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Asadipour K, Hani MB, Potter L, Ruedlinger BL, Lai N, Beebe SJ. Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields (nsPEFs) Modulate Electron Transport in the Plasma Membrane and the Mitochondria. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108568. [PMID: 37738861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) are a pulsed power technology known for ablating tumors, but they also modulate diverse biological mechanisms. Here we show that nsPEFs regulate trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) rates in the plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) shown as a reduction of the cell-impermeable, WST-8 tetrazolium dye. At lower charging conditions, nsPEFs enhance, and at higher charging conditions inhibit tPMET in H9c2 non-cancerous cardiac myoblasts and 4T1-luc breast cancer cells. This biphasic nsPEF-induced modulation of tPMET is typical of a hormetic stimulus that is beneficial and stress-adaptive at lower levels and damaging at higher levels. NsPEFs also attenuated mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) activity (O2 consumption) at Complex I when coupled and uncoupled to oxidative phosphorylation. NsPEFs generated more reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria (mROS) than in the cytosol (cROS) in non-cancer H9c2 heart cells but more cROS than mROS in 4T1-luc cancer cells. Under lower charging conditions, nsPEFs support glycolysis while under higher charging conditions, nsPEFs inhibit electron transport in the PMRS and the mitochondrial ETS producing ROS, ultimately causing cell death. The impact of nsPEF on ETS presents a new paradigm for considering nsPEF modulation of redox functions, including redox homeostasis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Asadipour
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk Virginia, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk Virginia, USA
| | - Maisoun Bani Hani
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk Virginia, USA
| | - Lucas Potter
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk Virginia, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk Virginia, USA
| | | | - Nicola Lai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen J Beebe
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk Virginia, USA.
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Medica AJ, Lambourne S, Aitken RJ. Predicting the Outcome of Equine Artificial Inseminations Using Chilled Semen. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071203. [PMID: 37048459 PMCID: PMC10093274 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether an analysis of stallion ejaculate could accurately predict the likelihood of pregnancy resulting from artificial insemination in mares. This study involved 46 inseminations of 41 mares, using 7 standardbred stallions over a 5-week period at an Australian pacing stud. Semen quality was assessed immediately after collection and again after chilling at ~5 °C for 24 h. The assessment involved evaluating ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and motility parameters using an iSperm® Equine portable device. After the initial evaluation, a subpopulation of cells was subjected to a migration assay through a 5 µm polycarbonate filter within a Samson™ isolation chamber over a 15 min period. The cells were assessed for their concentration, motility parameters, and ability to reduce the membrane impermeant tetrazolium salt WST-1. The data, combined with the stallion and mare's ages, were used to predict the likelihood of pregnancy, as confirmed by rectal ultrasound sonography performed 14 days post ovulation. The criteria used to predict pregnancy were optimized for each individual stallion, resulting in an overall accuracy of 87.9% if analyzed pre-chilling and 95% if analyzed post-chilling. This study suggests that an analysis of stallion ejaculate can be used to predict the likelihood of pregnancy resulting from artificial insemination in mares with a high level of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Jade Medica
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Sarah Lambourne
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Robert John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
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3
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Bioelectronic medicines: Therapeutic potential and advancements in next-generation cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Robinson AJ, Jain A, Sherman HG, Hague RJM, Rahman R, Sanjuan‐Alberte P, Rawson FJ. Toward Hijacking Bioelectricity in Cancer to Develop New Bioelectronic Medicine. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andie J. Robinson
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Akhil Jain
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Harry G. Sherman
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Richard J. M. Hague
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering University of Nottingham Nottingham NG8 1BB UK
| | - Ruman Rahman
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Paola Sanjuan‐Alberte
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB‐Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon 1049‐001 Portugal
| | - Frankie J. Rawson
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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Uddin MS, Tewari D, Sharma G, Kabir MT, Barreto GE, Bin-Jumah MN, Perveen A, Abdel-Daim MM, Ashraf GM. Molecular Mechanisms of ER Stress and UPR in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2902-2919. [PMID: 32430843 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving aggregation of misfolded proteins inside the neuron causing prolonged cellular stress. The neuropathological hallmarks of AD include the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in specific brain regions that lead to synaptic loss and neuronal death. The exact mechanism of neuron dysfunction in AD remains obscure. In recent years, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction has been implicated in neuronal degeneration seen in AD. Apart from AD, many other diseases also involve misfolded proteins aggregations in the ER, a condition referred to as ER stress. The response of the cell to ER stress is to activate a group of signaling pathways called unfolded protein response (UPR) that stimulates a particular transcriptional program to restore ER function and ensure cell survival. ER stress also involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that, together with mitochondrial ROS and decreased effectiveness of antioxidant mechanisms, producing a condition of chronic oxidative stress. The unfolded proteins may not always produce a response that leads to the restoration of cellular functions, but they may also lead to inflammation by a set of different pathways with deleterious consequences. In this review, we extensively discuss the role of ER stress and how to target it using different pharmacological approaches in AD development and onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Physiology, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | | | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Sherman HG, Jovanovic C, Abuawad A, Kim DH, Collins H, Dixon JE, Cavanagh R, Markus R, Stolnik S, Rawson FJ. Mechanistic insight into heterogeneity of trans-plasma membrane electron transport in cancer cell types. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1860:628-639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Sherman HG, Jovanovic C, Stolnik S, Baronian K, Downard AJ, Rawson FJ. New Perspectives on Iron Uptake in Eukaryotes. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:97. [PMID: 30510932 PMCID: PMC6254016 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic organisms require iron to function. Malfunctions within iron homeostasis have a range of physiological consequences, and can lead to the development of pathological conditions that can result in an excess of non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI). Despite extensive understanding of iron homeostasis, the links between the “macroscopic” transport of iron across biological barriers (cellular membranes) and the chemistry of redox changes that drive these processes still needs elucidating. This review draws conclusions from the current literature, and describes some of the underlying biophysical and biochemical processes that occur in iron homeostasis. By first taking a broad view of iron uptake within the gut and subsequent delivery to tissues, in addition to describing the transferrin and non-transferrin mediated components of these processes, we provide a base of knowledge from which we further explore NTBI uptake. We provide concise up-to-date information of the transplasma electron transport systems (tPMETSs) involved within NTBI uptake, and highlight how these systems are not only involved within NTBI uptake for detoxification but also may play a role within the reduction of metabolic stress through regeneration of intracellular NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ levels. Furthermore, we illuminate the thermodynamics that governs iron transport, namely the redox potential cascade and electrochemical behavior of key components of the electron transport systems that facilitate the movement of electrons across the plasma membrane to the extracellular compartment. We also take account of kinetic changes that occur to transport iron into the cell, namely membrane dipole change and their consequent effects within membrane structure that act to facilitate transport of ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry G Sherman
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Snow Stolnik
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Baronian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alison J Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Frankie J Rawson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Chamaon K, Schönfeld P, Awiszus F, Bertrand J, Lohmann CH. Ionic cobalt but not metal particles induces ROS generation in immune cells in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1246-1253. [PMID: 30261124 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Total joint replacement is one of the most successful procedures in orthopedic surgery today. However, metal implant materials undergo wear and corrosion processes. Generated particles and ions can cause a variety of cellular reactions. Cobalt-containing alloys are used frequently in implant materials. Some studies suggest that cobalt exhibits potential cytotoxic effects, for example, via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To further elucidate the effects of cobalt on human cells, we determined cell viability and cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide formation after incubation of either ions or particles with different cells. MM-6 and Jurkat cell lines were treated for 24, 48 and 72 h with either CoCrMo particles or cobalt ions (supplied as CoCl2 ). A total of 24 h exposure of both forms of cobalt did not induce cell death using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL) and trypan blue assay. Interestingly, the formation of superoxide (O2 .- ) is evoked mainly by ionic CoCl2 but not cobalt particles. Cobalt alloy particles are likely to even suppress O2 .- formation in mitochondria in both used cell lines. Furthermore, we did not observe any effect of cobalt particles on O2 .- formation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors. We also found that the O2 - formation by CoCl2 within mitochondria is a generalized effect for all cell types used, while the formation of superoxide in cytosolic compartment is cell-type dependent. In summary, our data suggest that cobalt ions specifically induce the formation of O2 .- , whereas the cobalt particles were better tolerated. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1246-1253, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Chamaon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Schönfeld
- Institute for Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Awiszus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph H Lohmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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9
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Kelly SC, Eccardt AM, Fisher JS. Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29782017 DOI: 10.3791/57565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) plays a role in protection of cells from intracellular reductive stress as well as protection from damage by extracellular oxidants. This process of transporting electrons from intracellular reductants to extracellular oxidants is not well defined. Here we present spectrophotometric assays by C2C12 myotubes to monitor tPMET utilizing the extracellular electron acceptors: water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP or DCIP). Through reduction of these electron acceptors, we are able to monitor this process in a real-time analysis. With the addition of enzymes such as ascorbate oxidase (AO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to the assays, we can determine which portion of tPMET is due to ascorbate export or superoxide production, respectively. While WST-1 was shown to produce stable results with low background, DPIP was able to be re-oxidized after the addition of AO and SOD, which was demonstrated with spectrophotometric analysis. This method demonstrates a real-time, multi-well, quick spectrophotometric assay with advantages over other methods used to monitor tPMET, such as ferricyanide (FeCN) and ferricytochrome c reduction.
