midbrain raphe nuclei exerts its actions on forebrain neurons by interacting with a large family of post-synaptic receptors. The actions of serotonin are terminated by active transport of serotonin back into the releasing neuron, which is mediated by the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT). Because SERT is expressed pre-synaptically and is widely thought to be the only serotonin transporter in the forebrain, the conventional model does not include serotonin transport into post-synaptic neurons. However, a large body of evidence accumulating since the 1970s has shown that serotonin, despite having a positive charge, can cross cell membranes through a diffusion-like process. Multiple low-affinity, high-capacity, sodium-independent transporters, widely expressed in the brain, allow the carrier-mediated diffusion of serotonin into forebrain neurons. The amount of serotonin crossing cell membranes through this mechanism under physiological conditions is considerable. Most prominent textbooks fail to include this alternative method of serotonin uptake in the brain, and even most neuroscientists are unaware of it. This failure has limited our understanding of a key regulator of serotonergic neurotransmission, impeded research on the potential intracellular actions of serotonin in post-synaptic neurons and glial cells, and may have impeded our understanding of the mechanism by which antidepressant medications reduce depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Andrews
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Bosyj
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luke Brenton
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Green
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul J Gasser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, and Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Virginia M Pickel
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Muñoz EM. Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221135697. [PMID: 36317305 PMCID: PMC9629557 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221135697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are unique areas within the central nervous system. They serve as a portal for the rest of the body and, as such, lack a blood-brain barrier. Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma. Within the CVOs, microglial cells find themselves continuously challenged and stimulated by local and systemic stimuli, even under steady-state conditions. Therefore, CVO microglia in their typical state often resemble the activated microglial forms found elsewhere in the brain as they are responding to pathological conditions or other stressors. In this review, I focus on the dynamics of CVO microglia, using the pineal gland as a specific CVO example. Data related to microglia heterogeneity in both homeostatic and unhealthy environments are presented and discussed, including those recently generated by using advanced single-cell and single-nucleus technology. Finally, perspectives in the CVO microglia field are also included.Summary StatementMicroglia in circumventricular organs (CVOs) continuously adapt to react differentially to the diverse challenges they face. Herein, I discuss microglia heterogeneity in CVOs, including pineal gland. Further studies are needed to better understand microglia dynamics in these unique brain areas. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela M. Muñoz
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina,Estela M. Muñoz, IHEM-UNCuyo-CONICET, Parque General San Martin, Ciudad de Mendoza, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Li Y, Hung SW, Zhang R, Man GCW, Zhang T, Chung JPW, Fang L, Wang CC. Melatonin in Endometriosis: Mechanistic Understanding and Clinical Insight. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194087. [PMID: 36235740 PMCID: PMC9572886 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is defined as the development of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. Pathophysiology of this disease includes abnormal hormone profiles, cell survival, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, immunology, and inflammation. Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone that is synthesized and released primarily at night from the mammalian pineal gland. Increasing evidence has revealed that melatonin can be synthesized and secreted from multiple extra-pineal tissues where it regulates immune response, inflammation, and angiogenesis locally. Melatonin receptors are expressed in the uterus, and the therapeutic effects of melatonin on endometriosis and other reproductive disorders have been reported. In this review, key information related to the metabolism of melatonin and its biological effects is summarized. Furthermore, the latest in vitro and in vivo findings are highlighted to evaluate the pleiotropic functions of melatonin, as well as to summarize its physiological and pathological effects and treatment potential in endometriosis. Moreover, the pharmacological and therapeutic benefits derived from the administration of exogenous melatonin on reproductive system-related disease are discussed to support the potential of melatonin supplements toward the development of endometriosis. More clinical trials are needed to confirm its therapeutic effects and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Sze-Wan Hung
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ruizhe Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Gene Chi-Wai Man
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jacqueline Pui-Wah Chung
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Lanlan Fang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (C.-C.W.); Tel.: +86-371-6691-3635 (L.F.); +852-3505-4267 (C.-C.W.)
| | - Chi-Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Chinese University of Hong Kong-Sichuan University Joint Laboratory in Reproductive Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (C.-C.W.); Tel.: +86-371-6691-3635 (L.F.); +852-3505-4267 (C.-C.W.)
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12
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Fasciani I, Carli M, Petragnano F, Colaianni F, Aloisi G, Maggio R, Scarselli M, Rossi M. GPCRs in Intracellular Compartments: New Targets for Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1343. [PMID: 36291552 PMCID: PMC9599219 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The architecture of eukaryotic cells is defined by extensive membrane-delimited compartments, which entails separate metabolic processes that would otherwise interfere with each other, leading to functional differences between cells. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of cell surface receptors, and their signal transduction is traditionally viewed as a chain of events initiated from the plasma membrane. Furthermore, their intracellular trafficking, internalization, and recycling were considered only to regulate receptor desensitization and cell surface expression. On the contrary, accumulating data strongly suggest that GPCRs also signal from intracellular compartments. GPCRs localize in the membranes of endosomes, nucleus, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum apparatuses, mitochondria, and cell division compartments. Importantly, from these sites they have shown to orchestrate multiple signals that regulate different cell pathways. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of this fascinating phenomenon, explaining how GPCRs reach the intracellular sites, are stimulated by the endogenous ligands, and their potential physiological/pathophysiological roles. Finally, we illustrate several mechanisms involved in the modulation of the compartmentalized GPCR signaling by drugs and endogenous ligands. Understanding how GPCR signaling compartmentalization is regulated will provide a unique opportunity to develop novel pharmaceutical approaches to target GPCRs and potentially lead the way towards new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fasciani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Petragnano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Colaianni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aloisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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13
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Gbahou F, Levin S, Tikhonova IG, Somalo Barranco G, Izabelle C, Ohana RF, Jockers R. Luminogenic HiBiT Peptide-Based NanoBRET Ligand Binding Assays for Melatonin Receptors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:668-678. [DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gbahou
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sergiy Levin
- Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Irina G. Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlotte Izabelle
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Ralf Jockers
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
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14
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Zhao Y, Shao G, Liu X, Li Z. Assessment of the Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin for the Treatment of Osteoporosis Through a Narrative Review of Its Signaling and Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:866625. [PMID: 35645810 PMCID: PMC9130700 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.866625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a bioamine produced primarily in the pineal gland, although peripheral sites, including the gut, may also be its minor source. Melatonin regulates various functions, including circadian rhythm, reproduction, temperature regulation, immune system, cardiovascular system, energy metabolism, and bone metabolism. Studies on cultured bone cells, preclinical disease models of bone loss, and clinical trials suggest favorable modulation of bone metabolism by melatonin. This narrative review gives a comprehensive account of the current understanding of melatonin at the cell/molecular to the systems levels. Melatonin predominantly acts through its cognate receptors, of which melatonin receptor 2 (MT2R) is expressed in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblasts (bone-forming), and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing). Melatonin favors the osteoblastic fate of MSCs, stimulates osteoblast survival and differentiation, and inhibits osteoclastogenic differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Produced from osteoblastic cells, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) critically regulate osteoclastogenesis and melatonin by suppressing the osteoclastogenic RANKL, and upregulating the anti-osteoclastogenic OPG exerts a strong anti-resorptive effect. Although the anti-inflammatory role of melatonin favors osteogenic function and antagonizes the osteoclastogenic function with the participation of SIRT signaling, various miRNAs also mediate the effects of the hormone on bone cells. In rodent models of osteoporosis, melatonin has been unequivocally shown to have an anti-osteoporotic effect. Several clinical trials indicate the bone mass conserving effect of melatonin in aging/postmenopausal osteoporosis. This review aims to determine the possibility of melatonin as a novel class of anti-osteoporosis therapy through the critical assessment of the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoxi Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Sevilla A, Chéret J, Slominski RM, Slominski AT, Paus R. Revisiting the role of melatonin in human melanocyte physiology: A skin context perspective. