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Wang J, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Fang M, Qian D. Targeting exosomes enveloped EBV-miR-BART1-5p-antagomiRs for NPC therapy through both anti-vasculogenic mimicry and anti-angiogenesis. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37097161 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of head and neck cancer with high incidence in China. The molecular mechanisms of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) and angiogenesis are not fully elucidated in NPC. More specially, it has seldomly been reported that Epstein-Barr virus-encoded miRNA can regulate VM and angiogenesis in NPC. The aim of this study was to investigate the function and molecular mechanism of a targeting exosome system (iRGD-exo-antagomiR) against VM and angiogenesis in NPC, and to provide new approaches for improving the comprehensive treatment of NPC. METHODS Exosomes were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation. Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and western blotting were performed to characterize the exosomes. The 3D-Culture assay, tube formation assay, chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay, Matrigel plug assay, mouse xenograft tumor modeling and immunohistochemical staining were applied to evaluate the anti-VM and anti-angiogenic effects of the targeting exosome system in vitro and in vivo. Western blot was performed to detect the changes of downstream regulated networks following interference and recovery of the target gene. RESULTS In vitro or in vivo treatment with iRGD-tagged exosome containing antagomiR-BART1-5p specifically suppressed VM and angiogenesis in NPC. EBV-miR-BART1-5p promoted VM and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo by regulating VEGF, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and HIF1-α in a Spry2-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that targeting exosomes enveloped EBV-miR-BART1-5p-antagomiRs in a Spry2-dependent manner for NPC therapy through both anti-VM and anti-angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Health Management center, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanbin Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, the Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Min Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Altés G, Vaquero M, Cuesta S, Anerillas C, Macià A, Espinet C, Ribera J, Bellusci S, Klein OD, Yeramian A, Dolcet X, Egea J, Encinas M. A dominant negative mutation uncovers cooperative control of caudal Wolffian duct development by Sprouty genes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:514. [PMID: 36098804 PMCID: PMC9470706 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Wolffian ducts (WD) are paired epithelial tubules central to the development of the mammalian genitourinary tract. Outgrowths from the WD known as the ureteric buds (UB) generate the collecting ducts of the kidney. Later during development, the caudal portion of the WD will form the vas deferens, epididymis and seminal vesicle in males, and will degenerate in females. While the genetic pathways controlling the development of the UB are firmly established, less is known about those governing development of WD portions caudal to the UB. Sprouty proteins are inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling in vivo. We have recently shown that homozygous mutation of a conserved tyrosine (Tyr53) of Spry1 results in UB defects indistinguishable from that of Spry1 null mice. Here, we show that heterozygosity for the Spry1 Y53A allele causes caudal WD developmental defects consisting of ectopically branched seminal vesicles in males and persistent WD in females, without affecting kidney development. Detailed analysis reveals that this phenotype also occurs in Spry1+/– mice but with a much lower penetrance, indicating that removal of tyrosine 53 generates a dominant negative mutation in vivo. Supporting this notion, concomitant deletion of one allele of Spry1 and Spry2 also recapitulates the genital phenotype of Spry1Y53A/+ mice with high penetrance. Mechanistically, we show that unlike the effects of Spry1 in kidney development, these caudal WD defects are independent of Ret signaling, but can be completely rescued by lowering the genetic dosage of Fgf10. In conclusion, mutation of tyrosine 53 of Spry1 generates a dominant negative allele that uncovers fine-tuning of caudal WD development by Sprouty genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Altés
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Vaquero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sara Cuesta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.,Fundación de Investigación Biomédica de Cádiz, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Novena Planta, Investigación, Av Ana de Viya, 21, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Anerillas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Anna Macià
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Carme Espinet
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joan Ribera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Andree Yeramian
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Xavi Dolcet
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquim Egea
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mario Encinas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Edifici Biomedicina I, Lab 2.8, Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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3
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Hexachlorophene, a selective SHP2 inhibitor, suppresses proliferation and metastasis of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells by inhibiting RAS/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 441:115988. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kamptner AZM, Mayer CE, Sutterlüty H. Sprouty3, but Not Sprouty1, Expression Is Beneficial for the Malignant Potential of Osteosarcoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111944. [PMID: 34769378 PMCID: PMC8585105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty proteins are widely accepted modulators of receptor tyrosine kinase-associated pathways and fulfill diversified roles in cancerogenesis dependent on the originating cells. In this study we detected a high expression of Sprouty3 in osteosarcoma-derived cells and addressed the question of whether Sprouty3 and Sprouty1 influence the malignant phenotype of this bone tumor entity. By using adenoviruses, the Sprouty proteins were expressed in two different cell lines and their influence on cellular behavior was assessed. Growth curve analyses and Scratch assays revealed that Sprouty3 accelerates cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, more colonies were grown in Soft agar if the cells express Sprouty3. In parallel, Sprouty1 had no significant effect on the measured endpoints of the study in osteosarcoma-derived cells. The promotion of the tumorigenic capacities in the presence of Sprouty3 coincided with an increased activation of signaling as measured by evaluating the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Ectopic expression of a mutated Sprouty3 protein, in which the tyrosine necessary for its activation was substituted, resulted in inhibited migration of the treated cells. Our findings identify Sprouty3 as a candidate for a tumor promoter in osteosarcoma.
