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Baxter J, Langhorne S, Shi T, Tully DC, Villabona-Arenas CJ, Hué S, Albert J, Leigh Brown A, Atkins KE. Inferring the multiplicity of founder variants initiating HIV-1 infection: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e102-e112. [PMID: 36642083 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infections initiated by multiple founder variants are characterised by a higher viral load and a worse clinical prognosis than those initiated with single founder variants, yet little is known about the routes of exposure through which transmission of multiple founder variants is most probable. Here we used individual patient data to calculate the probability of multiple founders stratified by route of HIV exposure and study methodology. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that estimated founder variant multiplicity in HIV-1 infection, searching MEDLINE, Embase, and Global Health databases for papers published between Jan 1, 1990, and Sept 14, 2020. Eligible studies must have reported original estimates of founder variant multiplicity in people with acute or early HIV-1 infections, have clearly detailed the methods used, and reported the route of exposure. Studies were excluded if they reported data concerning people living with HIV-1 who had known or suspected superinfection, who were documented as having received pre-exposure prophylaxis, or if the transmitting partner was known to be receiving antiretroviral treatment. Individual patient data were collated from all studies, with authors contacted if these data were not publicly available. We applied logistic meta-regression to these data to estimate the probability that an HIV infection is initiated by multiple founder variants. We calculated a pooled estimate using a random effects model, subsequently stratifying this estimate across exposure routes in a univariable analysis. We then extended our model to adjust for different study methods in a multivariable analysis, recalculating estimates across the exposure routes. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020202672. FINDINGS We included 70 publications in our analysis, comprising 1657 individual patients. Our pooled estimate of the probability that an infection is initiated by multiple founder variants was 0·25 (95% CI 0·21-0·29), with moderate heterogeneity (Q=132·3, p<0·0001, I2=64·2%). Our multivariable analysis uncovered differences in the probability of multiple variant infection by exposure route. Relative to a baseline of male-to-female transmission, the predicted probability for female-to-male multiple variant transmission was significantly lower at 0·13 (95% CI 0·08-0·20), and the probabilities were significantly higher for transmissions in people who inject drugs (0·37 [0·24-0·53]) and men who have sex with men (0·30 [0·33-0·40]). There was no significant difference in the probability of multiple variant transmission between male-to-female transmission (0·21 [0·14-0·31]), post-partum transmission (0·18 [0·03-0·57]), pre-partum transmission (0·17 [0·08-0·33]), and intra-partum transmission (0·27 [0·14-0·45]). INTERPRETATION We identified that transmissions in people who inject drugs and men who have sex with men are significantly more likely to result in an infection initiated by multiple founder variants, and female-to-male infections are significantly less probable. Quantifying how the routes of HIV infection affect the transmission of multiple variants allows us to better understand how the evolution and epidemiology of HIV-1 determine clinical outcomes. FUNDING Medical Research Council Precision Medicine Doctoral Training Programme and a European Research Council Starting Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Baxter
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Sarah Langhorne
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ting Shi
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Damien C Tully
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ch Julián Villabona-Arenas
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stéphane Hué
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Leigh Brown
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katherine E Atkins
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Safina KR, Sidorina Y, Efendieva N, Belonosova E, Saleeva D, Kirichenko A, Kireev D, Pokrovsky V, Bazykin GA. Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in Oryol Oblast, Russia. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac044. [PMID: 35775027 PMCID: PMC9239399 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Russia is growing, with approximately 100,000 people infected annually. Molecular epidemiology can provide insight into the structure and dynamics of the epidemic. However, its applicability in Russia is limited by the weakness of genetic surveillance, as viral genetic data are only available for <1 per cent of cases. Here, we provide a detailed description of the HIV-1 epidemic for one geographic region of Russia, Oryol Oblast, by collecting and sequencing viral samples from about a third of its known HIV-positive population (768 out of 2,157 patients). We identify multiple introductions of HIV-1 into Oryol Oblast, resulting in eighty-two transmission lineages that together comprise 66 per cent of the samples. Most introductions are of subtype A (315/332), the predominant HIV-1 subtype in Russia, followed by CRF63 and subtype B. Bayesian analysis estimates the effective reproduction number Re for subtype A at 2.8 [1.7–4.4], in line with a growing epidemic. The frequency of CRF63 has been growing more rapidly, with the median Re of 11.8 [4.6–28.7], in agreement with recent reports of this variant rising in frequency in some regions of Russia. In contrast to the patterns described previously in European and North American countries, we see no overrepresentation of males in transmission lineages; meanwhile, injecting drug users are overrepresented in transmission lineages. This likely reflects the structure of the HIV-1 epidemic in Russia dominated by heterosexual and, to a smaller extent, people who inject drugs transmission. Samples attributed to men who have sex with men (MSM) transmission are associated with subtype B and are less prevalent than expected from the male-to-female ratio for this subtype, suggesting underreporting of the MSM transmission route. Together, our results provide a high-resolution description of the HIV-1 epidemic in Oryol Oblast, Russia, characterized by frequent interregional transmission, rapid growth of the epidemic, and rapid displacement of subtype A with the recombinant CRF63 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia R Safina
- The Institute for Information Transmission Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russian Federation
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia Sidorina
- Oryol Regional Center for AIDS and Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention , Oryol, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Efendieva
- Oryol Regional Center for AIDS and Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention , Oryol, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Belonosova
- Oryol Regional Center for AIDS and Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention , Oryol, Russian Federation
| | - Darya Saleeva
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alina Kirichenko
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Pokrovsky
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Georgii A Bazykin
- The Institute for Information Transmission Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russian Federation
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology , Moscow, Russian Federation
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3
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Gibson KM, Jair K, Castel AD, Bendall ML, Wilbourn B, Jordan JA, Crandall KA, Pérez-Losada M. A cross-sectional study to characterize local HIV-1 dynamics in Washington, DC using next-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1989. [PMID: 32029767 PMCID: PMC7004982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Washington, DC continues to experience a generalized HIV-1 epidemic. We characterized the local phylodynamics of HIV-1 in DC using next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. Viral samples from 68 participants from 2016 through 2017 were sequenced and paired with epidemiological data. Phylogenetic and network inferences, drug resistant mutations (DRMs), subtypes and HIV-1 diversity estimations were completed. Haplotypes were reconstructed to infer transmission clusters. Phylodynamic inferences based on the HIV-1 polymerase (pol) and envelope genes (env) were compared. Higher HIV-1 diversity (n.s.) was seen in men who have sex with men, heterosexual, and male participants in DC. 54.0% of the participants contained at least one DRM. The 40-49 year-olds showed the highest prevalence of DRMs (22.9%). Phylogenetic analysis of pol and env sequences grouped 31.9-33.8% of the participants into clusters. HIV-TRACE grouped 2.9-12.8% of participants when using consensus sequences and 9.0-64.2% when using haplotypes. NGS allowed us to characterize the local phylodynamics of HIV-1 in DC more broadly and accurately, given a better representation of its diversity and dynamics. Reconstructed haplotypes provided novel and deeper phylodynamic insights, which led to networks linking a higher number of participants. Our understanding of the HIV-1 epidemic was expanded with the powerful coupling of HIV-1 NGS data with epidemiological data.
