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Silva MJA, Marinho RL, Rodrigues YC, Brasil TP, Dos Santos PAS, Silva CS, Sardinha DM, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. Molecular Role of HIV-1 Human Receptors (CCL5-CCR5 Axis) in neuroAIDS: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:782. [PMID: 38674726 PMCID: PMC11051963 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection can cause neurological illness, also known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as C-C Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5/RANTES), is one of the ways of causing HIV-1-mediated neuroinflammation. C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) is the main coreceptor for viral entry into host cells and for mediating induction of CCL5/RANTES. CCR5 and CCL5 are part of a correlated axis of immune pathways used for effective protection against the HIV-1 virus. The purpose of this paper was to review the literary knowledge about the immunopathological relationship between this immune complex and neuroAIDS. A systematic review of the literature was conducted based on the selection and search of articles, available in English, Spanish, or Portuguese in the time frame of 1990-2022, of primary and secondary types in the PUBMED, Science Direct, SciELO, and LILACS databases through descriptors (MeSH) together with "AND": "CCR5"; "CCL5"; "neurological manifestations"; or "HIV". The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the JBI Checklists and the PRISMA 2020 writing guidelines were followed. A total of 36 articles were included in the final composition of the review. The main cells of the CNS affected by neuroAIDS are: neurons; microglia; astrocytes; and oligodendrocytes. Molecular devices and their associations with cellular injuries have been described from the entry of the virus into the host's CNS cell to the generation of mental disorders. Furthermore, divergent results were found about the levels of CCL5/RANTES secretion and the generation of immunopathogenesis, while all condensed research for CCR5 indicated that elevation of this receptor causes more neurodegenerative manifestations. Therefore, new therapeutic and interventional strategies can be conditioned on the immunological direction proposed in this review for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil;
| | - Rebecca Lobato Marinho
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Yan Corrêa Rodrigues
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Thiago Pinto Brasil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza 60441-750, CE, Brazil;
| | - Pabllo Antonny Silva Dos Santos
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Caroliny Soares Silva
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Daniele Melo Sardinha
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (K.V.B.L.); (L.N.G.C.L.)
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Basova L, Najera JA, Bortell N, Wang D, Moya R, Lindsey A, Semenova S, Ellis RJ, Marcondes MCG. Dopamine and its receptors play a role in the modulation of CCR5 expression in innate immune cells following exposure to Methamphetamine: Implications to HIV infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199861. [PMID: 29944719 PMCID: PMC6019408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells in the Central Nervous System (CNS), where the access of antiretrovirals and antibodies that can kill the virus may be challenging. As a result of the early HIV entry in the brain, infected individuals develop inflammation and neurological deficits at various levels, which are aggravated by drugs of abuse. In the non-human primate model of HIV, we have previously shown that drugs of abuse such as Methamphetamine (Meth) increase brain viral load in correlation with a higher number of CCR5-expressing myeloid cells. CCR5 is a chemokine receptor that may be involved in increasing inflammation, but also, it is a co-receptor for viral entry into target cells. CCR5-expressing myeloid cells are the main targets of HIV in the CNS. Thus, the identification of factors and mechanisms that impact the expression of CCR5 in the brain is critical, as changes in CCR5 levels may affect the infection in the brain. Using a well-characterized in vitro system, with the THP1 human macrophage cell line, we have investigated the hypothesis that the expression of CCR5 is acutely affected by Meth, and examined pathways by which this effect could happen. We found that Meth plays a direct role by regulating the abundance and nuclear translocation of transcription factors with binding sites in the CCR5 promoter. However, we found that the main factor that modifies the CCR5 gene promoter at the epigenetic level towards transcription is Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter that is produced primarily in brain regions that are rich in dopaminergic neurons. In THP1 cells, the effect of DA on innate immune CCR5 transcription was mediated by DA receptors (DRDs), mainly DRD4. We also identified a role for DRD1 in suppressing CCR5 expression in this myeloid cell system, with potential implications for therapy. The effect of DA on innate immune CCR5 expression was also detectable on the cell surface during acute time-points, using low doses. In addition, HIV Tat acted by enhancing the surface expression of CCR5, in spite of its poor effect on transcription. Overall, our data suggests that the exposure of myeloid cells to Meth in the context of presence of HIV peptides such as Tat, may affect the number of HIV targets by modulating CCR5 expression, through a combination of DA-dependent and–independent mechanisms. Other drugs that increase DA may affect similar mechanisms. The implications of these epigenetic and translational mechanisms in enhancing HIV infection in the brain and elsewhere are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Basova