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Schönfeld P, Reiser G. Brain energy metabolism spurns fatty acids as fuel due to their inherent mitotoxicity and potential capacity to unleash neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:68-77. [PMID: 28366720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain uses long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) to a negligible extent as fuel for the mitochondrial energy generation, in contrast to other tissues that also demand high energy. Besides this generally accepted view, some studies using cultured neural cells or whole brain indicate a moderately active mitochondrial β-oxidation. Here, we corroborate the conclusion that brain mitochondria are unable to oxidize fatty acids. In contrast, the combustion of liver-derived ketone bodies by neural cells is long-known. Furthermore, new insights indicate the use of odd-numbered medium-chain fatty acids as valuable source for maintaining the level of intermediates of the citric acid cycle in brain mitochondria. Non-esterified LCFAs or their activated forms exert a large variety of harmful side-effects on mitochondria, such as enhancing the mitochondrial ROS generation in distinct steps of the β-oxidation and therefore potentially increasing oxidative stress. Hence, the question arises: Why do in brain energy metabolism mitochondria selectively spurn LCFAs as energy source? The most likely answer are the relatively higher content of peroxidation-sensitive polyunsaturated fatty acids and the low antioxidative defense in brain tissue. There are two remarkable peroxisomal defects, one relating to α-oxidation of phytanic acid and the other to uptake of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) which lead to pathologically high tissue levels of such fatty acids. Both, the accumulation of phytanic acid and that of VLCFAs give an enlightening insight into harmful activities of fatty acids on neural cells, which possibly explain why evolution has prevented brain mitochondria from the equipment with significant β-oxidation enzymatic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schönfeld
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georg Reiser
- Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration (Neurobiochemie), Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Poljsak B, Milisav I. NAD+ as the Link Between Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Caloric Restriction, Exercise, DNA Repair, Longevity, and Health Span. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 19:406-415. [PMID: 26725653 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and decreased DNA damage repair in vertebrates increase with age also due to lowered cellular NAD+. NAD+ depletion may play a major role in the aging process at the cellular level by limiting (1) energy production, (2) DNA repair, and (3) genomic signaling. In this study, we hypothesize that it is not NAD+ as a cofactor in redox reactions and coenzyme in metabolic processes that has the ultimate role in aging, but rather the role of NAD+ in cellular signaling when used as substrate for sirtuins (SIRT1-7 in mammals) and PARPs [Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases]. Both sirtuins and PARPs influence many transcription factors and can affect gene expression. As a signaling molecule, NAD+ is consumed in the reaction donating ADP-ribose and releasing nicotinamide (NAM) as a by-product. It seems that aging at the cellular level is associated with a decline of NAD+ and that NAD+ restoration can reverse phenotypes of aging by inducing cellular repair and stress resistance. Adequate intracellular NAD+ concentrations may be an important longevity assurance factor, while lowered cellular NAD+ concentration may negatively influence the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljsak
- 1 Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irina Milisav
- 1 Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia .,2 Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Urbas K, Aleksandrzak M, Jedrzejczak M, Jedrzejczak M, Rakoczy R, Chen X, Mijowska E. Chemical and magnetic functionalization of graphene oxide as a route to enhance its biocompatibility. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:656. [PMID: 25593549 PMCID: PMC4273676 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The novel approach for deposition of iron oxide nanoparticles with narrow size distribution supported on different sized graphene oxide was reported. Two different samples with different size distributions of graphene oxide (0.5 to 7 μm and 1 to 3 μm) were selectively prepared, and the influence of the flake size distribution on the mitochondrial activity of L929 with WST1 assay in vitro study was also evaluated. Little reduction of mitochondrial activity of the GO-Fe3O4 samples with broader size distribution (0.5 to 7 μm) was observed. The pristine GO samples (0.5 to 7 μm) in the highest concentrations reduced the mitochondrial activity significantly. For GO-Fe3O4 samples with narrower size distribution, the best biocompatibility was noticed at concentration 12.5 μg/mL. The highest reduction of cell viability was noted at a dose 100 μg/mL for GO (1 to 3 μm). It is worth noting that the chemical functionalization of GO and Fe3O4 is a way to enhance the biocompatibility and makes the system independent of the size distribution of graphene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Urbas
- Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Avenue 45, Szczecin 70-311, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Aleksandrzak
- Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Avenue 45, Szczecin 70-311, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jedrzejczak
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Judyma 6, Szczecin 71-466, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Jedrzejczak
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Judyma 6, Szczecin 71-466, Poland
| | - Rafal Rakoczy
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection Process, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Avenue 42, Szczecin 71-065, Poland
| | - Xuecheng Chen
- Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Avenue 45, Szczecin 70-311, Poland
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Avenue 45, Szczecin 70-311, Poland
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Ferreiro E, Baldeiras I, Ferreira IL, Costa RO, Rego AC, Pereira CF, Oliveira CR. Mitochondrial- and endoplasmic reticulum-associated oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: from pathogenesis to biomarkers. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:735206. [PMID: 22701485 PMCID: PMC3373122 DOI: 10.1155/2012/735206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting several million of people worldwide. Pathological changes in the AD brain include the presence of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, loss of neurons and synapses, and oxidative damage. These changes strongly associate with mitochondrial dysfunction and stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mitochondrial dysfunction is intimately linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial-driven apoptosis, which appear to be aggravated in the brain of AD patients. Concomitantly, mitochondria are closely associated with ER, and the deleterious crosstalk between both organelles has been shown to be involved in neuronal degeneration in AD. Stimuli that enhance expression of normal and/or folding-defective proteins activate an adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) that, if unresolved, can cause apoptotic cell death. ER stress also induces the generation of ROS that, together with mitochondrial ROS and decreased activity of several antioxidant defenses, promotes chronic oxidative stress. In this paper we discuss the critical role of mitochondrial and ER dysfunction in oxidative injury in AD cellular and animal models, as well as in biological fluids from AD patients. Progress in developing peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers related to oxidative stress will also be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ferreiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. Baldeiras
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- University Coimbra Hospital, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I. L. Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R. O. Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. C. Rego
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. F. Pereira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C. R. Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
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Mollica A, Locatelli M, Stefanucci A, Pinnen F. Synthesis and bioactivity of secondary metabolites from marine sponges containing dibrominated indolic systems. Molecules 2012; 17:6083-99. [PMID: 22614862 PMCID: PMC6268355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17056083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges. (e.g., Hyrtios sp., Dragmacidin sp., Aglophenia pleuma, Aplidium cyaneum, Aplidium meridianum.) produce bioactive secondary metabolites involved in their defence mechanisms. Recently it was demonstrated that several of those compounds show a large variety of biological activities against different human diseases with possible applications in medicinal chemistry and in pharmaceutical fields, especially related to the new drug development process. Researchers have focused their attention principally on secondary metabolites with anti-cancer and cytotoxic activities. A common target for these molecules is the cytoskeleton, which has a central role in cellular proliferation, motility, and profusion involved in the metastatic process associate with tumors. In particular, many substances containing brominated indolic rings such as 5,6-dibromotryptamine, 5,6-dibromo-N-methyltryptamine, 5,6-dibromo-N-methyltryptophan (dibromoabrine), 5,6-dibromo-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 5,6-dibromo-L-hypaphorine isolated from different marine sources, have shown anti-cancer activity, as well as antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Considering the structural correlation between endogenous monoamine serotonin with marine indolic alkaloids 5,6-dibromoabrine and 5,6-dibromotryptamine, a potential use of some dibrominated indolic metabolites in the treatment of depression-related pathologies has also been hypothesized. Due to the potential applications in the treatment of various diseases and the increasing demand of these compounds for biological assays and the difficult of their isolation from marine sources, we report in this review a series of recent syntheses of marine dibrominated indole-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Mollica
- Via dei Vestini 31, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University G. d' Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy.