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Szybowska P, Kostas M, Wesche J, Haugsten EM, Wiedlocha A. Negative Regulation of FGFR (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor) Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061342. [PMID: 34071546 PMCID: PMC8226934 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FGFR (fibroblast growth factor receptor) signaling controls fundamental processes in embryonic, fetal and adult human life. The magnitude, duration, and location of FGFR signaling must be strictly controlled in order to induce the correct biological response. Uncontrolled receptor signaling has been shown to lead to a variety of diseases, such as skeletal disorders and cancer. Here we review the numerous cellular mechanisms that regulate and turn off FGFR signaling, once the receptor is activated. These mechanisms include endocytosis and endocytic sorting, phosphatase activity, negative regulatory proteins and negative feedback phosphorylation events. The mechanisms act together simultaneously or sequentially, controlling the same or different steps in FGFR signaling. Although more work is needed to fully understand the regulation of FGFR signaling, it is clear that the cells in our body have evolved an extensive repertoire of mechanisms that together keep FGFR signaling tightly controlled and prevent excess FGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Szybowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (P.S.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michal Kostas
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (P.S.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Wesche
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (P.S.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Margrethe Haugsten
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (P.S.); (M.K.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (E.M.H.); (A.W.); Tel.: +47-2278-1785 (E.M.H.); +47-2278-1930 (A.W.)
| | - Antoni Wiedlocha
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.M.H.); (A.W.); Tel.: +47-2278-1785 (E.M.H.); +47-2278-1930 (A.W.)
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6
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Ferguson HR, Smith MP, Francavilla C. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) and Noncanonical Partners in Cancer Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1201. [PMID: 34068954 PMCID: PMC8156822 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that success of targeted therapies in the treatment of cancer is context-dependent and is influenced by a complex crosstalk between signaling pathways and between cell types in the tumor. The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling axis highlights the importance of such context-dependent signaling in cancer. Aberrant FGFR signaling has been characterized in almost all cancer types, most commonly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, glioblastoma, prostate cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. This occurs primarily through amplification and over-expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 resulting in ligand-independent activation. Mutations and translocations of FGFR1-4 are also identified in cancer. Canonical FGF-FGFR signaling is tightly regulated by ligand-receptor combinations as well as direct interactions with the FGFR coreceptors heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and Klotho. Noncanonical FGFR signaling partners have been implicated in differential regulation of FGFR signaling. FGFR directly interacts with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, contributing to invasive and migratory properties of cancer cells, whereas interactions with other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate angiogenic, resistance to therapy, and metastatic potential of cancer cells. The diversity in FGFR signaling partners supports a role for FGFR signaling in cancer, independent of genetic aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R. Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Michael P. Smith
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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7
