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Rapid identification and absolute quantitation of zero tolerance-Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Thompson using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Koh Y, Bae Y, Lee MJ, Lee YS, Kang DH, Kim SH. Comparative Analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Thompson Isolates associated with Outbreaks Using PFGE and wgMLST. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1605-1614. [PMID: 36398444 PMCID: PMC9843761 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2210.10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The strains associated with foodborne Salmonella enterica Thompson outbreaks in Korea have not been identified. Therefore, we characterized S. Thompson strains isolated from chocolate cakes linked to foodborne outbreaks in Korea. A total of 56 strains were isolated from preserved cake products, products in the supply chain distribution, the manufacturer's apparatus, and egg white liquid products used for cream preparation. Subsequently, serological typing, pathogenic gene-targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome multi-locus sequence typing (wgMLST) were performed to characterize these isolates. The antigen formula of all isolates was 7:k:1,5, namely Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Thompson. All 56 isolates harbored invA, his, hin, and stn, and were negative for sefA and spvC based on gene-targeted PCR analyses. Based on PFGE results, these isolates were classified into one group based on the same SP6X01.011 pattern with 100% similarity. We selected 19 strains based on the region and sample type, which were subjected to wgMLST. Although the examined strains showed 100% similarity, they were classified into seven clusters based on allelic differences. According to our findings, the cause of these outbreaks was chocolate cake manufactured with egg white liquid contaminated with the same Salmonella Thompson. Additionally, comparative analysis of wgMLST on domestic isolates of S. Thompson from the three outbreaks showed genetic similarities of over 99.6%. Based on the results, the PFGE and wgMLST combination can provide highly resolved phylogeny and reliable evidence during Salmonella outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Koh
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea,Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyoung Bae
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Si Lee
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,
D.H. Kang Phone: +82-2-880-2697 E-mail:
| | - Soon Han Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors S.H. Kim Phone: +82-43-719-4303 Fax: +82-43-719-4300 E-mail:
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Lee W, Kim E, Zin H, Sung S, Woo J, Lee MJ, Yang SM, Kim SH, Kim SH, Kim HY. Genomic characteristics and comparative genomics analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Thompson isolated from an outbreak in South Korea. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20553. [PMID: 36446807 PMCID: PMC9708683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections represent an important public health problem. In 2018, a multistate outbreak of S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Thompson infection associated with contaminated chocolate cakes in schools was reported in South Korea. In this study, we sequenced the 37 S. Thompson strains isolated from chocolate cakes, egg whites, preserves, and cookware associated with the outbreak. In addition, we analyze the genomic sequences of 61 S. Thompson strains (37 chocolate cake-related outbreak strains, 4 strains isolated from outbreaks in South Korea and 20 strains available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information) to assess the genomic characteristics of outbreak-related strains by comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that identically classified clusters divided strains into two clusters, sub-clusters A & I (with strains from 2018 in South Korea) and sub-clusters B & II (with strains from 2014 to 2015 in South Korea). S. Thompson isolated from South Korea were accurately distinguished from publicly-available strains. Unlike other S. Thompson genomes, those of chocolate cake outbreak-related strains had three Salmonella phages (SEN8, vB SosS Oslo, and SI7) integrated into their chromosome. Comparative genomics revealed several genes responsible for the specific genomic features of chocolate cake outbreak-related strains and three bacteriophages that may contribute to the pathogenicity of other S. Thompson strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojung Lee
- grid.420293.e0000 0000 8818 9039Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159 Korea ,grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Korea
| | - Eiseul Kim
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Zin
- grid.420293.e0000 0000 8818 9039Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159 Korea
| | - Soohyun Sung
- grid.420293.e0000 0000 8818 9039Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159 Korea
| | - Jungha Woo
- grid.420293.e0000 0000 8818 9039Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159 Korea
| | - Min Jung Lee
- grid.420293.e0000 0000 8818 9039Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159 Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yang
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Kim
- grid.420293.e0000 0000 8818 9039Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159 Korea
| | - Soon Han Kim
- grid.420293.e0000 0000 8818 9039Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159 Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Korea
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Castulo-Arcos DA, Adame-Gómez R, Castro-Alarcón N, Galán-Luciano A, Santiago Dionisio MC, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Perez-Olais JH, Toribio-Jiménez J, Ramirez-Peralta A. Genetic diversity of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus strains in coriander in southwestern Mexico. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13667. [PMID: 35795180 PMCID: PMC9252179 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coriander, like other leafy green vegetables, is available all year round and is commonly consumed raw in Mexico as in other countries in the preparation of street or homemade food. Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a microorganism that can reach coriander because it is usually found in the soil and in some regions the vegetables are irrigated with polluted water. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determinate the presence of B. cereus in coriander used for human consumption in southwestern Mexico and determine the toxigenic profile, biofilm production, genes associated with the production of biofilms, sporulation rates, enzymatic profile, psychotropic properties, and genetic diversity of B. cereus. Methods Fresh coriander samples were collected from several vegetable retailers in different markets, microbiological analysis was performed. Molecular identification, genes related to the production of biofilm, and toxin gene profiling of B. cereus isolates were determined by PCR. The biofilm formation was measured by performing a crystal violet assay. The genetic diversity of B. cereus strains was determined by PCR of repetitive elements using oligonucleotide (GTG) 5. Results We found a frequency of B. cereus in vegetables was 20% (13/65). In this study, no strains with genes for the HBL toxin were found. In the case of genes related to biofilms, the frequency was low for sipW [5.8%, (1/17)] and tasA [11.7%, (2/17)]. B. cereus strains produce a low amount of biofilm with sporulation rates around 80%. As for genetic diversity, we observed that strains isolated from the same market, but different vegetable retailers are grouped into clusters. In the coriander marketed in southwestern Mexico, were found B. cereus strains with genes associated with the production of diarrheal toxins. Together, these results show actual information about the state of art of B. cereus strains circulating in the southwestern of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alexander Castulo-Arcos
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Roberto Adame-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Natividad Castro-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Microbiología/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Aketzalli Galán-Luciano
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - María Cristina Santiago Dionisio
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Análisis Microbiológicos/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Marco A. Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México
| | - Jose-Humberto Perez-Olais
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular/Unidad Cuajimalpa, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jeiry Toribio-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Microbiologia Molecular y Biotecnologia Ambiental/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ramirez-Peralta
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patometabolismo Microbiano/Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