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15
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Bitar MS, Al-Mulla F. A defect in Nrf2 signaling constitutes a mechanism for cellular stress hypersensitivity in a genetic rat model of type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E1119-29. [PMID: 21878664 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00047.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 regulates the expression and coordinated induction of a battery of antioxidant phase 2 genes that protect cells against the cumulative damaging effects of oxidative stress (OS), a major contributor in the development of chronic diabetic complications. Using cultured dermal fibroblasts from rats with type 2 diabetes (DFs), we investigated the intracellular redox status and the adaptive response to OS, in which Nrf2 plays a central role. Our data confirmed that the generation of superoxide by NADPH oxidase and the mitochondria was enhanced in DFs compared with corresponding controls. This was associated with a decrease in the antioxidant capacity and an increase in the sensitivity of these DFs to hydrogen peroxide-induced necrotic cell death. Nrf2 levels in total cell extracts were diminished, and this abnormality appears to stem from a diabetes-related decrease in Nrf2 protein stability. Endogenous (oligomycin) and exogenous (tert-butylhydroquinone) induction of OS enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and increased the mRNA expression of Nrf2-sensitive genes in control but not DFs. The activity of the GSK-3β/Fyn axis was increased markedly in DFs when compared with the corresponding controls. Chemical inhibition of GSK-3β mitigated the diabetes-related suppression of the OS-induced nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and the transcriptional activation of the genes downstream of Nrf2. Overall, these findings suggest that an augmentation in GSK-3β/Fyn signaling during diabetes contributes to a deficit in both the cellular redox state and the Nrf2-based adaptive response to OS. Moreover, they may also offer a new perspective in the understanding and treatment of nonhealing diabetic wounds.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
- Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Hypersensitivity/metabolism
- Hypersensitivity/pathology
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/genetics
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/physiology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Transgenic
- Rats, Wistar
- Reactive Oxygen Species/adverse effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad S Bitar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, University of Kuwait, Safat, Kuwait.
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16
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The reduction of water-soluble tetrazolium salt reagent on the plasma membrane of epidermal keratinocytes is oxygen dependent. Anal Biochem 2011; 414:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Del Principe D, Avigliano L, Savini I, Catani MV. Trans-plasma membrane electron transport in mammals: functional significance in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2289-318. [PMID: 20812784 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (t-PMET) has been established since the 1960s, but it has only been subject to more intensive research in the last decade. The discovery and characterization at the molecular level of its novel components has increased our understanding of how t-PMET regulates distinct cellular functions. This review will give an update on t-PMET, with particular emphasis on how its malfunction relates to some diseases, such as cancer, abnormal cell death, cardiovascular diseases, aging, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and genetically linked pathologies. Understanding these relationships may provide novel therapeutic approaches for pathologies associated with unbalanced redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Del Principe
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Thangthaeng N, Sumien N, Forster MJ, Shah RA, Yan LJ. Nongradient blue native gel analysis of serum proteins and in-gel detection of serum esterase activities. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:386-94. [PMID: 21237726 PMCID: PMC3034814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to analyze serum protein complexes and detect serum esterase activities using nongradient blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). For analysis of potential protein complexes, serum from rat was used. Results demonstrate that a total of 8 gel bands could be clearly distinguished after Coomassie blue staining, and serum albumin could be isolated nearly as a pure protein. Moreover, proteins in these bands were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry and low-energy collision induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS peptide sequencing and the existence of serum dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) was confirmed. For studies of in-gel detection of esterase activities, serum from rat, mouse, and human was used. In-gel staining of esterase activity was achieved by the use of either α-naphthylacetate or β-naphthylacetate in the presence of Fast blue BB salt. There were three bands exhibiting esterase activities in the serum of both rat and mouse. In contrast, there was only one band showing esterase activity staining in the human serum. When serum samples were treated with varying concentrations of urea, esterase activity staining was abolished for all the bands except the one containing esterase 1 (Es1) protein that is known to be a single polypeptide enzyme, indicating that majority of these esterases were protein complexes or multimeric proteins. We also identified the human serum esterase as butyrylcholinesterase following isolation and partial purification using ammonium sulfate fractioning and ion exchange column chromatographies. Where applicable, demonstrations of the gel-based method for measuring serum esterase activities under physiological or pathophysiological conditions were illustrated. Results of the present study demonstrate that nongradient BN-PAGE can serve as a feasible analytical tool for proteomic and enzymatic analysis of serum proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopporn Thangthaeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Michael J. Forster
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Ruchir A. Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Institute for Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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19
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Savini I, Arnone R, Rossi A, Catani MV, Del Principe D, Avigliano L. Redox modulation of Ecto-NOX1 in human platelets. Mol Membr Biol 2010; 27:160-9. [PMID: 20462348 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2010.485936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
By modulating the cellular redox state, the plasma membrane electron transport (PMET) is important in platelet biology; indeed, the oxidant/antioxidant balance plays a central role during activation of the coagulation pathway. None the less, in human platelets, the PMET system has not yet been fully characterized and the molecular identities of most components are unknown. Here, for the first time, the presence of the plasma membrane hydroquinone (NADH) oxidase Ecto-NOX1 in human platelets has been described. We found that Ecto-NOX1 expression is modulated by capsaicin: Indeed, it is positively regulated through a mechanism requiring binding of capsaicin to its receptor, namely the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1). Ligand-receptor interaction triggers a signalling cascade leading to ROS production, which in turn enhances expression and activity of Ecto-NOX1. Redox regulation of Ecto-NOX1 may be important to platelet recruitment and activation during inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Savini
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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20
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Gray JP, Heart E. Usurping the mitochondrial supremacy: extramitochondrial sources of reactive oxygen intermediates and their role in beta cell metabolism and insulin secretion. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:167-74. [PMID: 20397883 DOI: 10.3109/15376511003695181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells is a process dependent on metabolism. While oxidative stress is a well-known inducer of beta cell toxicity and impairs insulin secretion, recent studies suggest that low levels of metabolically-derived reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) also play a positive role in insulin secretion. Glucose metabolism is directly correlated with ROI production, particularly in beta cells in which glucose uptake is proportional to the extracellular concentration of glucose. Low levels of exogenously added ROI or quinones, which stimulate ROI production, positively affect insulin secretion, while antioxidants block insulin secretion, suggesting that ROI activate unidentified redox-sensitive signal transduction components within these cells. The mitochondria are one source of ROI: increased metabolic flux increases mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in electron leakage and adventitious ROI production. A second source of ROI are cytosolic and plasma membrane oxidoreductases which oxidize NAD(P)H and directly produce ROI through the reduction of molecular oxygen. The mechanism of ROI-mediated potentiation of insulin secretion remains an important topic for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Gray
- Department of Science, Chemistry Section, United States Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT 06320, USA.