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Locatelli C, Lemonidis K, Salaun C, Tomkinson NCO, Chamberlain LH. Identification of key features required for efficient S-acylation and plasma membrane targeting of sprouty-2. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs249664. [PMID: 33037124 PMCID: PMC7657471 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty-2 is an important regulator of growth factor signalling and a tumour suppressor protein. The defining feature of this protein is a cysteine-rich domain (CRD) that contains twenty-six cysteine residues and is modified by S-acylation. In this study, we show that the CRD of sprouty-2 is differentially modified by S-acyltransferase enzymes. The high specificity/low activity zDHHC17 enzyme mediated restricted S-acylation of sprouty-2, and cysteine-265 and -268 were identified as key targets of this enzyme. In contrast, the low specificity/high activity zDHHC3 and zDHHC7 enzymes mediated more expansive modification of the sprouty-2 CRD. Nevertheless, S-acylation by all enzymes enhanced sprouty-2 expression, suggesting that S-acylation stabilises this protein. In addition, we identified two charged residues (aspartate-214 and lysine-223), present on opposite faces of a predicted α-helix in the CRD, which are essential for S-acylation of sprouty-2. Interestingly, mutations that perturbed S-acylation also led to a loss of plasma membrane localisation of sprouty-2 in PC12 cells. This study provides insight into the mechanisms and outcomes of sprouty-2 S-acylation, and highlights distinct patterns of S-acylation mediated by different classes of zDHHC enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Locatelli
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Kimon Lemonidis
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Christine Salaun
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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8
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Abstract
The roles of SPRED proteins in signaling, development, and cancer are becoming increasingly recognized. SPRED proteins comprise an N-terminal EVH-1 domain, a central c-Kit-binding domain, and C-terminal SROUTY domain. They negatively regulate signaling from tyrosine kinases to the Ras-MAPK pathway. SPRED1 binds directly to both c-KIT and to the RasGAP, neurofibromin, whose function is completely dependent on this interaction. Loss-of-function mutations in SPRED1 occur in human cancers and cause the developmental disorder, Legius syndrome. Genetic ablation of SPRED genes in mice leads to behavioral problems, dwarfism, and multiple other phenotypes including increased risk of leukemia. In this review, we summarize and discuss biochemical, structural, and biological functions of these proteins including their roles in normal cell growth and differentiation and in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lorenzo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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9
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Wang J, Jiang Q, Faleti OD, Tsang CM, Zhao M, Wu G, Tsao SW, Fu M, Chen Y, Ding T, Chong T, Long Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Li H, Peng M, Lyu X, Li X. Exosomal Delivery of AntagomiRs Targeting Viral and Cellular MicroRNAs Synergistically Inhibits Cancer Angiogenesis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:153-165. [PMID: 32927364 PMCID: PMC7494942 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cancer characterized by a high degree of recurrence, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The importance of alternative pro-angiogenesis pathways including viral factors has emerged after decades of directly targeting various signaling components. Using NPC as a model, we identified an essential oncogenic pathway underlying angiogenesis regulation that involves the inhibition of a tumor suppressor, Spry3, and its downstream targets by EBV-miR-BART10-5p (BART10-5p) and hsa-miR-18a (miR-18a). Overexpression of EBV-miR-BART10-5p and hsa-miR-18a strongly promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo by regulating the expression of VEGF and HIF1-α in a Spry3-dependent manner. In vitro or in vivo treatment with iRGD-tagged exosomes containing antagomiR-BART10-5p and antagomiR-18a preferentially suppressed the angiogenesis and growth of NPC. Our findings first highlight the role of EBV-miR-BART10-5p and oncogenic hsa-miR-18a in NPC angiogenesis and also shed new insights into the clinical intervention and therapeutic strategies for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other virus-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Oluwasijibomi Damola Faleti
- Departmrent of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi-Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Zhao
- PANACRO (Hefei) Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei, China
| | - Gongfa Wu
- Department of Pathology, Zengcheng District People's Hospital of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minyi Fu
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tengteng Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tuotuo Chong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yufei Long
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanbin Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxi Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanzhao Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Manli Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoming Lyu
- Departmrent of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.