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Jung Y, Guo M, Gao J, Jang H, Matthews KR. The antimicrobial interventions of cilantro ( Coriandrum sativum) in mitigating cross-contamination of foodborne pathogens during the retail soaking process. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The efficacy of commercially available antimicrobials for fresh produce, electrolyzed water (EW; ca. 60 mg/L of free chlorine), a combination of lactic acid and phosphoric acid-based (LPA), and citric acid-based (CA) was compared with tap water (TW) in preventing cross-contamination during the soaking step of crisping at a retail setting. A bunch of cilantro (103.7 ± 14.9 g/bunch) was inoculated with 3-strain cocktail of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica and E. coli O157:H7, S. enterica and Listeria monocytogenes, or E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes (ca. 5.0 log CFU/g). One inoculated and seven non-inoculated cilantro bunches were soaked in 76 L of TW, EW, LPA, and CA for five minutes. Two additional soakings, each with eight bunches of non-inoculated cilantro were performed in the same soaking water. To determine the cross-contamination of inoculated foodborne pathogens via soaking water, the cilantro samples and soaking water following each soaking step were subjected to microbiological analyses using selective media supplemented with nalidixic acid (100 μg/mL). During the first soaking, significantly greater reductions in Salmonella (2.9 ± 0.5 log CFU/g), E. coli O157:H7 (3.0 ± 0.1), and L. monocytogenes (2.7 ± 0.3) on cilantro were achieved with EW compared to soaking with TW, LPA, and CA (P < 0.05). Cross-contamination of foodborne pathogens from inoculated cilantro to non-inoculated cilantro was completely mitigated by EW during three subsequent soaking events. With the exception of TW soaking water, no inoculated foodborne pathogens were detected in the 100 mL soaking water of EW, CA, and LPA collected. Including an appropriate concentration of chemical antimicrobial in water during the soaking step of crisping aids in mitigating cross-contamination of foodborne pathogen(s) in cilantro bunches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjin Jung
- Agricultural & Environmental Research Station, West Virginia State University, Institute, United States
| | - Mengqi Guo
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Hyein Jang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Karl R Matthews
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States
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Au C, Skochko S, Chau AH. Intramesenteric abscess caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella. IDCases 2022; 29:e01523. [PMID: 35693328 PMCID: PMC9184851 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals, but intra-abdominal abscesses or organ space surgical site infection (SSI) secondary to this organism has been rarely reported, making diagnosis and management difficult. Our case of intra-mesenteric abscess caused by NTS species is the only case reported in the literature. Immunocompromising conditions such as diabetes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are important risk factors for invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella. Most patients are treated initially with intravenous antibiotics. Treatment often requires operative drainage by laparoscopy or laparotomy alone, although percutaneous drainage has been performed more frequently in recent years. Early clinical signs and radiographic features of intra-abdominal abscess may be diagnostically challenging. It is important for clinicians to have high index of suspicion based on history and symptomatology as prompt treatment is essential to prevent further morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Au
- University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Skochko
- University of California Irvine, Department of Surgery, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Hung Chau
- University of California Irvine, Department of Surgery, Orange, CA, USA
- VA Long Beach Health Care System, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Corresponding author at: 333 City Blvd West, Suite 1600, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Pérez-Lavalle L, Carrasco E, Vallesquino-Laguna P, Cejudo-Gómez M, Posada-Izquierdo GD, Valero A. Internalization capacity of Salmonella enterica sv Thompson in strawberry plants via root. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Verma T, Chaves BD, Irmak S, Subbiah J. Pasteurization of dried basil leaves using radio frequency heating: A microbial challenge study and quality analysis. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lim J, Kim E, Shin Y, Ryu JH, Kim H. Antimicrobial activity of ClO 2 gas against Salmonella Enteritidis on almonds. Food Microbiol 2021; 99:103819. [PMID: 34119104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuts, including almonds, are occasionally contaminated with Salmonella spp. In this study, we used chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas to inactivate S. enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Enteritidis on almonds. Almonds inoculated with a single strain of S. Enteritidis (8.95 log cfu/mL) were exposed to ClO2 gas generated from 1.0 or 1.5 mL ClO2 solution in a sealed container at 50 or 60 °C (43% relative humidity) for up to 10 h. The concentration of ClO2 gas peaked at 354-510 and 750-786 ppm within 0.5 h upon deposition of 1.0 and 1.5 mL of aqueous ClO2, respectively, and gradually decreased thereafter. Population of S. Enteritidis on almonds treated at 50 °C decreased to 1.70-2.32 log cfu/sample within 1 h of exposure to ClO2 gas and decreased to below the detection limit (1.7 log cfu/sample) at all ClO2 concentrations after 8 h. At 60 °C, the microbial population fell below the detection limit within 1 h, regardless of the volume of ClO2 solution supplied. Microbial survival on almonds treated with ClO2 gas and stored at 12 or 25 °C was observed for up to 8 weeks and the organism was not recovered from the almonds treated for 10 h and stored at 12 °C for 2-8 weeks. The lightness (L value) and redness (a value) of almonds treated for 10 h were not changed by ClO2 gas treatment, but yellowness (b value) increased. Results showed that Salmonella on almonds was successfully inactivated by ClO2 gas treatment and the microbial survival did not occur during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihwan Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Eungyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hoon Ryu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-ku, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hoikyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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Yang X, Wu Q, Huang J, Wu S, Zhang J, Chen L, Wei X, Ye Y, Li Y, Wang J, Lei T, Xue L, Pang R, Zhang Y. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolated from raw vegetables in China. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Xiang Q, Zhu D, Giles M, Neilson R, Yang XR, Qiao M, Chen QL. Agricultural activities affect the pattern of the resistome within the phyllosphere microbiome in peri-urban environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 382:121068. [PMID: 31472469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The plant microbiome represents a crucial pathway for human exposure to environmental antibiotic resistance. However, little information is available regarding the plant associated resistome in human-related environments at a larger scale. Here, by high-throughput quantitative-PCR chip-based array and amplicon sequencing, we characterized antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial communities in plant and soil microbiomes from human highly disturbed peri-urban farmland and less disturbed forest at a watershed scale. A total of 71 ARGs were detected in the phyllosphere, which covered almost all the major recognized classes of antibiotics that are administered commonly to humans and animals. The overall pattern of the plant associated resistome in intensive anthropogenic influenced farmland was significantly different from that of forest environments (PERMANOVA, P < 0.01), indicating that agricultural activities might be important drivers in shaping the plant resistome. A bipartite network analysis suggested that all ARGs detected in the plant microbiome were also present in the soil microbiome. Together, our findings provide a better understanding of the plant resistome and suggest that land use is a key contributor to the composition of ARG profiles in the plant phyllosphere, and that the soil resistome may represent a critical reservoir of plant associated ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Madeline Giles
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Roy Neilson
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Xiao-Ru Yang
- Key Lab. of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Min Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Key Lab. of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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12