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21
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Leiser SF, Miller RA. Nrf2 signaling, a mechanism for cellular stress resistance in long-lived mice. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:871-84. [PMID: 19933842 PMCID: PMC2812245 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01145-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of the antioxidant response element (ARE) by Nrf2 is important for the cellular adaptive response to toxic insults. New data show that primary skin-derived fibroblasts from the long-lived Snell dwarf mutant mouse, previously shown to be resistant to many toxic stresses, have elevated levels of Nrf2 and of multiple Nrf2-sensitive ARE genes. Dwarf-derived fibroblasts exhibit many of the traits associated with enhanced activity of Nrf2/ARE, including higher levels of glutathione and resistance to plasma membrane lipid peroxidation. Treatment of control cells with arsenite, an inducer of Nrf2 activity, increases their resistance to paraquat, hydrogen peroxide, cadmium, and UV light, rendering these cells as stress resistant as untreated cells from dwarf mice. Furthermore, mRNA levels for some Nrf2-sensitive genes are elevated in at least some tissues of Snell dwarf mice, suggesting that the phenotypes observed in culture may be mirrored in vivo. Augmented activity of Nrf2 and ARE-responsive genes may coordinate many of the stress resistance traits seen in cells from these long-lived mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F. Leiser
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Department of Pathology, Geriatrics Center, and VA Medical Center, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Room 3001 BSRB, Box 2200, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Department of Pathology, Geriatrics Center, and VA Medical Center, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Room 3001 BSRB, Box 2200, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200
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22
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Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, Sharma R. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril 2009; 92:1318-1325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Herst PM, Davis JE, Neeson P, Berridge MV, Ritchie DS. The anti-cancer drug, phenoxodiol, kills primary myeloid and lymphoid leukemic blasts and rapidly proliferating T cells. Haematologica 2009; 94:928-34. [PMID: 19535345 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2008.003996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The redox-active isoflavene anti-cancer drug, phenoxodiol, has previously been shown to inhibit plasma membrane electron transport and cell proliferation and promote apoptosis in a range of cancer cell lines and in anti-CD3/anti-CD28-activated murine splenocytes but not in non-transformed WI-38 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. DESIGN AND METHODS We determined the effects of phenoxodiol on plasma membrane electron transport, MTT responses and viability of activated and resting human T cells. In addition, we evaluated the effect of phenoxodiol on the viability of leukemic cell lines and primary myeloid and lymphoid leukemic blasts. RESULTS We demonstrated that phenoxodiol inhibited plasma membrane electron transport and cell proliferation (IC(50) 46 microM and 5.4 microM, respectively) and promoted apoptosis of rapidly proliferating human T cells but did not affect resting T cells. Phenoxodiol also induced apoptosis in T cells stimulated in HLA-mismatched allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions. Conversely, non-proliferating T cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction remained viable and could be restimulated in a third party mixed lymphocyte reaction, in the absence of phenoxodiol. In addition, we demonstrated that leukemic blasts from patients with primary acute myeloid leukemia (n=22) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (n=8) were sensitive to phenoxodiol. The lymphocytic leukemic blasts were more sensitive than the myeloid leukemic blasts to 10 muM phenoxodiol exposure for 24h (viability of 23+/-4% and 64+/-5%, respectively, p=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS The ability of phenoxodiol to kill rapidly proliferating lymphocytes makes this drug a promising candidate for the treatment of pathologically-activated lymphocytes such as those in acute lymphoid leukemia, or diseases driven by T-cell proliferation such as auto-immune diseases and graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patries M Herst
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6005, New Zealand.
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24
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Abstract
There has recently been a dramatic expansion in research in the area of redox biology with systems that utilize thiols to perform redox chemistry being central to redox control. Thiol-based reactions occur in proteins involved in platelet function, including extracellular platelet proteins. The alphaIIbbeta3 fibrinogen receptor contains free thiols that are required for the activation of this receptor to a fibrinogen-binding conformation. This process is under enzymatic control, with protein disulfide isomerase playing a central role in the activation of alphaIIbbeta3. Other integrins, such as the alpha2beta1 collagen receptor on platelets, are also regulated by protein disulfide isomerase and thiol metabolism. Low molecular weight thiols that are found in blood regulate these processes by converting redox sensitive disulfide bonds to thiols and by providing the appropriate redox potential for these reactions. Additional mechanisms of redox control of platelets involve nitric oxide that inhibits platelet responses, and reactive oxygen species that potentiate platelet thrombus formation. Specific nitrosative or oxidative modifications of thiol groups in platelets may modulate platelet function. Since many biologic processes are regulated by redox reactions that involve surface thiols, the extracellular redox state can have an important influence on health and disease status and may be a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Essex
- Department of Medicine and the Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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25
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Jiang Z, Gorenstein NM, Morré DM, Morré DJ. Molecular cloning and characterization of a candidate human growth-related and time-keeping constitutive cell surface hydroquinone (NADH) oxidase. Biochemistry 2009; 47:14028-38. [PMID: 19055324 DOI: 10.1021/bi801073p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ENOX (ECTO-NOX) proteins are growth-related cell surface proteins that catalyze both hydroquinone or NADH oxidation and protein disulfide-thiol interchange and exhibit both prion-like and time-keeping (clock) properties. The two enzymatic activities they catalyze alternate to generate a regular period of 24 min in length. Here we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of a human candidate constitutive ENOX (CNOX or ENOX1) protein. The gene encoding this 643 amino acid long protein is located on chromosome 13 (13q 14.11). Functional motifs previously identified by site-directed mutagenesis in a cancer-associated ENOX (tNOX or ENOX2) as adenine nucleotide or copper binding along with essential cysteines are present, but the drug-binding motif (EEMTE) sequence of ENOX2 is absent. The activities of the recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli were not affected by capsaicin, EGCg, and other ENOX2-inhibiting substances. The purified recombinant protein bound ca. 2 mol of copper/mol of protein. Bound copper was necessary for activity. H260 and H579 were required for copper binding as confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis, loss of copper-binding capacity, and resultant loss of enzymatic activity. Addition of melatonin phased the 24 min period such that the next complete period began exactly 24 min after the melatonin addition as appears to be characteristic of ENOX1 activities in general. Oxidative activity was exhibited with both NAD(P)H and reduced coenzyme Q as substrate. Concentrated solutions of the purified candidate ENOX1 protein irreversibly formed insoluble aggregates, devoid of enzymatic activity, resembling amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Jiang
- Departments of Foods and Nutrition, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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26
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Herst PM, Petersen T, Jerram P, Baty J, Berridge MV. The antiproliferative effects of phenoxodiol are associated with inhibition of plasma membrane electron transport in tumour cell lines and primary immune cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 74:1587-95. [PMID: 17904534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the redox-active synthetic isoflavene, phenoxodiol, is in Phase 3 clinical trials for drug-resistant ovarian cancer, and in early stage clinical trials for prostate and cervical cancer, its primary molecular target is unknown. Nevertheless, phenoxodiol inhibits proliferation of many cancer cell lines and induces apoptosis by disrupting FLICE-inhibitory protein, FLIP, expression and by caspase-dependent and -independent degradation of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, XIAP. In addition, phenoxodiol sensitizes drug-resistant tumour cells to anticancer drugs including paclitaxel, carboplatin and gemcitabine. Here, we investigate the effects of phenoxodiol on plasma membrane electron transport (PMET) and cell proliferation in human leukemic HL60 cells and mitochondrial gene knockout HL60rho(o) cells that exhibit elevated PMET. Phenoxodiol inhibited PMET by both HL60 (IC(50) 32 microM) and HL60rho(o) (IC(50) 70 microM) cells, and this was associated with inhibition of cell proliferation (IC(50) of 2.8 and 6.7 microM, respectively), pan-caspase activation and apoptosis. Unexpectedly, phenoxodiol also inhibited PMET by activated murine splenic T cells (IC(50) of 29 microM) as well as T cell proliferation (IC(50) of 2.5 microM). In contrast, proliferation of WI-38 cells and HUVECs was only weakly affected by phenoxodiol. These results indicate that PMET may be a primary target for phenoxodiol in tumour cells and in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Herst
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Box 7060, Wellington 6005, New Zealand