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Endo T. Dominant-negative antagonists of the Ras-ERK pathway: DA-Raf and its related proteins generated by alternative splicing of Raf. Exp Cell Res 2019; 387:111775. [PMID: 31843497 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Ras-ERK pathway regulates a variety of cellular and physiological responses, including cell proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis during animal development, and homeostasis in adults. Deregulated activation of this pathway leads to cellular transformation and tumorigenesis as well as RASopathies. Several negative regulators of this pathway have been documented. Each of these proteins acts at particular points of the pathway, and they exert specific cellular and physiological functions. Among them, DA-Raf1 (DA-Raf), which is a splicing isoform of A-Raf and contains the Ras-binding domain but lacks the kinase domain, antagonizes the Ras-ERK pathway in a dominant-negative manner. DA-Raf induces apoptosis, skeletal myocyte differentiation, lung alveolarization, and fulfills tumor suppressor functions by interfering with the Ras-ERK pathway. After the findings of DA-Raf, several kinase-domain-truncated splicing variants of Raf proteins have also been reported. The family of these truncated proteins represents the concept that alternative splicing can generate antagonistic proteins to their full-length counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Endo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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11
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Vaquero M, Cuesta S, Anerillas C, Altés G, Ribera J, Basson MA, Licht JD, Egea J, Encinas M. Sprouty1 Controls Genitourinary Development via its N-Terminal Tyrosine. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1398-1411. [PMID: 31300484 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in mice suggest that perturbations of the GDNF-Ret signaling pathway are a major genetic cause of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Mutations in Sprouty1, an intracellular Ret inhibitor, results in supernumerary kidneys, megaureters, and hydronephrosis in mice. But the underlying molecular mechanisms involved and which structural domains are essential for Sprouty1 function are a matter of controversy, partly because studies have so far relied on ectopic overexpression of the gene in cell lines. A conserved N-terminal tyrosine has been frequently, but not always, identified as critical for the function of Sprouty1 in vitro. METHODS We generated Sprouty1 knockin mice bearing a tyrosine-to-alanine substitution in position 53, corresponding to the conserved N-terminal tyrosine of Sprouty1. We characterized the development of the genitourinary systems in these mice via different methods, including the use of reporter mice expressing EGFP from the Ret locus, and whole-mount cytokeratin staining. RESULTS Mice lacking this tyrosine grow ectopic ureteric buds that will ultimately form supernumerary kidneys, a phenotype indistinguishable to that of Sprouty1 knockout mice. Sprouty1 knockin mice also present megaureters and vesicoureteral reflux, caused by failure of ureters to separate from Wolffian ducts and migrate to their definitive position. CONCLUSIONS Tyrosine 53 is absolutely necessary for Sprouty1 function during genitourinary development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M Albert Basson
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; and
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- The University of Florida Health Cancer Center, The University of Florida Cancer/Genetics Research Complex, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joaquim Egea
- Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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12
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Dittmer J, Stütz A, Vanas V, Salhi J, Reisecker JM, Kral RM, Sutterlüty-Fall H. Spatial signal repression as an additional role of Sprouty2 protein variants. Cell Signal 2019; 62:109332. [PMID: 31154002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty2 (Spry2) is a prominent member of a protein family with crucial functions in the modulation of signal transduction. One of its main actions is the repression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in response to growth factor-induced signalling. A common single nucleotide polymorphism within the Spry2 gene creates two protein variants where a proline adjacent to the serine rich domain is converted to an additional serine. Both protein variants perform similar functions although their efficiency in fulfilling these tasks varies. In this report, we used biochemical fractionation methods as well as confocal microscopy to analyse quantitative and qualitative differences in the distribution of Spry2 variants. We found that Spry2 proteins localize not solely to the plasma membrane, but also to other membrane engulfed compartments like for example the Golgi apparatus. In these less dense organelles, predominantly slower migrating forms reside indicating that posttranslational modification contributes to the distribution profile of Spry2. However there is no significant difference in the distribution of the two variants. Additionally, we found that Spry2 could be found exclusively in membrane fractions irrespective of the mitogen availability and the phosphorylation status. Considering the interference of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in the cytoplasm, both Spry2 variants inhibited the levels of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) significantly to a similar extent. In contrast, the induction profiles of pERK levels were completely different in the nuclei. Again, both Spry2 variants diminished the levels of pERK. While the proline variant lowered the activation throughout the observation period, the serine variant failed to interfere with immediate accumulation of nuclear pERK levels, but the signal duration was shortened. Since the extent of the pERK inhibition in the nuclei was drastically more pronounced than in the cytoplasm, we conclude that Spry2 - in addition to its known functions as a repressor of general ERK phosphorylation - functions as a spatial repressor of nucleic ERK activation. Accordingly, a dominant negative version of Spry2 was only able to enhance the pERK levels of serum-deprived cells in the cytosol, while in the nucleus the intensity of the pERK signal in response to serum addition was significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Dittmer
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Stütz
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanita Vanas
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jihen Salhi
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Johannes Manfred Reisecker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rosana Maria Kral