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Najera
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nikki Bortell
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Rosita Moya
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexander Lindsey
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Ellis
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhou M, Greenhill S, Huang S, Silva TK, Sano Y, Wu S, Cai Y, Nagaoka Y, Sehgal M, Cai DJ, Lee YS, Fox K, Silva AJ. CCR5 is a suppressor for cortical plasticity and hippocampal learning and memory. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27996938 PMCID: PMC5213777 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of CCR5 in immunity and in HIV infection has been studied widely, its role in neuronal plasticity, learning and memory is not understood. Here, we report that decreasing the function of CCR5 increases MAPK/CREB signaling, long-term potentiation (LTP), and hippocampus-dependent memory in mice, while neuronal CCR5 overexpression caused memory deficits. Decreasing CCR5 function in mouse barrel cortex also resulted in enhanced spike timing dependent plasticity and consequently, dramatically accelerated experience-dependent plasticity. These results suggest that CCR5 is a powerful suppressor for plasticity and memory, and CCR5 over-activation by viral proteins may contribute to HIV-associated cognitive deficits. Consistent with this hypothesis, the HIV V3 peptide caused LTP, signaling and memory deficits that were prevented by Ccr5 knockout or knockdown. Overall, our results demonstrate that CCR5 plays an important role in neuroplasticity, learning and memory, and indicate that CCR5 has a role in the cognitive deficits caused by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miou Zhou
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Stuart Greenhill
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shan Huang
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Tawnie K Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shumin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ying Cai
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yoshiko Nagaoka
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Megha Sehgal
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Denise J Cai
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kevin Fox
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychology, Psychiatry, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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HIV-1 induces cytoskeletal alterations and Rac1 activation during monocyte-blood-brain barrier interactions: modulatory role of CCR5. Retrovirology 2014; 11:20. [PMID: 24571616 PMCID: PMC4015682 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most HIV strains that enter the brain are macrophage-tropic and use the CCR5 receptor to bind and infect target cells. Because the cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments involved in cellular movement and migration, we investigated whether CCR5 and the cytoskeleton are involved in endothelial-mononuclear phagocytes interactions, adhesion, and HIV-1 infection. Results Using a cytoskeleton phospho-antibody microarray, we showed that after co-culture with human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), HIV-1 infected monocytes increased expression and activation of cytoskeleton-associated proteins, including Rac1/cdc42 and cortactin, compared to non-infected monocytes co-cultured with HBMEC. Analysis of brain tissues from HIV-1-infected patients validated these findings, and showed transcriptional upregulation of Rac1 and cortactin, as well as increased activation of Rac1 in brain tissues of HIV-1-infected humans, compared to seronegative individuals and subjects with HIV-1-encephalitis. Confocal imaging showed that brain cells expressing phosphorylated Rac1 were mostly macrophages and blood vessels. CCR5 antagonists TAK-799 and maraviroc prevented HIV-induced upregulation and phosphorylation of cytoskeleton-associated proteins, prevented HIV-1 infection of macrophages, and diminished viral-induced adhesion of monocytes to HBMEC. Ingenuity pathway analysis suggests that during monocyte-endothelial interactions, HIV-1 alters protein expression and phosphorylation associated with integrin signaling, cellular morphology and cell movement, cellular assembly and organization, and post-translational modifications in monocytes. CCR5 antagonists prevented these HIV-1-induced alterations. Conclusions HIV-1 activates cytoskeletal proteins during monocyte-endothelial interactions and increase transcription and activation of Rac1 in brain tissues. In addition to preventing macrophage infection, CCR5 antagonists could diminish viral-induced alteration and phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins, monocyte adhesion to the brain endothelium and viral entry into the central nervous system.