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27
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Fenouillet E, Barbouche R, Jones IM. Cell entry by enveloped viruses: redox considerations for HIV and SARS-coronavirus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:1009-34. [PMID: 17567241 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For enveloped viruses, genome entry into the target cell involves two major steps: virion binding to the cell-surface receptor and fusion of the virion and cell membranes. Virus-cell membrane fusion is mediated by the virus envelope complex, and its fusogenicity is the result of an active virus-cell interaction process that induces conformation changes within the envelope. For some viruses, such as influenza, exposure to an acidic milieu within the cell during the early steps of infection triggers the necessary structural changes. However, for other pathogens which are not exposed to such environmental stress, activation of fusogenicity can result from precise thiol/disulfide rearrangements mediated by either an endogenous redox autocatalytic isomerase or a cell-associated oxidoreductase. Study of the activation of HIV envelope fusogenicity has revealed new knowledge about how redox changes within a viral envelope trigger fusion. We discuss these findings and their implication for anti-HIV therapy. In addition, to compare and contrast the situation outlined for HIV with an enveloped virus that can fuse with the cell plasma membrane independent of the redox status of its envelope protein, we review parallel data obtained on SARS coronavirus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Fenouillet
- CNRS FRE2738 and Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France.
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28
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Herst PM, Berridge MV. Cell surface oxygen consumption: a major contributor to cellular oxygen consumption in glycolytic cancer cell lines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1767:170-7. [PMID: 17266920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen consumption for bioenergetic purposes has long been thought to be the prerogative of mitochondria. Nevertheless, mitochondrial gene knockout (rho(0)) cells that are defective in mitochondrial respiration require oxygen for growth and consume oxygen at the cell surface via trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET). This raises the possibility that cell surface oxygen consumption may support glycolytic energy metabolism by reoxidising cytosolic NADH to facilitate continued glycolysis. In this paper we determined the extent of cell surface oxygen consumption in a panel of 19 cancer cell lines. Non-mitochondrial (myxothiazol-resistant) oxygen consumption was demonstrated to consist of at least two components, cell surface oxygen consumption (inhibited by extracellular NADH) and basal oxygen consumption (insensitive to both myxothiazol and NADH). The extent of cell surface oxygen consumption varied considerably between parental cell lines from 1% to 80% of total oxygen consumption rates. In addition, cell surface oxygen consumption was found to be associated with low levels of superoxide production and to contribute significantly (up to 25%) to extracellular acidification in HL60rho(0) cells. In summary, cell surface oxygen consumption contributes significantly to total cellular oxygen consumption, not only in rho(0) cells but also in mitochondrially competent tumour cell lines with glycolytic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patries M Herst
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand.
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29
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Shoshan MC, Havelka APPIAM, Neumann F, Linder S. Sense and sensibility: the use of cell death biomarker assays in high-throughput anticancer drug screening and monitoring treatment responses. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2006; 1:585-94. [PMID: 23506068 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.1.6.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based screening allows identification of biologically active compounds, for example, potential anticancer drugs. In this review, various screening assays are discussed in terms of what they measure and how this affects interpretation and relevance. High-throughput (HT) assays of viability based on the reduction of exogenous substrates do not always reflect viability or cell number levels. Membrane integrity assays can be used for HT quantification of cell death, but are non-specific as to the death mode. Several HT assays monitor end point apoptosis. Screening libraries at a single concentration (micromolar) can prevent detection of potent apoptosis inducers, as high concentrations may induce mainly necrosis. Using monolayer cultures limits the significance of cell-based screening as the properties of monolayer cells differ from tumours in vivo. Spheroid cultures are more physiological, but are impractical for screening by conventional methods. The authors have developed an assay quantifying accumulation of a caspase-cleaved protein specific for epithelial cells. It provides an integrated measure of apoptosis in two- and three-dimensional cultures and can be used as a blood biomarker assay for tumour apoptosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Shoshan
- Dept. of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Cancer Center Karolinska, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Kennett EC, Kuchel PW. Plasma membrane oxidoreductases: effects on erythrocyte metabolism and redox homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1241-7. [PMID: 16910771 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane oxidoreductases (PMORs) have been found in the membranes of all cells. These systems have been studied extensively in the human erythrocyte, so much is known about their activity and effect on erythrocyte cellular functioning. PMORs have been shown to be involved in a number of events associated with cell growth and function in other cell lines, but perhaps their most important role, especially in the nucleus- free mature erythrocyte, is as a redox sensor. The PMOR reduces extracellular oxidants by using the reducing power of intracellular antioxidants, making the cell metabolism respond to changes in the local redox environment. Thus, the activity of the PMOR is closely linked to the metabolic status of the erythrocyte. The main intracellular reductant for this system is ascorbic acid; however, the cell must also have the ability to supply NADH for full activity. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the effects of extracellular oxidants on intracellular metabolism have increased our knowledge of the intimate link between PMOR activity and metabolism, and these studies are reviewed here in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Kennett
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Büchse T, Prietzsch H, Sasse T, Körbel S, Stigge G, Bogdanow S, Brock J, Bittorf T. Profiling of early gene expression induced by erythropoietin receptor structural variants. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:7697-707. [PMID: 16380376 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508481200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of erythroid progenitor cells is triggered via the expression of the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) and its activation by erythropoietin. The function of the resulting receptor complex depends critically on the presence of activated JAK2, and the complex contains a large number of signaling molecules recruited to eight phosphorylated tyrosine residues. Studies using mutant receptor forms have demonstrated that truncated receptors lacking all tyrosines are able to support red blood cell development with low efficiency, whereas add-back mutants containing either Tyr343 or Tyr479 reconstitute EPOR signaling and erythropoiesis in vivo. To study the contribution of tyrosines to receptor function, we analyzed the activation of essential signaling pathways and early gene induction promoted by different receptor structural variants using human epidermal growth factor receptor/murine EPOR hybrids. In our experiments, receptors lacking all tyrosine residues or the JAK2-binding site did not induce mitogenic and anti-apoptotic signaling, whereas add-back mutant receptors containing single tyrosine residues (Try343 and Tyr479) supported the activation of these functions efficiently. Profiling of early gene expression using cDNA array hybridization revealed that (i) the high redundancy in the activation of signaling pathways is continued at the level of transcription; (ii) the expression of many genes targeted by the wild-type receptor is not supported by add-back mutants; and (iii) a small set of genes are exclusively induced by add-back receptors. We report the identification of several early genes that have not been implicated in the EPOR-dependent response so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Büchse
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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32
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Baker MA, Aitken RJ. Reactive oxygen species in spermatozoa: methods for monitoring and significance for the origins of genetic disease and infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005; 3:67. [PMID: 16313680 PMCID: PMC1315356 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-3-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human spermatozoa generate low levels of reactive oxygen species in order to stimulate key events, such as tyrosine phosphorylation, associated with sperm capacitation. However, if the generation of these potentially pernicious oxygen metabolites becomes elevated for any reason, spermatozoa possess a limited capacity to protect themselves from oxidative stress. As a consequence, exposure of human spermatozoa to intrinsically- or extrinsically- generated reactive oxygen intermediates can result in a state of oxidative stress characterized by peroxidative damage to the sperm plasma membrane and DNA damage to the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Oxidative stress in the male germ line is associated with poor fertilization rates, impaired embryonic development, high levels of abortion and increased morbidity in the offspring, including childhood cancer. In this review, we consider the possible origins of oxidative damage to human spermatozoa and reflect on the important contribution such stress might make to the origins of genetic disease in our species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Baker