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12790. [PMID: 35133682 PMCID: PMC8930624 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily ancient methoxyindoleamine, melatonin, has long perplexed investigators by its versatility of functions and mechanisms of action, which include the regulation of vertebrate pigmentation. Although first discovered through its potent skin-lightening effects in amphibians, melatonin's role in human skin and hair follicle pigmentation and its impact on melanocyte physiology remain unclear. Synthesizing our limited current understanding of this role, we specifically examine its impact on melanogenesis, oxidative biology, mitochondrial function, melanocyte senescence, and pigmentation-related clock gene activity, with emphasis on human skin, yet without ignoring instructive pointers from nonhuman species. Given the strict dependence of melanocyte functions on the epithelial microenvironment, we underscore that melanocyte responses to melatonin are best interrogated in a physiological tissue context. Current evidence suggests that melatonin and some of its metabolites inhibit both, melanogenesis (via reducing tyrosinase activity) and melanocyte proliferation by stimulating melatonin membrane receptors (MT1, MT2). We discuss whether putative melanogenesis-inhibitory effects of melatonin may occur via activation of Nrf2-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling, estrogen receptor-mediated and/or melanocortin-1 receptor- and cAMP-dependent signaling, and/or via melatonin-regulated changes in peripheral clock genes that regulate human melanogenesis, namely Bmal1 and Per1. Melatonin and its metabolites also accumulate in melanocytes where they exert net cyto- and senescence-protective as well as antioxidative effects by operating as free radical scavengers, stimulating the synthesis and activity of ROS scavenging enzymes and other antioxidants, promoting DNA repair, and enhancing mitochondrial function. We argue that it is clinically and biologically important to definitively clarify whether melanocyte cell culture-based observations translate into melatonin-induced pigmentary changes in a physiological tissue context, that is, in human epidermis and hair follicles ex vivo, and are confirmed by clinical trial results. After defining major open questions in this field, we close by suggesting how to begin answering them in clinically relevant, currently available preclinical in situ research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology Laboratory Service, Veteran Administration Medical Center at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL35294, USA
- Corresponding authors: Ralf Paus, MD, DSc: ; Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD:
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
- CUTANEON – Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany
- Corresponding authors: Ralf Paus, MD, DSc: ; Andrzej T. Slominski, MD, PhD:
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16
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Pundir M, Papagerakis S, De Rosa MC, Chronis N, Kurabayashi K, Abdulmawjood S, Prince MEP, Lobanova L, Chen X, Papagerakis P. Emerging biotechnologies for evaluating disruption of stress, sleep, and circadian rhythm mechanism using aptamer-based detection of salivary biomarkers. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Zisapel N. Assessing the potential for drug interactions and long term safety of melatonin for the treatment of insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:175-185. [PMID: 35285365 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2053520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melatonin preparations are emerging first-line pharmacotherapy for insomnia in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but quality, formulation, consistency, dosing, and limited long-term safety data are of concern. The recent approval of pediatric-appropriate prolonged-release melatonin (Ped-PRM) addresses these aspects. AREAS COVERED A systematic search of PubMed and web of science for prospective, randomized, and controlled trials (RCTs) of melatonin preparations vs placebo in children and adolescents with ASD and the European public assessment report on Ped-PRM was conducted. EXPERT OPINION Melatonin is rapidly absorbed and undergoes first pass hepatic metabolism by cytochrome CYP1A2; over 80% is excreted in the urine as 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (inactive). Immediate-release melatonin (IRM) is short-acting (3-4 h), whereas PRM provides therapeutic levels throughout the night. Drugs interacting with CYP1A2 are likely to slow-down melatonin metabolism. High variability in bioavailability among subjects calls for dose optimization. Melatonin was essentially safe for short-term use (up to 3 months). Long-term data available for Ped-PRM demonstrate fatigue (6.3%), somnolence (6.3%), and mood swings (4.2%) with no evidence of effects on height, BMI, or pubertal development, tolerance or withdrawal effects following long-term use of this product. Studies on long-term safety of IRM and oversight of melatonin supplement manufacture are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nava Zisapel
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Research and Development unit, Neurim Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Tel Aviv, Israel
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18
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Chevillard PM, Batailler M, Piégu B, Estienne A, Blache MC, Dubois JP, Pillon D, Vaudin P, Dupont J, Just N, Migaud M. Seasonal vascular plasticity in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the adult ewe. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 157:581-593. [PMID: 35118552 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sheep, like most seasonal mammals, exhibit a cyclic adaptive reproductive physiology that allows ewes to give birth to their progeny during the spring when environmental conditions are favorable to their survival. This process relies on the detection of day length (or photoperiod) and is associated with profound changes in cellular plasticity and gene expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, mechanisms that are suggested to participate in the seasonal adaptation of neuroendocrine circuits. Recently, pituitary vascular growth has been proposed as a seasonally regulated process in which the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), a well-known angiogenic cytokine, is suspected to play a crucial role. However, whether this mechanism is restricted to the pituitary gland or also occurs in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), a crucial contributor to the control of the reproductive function, remains unexplored. Using newly developed image analysis tools, we showed that the arcuate nucleus (ARH) of the MBH exhibits an enhanced vascular density during the long photoperiod or non-breeding season, associated with higher expression of VEGFA. In the median eminence (ME), a structure connecting the MBH to the pituitary gland, higher VEGFA, kinase insert domain receptor (KDR/VEGFR2) and plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) gene expressions were detected during the long photoperiod. We also found that VEGFA and its receptor, VEGFR2, are expressed by neurons and tanycytes in both the ARH and ME. Altogether, these data show variations in the MBH vasculature according to seasons potentially through a VEGFA-dependent pathway, paving the way for future studies aiming to decipher the role of these changes in the hypothalamic control of seasonal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Chevillard
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Martine Batailler
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Benoît Piégu
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anthony Estienne
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Marie-Claire Blache
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Dubois
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Delphine Pillon
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Vaudin
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nathalie Just
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Martine Migaud
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements PRC Centre INRAE Val de Loire, CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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19
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Patel R, Parmar N, Pramanik Palit S, Rathwa N, Ramachandran AV, Begum R. Diabetes mellitus and melatonin: Where are we? Biochimie 2022; 202:2-14. [PMID: 35007648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetes-related complications are amongst the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The international diabetes federation (IDF) has estimated 592 million people to suffer from DM by 2035. Hence, finding a novel biomolecule that can effectively aid diabetes management is vital, as other existing drugs have numerous side effects. Melatonin, a pineal hormone having antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, has been implicated in circadian dysrhythmia-linked DM. Reduced levels of melatonin and a functional link between melatonin and insulin are implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) Additionally, genomic studies revealed that rare variants in melatonin receptor 1b (MTNR1B) are also associated with impaired glucose tolerance and increased risk of T2D. Moreover, exogenous melatonin treatment in cell lines, rodent models, and diabetic patients has shown a potent effect in alleviating diabetes and other related complications. This highlights the role of melatonin in glucose homeostasis. However, there are also contradictory reports on the effects of melatonin supplementation. Thus, it is essential to explore if melatonin can be taken from bench to bedside for diabetes management. This review summarizes the therapeutic potential of melatonin in various diabetic models and whether it can be considered a safe drug for managing diabetic complications and diabetic manifestations like oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic dysregulation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Nishant Parmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sayantani Pramanik Palit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Nirali Rathwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India
| | - A V Ramachandran
- Division of Life Science, School of Sciences, Navrachana University, Vadodara, 391 410, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390 002, Gujarat, India.
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20
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Elisi GM, Scalvini L, Lodola A, Mor M, Rivara S. Free-Energy Simulations Support a Lipophilic Binding Route for Melatonin Receptors. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:210-222. [PMID: 34932329 PMCID: PMC8757440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The effects of the
neurohormone melatonin are mediated by the activation
of the GPCRs MT1 and MT2 in a variety of tissues.