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Holman AG, Gabuzda D. A machine learning approach for identifying amino acid signatures in the HIV env gene predictive of dementia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49538. [PMID: 23166702 PMCID: PMC3498126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of nucleotide sequence variations in viral pathogens linked to disease and clinical outcomes is important for developing vaccines and therapies. However, identifying these genetic variations in rapidly evolving pathogens adapting to selection pressures unique to each host presents several challenges. Machine learning tools provide new opportunities to address these challenges. In HIV infection, virus replicating within the brain causes HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and milder forms of neurocognitive impairment in 20-30% of patients with unsuppressed viremia. HIV neurotropism is primarily determined by the viral envelope (env) gene. To identify amino acid signatures in the HIV env gene predictive of HAD, we developed a machine learning pipeline using the PART rule-learning algorithm and C4.5 decision tree inducer to train a classifier on a meta-dataset (n = 860 env sequences from 78 patients: 40 HAD, 38 non-HAD). To increase the flexibility and biological relevance of our analysis, we included 4 numeric factors describing amino acid hydrophobicity, polarity, bulkiness, and charge, in addition to amino acid identities. The classifier had 75% predictive accuracy in leave-one-out cross-validation, and identified 5 signatures associated with HAD diagnosis (p<0.05, Fisher's exact test). These HAD signatures were found in the majority of brain sequences from 8 of 10 HAD patients from an independent cohort. Additionally, 2 HAD signatures were validated against env sequences from CSF of a second independent cohort. This analysis provides insight into viral genetic determinants associated with HAD, and develops novel methods for applying machine learning tools to analyze the genetics of rapidly evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Holman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology (Microbiology, and Immunobiology), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sowmya G, Shamini G, Anita S, Sakharkar M, Mathura V, Rodriguez H, Levine AJ, Singer E, Commins D, Somboonwit C, Sinnott JT, Sidhu HS, Rajaseger G, Pushparaj PN, Kangueane P, Shapshak P. HIV-1 envelope accessible surface and polarity: clade, blood, and brain. Bioinformation 2011; 6:48-56. [PMID: 21544164 PMCID: PMC3082861 DOI: 10.6026/97320630006048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) gp160 (gp120-gp41 complex) trimer envelope (ENV) protein is a potential vaccine candidate for HIV/AIDS. HIV-1 vaccine development has been problematic and charge polarity as well as sequence variation across clades may relate to the difficulties. Further obstacles are caused by sequence variation between blood and brain-derived sequences, since the brain is a separate compartment for HIV-1 infection. We utilize a threedimensional residue measure of solvent exposure, accessible surface area (ASA), which shows that major segments of gp120 and gp41 known structures are solvent exposed across clades. We demonstrate a large percent sequence polarity for solvent exposed residues in gp120 and gp41. The range of sequence polarity varies across clades, blood, and brain from different geographical locations. Regression analysis shows that blood and brain gp120 and gp41 percent sequence polarity range correlate with mean Shannon entropy. These results point to the use of protein modifications to enhance HIV-1 ENV vaccines across multiple clades, blood, and brain. It should be noted that we do not address the issue of protein glycosylation here; however, this is an important issue for vaccine design and development. ABBREVIATIONS HIV-1 - human immunodeficiency virus type 1, AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ENV - envelope, gp160 - 160,000d glycoprotein, gp120 - 120,000d glycoprotein, gp41 - 41,000d glycoprotein, LANL - Los Alamos National Laboratories, PDB - Protein Data Bank, HVTN - STEP HIV vaccine trial, AA - amino acids, MSA - multiple sequence alignment, ASA - accessible surface area, SNPs- single nucleotide polymorphisms, HAART - Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, CCR5 - C-C chemokine receptor type 5, CNS - central nervous system, HIVE - HIV encephalitis, P - polarity, NP - non-polarity, CTL - cytotoxic T lymphocyte, NIAID - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopichandran Sowmya
- Biomedical Informatics, Pondicherry 607402, India