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Grants
- P30 AI117970 NIAID NIH HHS
- U01 AI069503 NIAID NIH HHS
- UM1 AI069503 NIAID NIH HHS
- This study was supported by the DC Cohort Study (U01 AI69503-03S2), a supplement from the Women’s Interagency Study for HIV-1 (410722_GR410708), a DC D-CFAR pilot award, and a 2015 HIV-1 Phylodynamics Supplement award from the District of Columbia for AIDS Research, an NIH funded program (AI117970), which is supported by the following NIH Co-Funding and Participating Institutes and Centers: NIAID, NCI, NICHD, NHLBI, NIDA, NIMH, NIA, FIC, NIGMS, NIDDK and OAR. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keylie M Gibson
- Computational Biology Institute, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| | - Kamwing Jair
- Department of Epidemiology, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Amanda D Castel
- Department of Epidemiology, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Matthew L Bendall
- Computational Biology Institute, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Brittany Wilbourn
- Department of Epidemiology, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Jeanne A Jordan
- Department of Epidemiology, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
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4
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Shipley MM, Renner DW, Pandey U, Ford B, Bloom DC, Grose C, Szpara ML. Personalized viral genomic investigation of herpes simplex virus 1 perinatal viremic transmission with dual fatality. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2019; 5:mcs.a004382. [PMID: 31582464 PMCID: PMC6913147 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a004382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a personalized viral genomics approach to investigating a rare case of perinatal herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) transmission that ended in death of both mother and neonate. We sought to determine whether the virus involved in this rare case had any unusual features that may have contributed to the dire patient outcome. A pregnant woman with negative HerpeSelect antibody test underwent cesarean section at 30 wk gestation and died the same day. The premature newborn died 5 d later. Both individuals were found postmortem to have positive blood HSV-1 PCR tests. Using oligonucleotide enrichment and deep sequencing, we determined that viral transmission from mother to infant was nearly perfect at the consensus genome level. At the virus population level, 77% of minor variants (MVs) in the mother's blood also appeared on the neonate's skin, of which more than half were disseminated into the neonate's blood. We also detected nonmaternal MVs that arose de novo in the neonate's viral populations. Of note, one de novo MV in the neonate's skin virus induced a nonsynonymous mutation in the UL6 protein, which is a component of the portal that allows DNA entry into new progeny capsids. This case suggests that perinatal viremic HSV-1 transmission includes the majority of genetic diversity from the maternal virus population and that new, nonsynonymous mutations can occur after relatively few rounds of replication. This report expands our understanding of viral transmission in humans and may lead to improved diagnostic strategies for neonatal HSV-1 acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie M Shipley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Daniel W Renner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Utsav Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Bradley Ford
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - David C Bloom
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Charles Grose
- Division of Infectious Disease/Virology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Moriah L Szpara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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5
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Leda AR, Hunter J, Castro de Oliveira U, Junqueira de Azevedo I, Kallas EG, Araripe Sucupira MC, Diaz RS. HIV-1 genetic diversity and divergence and its correlation with disease progression among antiretroviral naïve recently infected individuals. Virology 2019; 541:13-24. [PMID: 31826842 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 genetic diversity evolution was deeply characterized during the first year of infection among recently-infected patients using deep sequencing technology and correlated with disease progression surrogate markers. RNA and DNA samples from twenty-five individuals (13 female) encoding the protease and reverse transcriptase regions of the pol gene, and the V3 region of the env gene were evaluated at recent infection and during established infection. Infection by a unique HIV-1 strain was inferred in 70.1% of the individuals, with no differences between genders. Infections by multiple strains were associated with higher viral loads and faster CD4+ T cell declines. Either low or high levels of viral loads accompanied low levels of genetic diversity and lower selective pressure. With massive sequence data from 3 distinct genomic HIV-1 regions from plasma and PBMCs over time, we propose a model for HIV-1 genetic diversity, which correlates to basal viral loads of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Hunter
- Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Warren CJ, Meyerson NR, Dirasantha O, Feldman ER, Wilkerson GK, Sawyer SL. Selective use of primate CD4 receptors by HIV-1. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000304. [PMID: 31181085 PMCID: PMC6586362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals chronically infected with HIV-1 harbor complex viral populations within their bloodstreams. Recently, it has come to light that when these people infect others, the new infection is typically established by only one or a small number of virions from within this complex viral swarm. An important goal is to characterize the biological properties of HIV-1 virions that seed and exist early in new human infections because these are potentially the only viruses against which a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine would need to elicit protection. This includes understanding how the Envelope (Env) protein of these virions interacts with the T-cell receptor CD4, which supports attachment and entry of HIV-1 into target cells. We examined early HIV-1 isolates for their ability to infect cells via the CD4 receptor of 15 different primate species. Primates were the original source of HIV-1 and now serve as valuable animal models for studying HIV-1. We find that most primary isolates of HIV-1 from the blood, including early isolates, are highly selective and enter cells through some primate CD4 receptor orthologs but not others. This phenotype is remarkably consistent, regardless of route of transmission, viral subtype, or time of isolation post infection. We show that the weak CD4 binding affinity of blood-derived HIV-1 isolates is what makes them sensitive to the small sequence differences in CD4 from one primate species to the next. To substantiate this, we engineered an early HIV-1 Env to have high, medium, or low binding affinity to CD4, and we show that it loses the ability to enter cells via the CD4 receptor of many primate species as the binding affinity gets weaker. Based on the phenotype of selective use of primate CD4, we find that weak CD4 binding appears to be a nearly universal property of HIV-1 circulating in the bloodstream. Therefore, weak binding to CD4 must be a selected and important property in the biology of HIV-1 in the body. We identify six primate species that encode CD4 receptors that fully support the entry of early HIV-1 isolates despite their low binding affinity for CD4. These findings will help inform long-standing efforts to model HIV-1 transmission and early disease in primates. The current animal model for HIV, the macaque, encodes a CD4 receptor that is non-permissive for HIV entry. This paper reveals that six primate species encode CD4 receptors compatible with HIV infection, potentially making them powerful tools for the study of HIV biology. Furthermore, weak CD4 binding is a nearly constant, and apparently selected, property of HIV circulating in the human bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. Meyerson
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Obaiah Dirasantha
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Feldman
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Wilkerson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Euler Z, VAN DEN Kerkhof TL, Kouyos RD, Tully DC, Allen TM, Trkola A, Sanders RW, Schuitemaker H, VAN Gils MJ. Lower Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Female Versus Male HIV-1 Infected Injecting Drug Users. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040384. [PMID: 31027215 PMCID: PMC6521154 DOI: 10.3390/v11040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors involved in the development of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses in natural infection can guide vaccine design aimed at eliciting protective bNAb responses. Most of the studies to identify and study the development of bNAb responses have been performed in individuals who had become infected via homo- or heterosexual HIV-1 transmission; however, the prevalence and characteristics of bNAb responses in injecting drug users (IDUs) have been underrepresented. We retrospectively studied the prevalence of bNAb responses in HIV-1 infected individuals in the Amsterdam Cohort, including 50 male and 35 female participants who reported injecting drug use as the only risk factor. Our study revealed a significantly lower prevalence of bNAb responses in females compared to males. Gender, transmission route and CD4+ count at set point, but not viral load, were independently associated with the development of bNAb responses in IDUs. To further explore the influences of gender in the setting of IDU, we also looked into the Swiss 4.5k Screen. There we observed lower bNAb responses in female IDUs as well. These results reveal that the emergence of bNAbs may be dependent on multiple factors, including gender. Therefore, the effect of gender on the development of bNAb responses is a factor that should be taken into account when designing vaccine efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelda Euler
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom L VAN DEN Kerkhof