Crystal structures suggest ligand access to the orthosteric binding
site of MT1 and MT2 receptors through a lateral
channel between transmembrane (TM) helices IV and V. We investigated
the feasibility of this lipophilic entry route for 2-iodomelatonin,
a nonselective agonist with a slower dissociation rate from the MT2 receptor, applying enhanced sampling simulations and free-energy
calculations. 2-Iodomelatonin unbinding was investigated with steered
molecular dynamics simulations which revealed different trajectories
passing through the gap between TM helices IV and V for both receptors.
For one of these unbinding trajectories from the MT1 receptor,
an umbrella-sampling protocol with path-collective variables provided
a calculated energy barrier consistent with the experimental dissociation
rate. The side-chain flexibility of Tyr5.38 was significantly different
in the two receptor subtypes, as assessed by metadynamics simulations,
and during ligand unbinding it frequently assumes an open conformation
in the MT1 but not in the MT2 receptor, favoring
2-iodomelatonin egress. Taken together, our simulations are consistent
with the possibility that the gap between TM IV and V is a way of
connecting the orthosteric binding site and the membrane core for
lipophilic melatonin receptor ligands. Our simulations also suggest
that the open state of Tyr5.38 generates a small pocket on the surface
of MT1 receptor, which could participate in the recognition
of MT1-selective ligands and may be exploited in the design
of new selective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Elisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy.,Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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21
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Serotonin modulates melatonin synthesis as an autocrine neurotransmitter in the pineal gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2113852118. [PMID: 34675083 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113852118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The pineal gland secretes melatonin principally at night. Regulated by norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve terminals, adrenergic receptors on pinealocytes activate aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase that converts 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) to N-acetylserotonin, the precursor of melatonin. Previous studies from our group and others reveal significant constitutive secretion of 5-HT from pinealocytes. Here, using mass spectrometry, we demonstrated that the 5-HT is secreted primarily via a decynium-22-sensitive equilibrative plasma membrane monoamine transporter instead of by typical exocytotic quantal secretion. Activation of the endogenous 5-HT receptors on pinealocytes evoked an intracellular Ca2+ rise that was blocked by RS-102221, an antagonist of 5-HT2C receptors. Applied 5-HT did not evoke melatonin secretion by itself, but it did potentiate melatonin secretion evoked by submaximal norepinephrine. In addition, RS-102221 reduced the norepinephrine-induced melatonin secretion in strips of pineal gland, even when no exogenous 5-HT was added, suggesting that the 5-HT that is constitutively released from pinealocytes accumulates enough in the tissue to act as an autocrine feedback signal sensitizing melatonin release.
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22
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Loh D, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Regulation of Biomolecular Condensates in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1483. [PMID: 34573116 PMCID: PMC8465482 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles (MLOs) that form dynamic, chemically distinct subcellular compartments organizing macromolecules such as proteins, RNA, and DNA in unicellular prokaryotic bacteria and complex eukaryotic cells. Separated from surrounding environments, MLOs in the nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, and mitochondria assemble by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) into transient, non-static, liquid-like droplets that regulate essential molecular functions. LLPS is primarily controlled by post-translational modifications (PTMs) that fine-tune the balance between attractive and repulsive charge states and/or binding motifs of proteins. Aberrant phase separation due to dysregulated membrane lipid rafts and/or PTMs, as well as the absence of adequate hydrotropic small molecules such as ATP, or the presence of specific RNA proteins can cause pathological protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders. Melatonin may exert a dominant influence over phase separation in biomolecular condensates by optimizing membrane and MLO interdependent reactions through stabilizing lipid raft domains, reducing line tension, and maintaining negative membrane curvature and fluidity. As a potent antioxidant, melatonin protects cardiolipin and other membrane lipids from peroxidation cascades, supporting protein trafficking, signaling, ion channel activities, and ATPase functionality during condensate coacervation or dissolution. Melatonin may even control condensate LLPS through PTM and balance mRNA- and RNA-binding protein composition by regulating N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications. There is currently a lack of pharmaceuticals targeting neurodegenerative disorders via the regulation of phase separation. The potential of melatonin in the modulation of biomolecular condensate in the attenuation of aberrant condensate aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Loh
- Independent Researcher, Marble Falls, TX 78654, USA
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Huynh AV, Buhr ED. Melatonin Adjusts the Phase of Mouse Circadian Clocks in the Cornea Both Ex Vivo and In Vivo. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:470-482. [PMID: 34323103 DOI: 10.1177/07487304211032385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of an endogenous circadian clock within most mammalian cells is associated with the amazing observation that within a given tissue, these clocks are largely in synchrony with each other. Different tissues use a variety of systemic or environmental cues to precisely coordinate the phase of these clocks. The cornea is a unique tissue in that it is largely isolated from the direct blood supply that most tissues experience, it is transparent to visible light, and it is exposed directly to environmental light and temperature. Melatonin is a hormone that has been implicated in regulation of the cornea's circadian clocks. Here, we analyze the ability of rhythmic melatonin to entrain corneas ex vivo, and analyze the phase of corneal circadian clocks in vivo both in light: dark cycles and in constant darkness. We find that the presence of a retina from a melatonin-proficient mouse strain, C3Sn, can photoentrain the circadian clocks of a co-cultured mouse cornea, but a retina from a melatonin-deficient strain, C57Bl/6, cannot. Furthermore, pharmacologic blockade of melatonin or use of a retina with advanced retinal degeneration, Pde6brd1, blocks the photoentraining effect. Corneal circadian clocks in vivo adopt an advanced phase in C3Sn mice compared with C57Bl/6, but the circadian clocks in the liver are unaffected. This observation is not attributable to a shorter endogenous period of the cornea or behavior between the strains. Some transcripts of circadian genes in the corneas of C3Sn mice also show an advanced phase of expression in a light: dark cycle, while the transcript of Per2 exhibits a light-dependent transient induction at the onset of darkness. We conclude that melatonin acts as a phase modifying factor in a rhythmic manner for the circadian clocks of the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex V Huynh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ethan D Buhr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Pan B, Qazi IH, Guo S, Yang J, Qin J, Lv T, Zang S, Zhang Y, Zeng C, Meng Q, Han H, Zhou G. Melatonin improves the first cleavage of parthenogenetic embryos from vitrified-warmed mouse oocytes potentially by promoting cell cycle progression. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:84. [PMID: 34266479 PMCID: PMC8283938 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the effect of melatonin (MT) on cell cycle (G1/S/G2/M) of parthenogenetic zygotes developed from vitrified-warmed mouse metaphase II (MII) oocytes and elucidated the potential mechanism of MT action in the first cleavage of embryos. Results After vitrification and warming, oocytes were parthenogenetically activated (PA) and in vitro cultured (IVC). Then the spindle morphology and chromosome segregation in oocytes, the maternal mRNA levels of genes including Miss, Doc1r, Setd2 and Ythdf2 in activated oocytes, pronuclear formation, the S phase duration in zygotes, mitochondrial function at G1 phase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level at S phase, DNA damage at G2 phase, early apoptosis in 2-cell embryos, cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were evaluated. The results indicated that the vitrification/warming procedures led to following perturbations 1) spindle abnormalities and chromosome misalignment, alteration of maternal mRNAs and delay in pronucleus formation, 2) decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, increased ROS production and DNA damage, G1/S and S/G2 phase transition delay, and delayed first cleavage, and 3) increased early apoptosis and lower levels of cleavage and blastocyst formation. Our results further revealed that such negative impacts of oocyte cryopreservation could be alleviated by supplementation of warming, recovery, PA and IVC media with 10− 9 mol/L MT before the embryos moved into the 2-cell stage of development. Conclusions MT might promote cell cycle progression via regulation of MMP, ATP, ROS and maternal mRNA levels, potentially increasing the first cleavage of parthenogenetic zygotes developed from vitrified–warmed mouse oocytes and their subsequent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Sindh, 67210, Pakistan