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hedwig Sutterlüty-Fall
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Alakoski T, Ulvila J, Yrjölä R, Vainio L, Magga J, Szabo Z, Licht JD, Kerkelä R. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte Sprouty1 protects from cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 114:7. [PMID: 30635790 PMCID: PMC6329741 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty1 (Spry1) is a negative modulator of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, but its role in cardiomyocyte survival has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of cardiomyocyte Spry1 in cardiac ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. Infarct areas of mouse hearts showed an increase in Spry1 protein expression, which localized to cardiomyocytes. To investigate if cardiomyocyte Spry1 regulates I/R injury, 8-week-old inducible cardiomyocyte Spry1 knockout (Spry1 cKO) mice and control mice were subjected to cardiac I/R injury. Spry1 cKO mice showed reduction in release of cardiac troponin I and reduced infarct size after I/R injury compared to control mice. Similar to Spry1 knockdown in cardiomyocytes in vivo, RNAi-mediated Spry1 silencing in isolated cardiomyocytes improved cardiomyocyte survival following simulated ischemia injury. Mechanistically, Spry1 knockdown induced cardiomyocyte extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in healthy hearts and isolated cardiomyocytes, and enhanced ERK phosphorylation after I/R injury. Spry1-deficient cardiomyocytes showed better preserved mitochondrial membrane potential following ischemic injury and an increase in levels of phosphorylated ERK and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in mitochondria of hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of constitutively active GSK-3β abrogated the protective effect of Spry1 knockdown. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β protected wild-type cardiomyocytes from cell death, but did not further protect Spry1-silenced cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced injury. Cardiomyocyte Spry1 knockdown promotes ERK phosphorylation and offers protection from I/R injury. Our findings indicate that Spry1 is an important regulator of cardiomyocyte viability during ischemia–reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Alakoski
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Ulvila
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raisa Yrjölä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Vainio
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Magga
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zoltan Szabo
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Risto Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, P. O. BOX 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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14
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Hausott B, Klimaschewski L. Sprouty2-a Novel Therapeutic Target in the Nervous System? Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3897-3903. [PMID: 30225774 PMCID: PMC6505497 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials applying growth factors to alleviate symptoms of patients with neurological disorders have largely been unsuccessful in the past. As an alternative approach, growth factor receptors or components of their signal transduction machinery may be targeted directly. In recent years, the search for intracellular signaling integrator downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases provided valuable novel substrates. Among them are the Sprouty proteins which mainly act as inhibitors of growth factor-dependent neuronal and glial signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the role of Sprouties in the lesioned central and peripheral nervous system with particular reference to Sprouty2 that is upregulated in various experimental models of neuronal degeneration and regeneration. Increased synthesis under pathological conditions makes Sprouty2 an attractive pharmacological target to enhance intracellular signaling activities, notably the ERK pathway, in affected neurons or activated astrocytes. Interestingly, high Sprouty2 levels are also found in malignant glioma cells. We recently demonstrated that abrogating Sprouty2 function strongly inhibits intracranial tumor growth and leads to significantly prolonged survival of glioblastoma bearing mice by induction of ERK-dependent DNA replication stress. On the contrary, knockdown of Sprouty proteins increases proliferation of activated astrocytes and, consequently, reduces secondary brain damage in neuronal lesion models such as kainic acid-induced epilepsy or endothelin-induced ischemia. Furthermore, downregulation of Sprouty2 improves nerve regeneration in the lesioned peripheral nervous system. Taken together, targeting Sprouties as intracellular inhibitors of the ERK pathway holds great promise for the treatment of various neurological disorders including gliomas. Since the protein lacks enzymatic activities, it will be difficult to develop chemical compounds capable to directly and specifically modulate Sprouty functions. However, interfering with Sprouty expression by gene therapy or siRNA treatment provides a realistic approach to evaluate the therapeutic potential of indirectly stimulating ERK activities in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hausott
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embyrology, Division of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embyrology, Division of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria. .,Division for Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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15
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Zhao G, Bailey CG, Feng Y, Rasko J, Lovicu FJ. Negative regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation by RTK antagonists Spry and Spred. Exp Eye Res 2018; 170:148-159. [PMID: 29501879 PMCID: PMC5924633 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty (Spry) and Spred proteins have been identified as closely related negative regulators of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-mediated MAPK pathway, inhibiting cellular proliferation, migration and differentiation in many systems. As the different members of this antagonist family are strongly expressed in the lens epithelium in overlapping patterns, in this study we used lens epithelial explants to examine the impact of these different antagonists on the morphologic and molecular changes associated with fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-induced lens fiber differentiation. Cells in lens epithelial explants were transfected using different approaches to overexpress the different Spry (Spry1, Spry2) and Spred (Spred1, Spred2, Spred3) members, and we compared their ability to undergo FGF-induced fiber differentiation. In cells overexpressing any of the antagonists, the