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, AMC, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Damien C Tully
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Todd M Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, AMC, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marit J VAN Gils
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, AMC, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Dukhovlinova E, Masharsky A, Vasileva A, Porrello A, Zhou S, Toussova O, Verevochkin S, Akulova E, Frishman D, Montefiori D, Labranche C, Hoffman I, Miller W, Cohen MS, Kozlov AP, Swanstrom R. Characterization of the Transmitted Virus in an Ongoing HIV-1 Epidemic Driven by Injecting Drug Use. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:867-878. [PMID: 29756455 PMCID: PMC6204568 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding features of the HIV-1 transmission process has the potential to inform biological interventions for prevention. We have examined the transmitted virus in a cohort of people who inject drugs and who are at risk of HIV-1 infection through blood contamination when injecting in a group. This study focused on seven newly infected participants in St. Petersburg, Russia, who were in acute or early infection. We used end-point dilution polymerase chain reaction to amplify single viral genomes to assess the complexity of the transmitted virus. We also used deep sequencing to further assess the complexity of the virus. We interpret the results as indicating that a single viral variant was transmitted in each case, consistent with a model where the exposure to virus during transmission was limited. We also looked at phenotypic properties of the viral Env protein in isolates from acute and chronic infection. Although differences were noted, there was no consistent pattern that distinguished the transmitted variants. Similarly, despite the reduced genetic heterogeneity of the more recent subtype A HIV-1 epidemic in St. Petersburg, we did not see reduced variance in the neutralization properties compared to isolates from the more mature subtype C HIV-1 epidemic. Finally, in looking at members of injecting groups related to the acute HIV-1 infection/early subjects, we found examples of sequence linkage consistent with ongoing and rapid spread of HIV-1 in these groups. These studies emphasize the dynamic nature of this epidemic and reinforce the idea that improved prevention methods are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dukhovlinova
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alexey Masharsky
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandra Vasileva
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alessandro Porrello
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shuntai Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Olga Toussova
- Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Verevochkin
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Dmitrij Frishman
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - David Montefiori
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Celia Labranche
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Irving Hoffman
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William Miller
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrei P. Kozlov
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
- The Biomedical Center, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and the UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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9
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Li F, Ma L, Feng Y, Ruan Y, Hu J, Song H, Liu P, Ma J, Rui B, Kerpen K, Scheinfeld B, Srivastava T, Metzger D, Li H, Bar KJ, Shao Y. HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus selection bottleneck in Chinese people who inject drugs. AIDS 2018; 32:309-320. [PMID: 29194114 PMCID: PMC5765877 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For both HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV), assessing the stringency of the transmission process is a scientific priority. Enumerations of transmitted/founder (TF) viruses have shown a strict transmission bottleneck in sexual transmission of HIV-1 and a wide range in the multiplicity of infection in HCV. Here, we aim to determine the stringency of parenteral transmission for HIV-1 and HCV in people who inject drugs (PWID). DESIGN We used molecular sequencing and several complementary analyses to enumerate the TF HIV-1 and HCV variants in a well described cohort of PWID in Xinjiang, China. METHODS We performed single genome sequencing of HIV-1 env and 5' half HCV genomes, then applied phylogenetic analysis and validated models of early virus diversification to enumerate TF viruses in 60 PWID. We used multivariate analysis to determine correlates of multivariant transmission (MVT). RESULTS We generated 1070 env region sequences from 33 HIV-1 early infected individuals and 773 5' half region sequences from 27 HCV early infected individuals. We found rates of MVT of 39 and 54%, respectively, for HIV-1 and HCV, with a limited range in the number of TF viruses in both infections. Behavioural characteristics suggested high-risk injection practices and lower risk sexual practices; we did not find an association between any specific behaviours and MVT. CONCLUSION MVT is frequent in parenteral transmission of both HIV-1 and HCV in Xinjiang PWID, indicating a less stringent transmission process than sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing
| | - Yuhua Ruan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing
| | - Hongshuo Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing
| | - Pengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing
| | - Jun Ma
- Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China
| | - Baolin Rui
- Urumqi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China
| | - Kate Kerpen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin Scheinfeld
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tuhina Srivastava
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Metzger
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Treatment Research Institute, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Hui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Genetic bottlenecks in intraspecies virus transmission. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 28:20-25. [PMID: 29107838 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultimately, viral evolution is a consequence of mutations that arise within and spread between infected hosts. The transmission bottleneck determines how much of the viral diversity generated in one host passes to another during transmission. It therefore plays a vital role in linking within-host processes to larger evolutionary trends. Although many studies suggest that transmission severely restricts the amount of genetic diversity that passes between individuals, there are important exceptions to this rule. In many cases, the factors that determine the size of the transmission bottleneck are only beginning to be understood. Here, we review how transmission bottlenecks are measured, how they arise, and their consequences for viral evolution.
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11
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Pandey U, Renner DW, Thompson RL, Szpara ML, Sawtell NM. Inferred father-to-son transmission of herpes simplex virus results in near-perfect preservation of viral genome identity and in vivo phenotypes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13666. [PMID: 29057909 PMCID: PMC5654476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughout sequencing has provided an unprecedented view of the circulating diversity of all classes of human herpesviruses. For herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), we and others have previously published data demonstrating sequence diversity between hosts. However the extent of variation during transmission events, or in one host over years of chronic infection, remain unknown. Here we present an initial example of full characterization of viruses isolated from a father to son transmission event. The likely occasion of transmission occurred 17 years before the strains were isolated, enabling a first view of the degree of virus conservation after decades of recurrences, including transmission and adaptation to a new host. We have characterized the pathogenicity of these strains in a mouse ocular model of infection, and sequenced the full viral genomes. Surprisingly, we find that these two viruses have preserved their phenotype and genotype nearly perfectly during inferred transmission from father to son, and during nearly two decades of episodes of recurrent disease in each human host. Given the close genetic relationship of these two hosts, it remains to be seen whether or not this conservation of sequence will occur during non-familial transmission events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel W Renner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Richard L Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Moriah L Szpara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
| | - Nancy M Sawtell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
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12
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Park SY, Love TMT, Reynell L, Yu C, Kang TM, Anastos K, DeHovitz J, Liu C, Kober KM, Cohen M, Mack WJ, Lee HY. The HIV Genomic Incidence Assay Meets False Recency Rate and Mean Duration of Recency Infection Performance Standards. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7480. [PMID: 28785052 PMCID: PMC5547093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV incidence is a primary metric for epidemic surveillance and prevention efficacy assessment. HIV incidence assay performance is evaluated via false recency rate (FRR) and mean duration of recent infection (MDRI). We conducted a meta-analysis of 438 incident and 305 chronic specimens' HIV envelope genes from a diverse global cohort. The genome similarity index (GSI) accurately characterized infection stage across diverse host and viral factors. All except one chronic specimen had GSIs below 0.67, yielding a FRR of 0.33 [0-0.98] %. We modeled the incidence assay biomarker dynamics with a logistic link function assuming individual variabilities in a Beta distribution. The GSI probability density function peaked close to 1 in early infection and 0 around two years post infection, yielding MDRI of 420 [361, 467] days. We tested the assay by newly sequencing 744 envelope genes from 59 specimens of 21 subjects who followed from HIV negative status. Both standardized residuals and Anderson-Darling tests showed that the test dataset was statistically consistent with the model biomarker dynamics. This is the first reported incidence assay meeting the optimal FRR and MDRI performance standards. Signatures of HIV gene diversification can allow precise cross-sectional surveillance with a desirable temporal range of incidence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yong Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tanzy M T Love