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Tripathi VK, Rajput TBS, Patel N, Nain L. Impact of municipal wastewater reuse through micro-irrigation system on the incidence of coliforms in selected vegetable crops. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 251:109532. [PMID: 31542620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of coliforms in soil and agricultural produce was evaluated in two vegetable crops, namely, cauliflower and eggplant, which were grown using wastewater for irrigation. Field experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. In the field experiments to irrigate the crop, municipal wastewater was applied through drip system. The filtration of irrigation water was done through sand media, disk media and their combination. The laterals were placed at surface and subsurface of soil. All filtration processes significantly reduced total coliforms (12-20%) and E. coli (15-25%) populations when evaluated against untreated wastewater. The population dynamics of coliforms in soil profiles indicated that the maximum population of E. coli was estimated on the surface of soil profile when using surface drip, which decreased with soil depth under subsurface placement of drip lateral. After crop harvesting, E. coli in the soil reduced until 20 days after the cessation of irrigation and was highly correlated with soil moisture. E. coli and total coliforms availability were noticed on the surface and in the tissues of leaf and fruit, the coliform count is higher on the surface of plants under surface placement of drip lateral. The concentration of coliforms was lower with eggplant in comparison to cauliflower due to the smooth fruit surface of eggplant. Our study reveals the critical role of subsurface drip irrigation in reducing the load of coliform both in the soil and the crop produce ensuring safety of the consumers against health hazards. In another way protect the environment from wastewater disposal and reduce the burden on synthetic fertilizers as well as shrinking freshwater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Farm Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | | | - Neelam Patel
- Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Lata Nain
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Machado-Moreira B, Richards K, Brennan F, Abram F, Burgess CM. Microbial Contamination of Fresh Produce: What, Where, and How? Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1727-1750. [PMID: 33336968 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Promotion of healthier lifestyles has led to an increase in consumption of fresh produce. Such foodstuffs may expose consumers to increased risk of foodborne disease, as often they are not subjected to processing steps to ensure effective removal or inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms before consumption. Consequently, reports of ready-to-eat fruit and vegetable related disease outbreak occurrences have increased substantially in recent years, and information regarding these events is often not readily available. Identifying the nature and source of microbial contamination of these foodstuffs is critical for developing appropriate mitigation measures to be implemented by food producers. This review aimed to identify the foodstuffs most susceptible to microbial contamination and the microorganisms responsible for disease outbreaks from information available in peer-reviewed scientific publications. A total of 571 outbreaks were identified from 1980 to 2016, accounting for 72,855 infections and 173 deaths. Contaminated leafy green vegetables were responsible for 51.7% of reported outbreaks. Contaminated soft fruits caused 27.8% of infections. Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella, norovirus, and hepatitis A accounted for the majority of cases. Large outbreaks resulted in particular biases such as the observation that contaminated sprouted plants caused 31.8% of deaths. Where known, contamination mainly occurred via contaminated seeds, water, and contaminated food handlers. There is a critical need for standardized datasets regarding all aspects of disease outbreaks, including how foodstuffs are contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. Providing food business operators with this knowledge will allow them to implement better strategies to improve safety and quality of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Machado-Moreira
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,Functional Environmental Microbiology, National Univ. of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Karl Richards
- Teagasc Johnstown Castle Environmental Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Fiona Brennan
- Teagasc Johnstown Castle Environmental Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Florence Abram
- Functional Environmental Microbiology, National Univ. of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Kirkland C, Black E, Forghani F, Pomraning A, Sadowsky MJ, Diez-Gonzalez F. Room Temperature Growth of Salmonella enterica Serovar Saintpaul in Fresh Mexican Salsa. J Food Prot 2019; 82:102-108. [PMID: 30702939 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salsa-associated outbreaks, including the large multistate outbreak in the United States in 2008 caused by jalapeño and serrano peppers contaminated with Salmonella Saintpaul, have raised concerns about salsa as a potential vehicle for transmission. Despite these events, there has been relatively limited research on the potential growth of pathogenic bacteria in salsa. The aim of this study was to characterize the survival and growth of Salmonella, including the outbreak strain of Salmonella Saintpaul (E2003001236), in freshly made salsa and its main ingredients. Chopped tomatoes, jalapeño peppers, cilantro, and onions were tested individually or mixed according to different salsa recipes. Samples were inoculated with five Salmonella serotypes at 3 log CFU/g: Saintpaul (various strains), Typhimurium, Montevideo, Newport, or Enteritidis. Samples were then stored at room temperature (23°C) for up to 12 h or 3 days. The Salmonella Saintpaul levels reached approximately 9 log CFU/g after 2 days in tomato, jalapeño pepper, and cilantro. Growth was slower in onions, reaching 6 log CFU/g by day 3. Salsa recipes, with or without lime juice, supported the growth of Salmonella Saintpaul, and final levels were approximately 7 log CFU/g after 3 days at 23°C. In contrast, the counts of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Montevideo, Salmonella Newport, and Salmonella Enteritidis increased only 2 log CFU/g after 3 days in any of the salsas. Other Salmonella Saintpaul strains were able to grow in salsas containing 10% lime juice, but their final levels were less than 5 log CFU/g. These findings indicate the enhanced ability of the Salmonella Saintpaul outbreak strain to grow in salsa compared with other Salmonella strains. Recipe modifications including but not limited to adding lime juice (at least 10%) and keeping fresh salsa at room temperature for less than 12 h before consumption are strategies that can help mitigate the growth of Salmonella in salsa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fereidoun Forghani
- 2 Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA
| | | | - Michael J Sadowsky
- 1 Biotechnology Institute.,4 Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Francisco Diez-Gonzalez
- 2 Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA
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15
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Bardsley CA, Boyer RR, Rideout SL, Strawn LK. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of basil, cilantro, dill, and parsley plants. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Trmcic A, Chen H, Trząskowska M, Tamber S, Wang S. Biofilm-Forming Capacity of Five Salmonella Strains and Their Fate on Postharvest Mini Cucumbers. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1871-1879. [PMID: 30325222 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the pathogens that is frequently identified as the cause of fresh produce-related outbreaks. Biofilm formation is a factor that can contribute to pathogen survival on produce surface. The goal of our current research was to investigate the survival of five S. enterica strains representing different serotypes (i.e., Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Daytona, Poona, and Newport) on whole mini cucumbers stored at refrigeration (4°C) and room temperature (22°C). We also determined the strains survival on glass slides and in phosphate-buffered saline at 4 and 22°C, as well as the ability to form biofilms on a solid-liquid interphase. A rapid decrease in cell density (>4-log reduction over 8 days) of all five tested strains was observed on glass slides, while a slower die-off (<1-log reduction in 8 days) was observed in PBS. No significant difference in the die-off rate was observed among the five strains at 4 or 22°C. The die-off rate on the surface of mini cucumbers at 4°C was significantly slower ( P < 0.02) for Salmonella Enteritidis LMFS-S-JF-005 compared with the remaining four strains. At 22°C, Salmonella Poona S306 was able to grow by more than 1.5 log units on whole mini cucumbers over a period of 8 days, while the cell density of the other four strains remained at the same level compared with day 0. At this temperature, Salmonella Poona S306 was also able to form significantly stronger biofilms on a solid-liquid interphase ( P < 0.01) and was the only strain that presented a red, dry, and rough morphotype on Congo red agar plates, indicating the formation of both curli fimbriae and cellulose. These results revealed that the fate of Salmonella on mini cucumbers is strain specific, which highlighted the need for tailored mitigation strategies, such as the effective control of temperature and moisture for limiting the survival or growth of high-risk Salmonella strains between harvest and consumption of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljosa Trmcic
- 1 Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-2483 [S.W.])
| | - Huihui Chen
- 1 Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-2483 [S.W.])
| | - Monika Trząskowska
- 2 Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandeep Tamber
- 3 Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, PL 2204E Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Siyun Wang
- 1 Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-2483 [S.W.])