- Aimst University, 08100 Semeling, Malaysia
| | - Gunasagaran Shamini
- Biomedical Informatics, Pondicherry 607402, India
- Aimst University, 08100 Semeling, Malaysia
| | | | - Meena Sakharkar
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Venkat Mathura
- Archer Pharmaceuticals, Sarasota, Florida, USA
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL 34243, US
| | - Hector Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146
| | - Andrew J Levine
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, CA 90095
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, CA 90095
| | - Elyse Singer
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, CA 90095
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, CA 90095
| | - Deborah Commins
- National Neurological AIDS Bank, UCLA School of Medicine, Westwood, CA 90095
- Department of Neuropathology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA90089
| | - Charurut Somboonwit
- Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida 33602
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, USF Health, Tampa, FL 33601
| | - John T Sinnott
- Clinical Research Unit, Hillsborough Health Department, Tampa, Florida 33602
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, USF Health, Tampa, FL 33601
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Shapshak
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Tampa General Hospital, USF Health, Tampa, FL 33601
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613
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Holman AG, Mefford ME, O'Connor N, Gabuzda D. HIVBrainSeqDB: a database of annotated HIV envelope sequences from brain and other anatomical sites. AIDS Res Ther 2010; 7:43. [PMID: 21156070 PMCID: PMC3018377 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-7-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The population of HIV replicating within a host consists of independently evolving and interacting sub-populations that can be genetically distinct within anatomical compartments. HIV replicating within the brain causes neurocognitive disorders in up to 20-30% of infected individuals and is a viral sanctuary site for the development of drug resistance. The primary determinant of HIV neurotropism is macrophage tropism, which is primarily determined by the viral envelope (env) gene. However, studies of genetic aspects of HIV replicating in the brain are hindered because existing repositories of HIV sequences are not focused on neurotropic virus nor annotated with neurocognitive and neuropathological status. To address this need, we constructed the HIV Brain Sequence Database. Results The HIV Brain Sequence Database is a public database of HIV envelope sequences, directly sequenced from brain and other tissues from the same patients. Sequences are annotated with clinical data including viral load, CD4 count, antiretroviral status, neurocognitive impairment, and neuropathological diagnosis, all curated from the original publication. Tissue source is coded using an anatomical ontology, the Foundational Model of Anatomy, to capture the maximum level of detail available, while maintaining ontological relationships between tissues and their subparts. 44 tissue types are represented within the database, grouped into 4 categories: (i) brain, brainstem, and spinal cord; (ii) meninges, choroid plexus, and CSF; (iii) blood and lymphoid; and (iv) other (bone marrow, colon, lung, liver, etc). Patient coding is correlated across studies, allowing sequences from the same patient to be grouped to increase statistical power. Using Cytoscape, we visualized relationships between studies, patients and sequences, illustrating interconnections between studies and the varying depth of sequencing, patient number, and tissue representation across studies. Currently, the database contains 2517 envelope sequences from 90 patients, obtained from 22 published studies. 1272 sequences are from brain; the remaining 1245 are from blood, lymph node, spleen, bone marrow, colon, lung and other non-brain tissues. The database interface utilizes a faceted interface, allowing real-time combination of multiple search parameters to assemble a meta-dataset, which can be downloaded for further analysis. Conclusions This online resource, which is publicly available at http://www.HIVBrainSeqDB.org, will greatly facilitate analysis of the genetic aspects of HIV macrophage tropism, HIV compartmentalization and evolution within the brain and other tissue reservoirs, and the relationship of these findings to HIV-associated neurological disorders and other clinical consequences of HIV infection.