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Lucy Reynell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carl Yu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tina Manzhu Kang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Department of Medicine, and Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jack DeHovitz
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kord M Kober
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mardge Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ha Youn Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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13
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Kijak GH, Sanders-Buell E, Chenine AL, Eller MA, Goonetilleke N, Thomas R, Leviyang S, Harbolick EA, Bose M, Pham P, Oropeza C, Poltavee K, O’Sullivan AM, Billings E, Merbah M, Costanzo MC, Warren JA, Slike B, Li H, Peachman KK, Fischer W, Gao F, Cicala C, Arthos J, Eller LA, O’Connell RJ, Sinei S, Maganga L, Kibuuka H, Nitayaphan S, Rao M, Marovich MA, Krebs SJ, Rolland M, Korber BT, Shaw GM, Michael NL, Robb ML, Tovanabutra S, Kim JH. Rare HIV-1 transmitted/founder lineages identified by deep viral sequencing contribute to rapid shifts in dominant quasispecies during acute and early infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006510. [PMID: 28759651 PMCID: PMC5552316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to inform the rational design of HIV-1 preventive and cure interventions it is critical to understand the events occurring during acute HIV-1 infection (AHI). Using viral deep sequencing on six participants from the early capture acute infection RV217 cohort, we have studied HIV-1 evolution in plasma collected twice weekly during the first weeks following the advent of viremia. The analysis of infections established by multiple transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses revealed novel viral profiles that included: a) the low-level persistence of minor T/F variants, b) the rapid replacement of the major T/F by a minor T/F, and c) an initial expansion of the minor T/F followed by a quick collapse of the same minor T/F to low frequency. In most participants, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape was first detected at the end of peak viremia downslope, proceeded at higher rates than previously measured in HIV-1 infection, and usually occurred through the exploration of multiple mutational pathways within an epitope. The rapid emergence of CTL escape variants suggests a strong and early CTL response. Minor T/F viral strains can contribute to rapid and varied profiles of HIV-1 quasispecies evolution during AHI. Overall, our results demonstrate that early, deep, and frequent sampling is needed to investigate viral/host interaction during AHI, which could help identify prerequisites for prevention and cure of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H. Kijak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric Sanders-Buell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Agnes-Laurence Chenine
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Rasmi Thomas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sivan Leviyang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Harbolick
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Meera Bose
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Phuc Pham
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Celina Oropeza
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kultida Poltavee
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Anne Marie O’Sullivan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Erik Billings
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Melanie Merbah
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Margaret C. Costanzo
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Joanna A. Warren
- School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Slike
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kristina K. Peachman
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Will Fischer
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Leigh A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University-Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Marovich
- Vaccine Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Shelly J. Krebs
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Biology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
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14
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Kariuki SM, Selhorst P, Ariën KK, Dorfman JR. The HIV-1 transmission bottleneck. Retrovirology 2017; 14:22. [PMID: 28335782 PMCID: PMC5364581 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that most new systemic infections of HIV-1 can be traced back to one or a limited number of founder viruses. Usually, these founders are more closely related to minor HIV-1 populations in the blood of the presumed donor than to more abundant lineages. This has led to the widely accepted idea that transmission selects for viral characteristics that facilitate crossing the mucosal barrier of the recipient’s genital tract, although the specific selective forces or advantages are not completely defined. However, there are other steps along the way to becoming a founder virus at which selection may occur. These steps include the transition from the donor’s general circulation to the genital tract compartment, survival within the transmission fluid, and establishment of a nascent stable local infection in the recipient’s genital tract. Finally, there is the possibility that important narrowing events may also occur during establishment of systemic infection. This is suggested by the surprising observation that the number of founder viruses detected after transmission in intravenous drug users is also limited. Although some of these steps may be heavily selective, others may result mostly in a stochastic narrowing of the available founder pool. Collectively, they shape the initial infection in each recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Mundia Kariuki
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Falmouth 3.25, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Philippe Selhorst
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey R Dorfman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Falmouth 3.25, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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15
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Wang N, Li Y, Han Y, Xie J, Li T. HIV sequence diversity during the early phase of infection is associated with HIV DNA reductions during antiretroviral therapy. J Med Virol 2017; 89:982-988. [PMID: 27791274 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The association between baseline human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sequence diversity and HIV DNA decay after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains uncharacterized during the early stages of HIV infection. Samples were obtained from a cohort of 17 patients with early HIV infection (<6 months after infection) who initiated ART, and the C2V5 region of the HIV-1 envelope (env) gene was amplified via single genome amplification (SGA) to determine the peripheral plasma HIV quasispecies. We categorized HIV quasispecies into two groups according to baseline viral sequence genetic distance, which was determined by the Poisson-Fitter tool. Total HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), viral load, and T cell subsets were measured prior to and after the initiation of ART. The median SGA sequence number was 17 (range 6-28). At baseline, we identified 7 patients with homogeneous viral populations (designated the Homogeneous group) and 10 patients with heterogeneous viral populations (designated the Heterogeneous group) based on SGA sequences. Both groups exhibited similar HIV DNA decay rates during the first 6 months of ART (P > 0.99), but the Homogenous group experienced more prominent decay than the Heterogeneous group after 6 months (P = 0.037). The Heterogeneous group had higher CD4 cell counts after ART initiation; however, both groups had comparable recovery in terms of CD4/CD8 ratios and CD8 T cell activation levels. Viral population homogeneity upon the initiation of ART is associated with a decrease in HIV DNA levels during ART. J. Med. Virol. 89:982-988, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yijia Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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16
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Novitsky V, Moyo S, Wang R, Gaseitsiwe S, Essex M. Deciphering Multiplicity of HIV-1C Infection: Transmission of Closely Related Multiple Viral Lineages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166746. [PMID: 27893822 PMCID: PMC5125632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single viral variant is transmitted in the majority of HIV infections. However, about 20% of heterosexually transmitted HIV infections are caused by multiple viral variants. Detection of transmitted HIV variants is not trivial, as it involves analysis of multiple viral sequences representing intra-host HIV-1 quasispecies. METHODOLOGY We distinguish two types of multiple virus transmission in HIV infection: (1) HIV transmission from the same source, and (2) transmission from different sources. Viral sequences representing intra-host quasispecies in a longitudinally sampled cohort of 42 individuals with primary HIV-1C infection in Botswana were generated by single-genome amplification and sequencing and spanned the V1C5 region of HIV-1C env gp120. The Maximum Likelihood phylogeny and distribution of pairwise raw distances were assessed at each sampling time point (n = 217; 42 patients; median 5 (IQR: 4-6) time points per patient, range 2-12 time points per patient). RESULTS Transmission of multiple viral variants from the same source (likely from the partner with established HIV infection) was found in 9 out of 42 individuals (21%; 95 CI 10-37%). HIV super-infection was identified in 2 patients (5%; 95% CI 1-17%) with an estimated rate of 3.9 per 100 person-years. Transmission of multiple viruses combined with HIV super-infection at a later time point was observed in one individual. CONCLUSIONS Multiple HIV lineages transmitted from the same source produce a monophyletic clade in the inferred phylogenetic tree. Such a clade has transiently distinct sub-clusters in the early stage of HIV infection, and follows a predictable evolutionary pathway. Over time, the gap between initially distinct viral lineages fills in and initially distinct sub-clusters converge. Identification of cases with transmission of multiple viral lineages from the same source needs to be taken into account in cross-sectional estimation of HIV recency in epidemiological and population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Novitsky