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17
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Jarvis KG, Daquigan N, White JR, Morin PM, Howard LM, Manetas JE, Ottesen A, Ramachandran P, Grim CJ. Microbiomes Associated With Foods From Plant and Animal Sources. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2540. [PMID: 30405589 PMCID: PMC6206262 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Food microbiome composition impacts food safety and quality. The resident microbiota of many food products is influenced throughout the farm to fork continuum by farming practices, environmental factors, and food manufacturing and processing procedures. Currently, most food microbiology studies rely on culture-dependent methods to identify bacteria. However, advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have enabled the use of targeted 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile complex microbial communities including non-culturable members. In this study we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess the microbiome profiles of plant and animal derived foods collected at two points in the manufacturing process; post-harvest/pre-retail (cilantro) and retail (cilantro, masala spice mixes, cucumbers, mung bean sprouts, and smoked salmon). Our findings revealed microbiome profiles, unique to each food, that were influenced by the moisture content (dry spices, fresh produce), packaging methods, such as modified atmospheric packaging (mung bean sprouts and smoked salmon), and manufacturing stage (cilantro prior to retail and at retail). The masala spice mixes and cucumbers were comprised mainly of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Cilantro microbiome profiles consisted mainly of Proteobacteria, followed by Bacteroidetes, and low levels of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. The two brands of mung bean sprouts and the three smoked salmon samples differed from one another in their microbiome composition, each predominated by either by Firmicutes or Proteobacteria. These data demonstrate diverse and highly variable resident microbial communities across food products, which is informative in the context of food safety, and spoilage where indigenous bacteria could hamper pathogen detection, and limit shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G. Jarvis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Ninalynn Daquigan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | | | - Paul M. Morin
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Northeast Food and Feed Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jamaica, NY, United States
| | - Laura M. Howard
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Northeast Food and Feed Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jamaica, NY, United States
| | - Julia E. Manetas
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Northeast Food and Feed Laboratory, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jamaica, NY, United States
| | - Andrea Ottesen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Christopher J. Grim
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
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18
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Survival of foodborne pathogens on commercially packed table grapes under simulated refrigerated transit conditions. Food Microbiol 2018; 72:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Patel J, Keelara S, Green J. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on Fresh Herbs by Plant Essential Oils. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:332-338. [PMID: 29638167 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer awareness of fresh herbs and its demand has increased in recent years due to health benefits and distinct aroma in prepared food. There are specific markets for local growers, especially for organically grown herbs. Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. have been detected and associated with foodborne outbreaks from fresh herbs. Limited treatment options are available in the processing of fresh herbs to prevent the spread of foodborne pathogens. In this study, plant-based essential oils were evaluated on fresh herbs for their antimicrobial activities against Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. Fresh herbs (basil, cilantro, dill, parsley, and tarragon) were inoculated with cocktails of either Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 and then dip treated with chlorine (50 ppm), cinnamaldehyde (0.3 and 0.5%), and carvacrol (0.1 and 0.3%). Control herb samples were dipped in sterile water. Samples were collected on days 0, 2, 7, and 14 for enumeration of pathogens during 4°C storage. The bactericidal efficacy differed with herbs and antimicrobial concentrations. Treatments with 0.3% carvacrol or 0.5% cinnamaldehyde reduced E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella by 5 log CFU/g (p > 0.05%) on cilantro and dill leaves from their initial inoculum level. Bactericidal efficacy of 0.1% carvacrol and 0.3% cinnamaldehyde was significant against Salmonella compared with chlorine on all herb leaves. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella populations were reduced further during storage of treated herbs. There was no visual difference in herbs treated with 0.3% cinnamaldehyde or 0.1% carvacrol from control samples. Results indicate that 0.3% cinnamaldehyde and 0.1% carvacrol are effective against E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, retain color attributes of fresh herbs, and, therefore, may be an alternative wash treatment for fresh herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Patel
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Shivramu Keelara
- 2 Department of Population Health and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer Green
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Beltsville, Maryland
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20
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Gómez-Aldapa CA, Rangel-Vargas E, Torres-Vitela MR, Villarruel-López A, Acevedo-Sandoval OA, Gordillo-Martínez AJ, Godínez-Oviedo A, Castro-Rosas J. Antibacterial Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extracts and Chemical Sanitizers Directly on Green Leaves Contaminated with Foodborne Pathogens. J Food Prot 2018; 81:209-217. [PMID: 29320233 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leafy greens have been associated with foodborne disease outbreaks in different countries. To decrease microbial contamination of leafy greens, chemical agents are commonly used; however, a number of studies have shown these agents to have limited antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria on vegetables. The objective of this study was to compare the antibacterial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts (water, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), sodium hypochlorite, acetic acid, and colloidal silver against foodborne bacteria on leafy greens. Thirteen foodborne bacteria were used in the study: Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium Typhi, and Montevideo, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, five E. coli pathotypes (Shiga toxin-producing, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enteroaggregative), and Vibrio cholerae O1. Each foodborne bacterium was separately inoculated on romaine lettuce, spinach, and coriander leaves. Separately, contaminated leafy greens were immersed in four hibiscus extracts and in sanitizers for 5 min. Next, green leaves were washed with sterile tap water. Separately, each green leaf was placed in a bag that contained 0.1% sterile peptone water and was rubbed for 2 min. Counts were done by plate count using appropriate dilutions (in sterile peptone water) of the bacterial suspensions spread on Trypticase soy agar plates and incubated at 35 ± 2°C for 48 h. Statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05) were calculated with an analysis of variance and Duncan's test. All 13 foodborne bacteria attached to leafy greens. Roselle calyx extracts caused a significantly greater reduction ( P < 0.05) in concentration of all foodborne bacteria on contaminated romaine lettuce, spinach, and coriander than did the sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid. Dry roselle calyx extracts may potentially be a useful addition to disinfection procedures for romaine lettuce, spinach, and coriander.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Gómez-Aldapa
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo kilometro 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo kilometro 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Ma Refugio Torres-Vitela
- 2 Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán no. 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; and
| | - Angélica Villarruel-López
- 2 Laboratorio de Microbiología Sanitaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Marcelino García Barragán no. 1421, 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México; and
| | - Otilio A Acevedo-Sandoval
- 3 Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario, UAEH, Avenida Universidad kilometro 1, Ex Hacienda Aquetzalpa, Apartado Postal no. 32, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México
| | - Alberto J Gordillo-Martínez
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo kilometro 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
| | - Angélica Godínez-Oviedo
- 3 Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Rancho Universitario, UAEH, Avenida Universidad kilometro 1, Ex Hacienda Aquetzalpa, Apartado Postal no. 32, Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- 1 Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo kilometro 4.5, 42183 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
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21
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Shah DH, Paul NC, Sischo WC, Crespo R, Guard J. Population dynamics and antimicrobial resistance of the most prevalent poultry-associated Salmonella serotypes. Poult Sci 2017; 96:687-702. [PMID: 27665007 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is the most predominant bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans. Due to the risk of human infection associated with poultry products and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, Salmonella also poses a significant challenge to commercial poultry production. During the last decade (2002 to 2012), the 12 most prevalent poultry-associated Salmonella serotypes (MPPSTs) were frequently and consistently isolated from poultry products in the United States. These MPPSTs and their percent prevalence in poultry products include Kentucky (4%), Enteritidis (2%) Heidelberg (2%), Typhimurium (2%), S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (0.31%), Montevideo (0.20%), Infantis (0.16%) Schwarzengrund (0.15%), Hadar (0.15%), Mbandaka (0.13%), Thompson (0.12%), and Senftenberg (0.04%). All MPPSTs except Kentucky are among the top 30 clinically significant serotypes that cause human illnesses in the United States. However with the exception of a few widely studied serotypes such as S. Enteritidis and Typhimurium, the ecology and epidemiology of the majority of MPPSTs still remain poorly investigated. Published data from the United States suggests that MPPSTs such as Heidelberg, Typhimurium, Kentucky, and Sentfenberg are more likely to be multi-drug resistant (MDR, ≥3 antimicobial classes) whereas Enteritidis, Montevideo, Schwarzengrund, Hadar, Infantis, Thompson, and Mbandaka are generally pan-susceptible or display resistance to fewer antimicobials. In contrast, the majority of MPPSTs isolated globally have been reported to display MDR phenotype. There also appears to be an international spread of a few MDR serotypes including Kentucky, Schwarzengrund, Hadar, Thomson, Sentfenberg, and Enteritidis, which may pose significant challenges to the public health. The current knowledge gaps on the ecology, epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance of MPPSTs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Willium C Sischo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology
| | - Jean Guard
- Egg Quality and Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, GA 30605, USA
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22
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Salmonella Thompson outbreak associated with consumption of chicken shawarma and the usefulness of genome sequencing in the investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 43:186-192. [PMID: 29770089 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v43i09a05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background A sudden increase in Salmonella Thompson (S. Thompson) cases distributed throughout three border regions in the province of Quebec in November 2016 triggered a provincial investigation to identify a common source of contamination and to put the appropriate control measures into place. Objective To report on the outbreak and to describe the use of genomic sequencing to identify the salmonella serotype responsible. Methods A descriptive survey of all reported cases of Salmonella serogroup C1 that had occurred between October 1, 2016 and February 15, 2017 was conducted. A case definition was developed. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis supplemented by analyses of genome sequences using the single nucleotide variant phylogenomics method were used to demarcate and manage the outbreak. Results Eighteen cases of S. Thompson were identified through whole genome sequencing. The onset dates of symptoms for the 16 cases that presented enteric symptoms were November 21-December 2, 2016. Two cases that presented with atypical symptoms were not reported until February 2017. Among the 18 cases, 16 had eaten or probably eaten chicken shawarma at the same restaurant chain and nine of these cases ate it at the same restaurant. In total, five restaurants from this chain, spread throughout three border regions of Quebec, were identified. Conclusion Outbreaks associated with chicken shawarma have been identified in the past. Efforts must be made to ensure that the owners of this type of restaurant know the contamination risk associated with this type of cooking and take the necessary steps to reduce this risk. The use of the genome sequencing method was very useful in defining the outbreak.