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Development, Reproductive Science Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - R John Aitken
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Development, Reproductive Science Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Herst PM, Levine DM, Berridge MV. Mitochondrial gene knockout HL60rho0 cells show preferential differentiation into monocytes/macrophages. Leuk Res 2005; 29:1163-70. [PMID: 16111534 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the differentiation potential of mitochondrial gene knockout (rho0) and parental HL60 cells in response to 1.25% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 10nM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Compared to HL60 cells, undifferentiated HL60rho0 cells showed partial monocyte/macrophage differentiation, with increased CD11c and CD14 expression, decreased CD71 expression, and weak non-specific esterase staining. Differentiation along the monocyte/macrophage pathway (PMA) was more pronounced in HL60rho0 than parental HL60 cells with increased CD11c and CD14 expression and stronger non-specific esterase staining. DMSO-exposure resulted in a poorly differentiated nuclear morphology, small respiratory burst and marginal up-regulation of CD15 expression in HL60rho0 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patries M Herst
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand
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34
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Tan AS, Berridge MV. Distinct trans-plasma membrane redox pathways reduce cell-impermeable dyes in HeLa cells. Redox Rep 2005; 9:302-6. [PMID: 15720822 DOI: 10.1179/135100004225006777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) in mammalian cells has been demonstrated using artificial cell-impermeable dyes, but the extent to which reduction of these dyes involves distinct pathways remains unclear. Here we compare the properties of three commonly used dyes, WST-1, FeCN and DCIP. The presence of an intermediate electron carrier (mPMS or CoQ(1)) was obligatory for WST-1 reduction, whereas FeCN and DCIP were reduced directly. FeCN reduction was, however, greatly enhanced by CoQ(1), whereas DCIP was unaffected. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and aminooxyacetate (AOA), a malate/aspartate shuttle inhibitor, strongly inhibited WST-1 reduction and reduced DCIP reduction by 40-60%, but failed to affect FeCN reduction, indicating involvement of mitochondrial TCA cycle-derived NADH and a possible role for superoxide in WST-1 but not FeCN reduction. Reduction of all three substrates was similarly inhibited by dicoumarol, diphenyleneiodonium and capsaicin. These results demonstrate that WST-1 FeCN and DCIP are reduced by distinct tPMET pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- An S Tan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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35
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Reddy Pagala V, Park J, Reed DW, Hartzell PL. Cellular localization of D-lactate dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2005; 1:95-104. [PMID: 15803647 PMCID: PMC2685561 DOI: 10.1155/2002/297264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Archaeoglobus are hyperthermophilic sulfate reducers with an optimal growth temperature of 83 degrees C. Archaeoglobus fulgidus can utilize simple compounds including D-lactate, L-lactate and pyruvate as the sole substrate for carbon and electrons for dissimilatory sulfate reduction. Previously we showed that this organism makes a D-lactate dehydrogenase (Dld) that requires FAD and Zn2+ for activity. To determine the cellular location and topology of Dld and to identify proteins that interact with Dld, an antibody directed against Dld was prepared. Immunocytochemical studies using gold particle-coated secondary antibodies show that more than 85% of Dld is associated with the membrane. A truncated form of Dld was detected in immunoblots of whole cells treated with protease, showing that Dld is an integral membrane protein and that a significant portion of Dld, including part of the FAD-binding pocket, is outside the membrane facing the S-layer. The gene encoding Dld is part of an operon that includes noxA2, which encodes one of several NADH oxidases in A. fulgidus. Previous studies have shown that NoxA2 remains bound to Dld during purification. Thin sections of A. fulgidus probed simultaneously with antibodies against Dld and NoxA2 show that both proteins co-localized to the same sites in the membrane. Although these data show a tight interaction between NoxA2 and Dld, the role of NoxA2 in electron transport reactions is unknown. Rather, NoxA2 may protect proteins involved in electron transfer by reducing O2 to H2O2 or H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajeeth Reddy Pagala
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3052, USA
| | - Joohye Park
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3052, USA
| | - David W. Reed
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3052, USA
- Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratories, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA
| | - Patricia L. Hartzell
- 142 Life Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3052, USA
- Corresponding author ()
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36
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Crane FL, Low H. Plasma membrane redox and control of sirtuin. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 27:147-152. [PMID: 23598621 PMCID: PMC3458503 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-005-1631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We consider possible contributions of plasma membrane redox systems to Aging control by sirtuin (SIR). Reported changes in plasma membrane redox introduced by calorie restriction (CR) may lead to activation of SIR. The most obvious effect would lie in the increase of NAD+ as a result of NADH oxidation. So the question arises, do the observed changes herald an increase in NADH oxidase under CR? The other possibility is an increase in expression of SIR by activation of plasma membrane oxidase. Previous experiments have shown that activation of the plasma membrane redox system can increase cellular NAD+ concentration. The plasma membrane redox systems are also involved in control of protein kinase activity through oxygen radical generation. This activity may be related to control of SIR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick L. Crane
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana USA
- 610 Countryside Drive, Metamora, IL 61548 USA
| | - Hans Low
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Baker MA, Krutskikh A, Curry BJ, Hetherington L, Aitken RJ. Identification of cytochrome-b5 reductase as the enzyme responsible for NADH-dependent lucigenin chemiluminescence in human spermatozoa. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:334-42. [PMID: 15858218 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.037960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence together with 2-[4-iodophenyl]-3-[4-nitrophenyl]-5-[2,4-disulfophenyl]-2H tetrazolium monosodium salt (WST-1) reduction can be detected following addition of NADH to many cell types, including human sperm suspensions. Although many reports suggest that such a phenomenon is due to reactive oxygen species production, other oxygen detecting metabolite probes, such as MCLA and luminol, do not produce a chemiluminescent signal in this model system. The enzyme responsible for NADH-dependent lucigenin chemiluminescence was purified and identified as cytochrome-b5 reductase. In support of this concept, COS-7 cells overexpressing cytochrome-b5 reductase displayed at least a 3-fold increase in the previously mentioned activity compared with mock-transfected cells. Fractions containing cytochrome-b5 reductase were capable of inducing both lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence and WST-1 reduction. Oxygen radicals clearly did not mediate the cytochrome b5-mediated activation of these probes in vitro since neither luminol nor MCLA gave a chemiluminescence response in the presence of the enzyme and the cofactor NADH. These results emphasize the importance of the direct NADH-dependent reduction of these putative superoxide-sensitive probes by cytochrome-b5 reductase even though this enzyme does not, on its own accord, produce reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Baker
- The ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Development, Reproductive Science Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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38
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Scarlett DJG, Herst PM, Berridge MV. Multiple proteins with single activities or a single protein with multiple activities: the conundrum of cell surface NADH oxidoreductases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1708:108-19. [PMID: 15882838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2004] [Revised: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of the cell-impermeable tetrazolium salt WST-1 has been used to characterise two plasma membrane NADH oxidoreductase activities in human cells. The trans activity, measured with WST-1 and the intermediate electron acceptor mPMS, utilises reducing equivalents from intracellular sources, while the surface activity, measured with WST-1 and extracellular NADH, is independent of intracellular metabolism. Whether these two activities involve distinct proteins or are inherent to a single protein is unclear. In this work, we have attempted to address this question by examining the relationship between the trans and surface WST-1-reducing activities and a third well-characterised family of cell surface oxidases, the ECTO-NOX proteins. Using blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have identified a complex in the plasma membranes of human 143B osteosarcoma cells responsible for the NADH-dependent reduction of WST-1. The dye-reducing activity of the 300 kDa complex was attributed to a 70 kDa NADH oxidoreductase activity that cross-reacted with antisera against the ECTO-NOX protein CNOX. Differences in enzyme activities and inhibitor profiles between the WST-1-reducing NADH oxidoreductase enzyme in the presence of NADH or mPMS and the ECTO-NOX family are reconciled in terms of the different purification methods and assay systems used to study these proteins.