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Rui Wang
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - M. Essex
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
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17
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Differences in the Selection Bottleneck between Modes of Sexual Transmission Influence the Genetic Composition of the HIV-1 Founder Virus. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005619. [PMID: 27163788 PMCID: PMC4862634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the stringent population bottleneck that occurs during sexual HIV-1 transmission, systemic infection is typically established by a limited number of founder viruses. Elucidation of the precise forces influencing the selection of founder viruses may reveal key vulnerabilities that could aid in the development of a vaccine or other clinical interventions. Here, we utilize deep sequencing data and apply a genetic distance-based method to investigate whether the mode of sexual transmission shapes the nascent founder viral genome. Analysis of 74 acute and early HIV-1 infected subjects revealed that 83% of men who have sex with men (MSM) exhibit a single founder virus, levels similar to those previously observed in heterosexual (HSX) transmission. In a metadata analysis of a total of 354 subjects, including HSX, MSM and injecting drug users (IDU), we also observed no significant differences in the frequency of single founder virus infections between HSX and MSM transmissions. However, comparison of HIV-1 envelope sequences revealed that HSX founder viruses exhibited a greater number of codon sites under positive selection, as well as stronger transmission indices possibly reflective of higher fitness variants. Moreover, specific genetic “signatures” within MSM and HSX founder viruses were identified, with single polymorphisms within gp41 enriched among HSX viruses while more complex patterns, including clustered polymorphisms surrounding the CD4 binding site, were enriched in MSM viruses. While our findings do not support an influence of the mode of sexual transmission on the number of founder viruses, they do demonstrate that there are marked differences in the selection bottleneck that can significantly shape their genetic composition. This study illustrates the complex dynamics of the transmission bottleneck and reveals that distinct genetic bottleneck processes exist dependent upon the mode of HIV-1 transmission. While the global spread of HIV-1 has been fueled by sexual transmission the genetic determinants underlying the transmission bottleneck remains poorly understood. Here we characterized founder virus population diversity from next generation sequencing data in a cohort of 74 acute and early HIV-1 infected individuals. We observe that the risk of multi-variant infection in men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) is not greater than that observed for heterosexuals (HSX), contrary to reports of higher rates of multiple founder virus infections in higher-risk MSM transmissions. These findings were further supported through a metadata analysis of 354 acute and early HIV-1 subjects. We did, however, observe differences between HSM and MSM founder viruses, including a higher selection barrier in HSX transmission with founder viruses being more cohort consensus-like that may be reflective of increased replicative fitness. We also identified a number of residues within Envelope that behave in a risk-dependent manner and could be key for HIV-1 transmission. These novel insights improve our understanding of the HIV-1 transmission bottleneck and underscore the differential selective pressures that founder viruses within the two major transmission risk groups are subjected to.
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Zhao Q, Zhang C, Jiang Y, Wen Y, Pan P, Li Y, Zhang G, Zhang L, Qiu M. Short Communication: Investigating a Chain of HIV Transmission Events Due to Homosexual Exposure and Blood Transfusion Based on a Next Generation Sequencing Method. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1225-9. [PMID: 26355677 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates a chain of HIV transmission events due to homosexual exposure and blood transfusion in China. The MiSeq platform, a next generation sequencing (NGS) system, was used to obtain genetic details of the HIV-1 env region (336 base pairs). Evolutionary analysis combined with epidemiologic evidence suggests a transmission chain from patient T3 to T2 through homosexual exposure and subsequently to T1 through blood transfusion. More importantly, a phylogenetic study suggested a likely genetic bottleneck for HIV in homosexual transmission from T3 to T2, while T1 inherited the majority of variants from T2. The result from the MiSeq platform is consistent with findings from the epidemiologic survey. The MiSeq platform is a powerful tool for tracing HIV transmissions and intrapersonal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- 1 National AIDS Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- 2 National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- 1 National AIDS Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Wen
- 1 National AIDS Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Pinliang Pan
- 1 National AIDS Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- 2 National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Guiyun Zhang
- 1 National AIDS Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- 3 Research Center for Public Health, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
- 4 Melbourne Sexual Health Centre , Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 5 Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maofeng Qiu
- 1 National AIDS Reference Laboratory, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China
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Santra S, Tomaras GD, Warrier R, Nicely NI, Liao HX, Pollara J, Liu P, Alam SM, Zhang R, Cocklin SL, Shen X, Duffy R, Xia SM, Schutte RJ, Pemble IV CW, Dennison SM, Li H, Chao A, Vidnovic K, Evans A, Klein K, Kumar A, Robinson J, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Montefiori DC, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Soderberg KA, Giorgi EE, Blair L, Korber BT, Moog C, Shattock RJ, Letvin NL, Schmitz JE, Moody MA, Gao F, Ferrari G, Shaw GM, Haynes BF. Human Non-neutralizing HIV-1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies Limit the Number of Founder Viruses during SHIV Mucosal Infection in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005042. [PMID: 26237403 PMCID: PMC4523205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 mucosal transmission begins with virus or virus-infected cells moving through mucus across mucosal epithelium to infect CD4+ T cells. Although broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are the type of HIV-1 antibodies that are most likely protective, they are not induced with current vaccine candidates. In contrast, antibodies that do not neutralize primary HIV-1 strains in the TZM-bl infection assay are readily induced by current vaccine candidates and have also been implicated as secondary correlates of decreased HIV-1 risk in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. Here, we have studied the capacity of anti-Env monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against either the immunodominant region of gp41 (7B2 IgG1), the first constant region of gp120 (A32 IgG1), or the third variable loop (V3) of gp120 (CH22 IgG1) to modulate in vivo rectal mucosal transmission of a high-dose simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-BaL) in rhesus macaques. 7B2 IgG1 or A32 IgG1, each containing mutations to enhance Fc function, was administered passively to rhesus macaques but afforded no protection against productive clinical infection while the positive control antibody CH22 IgG1 prevented infection in 4 of 6 animals. Enumeration of transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses revealed that passive infusion of each of the three antibodies significantly reduced the number of T/F genomes. Thus, some antibodies that bind HIV-1 Env but fail to neutralize virus in traditional neutralization assays may limit the number of T/F viruses involved in transmission without leading to enhancement of viral infection. For one of these mAbs, gp41 mAb 7B2, we provide the first co-crystal structure in complex with a common cyclical loop motif demonstrated to be critical for infection by other retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
| | - Ranjit Warrier
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan I. Nicely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Cocklin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan Duffy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Schutte
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Pemble IV
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Moses Dennison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Chao
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kora Vidnovic
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abbey Evans
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Klein
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Soderberg
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lily Blair
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bette T. Korber