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23
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Bonares MJ, Ying T, Patel Y. Salmonella Thompson splenic abscess in a healthy female. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2016-218595. [PMID: 28835413 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-218595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 26-year-old woman presented with a 5-day history of fever and 3-day history of left upper quadrant abdominal pain and cough associated with left shoulder tip pain. Initial blood cultures did not display growth. On CT imaging, there was a cyst measuring 7.2×8 cm originally interpreted to be haemorrhagic in nature. Repeat cultures during admission revealed Salmonella Thompson. Percutaneous drainage and antibiotic treatment, rather than splenectomy, was successfully pursued with the patient afebrile and in no pain at 6 weeks follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bonares
- General Internal Medicine, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Ying
- University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yashesh Patel
- General Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Bernstein N, Sela (Saldinger) S, Dudai N, Gorbatsevich E. Salinity Stress Does Not Affect Root Uptake, Dissemination and Persistence of Salmonella in Sweet-basil ( Ocimum basilicum). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:675. [PMID: 28512466 PMCID: PMC5411819 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Crop produce can be contaminated in the field during cultivation by bacterial human pathogens originating from contaminated soil or irrigation water. The bacterial pathogens interact with the plant, can penetrate the plant via the root system and translocate and survive in above-ground tissues. The present study is first to investigate effects of an abiotic stress, salinity, on the interaction of plants with a bacterial human pathogen. The main sources of human bacterial contamination of plants are manures and marginal irrigation waters such as treated or un-treated wastewater. These are often saline and induce morphological, chemical and physiological changes in plants that might affect the interaction between the pathogens and the plant and thereby the potential for plant contamination. This research studied effects of salinity on the internalization of the bacterial human pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Newport via the root system of sweet-basil plants, dissemination of the bacteria in the plant, and kinetics of survival in planta. Irrigation with 30 mM NaCl-salinity induced typical salt-stress effects on the plant: growth was reduced, Na and Cl concentrations increased, K and Ca concentrations reduced, osmotic potential and anti-oxidative activity were increased by 30%, stomatal conductance was reduced, and concentrations of essential-oils in the plants increased by 26%. Despite these physical, chemical and morphological changes in the plants, root internalization of the bacteria and its translocation to the shoot were not affected, and neither was the die-off rate of Salmonella in planta. The results demonstrate that the salinity-induced changes in the sweet-basil plants did not affect the interaction between Salmonella and the plant and thereby the potential for crop contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Shlomo Sela (Saldinger)
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Nativ Dudai
- Unit of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agriculture Research OrganizationRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Elena Gorbatsevich
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterRishon LeZiyyon, Israel
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25
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Daquigan N, Grim CJ, White JR, Hanes DE, Jarvis KG. Early Recovery of Salmonella from Food Using a 6-Hour Non-selective Pre-enrichment and Reformulation of Tetrathionate Broth. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2103. [PMID: 28082968 PMCID: PMC5187357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture based methods are commonly employed to detect pathogens in food and environmental samples. These methods are time consuming and complex, requiring multiple non-selective and selective enrichment broths, and usually take at least 1 week to recover and identify pathogens. Improving pathogen detection in foods is a primary goal for regulatory agencies and industry. Salmonella detection in food relies on a series of culture steps in broth formulations optimized to resuscitate Salmonella and reduce the abundance of competitive bacteria. Examples of non-selective pre-enrichment broths used to isolate Salmonella from food include Lactose, Universal Pre-enrichment, BPW, and Trypticase Soy broths. Tetrathionate (TT) and Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) broths are employed after a 24-h non-selective enrichment to select for Salmonella and hamper the growth of competitive bacteria. In this study, we tested a new formulation of TT broth that lacks brilliant green dye and has lower levels of TT . We employed this TT broth formulation in conjunction with a 6-h non-selective pre-enrichment period and determined that Salmonella recovery was possible one day earlier than standard food culture methods. We tested the shortened culture method in different non-selective enrichment broths, enumerated Salmonella in the non-selective enrichments, and used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the proportional abundances of Salmonella in the TT and RV selective enrichments. Together these data revealed that a 6-h non-selective pre-enrichment reduces the levels of competitive bacteria inoculated into the selective TT and RV broths, enabling the recovery of Salmonella 1 day earlier than standard culture enrichment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninalynn Daquigan
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationLaurel, MD, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and TechnologyOak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Christopher J. Grim
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationLaurel, MD, USA
| | | | - Darcy E. Hanes
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationLaurel, MD, USA
| | - Karen G. Jarvis
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationLaurel, MD, USA
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26
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Rajan K, Shi Z, Ricke SC. Current aspects ofSalmonellacontamination in the US poultry production chain and the potential application of risk strategies in understanding emerging hazards. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:370-392. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1223600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalavathy Rajan
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Zhaohao Shi
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Abstract
In environmental microbial forensics, as in other pursuits, statistical calculations are sometimes inappropriately applied, giving rise to the appearance of support for a particular conclusion or failing to support an innately obvious conclusion. This is a reflection of issues related to dealing with sample sizes, the methodologies involved, and the difficulty of communicating uncertainties. In this brief review, we attempt to illustrate ways to minimize such problems. In doing so, we consider one of the most common applications of environmental microbial forensics-the use of genotyping in food and water and disease investigations. We explore three important questions. (i) Do hypothesis tests' P values serve as adequate metrics of evidence? (ii) How can we quantify the value of the evidence? (iii) Can we turn a value-of-evidence metric into attribution probabilities? Our general conclusions are as follows. (i) P values have the unfortunate property of regularly detecting trivial effects when sample sizes are large. (ii) Likelihood ratios, rather than any kind of probability, are the better strength-of-evidence metric, addressing the question "what do these data say?" (iii) Attribution probabilities, addressing the question "what should I believe?," can be calculated using Bayesian methods, relying in part on likelihood ratios but also invoking prior beliefs which therefore can be quite subjective. In legal settings a Bayesian analysis may be required, but the choice and sensitivity of prior assumptions should be made clear.