| | - Shichao Guo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jianpeng Qin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Tianyi Lv
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shengqin Zang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Changjun Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongbing Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Kronstadt SM, Pottash AE, Levy D, Wang S, Chao W, Jay SM. Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Sepsis Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000259. [PMID: 34423113 PMCID: PMC8378673 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a deadly condition lacking a specific treatment despite decades of research. This has prompted the exploration of new approaches, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerging as a focal area. EVs are nanosized, cell-derived particles that transport bioactive components (i.e., proteins, DNA, and RNA) between cells, enabling both normal physiological functions and disease progression depending on context. In particular, EVs have been identified as critical mediators of sepsis pathophysiology. However, EVs are also thought to constitute the biologically active component of cell-based therapies and have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects in sepsis models. The dual nature of EVs in sepsis is explored here, discussing their endogenous roles and highlighting their therapeutic properties and potential. Related to the latter component, prior studies involving EVs from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and other sources are discussed and emerging producer cells that could play important roles in future EV-based sepsis therapies are identified. Further, how methodologies could impact therapeutic development toward sepsis treatment to enhance and control EV potency is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alex E Pottash
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wei Chao
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Program in Molecular and, Cell Biology, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Balaji TM, Varadarajan S, Jagannathan R, Mahendra J, Fageeh HI, Fageeh HN, Mushtaq S, Baeshen HA, Bhandi S, Gupta AA, Raj AT, Reda R, Patil S, Testarelli L. Melatonin as a Topical/Systemic Formulation for the Management of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092417. [PMID: 34066498 PMCID: PMC8124881 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To qualitatively and quantitatively review the use of melatonin as a topical/systemic formulation for the management of periodontitis. Materials and methods: PubMed; Scopus; and Web of Science databases were searched using the MesH terms “melatonin” and “periodontitis”. Title and abstracts were screened to eliminate irrelevant and duplicate articles. The full text data of the screened articles were assessed using the selection criteria. Results: Of 176 identified articles (PubMed-66; Scopus-56; Web of Science-52; Cross-reference-2), only 12 studies qualified to be included in the systematic review. Four studies assessed the independent effect of 1% topical melatonin formulation while 8 articles assessed the adjunctive use of systemic melatonin formulation (1–10 mg) following scaling and root planing (SRP). All studies showed an improvement in periodontal parameters such as pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, periodontal disease index, community periodontal index, gingival bleeding scores, and prognostic marker levels in saliva and serum. A meta-analysis of data from 2 studies revealed that 1–2 mg (systemic) melatonin supplementation reduced pocket depth; although the difference was not statistically significant and hence cannot be interpreted or used for conclusive evidence. Risk of Bias Assessment tool (RoBANS) and Cochrane Collaboration RoB tool elicited a high risk of bias in the included studies. GRADE (recommendation assessment, development, and evaluation) inferred a weak recommendation for the use of melatonin in periodontitis management. Conclusions: Melatonin supplementation (topical and systemic) in periodontitis patients improved key periodontal parameters including pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. Clinical relevance: Melatonin could be a potential host modulatory agent for periodontitis management; although the data from the present review should be interpreted carefully due to the associated high risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thodur Madapusi Balaji
- Department of Dentistry, Bharathiraja Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai 600017, India;
| | - Saranya Varadarajan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India; (S.V.); (A.T.R.)
| | | | - Jaideep Mahendra
- Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600095, India;
| | - Hammam Ibrahim Fageeh
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia; (H.I.F.); (H.N.F.)
| | - Hytham N. Fageeh
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia; (H.I.F.); (H.N.F.)
| | - Shazia Mushtaq
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hosam Ali Baeshen
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shilpa Bhandi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Archana A. Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, India;
| | - A. Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India; (S.V.); (A.T.R.)
| | - Rodolfo Reda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.R.); (L.T.)
| | - Shankaragouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Testarelli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.R.); (L.T.)
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Dufoo-Hurtado E, Olvera-Bautista R, Wall-Medrano A, Loarca-Piña G, Campos-Vega R. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion and simulated colonic fermentation of pistachio nuts determine the bioaccessibility and biosynthesis of chronobiotics. Food Funct 2021; 12:4921-4934. [PMID: 34100470 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronodisruption leads to obesity and other metabolic disorders that can be alleviated by food-derived potential chronobiotics, such as phytomelatonin (PMT), phenolic compounds (PCs) and dietary fiber rich pistachios. Pistachios with (PN + SC) or without (PN) the seed coat were investigated for their in vitro chronobiotic potential since they are one of the main reported PMT sources. Consequently we evaluated the bioaccessibility, permeability, and biosynthesis of pistachio chronobiotics, particularly PMT, during gastrointestinal and colonic fermentation. The maximum in vitro bioaccessibility and apparent permeability (efflux-prone) of PCs, flavonoids and PMT were sample-specific [∼1.3% (both), 27 and 3.4% (PN + SC)], but additional amounts (flavonoids > PCs > PMT) were released under simulated colonic conditions. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; 38 mM; >50% butyrate, PN + SC > PN) and some metabolites (e.g., indole, benzaldehyde, phenolic acids, and aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons) were detected depending on the sample. The predominant pistachio butyrate production during in vitro colonic fermentation can improve chronodisruption and benefit obese individuals. Pistachio's digestion increases the bioaccessibility and intestinal permeability of potential chronobiotics (PMT and PCs) and the biosynthesis of colonic metabolites (SCFAs, among others) also with chronobiotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Dufoo-Hurtado
- Programa de Posgrado en Alimentos del Centro de la República (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Qro, Querétaro 76010, Mexico.