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Christiane Moog
- U1109, INSERM University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Alsace, France
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joern E. Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. A. Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - George M. Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (GDT); (BFH)
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Dukhovlinova E, Masharsky A, Toussova O, Verevochkin S, Solovyeva T, Meringof M, Paintsil E, White E, Barbour R, Heimer R, Kozlov A. Two Independent HIV Epidemics in Saint Petersburg, Russia Revealed by Molecular Epidemiology. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:608-14. [PMID: 25417740 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV epidemic in Russia, one of the world's fastest growing, has been concentrated mostly among people who inject drugs (PWID). We sought to explore the epidemiology of the epidemic in St. Petersburg by sampling from the highest risk groups of PWID and men who have sex with men (MSM) and use viral sequencing data to better understand the nature of the city's epidemic. Serological testing confirmed an HIV prevalence among PWID in excess of 40%. All but 1 of 110 PWID whose blood samples were tested for genetic diversity were infected by subtype A virus, specifically by the AFSU strain. The remaining person was infected with a CRF-06cpx recombinant. Analysis of pairwise genetic distance among all PWID studied revealed an average of 3.1% sequence divergence, suggesting clonal introduction of the AFSU strain and/or constraints on sequence divergence. The HIV prevalence was less than 10% among MSM. All 17 sequences from HIV-infected MSM were found to be a clade B virus with a much higher average sequence diversity of 15.7%. These findings suggest two independent epidemics with little overlap between the two highest at-risk populations, which will require different HIV prevention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dukhovlinova
- The Biomedical Center, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Olga Toussova
- The Biomedical Center, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Verevochkin
- The Biomedical Center, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Maria Meringof
- The Biomedical Center, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Edward White
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Russell Barbour
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert Heimer
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andrei Kozlov
- The Biomedical Center, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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21
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Danaviah S, de Oliveira T, Bland R, Viljoen J, Pillay S, Tuaillon E, Van de Perre P, Newell ML. Evidence of long-lived founder virus in mother-to-child HIV transmission. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120389. [PMID: 25793402 PMCID: PMC4368793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the infant’s gut to cell-associated and cell-free HIV-1 trafficking in breast milk (BM) remains a primary cause of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). The mammary gland represents a unique environment for HIV-1 replication and host-virus interplay. We aimed to explore the origin of the virus transmitted during breastfeeding, and the link with quasi-species found in acellular and cellular fractions of breast-milk (BM) and in maternal plasma. The C2–V5 region of the env gene was amplified, cloned and sequenced from the RNA and DNA of BM, the RNA from the mother’s plasma (PLA) and the DNA from infant’s dried blood spot (DBS) in 11 post-natal mother-infant pairs. Sequences were assembled in Geneious, aligned in ClustalX, manually edited in SeAL and phylogenetic reconstruction was undertaken in PhyML and MrBayes. We estimated the timing of transmission (ETT) and reconstructed the time for the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of the infant in BEAST. Transmission of single quasi-species was observed in 9 of 11 cases. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated a BM transmission event by cell-free virus in 4 cases, and by cell-associated virus in 2 cases but could not be identified in the remaining 5 cases. Molecular clock estimates, of the infant ETT and TMRCA, corresponded well with the timing of transmission estimated by sequential infant DNA PCR in 10 of 11 children. The TMRCA of BM variants were estimated to emerge during gestation in 8 cases. We hypothesize that in the remaining cases, the breast was seeded with a long-lived lineage latently infecting resting T-cells. Our analysis illustrated the role of DNA and RNA virus in MTCT. We postulate that DNA archived viruses stem from latently infected quiescent T-cells within breast tissue and MTCT can be expected to continue, albeit at low levels, should interventions not effectively target these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivapragashini Danaviah
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ruth Bland
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Viljoen
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Université Montpellier 1, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Sureshnee Pillay
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Université Montpellier 1, 34090, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie and Department of Medical Information, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Université Montpellier 1, 34090, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie and Department of Medical Information, 34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Louise Newell
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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22
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Etemad B, Gonzalez OA, White L, Laeyendecker O, Kirk GD, Mehta S, Sagar M. Characterization of HIV-1 envelopes in acutely and chronically infected injection drug users. Retrovirology 2014; 11:106. [PMID: 25430652 PMCID: PMC4253609 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosally acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results from a limited number of variants, and these infecting strains potentially have unique properties, such as increased susceptibility to entry blockers, relative interferon-alpha (IFN-α) resistance, and replication differences in some primary cells. There is no data about the phenotypic properties of HIV-1 envelope variants found early after acquisition among subjects infected through injection drug use (IDU). For the first time, we compared the characteristics of virus envelopes among injection drug users sampled prior to seroconversion (HIV RNA+/Ab-), within 1 year (early), and more than 2 years (chronic) after estimated acquisition. RESULTS Virus envelopes from 7 HIV RNA+/Ab- subjects possessed lower genetic diversity and divergence compared to 7 unrelated individuals sampled during the chronic phase of disease. Replication competent recombinant viruses incorporating the HIV RNA+/Ab- as compared to the chronic phase envelopes were significantly more sensitive to a CCR5 receptor inhibitor and IFN-α and showed a statistical trend toward greater sensitivity to a fusion blocker. The early as compared to chronic infection envelopes also demonstrated a statistical trend or significantly greater sensitivity to CCR5 and fusion inhibitor and IFN- α. The HIV RNA+/Ab- as compared to chronic envelope viruses replicated to a lower extent in mature monocyte derived dendritic cells - CD4+ T cell co-cultures, but there were no significant replication differences in other primary cells among the viruses with envelopes from the 3 different stages of infection. CONCLUSIONS Similar to mucosal acquisition, HIV-1 envelope quasispecies present in injection drug users prior to seroconversion have unique phenotypic properties compared to those circulating during the chronic phase of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Etemad
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Laura White
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Gregory D Kirk
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Shruti Mehta
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Manish Sagar
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Ritchie AJ, Cai F, Smith NMG, Chen S, Song H, Brackenridge S, Abdool Karim SS, Korber BT, McMichael AJ, Gao F, Goonetilleke N. Recombination-mediated escape from primary CD8+ T cells in acute HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2014; 11:69. [PMID: 25212771 PMCID: PMC4180588 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major immune evasion mechanism of HIV-1 is the accumulation of non-synonymous mutations in and around T cell epitopes, resulting in loss of T cell recognition and virus escape. Results Here we analyze primary CD8+ T cell responses and virus escape in a HLA B*81 expressing subject who was infected with two T/F viruses from a single donor. In addition to classic escape through non-synonymous mutation/s, we also observed rapid selection of multiple recombinant viruses that conferred escape from T cells specific for two epitopes in Nef. Conclusions Our study shows that recombination between multiple T/F viruses provide greater options for acute escape from CD8+ T cell responses than seen in cases of single T/F virus infection. This process may contribute to the rapid disease progression in patients infected by multiple T/F viruses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0069-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Sterrett S, Learn GH, Edlefsen PT, Haynes BF, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Bar KJ. Low Multiplicity of HIV-1 Infection and No Vaccine Enhancement in VAX003 Injection Drug Users. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu056. [PMID: 25734126 PMCID: PMC4281816 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmitted/founder (T/F) virus analysis of the VAX003 vaccine efficacy trial participants to characterize the transmission bottleneck and test for vaccine-associated reduction or enhancement of infection in this injection drug user (IDU) cohort. METHODS We performed single genome sequencing of plasma vRNA from 50 subjects sampled in early HIV infection. Sequences were analyzed phylogenetically, T/F viruses enumerated, and a sieve analysis performed. RESULTS Eight of 19 (42%) placebo recipients were productively infected by more than 1 virus (range 1-5, median 1, mean 1.7). This frequency of multiple virus transmission was greater than reported for heterosexual cohorts (19%, P = .03) but not statistically different from vaccine recipients (22.6%, P > .05), where the range was 1-3, median 1, and mean 1.3 (P > .05 for all comparisons). An atypical sieve effect was detected in Env V2 but was not associated with reduction or enhancement of virus acquisition. CONCLUSIONS The number of T/F viruses in IDUs was surprising low, with 95% of individuals infected by only 1-3 viruses. This finding suggests that a successful vaccine or other prevention modality generally needs to protect against only one or a few viruses regardless of risk behavior. T/F analysis identified an atypical genetic sieve in the V2 region of Envelope and found no evidence for vaccine-mediated enhancement in VAX003.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia