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Gómez-Aldapa CA, Segovia-Cruz JA, Cerna-Cortes JF, Rangel-Vargas E, Salas-Rangel LP, Gutiérrez-Alcántara EJ, Castro-Rosas J. Prevalence and behavior of multidrug-resistant shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli on coriander. Food Microbiol 2016; 59:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rangel-Vargas E, Gutiérrez-Alcántara EJ, Gómez-Aldapa CA, Falfán-Cortés RN, Segovia-Cruz JA, Salas-Rangel LP, Castro-Rosas J. Antibacterial activity of roselle calyx extracts, sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver and acetic acid against multidrug-resistant salmonella
serotypes isolated from coriander. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Rangel-Vargas
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo México
| | - Eduardo J. Gutiérrez-Alcántara
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo México
| | - Carlos A. Gómez-Aldapa
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo México
| | - Reyna N. Falfán-Cortés
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo México
- Catedrática CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología; Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Del. Benito Juárez C.P. 03940 México, D.F México
| | - Jesús A. Segovia-Cruz
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo México
| | - Laura P. Salas-Rangel
- Departamento de Microbiología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-IPN; Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas México D.F 11340 México
| | - Javier Castro-Rosas
- Área Académica de Química, Instituto de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo; Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, C.P. 42183 Mineral de la Reforma Hidalgo México
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de Bruin W, Otto D, Korsten L. Microbiological Status and Food Safety Compliance of Commercial Basil Production Systems. J Food Prot 2016; 79:43-50. [PMID: 26735028 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Basil has been implicated in a number of microbe-associated foodborne illnesses across the world, and the source of contamination has often been traced back to the production and/or processing stages of the supply chain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of fresh basil from the point of production to the retail outlet in the Gauteng and Northwest Provinces of South Africa. A total of 463 samples were collected over a 3-month period from two large-scale commercial herb producing and processing companies and three retail outlets. The microbiological quality of the samples was assessed based on the presence or absence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium and the levels of the indicator bacteria E. coli and total coliforms. Salmonella Typhimurium was detected on four basil samples (0.9%) arriving at the processing facility and at dispatch, but no E. coli O157:H7 was detected throughout the study. Total coliform counts were 0.4 to 4.1 CFU/g for basil, 1.9 to 3.4 log CFU/ml for water, and 0.2 to 1.7 log CFU/cm(2) for contact surfaces, whereas E. coli was detected in the water samples and only once on basil. The Colilert-18 and membrane filter methods were used to analyze water samples, and a comparison of results revealed that the Colilert-18 method was more sensitive. Strong evidence suggests that high numbers of coliforms do not necessarily indicate the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium. The study results highlight the importance of effective implementation of food safety management systems in the fresh produce industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willeke de Bruin
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Denise Otto
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Well-being, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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Salmonella enterica Infections in the United States and Assessment of Coefficients of Variation: A Novel Approach to Identify Epidemiologic Characteristics of Individual Serotypes, 1996-2011. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145416. [PMID: 26701276 PMCID: PMC4689500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite control efforts, salmonellosis continues to cause an estimated 1.2 million infections in the United States (US) annually. We describe the incidence of salmonellosis in the US and introduce a novel approach to examine the epidemiologic similarities and differences of individual serotypes. Methods Cases of salmonellosis in humans reported to the laboratory-based National Salmonella Surveillance System during 1996–2011 from US states were included. Coefficients of variation were used to describe distribution of incidence rates of common Salmonella serotypes by geographic region, age group and sex of patient, and month of sample isolation. Results During 1996–2011, more than 600,000 Salmonella isolates from humans were reported, with an average annual incidence of 13.1 cases/100,000 persons. The annual reported rate of Salmonella infections did not decrease during the study period. The top five most commonly reported serotypes, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Newport, Heidelberg, and Javiana, accounted for 62% of fully serotyped isolates. Coefficients of variation showed the most geographically concentrated serotypes were often clustered in Gulf Coast states and were also more frequently found to be increasing in incidence. Serotypes clustered in particular months, age groups, and sex were also identified and described. Conclusions Although overall incidence rates of Salmonella did not change over time, trends and epidemiological factors differed remarkably by serotype. A better understanding of Salmonella, facilitated by this comprehensive description of overall trends and unique characteristics of individual serotypes, will assist in responding to this disease and in planning and implementing prevention activities.
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Complete Genome Sequences of Two Outbreak Strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Thompson Associated with Cilantro. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/6/e01365-15. [PMID: 26586897 PMCID: PMC4653799 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01365-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Thompson strains RM1984 (CADPH-99A2334) and RM1986 (CADPH-99A2345) are associated with a 1999 outbreak in contaminated cilantro. We report here the complete genome sequences and annotation of these two S. Thompson strains. These genomes are distinct and provide additional data for our understanding of S. enterica.
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Levy DJ, Beck NK, Kossik AL, Patti T, Meschke JS, Calicchia M, Hellberg RS. Microbial safety and quality of fresh herbs from Los Angeles, Orange County and Seattle farmers' markets. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:2641-2645. [PMID: 25382560 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farmers' markets have been growing in popularity in the United States, but the microbial quality and safety of the food sold at these markets is currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the microbial safety and quality of fresh basil, parsley and cilantro sold at farmers' markets in the Los Angeles, Orange County and greater Seattle areas. RESULTS A total of 133 samples (52 basil, 41 cilantro and 40 parsley) were collected from 13 different farmers' markets and tested for Salmonella and generic Escherichia coli. One sample (parsley) was confirmed positive for Salmonella and 24.1% of samples were positive for generic E. coli, with a range of 0.70-3.15 log CFU g(-1) . Among the herbs tested, basil showed the highest percentage of samples with generic E. coli (26.9%), followed by cilantro (24.4%) and then parsley (20.0%). For 12% of samples, the levels of generic E. coli exceeded guidelines established by the Public Health Laboratory Service for microbiological quality of ready-to-eat foods. CONCLUSION Overall, this study indicates the presence of Salmonella and generic E. coli in fresh herbs sold at farmers' markets; however, additional studies are needed to determine the sources and extent of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna J Levy
- Food Science and Nutrition, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Nicola K Beck
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Taylor Patti
- Food Science and Nutrition, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - J Scott Meschke
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melissa Calicchia
- Food Safety Solutions and Food Microbiological Laboratories, 10653 Progress Way, Cypress, CA 90630, USA
| | - Rosalee S Hellberg
- Food Science and Nutrition, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
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Microbiological analysis of pre-packed sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) leaves for the presence of Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 208:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Jarvis KG, White JR, Grim CJ, Ewing L, Ottesen AR, Beaubrun JJG, Pettengill JB, Brown E, Hanes DE. Cilantro microbiome before and after nonselective pre-enrichment for Salmonella using 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:160. [PMID: 26264042 PMCID: PMC4534111 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica is a common cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in the United States and is associated with outbreaks in fresh produce such as cilantro. Salmonella culture-based detection methods are complex and time consuming, and improvments to increase detection sensitivity will benefit consumers. In this study, we used 16S rRNA sequencing to determine the microbiome of cilantro. We also investigated changes to the microbial community prior to and after a 24-hour nonselective pre-enrichment culture step commonly used by laboratory analysts to resuscitate microorganisms in foods suspected of contamination with pathogens. Cilantro samples were processed for Salmonella detection according to the method in the United States Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Genomic DNA was extracted from culture supernatants prior to and after a 24-hour nonselective pre-enrichment step and 454 pyrosequencing was performed on 16S rRNA amplicon libraries. A database of Enterobacteriaceae 16S rRNA sequences was created, and used to screen the libraries for Salmonella, as some samples were known to be culture positive. Additionally, culture positive cilantro samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella using shotgun metagenomics on the Illumina MiSeq. RESULTS Time zero uncultured samples had an abundance of Proteobacteria while the 24-hour enriched samples were composed mostly of Gram-positive Firmicutes. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of Salmonella culture positive cilantro samples revealed variable degrees of Salmonella contamination among the sequenced samples. CONCLUSIONS Our cilantro study demonstrates the use of high-throughput sequencing to reveal the microbiome of cilantro, and how the microbiome changes during the culture-based protocols employed by food safety laboratories to detect foodborne pathogens. Finding that culturing the cilantro shifts the microbiome to a predominance of Firmicutes suggests that changing our culture-based methods will improve detection sensitivity for foodborne enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G Jarvis
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, OARSA, Laurel, MD, USA.
| | - James R White
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Technology, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Christopher J Grim
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, OARSA, Laurel, MD, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Technology, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Laura Ewing
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, OARSA, Laurel, MD, USA.
| | - Andrea R Ottesen
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, ORS, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Junia Jean-Gilles Beaubrun
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, OARSA, Laurel, MD, USA.
| | - James B Pettengill
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, ORS, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Eric Brown
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, ORS, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Darcy E Hanes
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, OARSA, Laurel, MD, USA.