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39
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Körbel S, Büchse T, Prietzsch H, Sasse T, Schümann M, Krause E, Brock J, Bittorf T. Phosphoprotein profiling of erythropoietin receptor- dependent pathways using different proteomic strategies. Proteomics 2005; 5:91-100. [PMID: 15672454 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200400883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic techniques provide new tools for the global analysis of protein profiles but also for the investigation of specific protein functions. The analysis of signaling cascades has traditionally been performed by the determination of enzymatic or transcription factor activities representing a certain pathway. Functional proteomics now allows more comprehensive approaches to study cellular responses induced during ligand/receptor interactions. In this study we evaluated proteomic strategies for the investigation of structure-function relationships in the erythropoietin receptor signalling complex. After expression of epidermal growth factor/erythropoietin receptor mutant molecules in an identical cellular background we characterized their potential to induce cellular activities. Using this system we focused our efforts on post-translational modifications of signalling proteins reflecting a substantial part of receptor-dependent signaling events. Although tyrosine phosphorylated proteins were enriched by immunoprecipitation the analysis using the classical approach combining two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identification by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry revealed that low expressed signaling proteins cannot be detected by this technique. An alternative strategy using one-dimensional gel separation of phosphoproteins and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, however, allowed us to identify multiple proteins involved in intracellular signalling representing already established pathways but also proteins which have not been linked to EPO-induced signaling so far. This approach offers the potential to extend functional proteomic studies to complex signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Körbel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
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40
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Berridge MV, Herst PM, Tan AS. Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: new insights into their cellular reduction. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2005; 11:127-52. [PMID: 16216776 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(05)11004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1298] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tetrazolium salts have become some of the most widely used tools in cell biology for measuring the metabolic activity of cells ranging from mammalian to microbial origin. With mammalian cells, fractionation studies indicate that the reduced pyridine nucleotide cofactor, NADH, is responsible for most MTT reduction and this is supported by studies with whole cells. MTT reduction is associated not only with mitochondria, but also with the cytoplasm and with non-mitochondrial membranes including the endosome/lysosome compartment and the plasma membrane. The net positive charge on tetrazolium salts like MTT and NBT appears to be the predominant factor involved in their cellular uptake via the plasma membrane potential. However, second generation tetrazolium dyes that form water-soluble formazans and require an intermediate electron acceptor for reduction (XTT, WST-1 and to some extent, MTS), are characterised by a net negative charge and are therefore largely cell-impermeable. Considerable evidence indicates that their reduction occurs at the cell surface, or at the level of the plasma membrane via trans-plasma membrane electron transport. The implications of these new findings are discussed in terms of the use of tetrazolium dyes as indicators of cell metabolism and their applications in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Berridge
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand.
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41
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Abstract
AbstractWe previously found that reduced glutathione (GSH) or a mixture of GSH/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) potentiated platelet aggregation. We here report that GSSG, when added to platelets alone, also potentiates platelet aggregation. Most of the GSSG was converted to GSH by a flavoprotein-dependent platelet surface mechanism. This provided an appropriate redox potential for platelet activation. The addition of GSSG to platelets generated sulfhydryls in the β subunit of the αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor, suggesting a mechanism for facilitation of agonist-induced platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Essex
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Mail Code 7880, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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42
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Herst PM, Tan AS, Scarlett DJG, Berridge MV. Cell surface oxygen consumption by mitochondrial gene knockout cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2004; 1656:79-87. [PMID: 15178469 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Revised: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial gene knockout (rho(0)) cells that depend on glycolysis for their energy requirements show an increased ability to reduce cell-impermeable tetrazolium dyes by electron transport across the plasma membrane. In this report, we show for the first time, that oxygen functions as a terminal electron acceptor for trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) in HL60rho(0) cells, and that this cell surface oxygen consumption is associated with oxygen-dependent cell growth in the absence of mitochondrial electron transport function. Non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption by HL60rho(0) cells was extensively inhibited by extracellular NADH and NADPH, but not by NAD(+), localizing this process at the cell surface. Mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors and the uncoupler, FCCP, did not affect oxygen consumption by HL60rho(0) cells. Inhibitors of glucose uptake and glycolysis, the ubiquinone redox cycle inhibitors, capsaicin and resiniferatoxin, the flavin centre inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium, and the NQO1 inhibitor, dicoumarol, all inhibited oxygen consumption by HL60rho(0) cells. Similarities in inhibition profiles between non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption and reduction of the cell-impermeable tetrazolium dye, WST-1, suggest that both systems may share a common tPMET pathway. This is supported by the finding that terminal electron acceptors from both pathways compete for electrons from intracellular NADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patries M Herst
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington, New Zealand
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Abstract
Earlier studies using GM10115 cells analyzed the capability of different DNA-damaging agents to induce genomic instability and found that acute oxidative stress was relatively inefficient at eliciting a persistent destabilization of chromosomes. To determine whether this situation would change under chronic exposure conditions, the human-hamster hybrid line GM10115 was cultured under conditions of oxidative stress. Chronic treatments consisted of 1-hour incubations using a range of hydrogen peroxide (25-200 microM) or glucose oxidase (GO; 5-50 mU/ml) concentrations that were administered once daily over 10 to 30 consecutive days. The toxicity of chronic treatments was modest (- one log kill) and consistent with the low yield of first division aberrations (<5%). However, analysis of over 180 clones and 36,000 metaphases indicated that chronic oxidative stress led to a high incidence of chromosomal instability. Treatment of cells with 100 and 200 microM hydrogen peroxide or 50 mU/ml GO was found to elicit chromosomal instability in 11%, 22%, and 19% of the clones analyzed, respectively. In contrast, control clones isolated after mock treatment did not show signs of chromosomal destabilization. These data suggest that chronic oxidative stress constitutes a biochemical mechanism capable of disrupting the genomic integrity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94103-0806, USA.