| | - George M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia
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25
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Chikere K, Webb NE, Chou T, Borm K, Sterjovski J, Gorry PR, Lee B. Distinct HIV-1 entry phenotypes are associated with transmission, subtype specificity, and resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies. Retrovirology 2014; 11:48. [PMID: 24957778 PMCID: PMC4230403 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficiency of CD4/CCR5 mediated HIV-1 entry has important implications for pathogenesis and transmission. The HIV-1 receptor affinity profiling (Affinofile) system analyzes and quantifies the infectivity of HIV-1 envelopes (Envs) across a spectrum of CD4/CCR5 expression levels and distills these data into a set of Affinofile metrics. The Affinofile system has shed light on how differential CD4/CCR5 usage efficiencies contributes to an array of Env phenotypes associated with cellular tropism, viral pathogenesis, and CCR5 inhibitor resistance. To facilitate more rapid, convenient, and robust analysis of HIV-1 entry phenotypes, we engineered a reporter Affinofile system containing a Tat- and Rev-dependent Gaussia luciferase-eGFP-Reporter (GGR) that is compatible with the use of pseudotyped or replication competent viruses with or without a virally encoded reporter gene. This GGR Affinofile system enabled a higher throughput characterization of CD4/CCR5 usage efficiencies associated with differential Env phenotypes. RESULTS We first validated our GGR Affinofile system on isogenic JR-CSF Env mutants that differ in their affinity for CD4 and/or CCR5. We established that their GGR Affinofile metrics reflected their differential entry phenotypes on primary PBMCs and CD4+ T-cell subsets. We then applied GGR Affinofile profiling to reveal distinct entry phenotypes associated with transmission, subtype specificity, and resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs). First, we profiled a panel of reference subtype B transmitted/founder (T/F) and chronic Envs (n = 12) by analyzing the infectivity of each Env across 25 distinct combinations of CD4/CCR5 expression levels. Affinofile metrics revealed that at low CCR5 levels, our panel of subtype B T/F Envs was more dependent on high levels of CD4 for HIV-1 entry compared to chronic Envs. Next, we analyzed a reference panel of 28 acute/early subtype A-D Envs, and noted that subtype C Envs could be distinguished from the other subtypes based on their infectivity profiles and relevant Affinofile metrics. Lastly, mutations known to confer resistance to VRC01 or PG6/PG19 BNAbs, when engineered into subtypes A-D Envs, resulted in significantly decreased CD4/CCR5 usage efficiency. CONCLUSIONS GGR Affinofile profiling reveals pathophysiological phenotypes associated with varying HIV-1 entry efficiencies, and highlight the fitness costs associated with resistance to some broadly neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelechi Chikere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nicholas E Webb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tom Chou
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Borm
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jasminka Sterjovski
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, #1124, New York, NY 10029, USA
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW One of the major obstacles in fully understanding HIV transmission comes from the impracticality of studying transmission in humans. Because of this encumbrance, the early phases of HIV transmission and systemic dissemination are poorly understood. In order to fully comprehend these critical steps in HIV infection, animal models must be devised to accurately reflect HIV's mode of action. This review seeks to highlight the essential nature of modelling HIV transmission in nonhuman primates (NHPs). RECENT FINDINGS Recently, it was discovered that HIV infection is established in newly infected recipients by a single or few transmitted/founder variants. This has reshaped how animal modelling is conducted with researchers currently recapitulating a physiologically relevant, low-titre infection. Pertinent animal models have been established for the most common routes of infection, including rectal, vaginal and penile transmission; models for intravenous and oral transmission are still in developmental stages. SUMMARY These limited dose models now accurately reflect HIV transmission in humans and provide a realistic experimental platform for vaccine development and other intervention strategies that can be used to inform vaccine development in humans. Using information obtained in NHP and human trials, it is conceivable to envision effective prevention modalities in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
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Phylogenetic inferences on HIV-1 transmission: implications for the design of prevention and treatment interventions. AIDS 2013; 27:1045-57. [PMID: 23902920 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835cffd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Temereanca A, Ene L, Mehta S, Manolescu L, Duiculescu D, Ruta S. Transmitted HIV drug resistance in treatment-naive Romanian patients. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1139-47. [PMID: 23592112 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR) remains an important concern for individuals unexposed to antiretroviral treatment. Data on the prevalence of TDR, available mainly for HIV-1 subtype B, are now also emerging for other subtypes. In Romania, a steady predominance of subtype F was reported among both long-term survivor children and newly infected adults. The pol gene of 61 drug-naïve patients infected with HIV, diagnosed between 1997 and 2011 was sequenced in order to analyze the prevalence of primary resistance mutations and to correlate these with the infecting genotype. Only 5/61 specimens were classified as infected recently using the BED-Capture Enzyme Immunoassay. Subtype F1 was prevalent (80.3%), however, other HIV-1 clades are increasingly identified, especially in the group of subjects infected recently. An HIV transmission cluster, associated to injecting drug use was identified by phylogenetic analysis. The overall prevalence of TDR was 14.75%, mainly associated with NRTI resistance (13.11%), TAMs and M184V being the most common mutations. A declining trend of TDR was recorded from 26.08% in 1997-2004 to 7.89% in 2005-2011. No primary resistance was identified among recent seroconvertors. All HIV-1 strains had minor mutations in the protease and RT genes, often detected at polymorphic positions. The declining rates of TDR might be related to the high efficacy of HAART and to the increasing number of treated patients with virological success who have a low risk of transmission. The recent increase of HIV-1 infections which involve other subtypes impose a continuous surveillance of the genetic composition of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Temereanca
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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29
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Blish CA. HIV-1 Transmission Goes Retro (Steps Back). J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1336-8. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Abstract
HIV-1 is transmitted by sexual contact across mucosal surfaces, by maternal-infant exposure, and by percutaneous inoculation. For reasons that are still incompletely understood, CCR5-tropic viruses (R5 viruses) are preferentially transmitted by all routes. Transmission is followed by an orderly appearance of viral and host markers of infection in the blood plasma. In the acute phase of infection, HIV-1 replicates exponentially and diversifies randomly, allowing for an unambiguous molecular identification of transmitted/founder virus genomes and a precise characterization of the population bottleneck to virus transmission. Sexual transmission of HIV-1 most often results in productive clinical infection arising from a single virus, highlighting the extreme bottleneck and inherent inefficiency in virus transmission. It remains to be determined if HIV-1 transmission is largely a stochastic process whereby any reasonably fit R5 virus can be transmitted or if there are features of transmitted/founder viruses that facilitate their transmission in a biologically meaningful way. Human tissue explant models of HIV-1 infection and animal models of SIV/SHIV/HIV-1 transmission, coupled with new challenge virus strains that more closely reflect transmitted/founder viruses, have the potential to elucidate fundamental mechanisms in HIV-1 transmission relevant to vaccine design and other prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA
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31
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Valley-Omar Z, Sibeko S, Anderson J, Goodier S, Werner L, Arney L, Naranbhai V, Treurnicht F, Abrahams MR, Bandawe G, Swanstrom R, Karim QA, Karim SSA, Williamson C. CAPRISA 004 tenofovir microbicide trial: no impact of tenofovir gel on the HIV transmission bottleneck. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:35-40. [PMID: 22551813 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the genital mucosal barrier may influence the number of viruses transmitted from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected source host to the newly infected individual. We used heteroduplex tracking assay and single-genome sequencing to investigate the effect of a tenofovir-based microbicide gel on the transmission bottleneck in women who seroconverted during the CAPRISA 004 microbicide trial. Seventy-seven percent (17 of 22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 56%-90%) of women in the tenofovir gel arm were infected with a single virus compared with 92% (13 of 14; 95% CI, 67%->99%) in the placebo arm (P = .37). Tenofovir gel had no discernable impact on the transmission bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyaad Valley-Omar