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Effect of sulfur dioxide fumigation on survival of foodborne pathogens on table grapes under standard storage temperature. Food Microbiol 2015; 49:189-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Willis C, Sadler-Reeves L, Elviss N, Aird H, Fox A, Kaye M, de Pinna E, Lane C, McLauchlin J. An assessment of the microbiological safety of fresh whole-leaf herbs from retail premises in the United Kingdom with a focus on Salmonella spp. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:827-33. [PMID: 26010515 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Fresh herbs have been associated with a number of outbreaks in recent years, in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. A study of fresh herbs was carried out to assess their microbiological safety in relation to Salmonella contamination and levels of Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS Between January and March 2014, 774 samples of ready-to-eat, fresh, whole-leaf herbs were collected from retail premises in the United Kingdom. Overall, Salmonella was detected in nine samples (1·2%). Of these, five were curry leaves. Other herbs contaminated with Salmonella were basil (two samples), walleria (1) and coriander (1). Escherichia coli was detected in 13% of samples, with 11% containing unsatisfactory levels (≥10(2) g(-1)). CONCLUSIONS Whilst 88% of samples in this study were of an acceptable microbiological quality, the presence of Salmonella and/or elevated E. coli levels in 12% is a cause for concern. Curry leaves, in particular, had significantly higher rates of contamination with both Salmonella and E. coli than other herbs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study highlights the potential public health risk associated with the consumption of certain ready-to-eat fresh herbs, and the need for good hygiene practices and effective decontamination procedures during the growth, harvesting and subsequent handling of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Willis
- Public Health England, Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - L Sadler-Reeves
- Public Health England, Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory Porton, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - N Elviss
- Public Health England, Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory London, Colindale, London, UK
| | - H Aird
- Public Health England, Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory York, FERA, York, UK
| | - A Fox
- Public Health England, Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory Preston, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK
| | - M Kaye
- Public Health England, Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory Birmingham, Good Hope Hospital, Sutton Coldfield, UK
| | - E de Pinna
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - C Lane
- Gastrointestinal, Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Department, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK
| | - J McLauchlin
- Public Health England, Food Water and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory London, Colindale, London, UK.,University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool, UK
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Distribution and Characterization of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Irrigation Ponds in the Southeastern United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4376-87. [PMID: 25911476 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04086-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrigation water has been implicated as a likely source of produce contamination by Salmonella enterica. Therefore, the distribution of S. enterica was surveyed monthly in irrigation ponds (n = 10) located within a prime agricultural region in southern Georgia and northern Florida. All ponds and 28.2% of all samples (n = 635) were positive for Salmonella, with an overall geometric mean concentration (0.26 most probable number [MPN]/liter) that was relatively low compared to prior reports for rivers in this region. Salmonella peaks were seasonal; the levels correlated with increased temperature and rainfall (P < 0.05). The numbers and occurrence were significantly higher in water (0.32 MPN/liter and 37% of samples) than in sediment (0.22 MPN/liter and 17% of samples) but did not vary with depth. Representative isolates (n = 185) from different ponds, sample types, and seasons were examined for resistance to 15 different antibiotics; most strains were resistant to streptomycin (98.9%), while 20% were multidrug resistant (MDR) for 2 to 6 antibiotics. DiversiLab repetitive extragenic palindromic-element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) revealed genetic diversity and showed 43 genotypes among 191 isolates, as defined by >95% similarity. The genotypes did not partition by pond, season, or sample type. Genetic similarity to known serotypes indicated Hadar, Montevideo, and Newport as the most prevalent. All ponds achieved the current safety standards for generic Escherichia coli in agricultural water, and regression modeling showed that the E. coli level was a significant predictor for the probability of Salmonella occurrence. However, persistent populations of Salmonella were widely distributed in irrigation ponds, and the associated risks for produce contamination and subsequent human exposure are unknown, supporting continued surveillance of this pathogen in agricultural settings.
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Zhang J, Yang X, Kuang D, Shi X, Xiao W, Zhang J, Gu Z, Xu X, Meng J. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars in retail aquaculture products. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 210:47-52. [PMID: 26093990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aquaculture products can become sources of Salmonella by exposure to contaminated water or through processing practices, thus representing a public health hazard. A study was conducted on Salmonella contamination in aquaculture products sampled from marketplaces and retailers in Shanghai, China. A total of 730 samples (including fish, shellfish, bullfrog, clam, shrimp and others) were obtained from 2006 to 2011. Among them, 217 (29.7%) were positive for Salmonella. Thirty-eight serovars were identified in the 217 Salmonella isolates. The most prevalent were Salmonella Aberdeen (18.4%), S. Wandsworth (12.0%), S. Thompson (9.2%), S. Singapore (5.5%), S. Stanley (4.6%), S. Schwarzengrund (4.6%), S. Hvittingfoss (4.1%) and S. Typhimurium (4.1%). Many resistant isolates were detected, with 69.6% resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug. We observed high resistance to sulfonamides (56.5%), tetracycline (34.1%), streptomycin (28.6%), ampicillin (23.5%) and nalidixic acid (21.2%). Lower levels of resistance were found for gentamicin (3.2%), ciprofloxacin (2.3%), ceftiofur (1.3%), cefotaxime (0.9%), ceftazidime (0.5%) and cefepime (0.5%). A total of 43.3% of the Salmonella isolates were multidrug-resistant and 44 different resistance patterns were found. This study provided data on the prevalence, serovars and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from retail aquaculture products in Shanghai, and indicated the need for monitoring programs for microbiologic safety in such projects and for more prudent drug use in aquaculture production in order to reduce the risk of development and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dai Kuang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjia Xiao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Emerging Infections Program China Office, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Eckner KF, Høgåsen HR, Begum M, Økland M, Cudjoe KS, Johannessen GS. Survival of Salmonella on basil plants and in pesto. J Food Prot 2015; 78:402-6. [PMID: 25710158 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leafy greens, including fresh herbs, have repeatedly been involved in outbreaks of foodborne disease. Although much effort has been put into studying leafy greens and products such as head lettuce and baby leaves, less is known about fresh leafy herbs, such as basil. The goal of this study was to investigate the survival of Salmonella on basil plants and in pesto. A mix of three Salmonella strains (Reading, Newport, and Typhimurium) was inoculated onto basil leaves and pesto and survived during the experimental period. Whereas the mix of Salmonella survived in pesto stored at 4°C for 4 days, Salmonella was recovered from inoculated leaves for up to 18 days at 20 to 22°C. Although the steady decline of Salmonella on leaves and in pesto suggests a lack of growth, it appears that pesto is a hostile environment for Salmonella because the rate of decline in pesto was faster (0.29 log CFU/g/day) than on leaves (0.11 log CFU/g/day). These findings suggest that the dilution of contaminated ingredients and the bactericidal effect of the pesto environment helped to further reduce the level of enteric organisms during storage, which may have applications for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helga R Høgåsen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mumtaz Begum
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Økland
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kofitsyo S Cudjoe
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro S Johannessen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
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Delbeke S, Ceuppens S, Holvoet K, Samuels E, Sampers I, Uyttendaele M. Multiplex real-time PCR and culture methods for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella Thompson in strawberries, a lettuce mix and basil. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 193:1-7. [PMID: 25462916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An appropriate approach of high throughput multi-screening was verified for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Salmonella spp. in strawberries, lettuce and basil. Sample replicates were inoculated with STEC O157 or O26 and Salmonella Thompson (ca. 10-70, 100-700 and 1000-7000 cfu/25 g) and analysed after 1 and 5 days of storage (strawberries and lettuce at 7 °C and basil at 10 °C). After 18-24 h of enrichment at 37 °C in buffered peptone water, detection was performed using the GeneDisc multiplex PCR (stx1, stx2, eae and iroB genes) and selective culture media for isolation of STEC (with immunomagnetic separation (IMS)) and Salmonella spp. in parallel. After 1 day, the pathogenic strains were recovered from all samples for all inoculum levels, whereas reduced detection rates of STEC O157 and S. Thompson were observed after 5 days of storage in case of strawberries, in particular for the lowest inoculums level, suggesting superior survival potential for STEC O26. Overall, this study indicates the ability of PCR based screening methods for reproducible multi-detection of low numbers (10-70 cfu/25 g) of STEC and Salmonella in this type of foods. However, for the basil samples, PCR needed twofold dilution of the DNA extract to overcome inhibition. It was noted that on several occasions growth of competitive microbiota obstructed finding presumptive colonies on the selective agar media, whereas the use of an additional agar medium such as CHROMagar STEC (without IMS) improved recovery rate of STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Delbeke