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28
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Martí J, Lu H. Microscopic Interactions of Melatonin, Serotonin and Tryptophan with Zwitterionic Phospholipid Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2842. [PMID: 33799606 PMCID: PMC8001758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions at the atomic level between small molecules and the main components of cellular plasma membranes are crucial for elucidating the mechanisms allowing for the entrance of such small species inside the cell. We have performed molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations of tryptophan, serotonin, and melatonin at the interface of zwitterionic phospholipid bilayers. In this work, we will review recent computer simulation developments and report microscopic properties, such as the area per lipid and thickness of the membranes, atomic radial distribution functions, angular orientations, and free energy landscapes of small molecule binding to the membrane. Cholesterol affects the behaviour of the small molecules, which are mainly buried in the interfacial regions. We have observed a competition between the binding of small molecules to phospholipids and cholesterol through lipidic hydrogen-bonds. Free energy barriers that are associated to translational and orientational changes of melatonin have been found to be between 10-20 kJ/mol for distances of 1 nm between melatonin and the center of the membrane. Corresponding barriers for tryptophan and serotonin that are obtained from reversible work methods are of the order of 10 kJ/mol and reveal strong hydrogen bonding between such species and specific phospholipid sites. The diffusion of tryptophan and melatonin is of the order of 10-7 cm2/s for the cholesterol-free and cholesterol-rich setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Martí
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Catalonia-Barcelona Tech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Huixia Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
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29
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Boutin JA, Jockers R. Melatonin controversies, an update. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12702. [PMID: 33108677 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin was discovered more than 60 years ago. Since then, several seminal discoveries have allowed us to define its function as a neuroendocrine hormone and its molecular targets in mammals and many other species. However, many fundamental issues have not yet been solved such as the subcellular localization of melatonin synthesis and the full spectrum of its molecular targets. In addition, a considerable number of controversies persist in the field, mainly concerning how many functions melatonin has. Altogether, this illustrates how "immature" the field still is. The intention of this opinion article is to note the controversies and limitations in the field, to initiate a discussion and to make proposals/guidelines to overcome them and move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Suresnes Cedex, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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30
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Kopustinskiene DM, Bernatoniene J. Molecular Mechanisms of Melatonin-Mediated Cell Protection and Signaling in Health and Disease. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020129. [PMID: 33498316 PMCID: PMC7909293 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, an endogenously synthesized indolamine, is a powerful antioxidant exerting beneficial action in many pathological conditions. Melatonin protects from oxidative stress in ischemic/reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging, decreases inflammation, modulates the immune system, inhibits proliferation, counteracts the Warburg effect, and promotes apoptosis in various cancer models. Melatonin stimulates antioxidant enzymes in the cells, protects mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, especially cardiolipin, from oxidation thus preserving integrity of the membranes, affects mitochondrial membrane potential, stimulates activity of respiratory chain enzymes, and decreases the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and cytochrome c release. This review will focus on the molecular mechanisms of melatonin effects in the cells during normal and pathological conditions and possible melatonin clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia M. Kopustinskiene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Jurga Bernatoniene
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
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Abdelnaby EA, Abo El-Maaty AM. Melatonin and CIDR improved the follicular and luteal haemodynamics, uterine and ovarian arteries vascular perfusion, ovarian hormones and nitric oxide in cyclic cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:498-510. [PMID: 33403762 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study hypothesizes that melatonin with exogenous progesterone (CIDR) can improve follicular, luteal, ovarian and uterine haemodynamic of heat-stressed cows. Holstein cows (N = 12) studied for two spontaneous oestrous cycles during winter then divided equally during summer into the CIDR group received CIDR for 7 days and the melatonin group (Mel) received three injections of melatonin (75 mg/head) at the CIDR insertion, removal and ovulation days. Blood samples were collected to assay oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and nitric oxide (NO). On day 0 (Ovulation), Mel had more small follicles (p < .05), higher ipsilateral and contralateral ovarian arteries (Ov.A.) peak systolic velocity (PSV), higher ipsilateral uterine artery (Ut.A.) PSV (p = .031) and blood flow volume (BFV), also Mel elevated contralateral Ut.A. PSV and BFV (p < .0001) but lowered contra Ut.A. pulsatility index (PI, p < .0001), E2 (p < .01) and NO (p < .0001). Mel increased the corpus luteum diameter (CL, p < .001), coloured area (p < .007) and P4 (p < .0001) on day 5 and reduced them (p < .05; p < .01) on Day 14. On day 10, Mel obtained CL diameter (p < .03) and coloured area (p < .002) of spontaneous that was higher than CIDR and decreased P4 (p < .003). Mel increased CL diameter, area and coloured area and decreased them thereafter. Mel increased the ipsilateral ovarian and uterine arteries PSV and BFV before ovulation and until day 8. Mel increased P4 and decreased NO until days 6 and 14. In conclusion, the improvement in follicular, luteal, ovarian and uterine haemodynamic and the decrease of NO production proved our hypothesis Melatonin doses higher than 75 mg/head is recommended to improve the heat-stressed cow's fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elshymaa A Abdelnaby
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal M Abo El-Maaty
- Veterinary Division, Animal Reproduction and AI Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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32
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Osikov MV, Simonyan EV, Ageeva AA, Ageev Y, Fedosov AA, Sinitsky AI. Local antioxidant effect of original dermal film with melatonin in thermal injury. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) escalation associated with thermal trauma (TT) and pleiotropic effects of melatonin (MT) suggest a study of protective properties of the latter when applied as part of a novel dermal film (DF) to skin burns. This work aimed to assess the content of OS markers in the skin subjected to experimental TT and treated with DF with MT. Third A degree TT (area of 3.5%) were modeled by immersing a patch of skin in boiling water. Twelve cm2 of DF with 5 mg/g of MT were applied daily for 5 days. The parameters calculated were wound's area and epithelializatiohon rate. The products monitored in the burn wound were lipid peroxidation (LPO) products in heptane and isopropanol phases of the lipid extract and protein oxidative modification (POM) products, the modification being spontaneous and metal-dependent. With TT in the wound, the content of secondary and end LPO products in heptane and isopropanol phases increased on the 5th and 10th days; the total content of POM products grew on the 5th day (primary products, neutral) and on the 10th day (primary and secondary products, neutral). Application of DF to a TT wound reduced the burn area, increased the epithelialization rate (by the 10th day, the median went from 1.90% to 6.57%; p < 0.05), reduced the content of secondary and end LPO products in isopropanol phase (by the 10th day, the median went from 0.007 to 0.004 u.o.i; p < 0.05), reduced the total content of OMP products, namely that of primary neutral products — on the 5th day, of primary and secondary neutral products — on the 10th day. With TT present in the context of MT application, the burn area showed presence of secondary LPO products in heptane and isopropanol phases, LPO end products in isopropanol phase, POM products in the wound (basic and neutral primary/secondary POM products).
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Affiliation(s)
- MV Osikov
- South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - EV Simonyan
- South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - AA Ageeva
- South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - YuI Ageev
- South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - AA Fedosov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - AI Sinitsky
- South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Li Y, Lv Y, Bian C, You X, Shi Q. Molecular evolution of melatonin receptor genes (mtnr) in vertebrates and its shedding light on mtnr1c. Gene 2020; 769:145256. [PMID: 33164759 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin receptors (MTNRs) play important roles in regulation of circadian rhythms and seasonal reproduction. However, their origin and evolution in vertebrates have not been investigated. Here, we performed a comprehensive examination by comparative genome mining of MTNRs in vertebrates. We successfully extracted 164 putative encoding sequences for MTNRs (including 57 mtnr1a, 59 mtnr1b and 48 mtnr1c) from 45 high-quality representative genomes. Interestingly, the putative expansions of mtnr1a and mtnr1b in zebrafish were also identified in other Cyprinifomes, but not in other orders of teleost. Using phylogenetic interference, we observed this expansion to be clustered into a primitive position of the Actinopterygii, which may be resulted from teleost-specific genome duplication. The C-terminal extension of MTNR1C, predicted to be proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), originated after the speciation of Monotremata or Marsupialia. Our present genomics survey provides novel insights into the evolution of MTNRs in vertebrates and updates our understanding of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China; Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yunyun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China
| | - Chao Bian
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xinxin You
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
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Cellular absorption of small molecules: free energy landscapes of melatonin binding at phospholipid membranes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9235. [PMID: 32513935 PMCID: PMC7280225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Free energy calculations are essential to unveil mechanisms at the atomic scale such as binding of small solutes and their translocation across cell membranes, eventually producing cellular absorption. Melatonin regulates biological rhythms and is directly related to carcinogenesis and neurodegenerative disorders. Free energy landscapes obtained from well-tempered metadynamics simulations precisely describe the characteristics of melatonin binding to specific sites in the membrane and reveal the role of cholesterol in free energy barrier crossing. A specific molecular torsional angle and the distance between melatonin and the center of the membrane along the normal to the membrane Z-axis have been considered as suitable reaction coordinates. Free energy barriers between two particular orientations of the molecular structure (folded and extended) have been found to be of about 18 kJ/mol for z-distances of about 1–2 nm. The ability of cholesterol to expel melatonin out of the internal regions of the membrane towards the interface and the external solvent is explained from a free energy perspective. The calculations reported here offer detailed free energy landscapes of melatonin embedded in model cell membranes and reveal microscopic information on its transition between free energy minima, including the location of relevant transition states, and provide clues on the role of cholesterol in the cellular absorption of small molecules.