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town
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32
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Gijsbers EF, Schuitemaker H, Kootstra NA. HIV-1 transmission and viral adaptation to the host. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 transmission predominantly occurs via mucosal transmission and blood–blood contact. In most newly infected individuals, outgrowth of a single virus variant has been described. This indicates that HIV-1 transmission is a very inefficient process and is restricted by an extensive transmission bottleneck. The transmission rate is directly correlated to the viral load in the donor and the susceptibility of the recipient, which is influenced by factors such as the integrity of mucosal barriers, target cell availability and genetic host factors. After establishment of infection in the new host, the viral population remains very homogenous until the host immune response drives evolution of the viral quasispecies. This review describes our current knowledge on HIV-1 transmission and recent insights in viral adaption to its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther F Gijsbers
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Loes SKD, Geretti AM. Chasing the Infecting HIV-1. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53:1280-2. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna-Maria Geretti
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, University College London
- Department of Infection and Global Health
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Population dynamics and niche distribution of uropathogenic Escherichia coli during acute and chronic urinary tract infection. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4250-9. [PMID: 21807904 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05339-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have complex dynamics, with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the major causative agent, capable of colonization from the urethra to the kidneys in both extracellular and intracellular niches while also producing chronic persistent infections and frequent recurrent disease. In mouse and human bladders, UPEC invades the superficial epithelium, and some bacteria enter the cytoplasm to rapidly replicate into intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) comprised of ~10⁴ bacteria each. Through IBC formation, UPEC expands in numbers while subverting aspects of the innate immune response. Within 12 h of murine bladder infection, half of the bacteria are intracellular, with 3 to 700 IBCs formed. Using mixed infections with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and wild-type (WT) UPEC, we discovered that each IBC is clonally derived from a single bacterium. Genetically tagged UPEC and a multiplex PCR assay were employed to investigate the distribution of UPEC throughout urinary tract niches over time. In the first 24 h postinfection (hpi), the fraction of tags dramatically decreased in the bladder and kidney, while the number of CFU increased. The percentage of tags detected at 6 hpi correlated to the number of IBCs produced, which closely matched a calculated multinomial distribution based on IBC clonality. The fraction of tags remaining thereafter depended on UTI outcome, which ranged from resolution of infection with or without quiescent intracellular reservoirs (QIRs) to the development of chronic cystitis as defined by persistent bacteriuria. Significantly more tags remained in mice that developed chronic cystitis, arguing that during the acute stages of infection, a higher number of IBCs precedes chronic cystitis than precedes QIR formation.
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35
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Abstract
In 2009, the United Nations Estimated that 33.2 Million People worldwide were living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and that 2.6 million people had been newly infected. The need for effective HIV-1 prevention has never been greater. In this review, we address recent critical advances in our understanding of HIV-1 transmission and acute HIV-1 infection. Fourth-generation HIV-1 testing, now available worldwide,, will allow the diagnosis of infection in many patients and may lead to new treatments and opportunities for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron S Cohen
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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36
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McKinley TJ, Murcia PR, Gog JR, Varela M, Wood JLN. A Bayesian approach to analyse genetic variation within RNA viral populations. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002027. [PMID: 21483482 PMCID: PMC3068928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of modern and affordable sequencing technologies has allowed the study of viral populations to an unprecedented depth. This is of particular interest for the study of within-host RNA viral populations, where variation due to error-prone polymerases can lead to immune escape, antiviral resistance and adaptation to new host species. Methods to sequence RNA virus genomes include reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RT-PCR is a molecular biology technique widely used to amplify DNA from an RNA template. The method itself relies on the in vitro synthesis of copy DNA from RNA followed by multiple cycles of DNA amplification. However, this method introduces artefactual errors that can act as confounding factors when the sequence data are analysed. Although there are a growing number of published studies exploring the intra- and inter-host evolutionary dynamics of RNA viruses, the complexity of the methods used to generate sequences makes it difficult to produce probabilistic statements about the likely sources of observed sequence variants. This complexity is further compounded as both the depth of sequencing and the length of the genome segment of interest increase. Here we develop a bayesian method to characterise and differentiate between likely structures for the background viral population. This approach can then be used to identify nucleotide sites that show evidence of change in the within-host viral population structure, either over time or relative to a reference sequence (e.g. an inoculum or another source of infection), or both, without having to build complex evolutionary models. Identification of these sites can help to inform the design of more focussed experiments using molecular biology tools, such as site-directed mutagenesis, to assess the function of specific amino acids. We illustrate the method by applying to datasets from experimental transmission of equine influenza, and a pre-clinical vaccine trial for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevelyan J McKinley
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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37
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Abstract
The identification of phenotypically distinct HIV-1 variants with different prevalence during the progression of the disease has been one of the earliest discoveries in HIV-1 biology, but its relevance to AIDS pathogenesis remains only partially understood. The physiological basis for the phenotypic variability of HIV-1 was elucidated with the discovery of distinct coreceptors employed by the virus to infect susceptible cells. The role of the viral phenotype in the variable clinical course and treatment outcome of HIV-1 infection has been extensively investigated over the past two decades. In this review, we summarize the major findings on the clinical significance of the HIV-1 coreceptor usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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38
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Sagar M. HIV-1 transmission biology: selection and characteristics of infecting viruses. J Infect Dis 2010; 202 Suppl 2:S289-96. [PMID: 20846035 DOI: 10.1086/655656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with recent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition are likely to be a major source for other new infections because they have a high level of plasma virus, and the circulating virions possess unique properties that are highly suited for transmission. The acute infection period, however, presents a unique "window of opportunity," because there are a limited number of genetic variants. Studies aim to elucidate the nature of the transmitted viruses and understand the mechanisms that inhibit the majority of variants present in the chronically infected partner from establishing a productive infection in the naive host. Greater understanding of these issues may open promising new ways to effectively block HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Sagar
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Recent studies indicate that sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) generally results from productive infection by only one virus, a finding attributable to the mucosal barrier. Surprisingly, a recent study of injection drug users (IDUs) from St. Petersburg, Russia, also found most subjects to be acutely infected by a single virus. Here, we show by single-genome amplification and sequencing in a different IDU cohort that 60% of IDU subjects were infected by more than one virus, including one subject who was acutely infected by at least 16 viruses. Multivariant transmission was more common in IDUs than in heterosexuals (60% versus 19%; odds ratio, 6.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37 to 31.27; P = 0.008). These findings highlight the diversity in HIV-1 infection risks among different IDU cohorts and the challenges faced by vaccines in protecting against this mode of infection.
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