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Sorce S, Myburgh R, Krause KH. The chemokine receptor CCR5 in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 93:297-311. [PMID: 21163326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The expression and the role of the chemokine receptor CCR5 have been mainly studied in the context of HIV infection. However, this protein is also expressed in the brain, where it can be crucial in determining the outcome in response to different insults. CCR5 expression can be deleterious or protective in controlling the progression of certain infections in the CNS, but it is also emerging that it could play a role in non-infectious diseases. In particular, it appears that, in addition to modulating immune responses, CCR5 can influence neuronal survival. Here, we summarize the present knowledge about the expression of CCR5 in the brain and highlight recent findings suggesting its possible involvement in neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sorce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
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Mefford ME, Gorry PR, Kunstman K, Wolinsky SM, Gabuzda D. Bioinformatic prediction programs underestimate the frequency of CXCR4 usage by R5X4 HIV type 1 in brain and other tissues. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:1215-20. [PMID: 18788913 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) variants in brain primarily use CCR5 for entry into macrophages and microglia, but dual-tropic (R5X4) HIV-1 has been detected in brain and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of some patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Here, we sequenced the gp120 coding region of nine full-length dual-tropic (R5X4) env genes cloned directly from autopsy brain and spleen tissue from an AIDS patient with severe HAD. We then compiled a dataset of 30 unique clade B R5X4 Env V3 sequences from this subject and 16 additional patients (n = 4 brain and 26 lymphoid/blood) and used it to compare the ability of six bioinformatic algorithms to correctly predict CXCR4 usage in R5X4 Envs. Only one program (SVM(geno2pheno)) correctly predicted the ability of R5X4 Envs in this dataset to use CXCR4 with 90% accuracy (n = 27/30 predicted to use CXCR4). The PSSM(SINSI), Random Forest, and SVM(genomiac) programs and the commonly used charge rule correctly predicted CXCR4 usage with >50% accuracy (22/30, 16/30, 19/30, and 25/30, respectively), while the PSSM(X4R5) matrix and "11/25" rule correctly predicted CXCR4 usage in <50% of the R5X4 Envs (10/30 and 13/30, respectively). Two positions in the V3 loop (19 and 32) influenced coreceptor usage predictions of nine R5X4 Envs from patient MACS1 and a total of 12 Envs from the dataset (40% of unique V3 sequences). These results demonstrate that most predictive algorithms underestimate the frequency of R5X4 HIV-1 in brain and other tissues. SVM(geno2pheno) is the most accurate predictor of CXCR4 usage by R5X4 HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Mefford
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Kunstman
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | | | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Wang B, Lau KA, Ong LY, Shah M, Steain MC, Foley B, Dwyer DE, Chew CB, Kamarulzaman A, Ng KP, Saksena NK. Complex patterns of the HIV-1 epidemic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Evidence for expansion of circulating recombinant form CRF33_01B and detection of multiple other recombinants. Virology 2007; 367:288-97. [PMID: 17604072 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The HIV protease-reverse transcriptase (PR-RT) (1047 bp), gp120-env (891 bp) and gp41-env (547 bp) regions from the plasma of 115 HIV-1-infected patients in Kuala Lumpur (KL), Malaysia were sequenced. Detailed phylogenetic and bootscanning analyses were performed to determine the mosaic structure of the HIV-1 strains and their recombination breakpoint(s). Among the 50 patient samples in which all three regions could be amplified, the HIV-1 CRF01_AE subtype (46%) was predominant followed by subtypes B (10%) and B' (6%). A total of 9/50 (18%) patients were infected with a CRF01_AE/B inter-subtype recombinant, displaying a recombinant form (RF)(PR-RT), CRF01_AE(gp120-env) and CRF01_AE(gp41-env). This RF was derived from the Thai variants of CRF01_AE and B' subtype, with two distinct B' subtype segments in the backbone of CRF01_AE, similar to the newly identified CRF33_01B. In addition, one sample demonstrated a close structural relationship with the new CRF33_01B in the PR-RT region but displayed B' segment in part of the env region (RF(PR-RT), CRF01_AE/B'(gp120-env) and B'(gp41-env)) indicating continuing evolution of CRF33_01B. The remaining 18% of samples were identified as unique recombinant forms (URFs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, Westmead NSW, Sydney, Australia
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Salemi M, Burkhardt BR, Gray RR, Ghaffari G, Sleasman JW, Goodenow MM. Phylodynamics of HIV-1 in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues reveals a central role for the thymus in emergence of CXCR4-using quasispecies. PLoS One 2007; 2:e950. [PMID: 17895991 PMCID: PMC1978532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During HIV-1 infection coreceptor switch from CCR5- (R5)- to CXCR4 (X4)-using viruses is associated with disease progression. X4 strains of HIV-1 are highly cytopathic to immature thymocytes. Virtually no studies have evaluated the HIV-1 quasispecies present in vivo within thymic and lymphoid tissues or the evolutionary relationship between R5 and X4 viruses in tissues and peripheral blood. Methodology/Principal Findings High-resolution phylodynamic analysis was applied to virus envelope quasispecies in longitudinal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues collected post mortem from therapy naïve children with AIDS. There were three major findings. First, continued evolution of R5 viruses in PBMCs, spleen and lymph nodes involved multiple bottlenecks, independent of coreceptor switch, resulting in fitter quasispecies driven by positive selection. Second, evolution of X4 strains appeared to be a sequential process requiring the initial fixation of positively selected mutations in V1-V2 and C2 domains of R5 variants before the emergence of high charge V3 X4 variants. Third, R5 viruses persisted after the emergence of CXCR4-using strains, which were found predominantly but not exclusively in the thymus. Conclusions/Significance Our data indicate that the evolution of X4 strains is a multi-step, temporally structured process and that the thymus may play an important role in the evolution/amplification of coreceptor variants. Development of new therapeutic protocols targeting virus in the thymus could be important to control HIV-1 infection prior to advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (MS); (MG)