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Qu P, Luo S, Du Y, Zhang Y, Song X, Yuan X, Lin Z, Li Y, Liu E. Extracellular vesicles and melatonin benefit embryonic develop by regulating reactive oxygen species and 5-methylcytosine. J Pineal Res 2020; 68:e12635. [PMID: 32012354 PMCID: PMC7154726 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Embryo culture conditions are crucial as they can affect embryo quality and even offspring. Oviductal extracellular vesicles (EVs) long been considered a major factor influencing interactions between the oviduct and embryos, and thus its absence is associated with inferior embryonic development in in vitro culture. Herein, we demonstrated that melatonin is present in oviduct fluids and oviduct fluid-derived EVs. Addition of either EVs (1.87 × 1011 particles/mL) or melatonin (340 ng/mL) led to a significant downregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), as well as an increase in the blastocyst rate of embryos, which was inhibited by the addition of luzindole-a melatonin receptor agonist. A combination of EVs (1.87 × 1010 particles/mL) and melatonin (at 34.3 pg/mL) led to the same results as well as a significant decrease in the apoptosis index and increase in the inner cell mass (ICM)/trophectoderm (TE) index. These results suggest that an EV-melatonin treatment benefits embryonic development. Our findings provide insights into the role of EVs and melatonin during cell communication and provide new evidence of the communication between embryos and maternal oviduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Qu
- Laboratory Animal CentreXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CentreXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Shiwei Luo
- Laboratory Animal CentreXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CentreXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Yue Du
- NDCLSRadcliff Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Yanru Zhang
- Laboratory Animal CentreXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CentreXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaojie Song
- Laboratory Animal CentreXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CentreXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Xuetao Yuan
- Laboratory Animal CentreXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CentreXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Zujie Lin
- Laboratory Animal CentreXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CentreXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Yuchen Li
- Laboratory Animal CentreXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CentreXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal CentreXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CentreXi’anShaanxiChina
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Melatonin interacts with repeat domain of Tau to mediate disaggregation of paired helical filaments. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.129467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Lee BH, Bussi IL, de la Iglesia HO, Hague C, Koh DS, Hille B. Two indoleamines are secreted from rat pineal gland at night and act on melatonin receptors but are not night hormones. J Pineal Res 2020; 68:e12622. [PMID: 31715643 PMCID: PMC7007382 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At night, the pineal gland produces the indoleamines, melatonin, N-acetylserotonin (NAS), and N-acetyltryptamine (NAT). Melatonin is accepted as a hormone of night. Could NAS and NAT serve that role too? METHODS Concentration-response measurements with overexpressed human melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 ; mass spectrometry analysis of norepinephrine-stimulated secretions from isolated rat pineal glands; analysis of 24-hour periodic samples of rat blood. RESULTS We show that NAT and NAS do activate melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 , although with lower potency than melatonin, and that in vitro, melatonin and NAS are secreted from stimulated, isolated pineal glands in roughly equimolar amounts, but secretion of NAT was much less. All three were found at roughly equal concentrations in blood during the night. However, during the day, serum melatonin fell to very low values creating a high-amplitude circadian rhythm that was absent after pinealectomy, whereas NAS and NAT showed only small or no circadian variation. CONCLUSION Blood levels of NAS and NAT were insufficient to activate peripheral melatonin receptors, and they were invariant, so they could not serve as circulating hormones of night. However, they could instead act in paracrine circadian fashion near the pineal gland or via other higher-affinity receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hyun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7290 USA
| | - Ivana L. Bussi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington School, Seattle, WA 98195-1800 USA
| | | | - Chris Hague
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7290 USA
| | - Duk-Su Koh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7290 USA
- Co-corresponding authors: Bertil Hille; , Phone: 206-543-6661, Duk-Su Koh; , Phone: 206-407-6690
| | - Bertil Hille
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7290 USA
- Co-corresponding authors: Bertil Hille; , Phone: 206-543-6661, Duk-Su Koh; , Phone: 206-407-6690
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Das R, Balmik AA, Chinnathambi S. Effect of Melatonin on Tau aggregation and Tau-mediated cell surface morphology. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:30-39. [PMID: 32044365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of Microtubule-associated protein Tau and its deposition in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau aggregation inhibition has been targeted in various studies including natural compounds and synthetic small molecules. Here, we have studied neurohormone- Melatonin against in vitro Tau aggregation and observed its effect on membrane topology, tubulin network and Tau phosphorylation in Neuro2A and N9 cell lines. The aggregation and conformation of Tau was determined by ThT fluorescence and CD spectroscopy respectively. The morphology of Tau aggregates in presence and absence of Melatonin was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Melatonin was found to reduce the formation of higher order oligomeric structures without affecting the overall aggregation kinetics of Tau. Melatonin also modulates and helps to maintain membrane morphology, independent on tubulin network as evidenced by FE-SEM and immunofluorescence analysis. Overall, Melatonin administration shows mild anti-aggregation and cytoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 110025 New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Ankur Balmik
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 110025 New Delhi, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 110025 New Delhi, India.
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Moriyama Y, Hatano R, Moriyama S, Uehara S. Vesicular polyamine transporter as a novel player in amine-mediated chemical transmission. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183208. [PMID: 32004521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The solute carrier 18B1 (SLC18B1) is the most recently identified gene of the vesicular amine transporter family and is conserved in the animal kingdom from insects to humans. Proteoliposomes containing the purified human SLC18B1 protein transport not only monoamines, but also polyamines, such as spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), using an electrochemical gradient of H+ established by vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) as the driving force. SLC18B1 gene knockdown abolished the exocytosis of polyamines from mast cells, which affected the secretion of histamine. SLC18B1 gene knockout decreased polyamine levels by ~20% in the brain, and impaired short- and long-term memory. Thus, the SLC18B1 protein is responsible for the vesicular storage and release of polyamines, and functions as a vesicular polyamine transporter (VPAT). VPAT may define when, where, and how polyamine-mediated chemical transmission occurs, providing insights into the more versatile and complex features of amine-mediated chemical transmission than currently considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; CYRIC Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Medicinal Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Satomi Moriyama
- Laboratory of Bio-Molecular Dynamics, Department of Collaborative Research, Nara Medical University, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Uehara
- Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri 399-0781, Japan
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Rimdusit T, Thapphasaraphong S, Puthongking P, Priprem A. Effects of Anthocyanins and Melatonin From Purple Waxy Corn By-Products on Collagen Production by Cultured Human Fibroblasts. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19863510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cob and silk of purple waxy corn ( Zea mays L. Ceratina Kulesh) are underutilized sources of anthocyanins, which could be extracted by various solvents: water, ethanol, methanol, 50% ethanol, and 50% methanol. Anthocyanin and melatonin levels were investigated. The quantifications of anthocyanins as cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, and peonidin-3-glucoside were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), and melatonin by HPLC-fluorescence. The ability of collagen production upon exposure to human skin fibroblasts from the different macerates of the cob and silk was also studied. All cob extracts showed higher level of anthocyanins than silk extracts. The 50% ethanol extract of cob showed the highest cyanidin-3-glucoside level at 2.42 ± 0.03 mg/g dried weight, whereas that of silk showed the highest content of cyanidin-3-glucoside at 1.95 ± 0.04 mg/g dried weight. Although cob extracts contained more anthocyanins than silk extracts, silk extracts could stimulate collagen production more than cob extracts. Therefore, the collagen production was likely due to the amount of melatonin in the silk extracts, which contained greater quantities than those of the cob, and the lipophilicity of melatonin or the hydrophilicity of anthocyanins also affected the ability of cell permeation. Thus, anthocyanins and melatonin levels should be considered for the biological activity study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thithima Rimdusit
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
- Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Suthasinee Thapphasaraphong
- Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Ploenthip Puthongking
- Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Aroonsri Priprem
- Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