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - S Ceuppens
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Holvoet
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Research Group EnBiChem, Department of Industrial Engineering and Technology, University College West-Flanders (Howest), Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - E Samuels
- Pall GeneDisc Technologies, 1 rue du Courtil, Centre CICEA, 35170 Bruz, France
| | - I Sampers
- Research Group EnBiChem, Department of Industrial Engineering and Technology, University College West-Flanders (Howest), Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - M Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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42
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Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non‐animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella, Yersinia, Shigella and Norovirus in bulb and stem vegetables, and carrots). EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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43
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Yaron S, Römling U. Biofilm formation by enteric pathogens and its role in plant colonization and persistence. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 7:496-516. [PMID: 25351039 PMCID: PMC4265070 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant increase in foodborne outbreaks caused by contaminated fresh produce, such as alfalfa sprouts, lettuce, melons, tomatoes and spinach, during the last 30 years stimulated investigation of the mechanisms of persistence of human pathogens on plants. Emerging evidence suggests that Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, which cause the vast majority of fresh produce outbreaks, are able to adhere to and to form biofilms on plants leading to persistence and resistance to disinfection treatments, which subsequently can cause human infections and major outbreaks. In this review, we present the current knowledge about host, bacterial and environmental factors that affect the attachment to plant tissue and the process of biofilm formation by S. enterica and E. coli, and discuss how biofilm formation assists in persistence of pathogens on the plants. Mechanisms used by S. enterica and E. coli to adhere and persist on abiotic surfaces and mammalian cells are partially similar and also used by plant pathogens and symbionts. For example, amyloid curli fimbriae, part of the extracellular matrix of biofilms, frequently contribute to adherence and are upregulated upon adherence and colonization of plant material. Also the major exopolysaccharide of the biofilm matrix, cellulose, is an adherence factor not only of S. enterica and E. coli, but also of plant symbionts and pathogens. Plants, on the other hand, respond to colonization by enteric pathogens with a variety of defence mechanisms, some of which can effectively inhibit biofilm formation. Consequently, plant compounds might be investigated for promising novel antibiofilm strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Yaron
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ute Römling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
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Friesema I, de Jong A, Hofhuis A, Heck M, van den Kerkhof H, de Jonge R, Hameryck D, Nagel K, van Vilsteren G, van Beek P, Notermans D, van Pelt W. Large outbreak of Salmonella Thompson related to smoked salmon in the Netherlands, August to December 2012. Euro Surveill 2014; 19. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.39.20918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- I Friesema
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - A de Jong
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Hofhuis
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - M Heck
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - H van den Kerkhof
- Preparedness and Response Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - R de Jonge
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - D Hameryck
- Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Nagel
- Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - G van Vilsteren
- Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P van Beek
- Preparedness and Response Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - D Notermans
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Screening, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - W van Pelt
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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45
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Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonellaand Norovirus in tomatoes). EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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46
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Strawn LK, Danyluk MD, Worobo RW, Wiedmann M. Distributions of Salmonella subtypes differ between two U.S. produce-growing regions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:3982-91. [PMID: 24747908 PMCID: PMC4054229 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00348-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella accounts for approximately 50% of produce-associated outbreaks in the United States, several of which have been traced back to contamination in the produce production environment. To quantify Salmonella diversity and aid in identification of Salmonella contamination sources, we characterized Salmonella isolates from two geographically diverse produce-growing regions in the United States. Initially, we characterized the Salmonella serotype and subtype diversity associated with 1,677 samples collected from 33 produce farms in New York State (NYS). Among these 1,677 samples, 74 were Salmonella positive, yielding 80 unique isolates (from 147 total isolates), which represented 14 serovars and 23 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types. To explore regional Salmonella diversity associated with production environments, we collected a smaller set of samples (n = 65) from South Florida (SFL) production environments and compared the Salmonella diversity associated with these samples with the diversity found among NYS production environments. Among these 65 samples, 23 were Salmonella positive, yielding 32 unique isolates (from 81 total isolates), which represented 11 serovars and 17 different PFGE types. The most common serovars isolated in NYS were Salmonella enterica serovars Newport, Cerro, and Thompson, while common serovars isolated in SFL were Salmonella serovars Saphra and Newport and S. enterica subsp. diarizonae serovar 50:r:z. High PFGE type diversity (Simpson's diversity index, 0.90 ± 0.02) was observed among Salmonella isolates across both regions; only three PFGE types were shared between the two regions. The probability of three or fewer shared PFGE types was <0.000001; therefore, Salmonella isolates were considerably different between the two sampled regions. These findings suggest the potential for PFGE-based source tracking of Salmonella in production environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Strawn
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Michelle D Danyluk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Randy W Worobo
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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47
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Effect of the surfactant tween 80 on the detachment and dispersal of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson single cells and aggregates from cilantro leaves as revealed by image analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:5037-42. [PMID: 24907336 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00795-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica has the ability to form biofilms and large aggregates on produce surfaces, including on cilantro leaves. Aggregates of S. enterica serovar Thompson that remained attached to cilantro leaves after rigorous washing and that were present free or bound to dislodged leaf tissue in the wash suspension were observed by confocal microscopy. Measurement of S. Thompson population sizes in the leaf washes by plate counts failed to show an effect of 0.05% Tween 80 on the removal of the pathogen from cilantro leaves 2 and 6 days after inoculation. On the contrary, digital image analysis of micrographs of single cells and aggregates of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-S. Thompson present in cilantro leaf washes revealed that single cells represented 13.7% of the cell assemblages in leaf washes containing Tween 80, versus 9.3% in those without the surfactant. Moreover, Tween 80 decreased the percentage of the total S. Thompson cell population located in aggregates equal to or larger than 64 cells from 9.8% to 4.4% (P < 0.05). Regression analysis of the frequency distribution of aggregate size in leaf washes with and without Tween 80 showed that the surfactant promoted the dispersal of cells from large aggregates into smaller ones and into single cells (P < 0.05). Our study underlines the importance of investigating bacterial behavior at the scale of single cells in order to uncover trends undetectable at the population level by bacterial plate counts. Such an approach may provide valuable information to devise strategies aimed at enhancing the efficacy of produce sanitization treatments.
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48
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Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones in fresh culinary herbs imported from Southeast Asia. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 177:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Lee JH, Hwang J, Mustapha A. Popular Ethnic Foods in the United States: A Historical and Safety Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013; 13:2-17. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hye Lee
- Food and Nutrition; Univ. of Ulsan; San 29 Mugeo 2-dong Nam-gu Ulsan 680-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Johye Hwang
- College of Hotel and Tourism Management; Kyung Hee Univ., 26 Kyungheedaero; Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Azlin Mustapha
- Food Science Program, 256 William Stringer Wing, Eckles Hall; Univ. of Missouri; Columbia MO 65211 U.S.A
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50
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Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Thompson Strain RM6836. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/6/e00900-13. [PMID: 24233585 PMCID: PMC3828309 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00900-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Thompson strain RM6836 was isolated from lettuce in 2002. We report here the complete sequence and annotation of the genome of S. Thompson RM6836. This is the first reported complete genome sequence for S. Thompson and it will enhance our understanding of this serovar and provide another point for comparative studies between Salmonella enterica strains.
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