| | - Brant R. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R. Gray
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Guity Ghaffari
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John W. Sleasman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of South Florida and All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maureen M. Goodenow
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (MS); (MG)
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Dunfee RL, Thomas ER, Wang J, Kunstman K, Wolinsky SM, Gabuzda D. Loss of the N-linked glycosylation site at position 386 in the HIV envelope V4 region enhances macrophage tropism and is associated with dementia. Virology 2007; 367:222-34. [PMID: 17599380 PMCID: PMC2201988 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV infects macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). Mechanisms that enhance HIV macrophage/microglial tropism are not well understood. Here, we identify an HIV Env variant in the V4 region of gp120, Asp 386 (D386), that eliminates an N-linked glycosylation site at position 386, enhances viral replication in macrophages, and is present at a higher frequency in AIDS patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD) compared with non-HAD patients. D386 enhances HIV entry and replication in macrophages but not in microglia or peripheral blood mononuclear cells, possibly due to differential glycosylation in these cell types. A D386N mutation in the UK1br Env, which restores the N-linked glycan site, reduced neutralization sensitivity to the IgG1b12 (b12) monoclonal antibody, which recognizes a conserved neutralization epitope that overlaps the CD4 binding site. Molecular modeling suggested that loss of the glycan at position 386 increases exposure of the CD4 and b12 binding sites on gp120. Loss of a glycan at 386 was more frequent in Envs from HAD patients (26%; n=185) compared with non-HAD patients (7%; n=99; p<0.001). The most significant association of these Env variants with HAD was in blood or lymphoid tissue rather than brain. These findings suggest that increased exposure of the b12 epitope overlapping the CD4 binding site via elimination of a glycan at position 386 is associated with enhanced HIV macrophage tropism, and provide evidence that determinants of macrophage and microglia tropism are overlapping but distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Dunfee
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elaine R. Thomas
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Kunstman
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven M. Wolinsky
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Corresponding Author. Mailing Address: Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, JFB 816, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115, Phone: (617) 632-2154, Fax: (617) 632 3113, E-mail:
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13
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Dunfee RL, Thomas ER, Gorry PR, Wang J, Taylor J, Kunstman K, Wolinsky SM, Gabuzda D. The HIV Env variant N283 enhances macrophage tropism and is associated with brain infection and dementia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15160-5. [PMID: 17015824 PMCID: PMC1586182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605513103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infects tissue macrophages and brain microglia, which express lower levels of CD4 and CCR5 than CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood. Mechanisms that enhance HIV tropism for macrophages in the CNS and other tissues are not well understood. Here, we identify an HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) variant in the CD4-binding site of gp120, Asn 283 (N283), that is present at a high frequency in brain tissues from AIDS patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD). N283 increases gp120 affinity for CD4 by decreasing the gp120-CD4 dissociation rate, enhancing the capacity of HIV Envs to use low levels of CD4 for virus entry and increasing viral replication in macrophages and microglia. Structural modeling suggests that the enhanced ability of Envs with N283 to use low levels of CD4 is due to a hydrogen bond formed with Gln 40 of CD4. N283 is significantly more frequent in brain-derived Envs from HAD patients (41%; n=330) compared with non-HAD patients (8%; n=151; P<0.001). These findings suggest that the macrophage-tropic HIV Env variant N283 is associated with brain infection and dementia in vivo, representing an example of a HIV variant associated with a specific AIDS-related complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Dunfee
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Pathology and
| | - Elaine R. Thomas
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Pathology and
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Pathology and
| | - Jianbin Wang
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Pathology and
| | - Joann Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kevin Kunstman
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Steven M. Wolinsky
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- *Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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