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44
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Baker MA, Krutskikh A, Curry BJ, McLaughlin EA, Aitken RJ. Identification of cytochrome P450-reductase as the enzyme responsible for NADPH-dependent lucigenin and tetrazolium salt reduction in rat epididymal sperm preparations. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:307-18. [PMID: 15031143 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.027748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence and WST-1 reduction can be detected following addition of NADPH to many cell types, including rat epididymal sperm suspensions. Although many reports suggest that such a phenomenon is due to reactive oxygen species production, other probes-such as MCLA and luminol-that are capable of detecting reactive oxygen metabolites do not produce a chemiluminescent signal in this model system. Our aim was to purify and identify the enzyme catalyzing the NADPH-dependent lucigenin and WST-1 reduction from rat epididymal spermatozoa preparations. Here, we show the identity of this enzyme as cytochrome P450-reductase. In support of this, a homogenous preparation of this protein was capable of reducing lucigenin and WST-1 in the presence of NADPH. Moreover, COS-7 cells overexpressing cytochrome P450-reductase displayed a 3-fold increase in the aforementioned activity compared with mock-transfected cells. Immunolocalization studies and biochemical analysis suggest that the majority of the NADPH-lucigenin activity is localized to the epithelial cells present within the epididymis. These results emphasize the importance of the direct NADPH-dependent reduction of superoxide-sensitive probes by cytochrome P450-reductase even though this enzyme does not, on its own accord, produce reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Baker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology and Development, Reproductive Science Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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45
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Scarlett DJ, Herst P, Tan A, Prata C, Berridge M. Mitochondrial gene-knockout (rho0) cells: a versatile model for exploring the secrets of trans-plasma membrane electron transport. Biofactors 2004; 20:199-206. [PMID: 15706057 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) pathways have been identified in all living cells, and a wide variety of tools have been used to study these processes. In our laboratory we have used the cell-impermeable tetrazolium dye WST-1, together with the mitochondrial gene knockout (rho0) cell model, to investigate one of these pathways. We have shown that growth of HL60rho0 cells is dependent on oxygen, and that these cells consume oxygen at the cell surface. Similarities in inhibition profiles between non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption and WST-1 reduction suggest that both systems share a common tPMET pathway. In support of this, oxygen was shown to compete with the intermediate electron acceptor that mediates WST-1 reduction, for reducing electrons. The observation that tPMET activity is higher in rho0 cells compared to their mitochondrially-competent counterparts was shown to be the result of competition between the mitochondrial and plasma membrane electron transport systems for intracellular reducing equivalents. Elevated rates of dye reduction appear to be mediated through increased expression of the key components of tPMET, which include the cell surface NADH oxidase, CNOX. These findings have played a critical role in shaping our current understanding of the mechanisms of this particular pathway of tPMET.
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46
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Audi SH, Zhao H, Bongard RD, Hogg N, Kettenhofen NJ, Kalyanaraman B, Dawson CA, Merker MP. Pulmonary arterial endothelial cells affect the redox status of coenzyme Q0. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:892-907. [PMID: 12654478 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary endothelium is capable of reducing certain redox-active compounds as they pass from the systemic venous to the arterial circulation. This may have important consequences with regard to the pulmonary and systemic disposition and biochemistry of these compounds. Because quinones comprise an important class of redox-active compounds with a range of physiological, toxicological, and pharmacological activities, the objective of the present study was to determine the fate of a model quinone, coenzyme Q0 (Q), added to the extracellular medium surrounding pulmonary arterial endothelial cells in culture, with particular attention to the effect of the cells on the redox status of Q in the medium. Spectrophotometry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that, when the oxidized form Q is added to the medium surrounding the cells, it is rapidly converted to its quinol form (QH2) with a small concentration of semiquinone (Q*-) also detectable. The isolation of cell plasma membrane proteins revealed an NADH-Q oxidoreductase located on the outer plasma membrane surface, which apparently participates in the reduction process. In addition, once formed the QH2 undergoes a cyanide-sensitive oxidation by the cells. Thus, the actual rate of Q reduction by the cells is greater than the net QH2 output from the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said H Audi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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47
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Abstract
The prevailing view is that disulfide bonds have been added during evolution to enhance the stability of proteins that function in a fluctuating cellular environment. However, recent evidence indicates that disulfide bonds can be more than inert structural motifs. The function of some secreted soluble proteins and cell-surface receptors is controlled by cleavage of one or more of their disulfide bonds; this cleavage is mediated by catalysts or facilitators that are specific for their substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Hogg
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, and Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, NSW, Australia.
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48
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Abstract
Proteins that work outside cells nearly always contain disulfide bonds. The prevailing view is that these bonds have been added during evolution to enhance protein stability. Recent evidence suggests that disulfide bonds can also control protein function. Certain secreted proteins contain one or more disulfide bonds that can control function by breaking and reforming in a controlled way. This review focuses on disulfide exchange events on the cell surface, with a particular reference to two proteins involved in HIV-1 infection. The primary HIV-1 receptor on immune cells, CD4, and the viral envelope glycoprotein, gp120, play a central role in HIV-1 entry. Redox change in a disulfide bond or bonds in one or both of these proteins appears to be important for HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Matthias
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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49
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Abstract
Radical attack on proteins in the presence of O(2) gives protein hydroperoxides in high yields. These peroxides are decomposed by transition metal ions, reducing agents, UV light and heat, with the formation of a range of reactive radicals that are capable of initiating further damage. Evidence has been presented for the formation of alcohols as stable products of peroxide decomposition, and these have been employed as markers of oxidative damage in vivo. The mechanism of formation of these alcohols is unclear, with both radical and nonradical pathways capable of generating these products. In this study we have investigated the reduction of peptide and protein hydroperoxides by THP-1 (human monocyte-like) cells and it is shown that this process is accompanied by radical formation as detected by EPR spin trapping. The radicals detected, which are similar to those detected from metal-ion catalyzed reduction, are generated externally to the cell. In the absence of cells, or with cell-conditioned media or cell lysates, lower concentrations of radicals were detected, indicating that intact cells are required for rapid hydroperoxide decomposition. The rate of radical generation was enhanced by preloading the cells with ascorbate, and this was accompanied by intracellular formation of the ascorbate radical. It is proposed that decomposition of some amino acid and peptide hydroperoxides occurs extracellularly via the involvement of a cell-surface reducing system, such as a trans-plasma membrane electron transport system (TPMET) either directly, or indirectly via redox cycling of trace transition metal ions.
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50
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Wright MV, Kuhn TB. CNS neurons express two distinct plasma membrane electron transport systems implicated in neuronal viability. J Neurochem 2002; 83:655-64. [PMID: 12390527 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trans-plasma membrane electron transport is critical for maintaining cellular redox balance and viability, yet few, if any, investigations have studied it in intact primary neurons. In this investigation, extracellular reduction of 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) and ferricyanide (FeCN) were measured as indicators of trans-plasma membrane electron transport by chick forebrain neurons. Neurons readily reduced DCIP, but not FeCN unless CoQ(1), an exogenous ubiquinone analog, was added to the assays. CoQ(1) stimulated FeCN reduction in a dose-dependent manner but had no effect on DCIP reduction. Reduction of both substrates was totally inhibited by epsilon-maleimidocaproic acid (MCA), a membrane-impermeant thiol reagent, and slightly inhibited by superoxide dismutase. Diphenylene iodonium, a flavoenzyme inhibitor, completely inhibited FeCN reduction but had no affect on DCIP reduction, suggesting that these substrates are reduced by distinct redox pathways. The relationship between plasma membrane electron transport and neuronal viability was tested using the inhibitors MCA and capsaicin. MCA caused a dose-dependent decline in neuronal viability that closely paralleled its inhibition of both reductase activities. Similarly capsaicin, a NADH oxidase inhibitor, induced a rapid decline in neuronal viability. These results suggest that trans-plasma membrane electron transport helps maintain a stable redox environment required for neuronal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Wright
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
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