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Tiong YL, Ng KY, Koh RY, Ponnudurai G, Chye SM. Melatonin Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis in High Glucose-Treated Schwann Cells via Upregulation of Bcl2, NF-κB, mTOR, Wnt Signalling Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070198. [PMID: 31247931 PMCID: PMC6680940 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathy is a complication that affects more than 50% of long-standing diabetic patients. One of the causes of diabetes neuropathy (DN) is the apoptosis of Schwann cells due to prolonged exposure to high glucose and build-up of oxidative stress. Melatonin is a hormone that has a known antioxidant property. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of melatonin on high glucose-induced Schwann cells' apoptosis. Our results revealed that high glucose promoted apoptosis via mitochondrial-related oxidative stress and downregulated Bcl-2 family proteins in Schwann cells. In this signalling pathway, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 proteins were down-regulated while p-BAD and Puma proteins were up-regulated by high glucose treatment. Besides, we also proved that high glucose promoted apoptosis in Schwann cells through decreasing the p-NF-κB in the NF-κB signalling pathway. Key regulators of mTOR signalling pathway such as p-mTOR, Rictor and Raptor were also down-regulated after high glucose treatment. Additionally, high glucose treatment also decreased the Wnt signalling pathway downstream proteins (Wnt 5a/b, p-Lrp6 and Axin). Our results showed that melatonin treatment significantly inhibited high glucose-induced ROS generation, restored mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibited high glucose-induced apoptosis in Schwann cells. Furthermore, melatonin reversed the alterations of protein expression caused by high glucose treatment. Our results concluded that melatonin alleviates high glucose-induced apoptosis in Schwann cells through mitigating mitochondrial-related oxidative stress and the alterations of Bcl-2, NF-κB, mTOR and Wnt signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Lian Tiong
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Soi Moi Chye
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
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The Serotonergic Raphe Promote Sleep in Zebrafish and Mice. Neuron 2019; 103:686-701.e8. [PMID: 31248729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of serotonin (5-HT) in sleep is controversial: early studies suggested a sleep-promoting role, but eventually the paradigm shifted toward a wake-promoting function for the serotonergic raphe. Here, we provide evidence from zebrafish and mice that the raphe are critical for the initiation and maintenance of sleep. In zebrafish, genetic ablation of 5-HT production by the raphe reduces sleep, sleep depth, and the homeostatic response to sleep deprivation. Pharmacological inhibition or ablation of the raphe reduces sleep, while optogenetic stimulation increases sleep. Similarly, in mice, ablation of the raphe increases wakefulness and impairs the homeostatic response to sleep deprivation, whereas tonic optogenetic stimulation at a rate similar to baseline activity induces sleep. Interestingly, burst optogenetic stimulation induces wakefulness in accordance with previously described burst activity of the raphe during arousing stimuli. These results indicate that the serotonergic system promotes sleep in both diurnal zebrafish and nocturnal rodents. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Shivange AV, Borden PM, Muthusamy AK, Nichols AL, Bera K, Bao H, Bishara I, Jeon J, Mulcahy MJ, Cohen B, O'Riordan SL, Kim C, Dougherty DA, Chapman ER, Marvin JS, Looger LL, Lester HA. Determining the pharmacokinetics of nicotinic drugs in the endoplasmic reticulum using biosensors. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:738-757. [PMID: 30718376 PMCID: PMC6571994 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine dependence is thought to arise in part because nicotine permeates into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it binds to nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) and begins an "inside-out" pathway that leads to up-regulation of nAChRs on the plasma membrane. However, the dynamics of nicotine entry into the ER are unquantified. Here, we develop a family of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors for nicotine, termed iNicSnFRs. The iNicSnFRs are fusions between two proteins: a circularly permutated GFP and a periplasmic choline-/betaine-binding protein engineered to bind nicotine. The biosensors iNicSnFR3a and iNicSnFR3b respond to nicotine by increasing fluorescence at [nicotine] <1 µM, the concentration in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of a smoker. We target iNicSnFR3 biosensors either to the plasma membrane or to the ER and measure nicotine kinetics in HeLa, SH-SY5Y, N2a, and HEK293 cell lines, as well as mouse hippocampal neurons and human stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons. In all cell types, we find that nicotine equilibrates in the ER within 10 s (possibly within 1 s) of extracellular application and leaves as rapidly after removal from the extracellular solution. The [nicotine] in the ER is within twofold of the extracellular value. We use these data to run combined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulations of human smoking. In the ER, the inside-out pathway begins when nicotine becomes a stabilizing pharmacological chaperone for some nAChR subtypes, even at concentrations as low as ∼10 nM. Such concentrations would persist during the 12 h of a typical smoker's day, continually activating the inside-out pathway by >75%. Reducing nicotine intake by 10-fold decreases activation to ∼20%. iNicSnFR3a and iNicSnFR3b also sense the smoking cessation drug varenicline, revealing that varenicline also permeates into the ER within seconds. Our iNicSnFRs enable optical subcellular pharmacokinetics for nicotine and varenicline during an early event in the inside-out pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol V Shivange
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Philip M Borden
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Anand K Muthusamy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Aaron L Nichols
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Kallol Bera
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Huan Bao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Ishak Bishara
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Janice Jeon
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Matthew J Mulcahy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Bruce Cohen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Saidhbhe L O'Riordan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Charlene Kim
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Dennis A Dougherty
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Edwin R Chapman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Jonathan S Marvin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Loren L Looger
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Henry A Lester
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
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Balmik AA, Chinnathambi S. Multi-Faceted Role of Melatonin in Neuroprotection and Amelioration of Tau Aggregates in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1481-1493. [PMID: 29562506 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major age related neurodegenerative diseases whose pathology arises due to the presence of two distinct protein aggregates, viz., amyloid-β plaques in extracellular matrix and tau neurofibrillary tangles in neurons. Multiple factors play a role in AD pathology, which includes familial mutations, oxidative stress, and post-translational modifications. Melatonin is an endocrine hormone, secreted during darkness, derived from tryptophan, and produced mainly by the pineal gland. It is an amphipathic molecule, which makes it suitable to cross not only blood-brain barrier, but also to enter several other subcellular compartments like mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. In this context, the neuroprotective effect of melatonin may be attributed to its role as an antioxidant. Melatonin's pleiotropic function as an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent has been widely studied. However, its direct effect on the aggregation of tau and amyloid-β needs to be explored. Furthermore, an important aspect of its function is its ability to regulate the process of phosphorylation of tau by affecting the function of kinases and phosphatases. In this review, we are focusing on the pleiotropic function of melatonin on the aspect of its neuroprotective function in tau pathology, which includes antioxidant function, regulation of enzymes, including kinases and enzymes involved in free radical scavenging and mitochondrial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Ankur Balmik
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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Stauch B, Johansson LC, McCorvy JD, Patel N, Han GW, Huang XP, Gati C, Batyuk A, Slocum ST, Ishchenko A, Brehm W, White TA, Michaelian N, Madsen C, Zhu L, Grant TD, Grandner JM, Shiriaeva A, Olsen RHJ, Tribo AR, Yous S, Stevens RC, Weierstall U, Katritch V, Roth BL, Liu W, Cherezov V. Structural basis of ligand recognition at the human MT 1 melatonin receptor. Nature 2019; 569:284-288. [PMID: 31019306 PMCID: PMC6696938 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neurohormone that maintains circadian rhythms1 by synchronization to environmental cues and is involved in diverse physiological processes2 such as the regulation of blood pressure and core body temperature, oncogenesis, and immune function3. Melatonin is formed in the pineal gland in a light-regulated manner4 by enzymatic conversion from 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin), and modulates sleep and wakefulness5 by activating two high-affinity G-protein-coupled receptors, type 1A (MT1) and type 1B (MT2)3,6. Shift work, travel, and ubiquitous artificial lighting can disrupt natural circadian rhythms; as a result, sleep disorders affect a substantial population in modern society and pose a considerable economic burden7. Over-the-counter melatonin is widely used to alleviate jet lag and as a safer alternative to benzodiazepines and other sleeping aids8,9, and is one of the most popular supplements in the United States10. Here, we present high-resolution room-temperature X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) structures of MT1 in complex with four agonists: the insomnia drug ramelteon11, two melatonin analogues, and the mixed melatonin-serotonin antidepressant agomelatine12,13. The structure of MT2 is described in an accompanying paper14. Although the MT1 and 5-HT receptors have similar endogenous ligands, and agomelatine acts on both receptors, the receptors differ markedly in the structure and composition of their ligand pockets; in MT1, access to the ligand pocket is tightly sealed from solvent by extracellular loop 2, leaving only a narrow channel between transmembrane helices IV and V that connects it to the lipid bilayer. The binding site is extremely compact, and ligands interact with MT1 mainly by strong aromatic stacking with Phe179 and auxiliary hydrogen bonds with Asn162 and Gln181. Our structures provide an unexpected example of atypical ligand entry for a non-lipid receptor, lay the molecular foundation of ligand recognition by melatonin receptors, and will facilitate the design of future tool compounds and therapeutic agents, while their comparison to 5-HT receptors yields insights into the evolution and polypharmacology of G-protein-coupled receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Acetamides/chemistry
- Acetamides/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antidepressive Agents/chemistry
- Antidepressive Agents/metabolism
- Crystallization
- Electrons
- Humans
- Indenes/chemistry
- Indenes/metabolism
- Lasers
- Ligands
- Melatonin/analogs & derivatives
- Melatonin/chemistry
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Mutation
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stauch
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda C Johansson
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nilkanth Patel
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gye Won Han
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cornelius Gati
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford University, Department of Structural Biology, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Batyuk
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Samuel T Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrii Ishchenko
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Brehm
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas A White
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nairie Michaelian
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Madsen
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lan Zhu
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas D Grant
- Hauptman-Woodward Institute, Department of Structural Biology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jessica M Grandner
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Shiriaeva
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reid H J Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra R Tribo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Saïd Yous
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Uwe Weierstall
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Bridge Institute,USC Michelson Center for Convergent Biosciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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46
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Melatonin as a master regulator of cell death and inflammation: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications for newborn care. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:317. [PMID: 30962427 PMCID: PMC6453953 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, more commonly known as the sleep hormone, is mainly secreted by the pineal gland in dark conditions and regulates the circadian rhythm of the organism. Its intrinsic properties, including high cell permeability, the ability to easily cross both the blood–brain and placenta barriers, and its role as an endogenous reservoir of free radical scavengers (with indirect extra activities), confer it beneficial uses as an adjuvant in the biomedical field. Melatonin can exert its effects by acting through specific cellular receptors on the plasma membrane, similar to other hormones, or through receptor-independent mechanisms that involve complex molecular cross talk with other players. There is increasing evidence regarding the extraordinary beneficial effects of melatonin, also via exogenous administration. Here, we summarize molecular pathways in which melatonin is considered a master regulator, with attention to cell death and inflammation mechanisms from basic, translational and clinical points of view in the context of newborn care.
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47
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Romanini EB, Volpato AM, Sifuentes dos Santos J, de Santana EHW, de Souza CHB, Ludovico A. Melatonin concentration in cow’s milk and sources of its variation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1583570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edilson Bruno Romanini
- Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Leite e Derivados, Universidade Norte do Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Amanda Marchi Volpato
- Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Norte do Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Joice Sifuentes dos Santos
- Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Leite e Derivados, Universidade Norte do Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | | | | | - Agostinho Ludovico
- Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Leite e Derivados, Universidade Norte do Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, PR, Brasil
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48
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Liu L, Labani N, Cecon E, Jockers R. Melatonin Target Proteins: Too Many or Not Enough? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:791. [PMID: 31803142 PMCID: PMC6872631 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurohormone N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, better known as melatonin, is a tryptophan derivative with a wide range of biological effects that is present in many organisms. These effects are believed to rely either on the chemical properties of melatonin itself as scavenger of free radicals or on the binding of melatonin to protein targets. More than 15 proteins, including receptors (MT1, MT2, Mel1c, CAND2, ROR, VDR), enzymes (QR2, MMP-9, pepsin, PP2A, PR-10 proteins), pores (mtPTP), transporters (PEPT1/2, Glut1), and other proteins (HBS, CaM, tubulin, calreticuline), have been suggested to interact with melatonin at sub-nanomolar to millimolar melatonin concentrations. In this review we assemble for the first time the available information on proposed melatonin targets and discuss them in a comprehensive manner to evaluate the robustness of these findings in terms of methodology, physiological relevance, and independent replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Nedjma Labani
- Cellular Signaling Laboratory, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Erika Cecon
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Ralf Jockers
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49
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Shabeeb D, Najafi M, Musa AE, Keshavarz M, Shirazi A, Hassanzadeh G, Hadian MR, Samandari H. Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation of the Radioprotective Effects of Melatonin Against Gamma Ray-Induced Skin Damage. Curr Radiopharm 2019; 12:72-81. [PMID: 30465519 DOI: 10.2174/1874471012666181120163250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is one of the treatment methods for cancers using ionizing radiations. About 70% of cancer patients undergo radiotherapy. Radiation effect on the skin is one of the main complications of radiotherapy and dose limiting factor. To ameliorate this complication, we used melatonin as a radioprotective agent due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, free radical scavenging, improving overall survival after irradiation as well as minimizing the degree of DNA damage and frequency of chromosomal abrasions. METHODS Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control (C), melatonin (M), radiation (R) and melatonin + radiation (MR). A single dose of 30 Gy gamma radiation was exposed to the right hind legs of the rats while 40 mg/ml of melatonin was administered 30 minutes before irradiation and 2 mg/ml once daily in the afternoon for one month till the date of rat's sacrifice. Five rats from each group were sacrificed 4, 12 and 20 weeks after irradiation. Afterwards, their exposed skin tissues were examined histologically and biochemically. RESULTS In biochemical analysis, we found that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in R group and decreased significantly in M and MR groups after 4, 12, and 20 weeks, whereas catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities decreased in the R group and increased in M and MR groups during the same time periods compared with the C group (p<0.05). Histopathological examination found there were statistically significant differences between R group compared with the C and M groups for the three different time periods (p<0.005, p<0.004 and p<0.004) respectively, while R group differed significantly with MR group (p<0.013). No significant differences were observed between C and M compared with MR group (p>0.05) at 4 and 20 weeks except for inflammation and hair follicle atrophy, while there were significant effects at 12 weeks (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Melatonin can be successfully used for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced skin injury. We recommend the use of melatonin in optimal and safe doses. These doses should be administered over a long period of time for effective radioprotection and amelioration of skin damages as well as improving the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Iraq
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoor Keshavarz
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, International Campus, Tehran, Iran
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammed Reza Hadian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayat Samandari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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50
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Isola M, Ekström J, Isola R, Loy F. Melatonin release by exocytosis in the rat parotid gland. J Anat 2018; 234:338-345. [PMID: 30536666 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several beneficial effects on oral health are ascribed to melatonin. Due to its lipophilic nature, non-protein-bound circulating melatonin is usually thought to enter the saliva by passive diffusion through salivary acinar gland cells. Recently, however, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), melatonin was found in acinar secretory granules of human salivary glands. To test the hypothesis that granular located melatonin is actively discharged into the saliva by exocytosis, i.e. contrary to the general belief, the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoprenaline, which causes the degranulation of acinar parotid serous cells, was administered to anaesthetised rats. Sixty minutes after an intravenous bolus injection of isoprenaline (5 mg kg-1 ), the right parotid gland was removed; pre-administration, the left control gland had been removed. Samples were processed to demonstrate melatonin reactivity using the immunogold staining method. Morphometric assessment was made using TEM. Gold particles labelling melatonin appeared to be preferentially associated with secretory granules, occurring in their matrix and at membrane level but, notably, it was also associated with vesicles, mitochondria and nuclei. Twenty-six per cent of the total granular population (per 100 μm2 per cell area) displayed melatonin labelling in the matrix; three-quarters of this fraction disappeared (P < 0.01) in response to isoprenaline, and melatonin reactivity appeared in dilated lumina. Thus, evidence is provided of an alternative route for melatonin to reach the gland lumen and the oral cavity by active release through exocytosis, a process which is under the influence of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous activity and is the final event along the so-called regulated secretory pathway. During its stay in granules, anti-oxidant melatonin may protect their protein/peptide constituents from damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jörgen Ekström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Raffaella Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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