propensity for FGF-induced cell elongation was significantly reduced, indicative of a block to lens fiber differentiation. Of these antagonists, Spry1 and Spred2 appeared to be the most potent among their respective family members, demonstrating the greatest block in FGF-induced fiber differentiation based on the percentage of cells that failed to elongate. Consistent with the reported activity of Spry and Spred, we show that overexpression of Spry2 was able to suppress FGF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in lens cells, as well as the ERK1/2-dependent fiber-specific marker Prox1, but not the accumulation of β-crystallins. Taken together, Spry and Spred proteins that are predominantly expressed in the lens epithelium in situ, appear to have overlapping effects on negatively regulating ERK1/2-signaling associated with FGF-induced lens epithelial cell elongation leading to fiber differentiation. This highlights the important regulatory role for these RTK antagonists in establishing and maintaining the distinct architecture and polarity of the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Zhao
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles G Bailey
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yue Feng
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - John Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Ueda Y, Kedashiro S, Maruoka M, Mizutani K, Takai Y. Roles of the third Ig-like domain of Necl-5/PVR and the fifth Ig-like domain of the PDGF receptor in its signaling. Genes Cells 2018; 23:214-224. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ueda
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Shin Kedashiro
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Masahiro Maruoka
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
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17
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He X, Du S, Lei T, Li X, Liu Y, Wang H, Tong R, Wang Y. PKM2 in carcinogenesis and oncotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110656-110670. [PMID: 29299177 PMCID: PMC5746412 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell metabolism is characterized by abundant glucose consumption and aerobic glycolysis. And pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) plays a decisive role in glycolysis, significantly contributing to the Warburg effect, tumor growth, angiogenesis, cell division, metastasis and apoptosis. To date, researchers have unraveled the potential of pyruvate kinase M2 as an antitumor target, which suggests a new orientation for oncotherapy. Herein, we focus on the role of pyruvate kinase M2 in tumor cell development and its function as a potential new therapeutic target for tumor treatment. Besides, research actuality on pyruvate kinase M2-dependent glycometabolism and signaling pathway in tumors is also summarized, providing valuable suggestions for further study in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia He
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Suya Du
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Yilong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, Sichuan 614000, China
| | - Hailian Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
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18
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Atay S, Wilkey DW, Milhem M, Merchant M, Godwin AK. Insights into the Proteome of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors-Derived Exosomes Reveals New Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:495-515. [PMID: 29242380 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing tumors continuously release nano-sized vesicles that represent circulating "fingerprints" of the tumor's identity. In gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), we have previously reported that these tumors release "oncosomes" carrying the constitutively activated tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor KIT. Despite the clinical utility of TK inhibitors, such as imatinib mesylate (IM), recurrence and metastasis are clinical problems that urge the need to identify new tumor-derived molecules. To this aim, we performed the first high quality proteomic study of GIST-derived exosomes (GDEs) and identified 1,060 proteins composing the core GDE proteome (cGDEp). The cGDEp was enriched in diagnostic markers (e.g. KIT, CD34, ANO1, PROM1, PRKCQ, and ENG), as well as proteins encoded by genes previously reported expressed in GIST (e.g. DPP4, FHL1, CDH11, and KCTD12). Many of these proteins were validated using cell lines, patient-derived KIT+ exosomes, and GIST tissues. We further show that in vitro and in vivo-derived GDE, carry proteins associated with IM response, such as Sprouty homolog 4 (SPRY4), surfeit 4 (SURF4), ALIX, and the cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A). Additionally, we report that the total exosome levels and exosome-associated KIT and SPRY4 protein levels have therapeutic values. In fact, molecular characterization of in vivo-derived KIT+ exosomes indicate significant sorting of p-KITTyr719, total KIT, and SPRY4 after IM-treatment of metastatic patients as compared with the pre-IM levels. Our data suggest that analysis of circulating exosomes levels and molecular markers of IM response in GIST patients with primary and metastatic disease is suitable to develop liquid based biopsies for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of response to treatment of these tumors. In summary, these findings provide the first insight into the proteome of GIST-derived oncosomes and offers a unique opportunity to further understand their oncogenic elements which contribute to tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD007997.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safinur Atay
- From the ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., 4005 WHE, MS3040, Kansas City, Kansas 66160;
| | - Daniel W Wilkey
- §University of Louisville Room 209, Donald Baxter Research Building, 570 S. Preston Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- ¶Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation 200 Hawkins Drive, C32 GH Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Michael Merchant
- §University of Louisville Room 209, Donald Baxter Research Building, 570 S. Preston Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- From the ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., 4005 WHE, MS3040, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.,‖University of Kansas Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., 4005 WHE, MS3040, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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19
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Abstract
Trophic factors control cellular physiology by activating specific receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). While the over activation of RTK signaling pathways is associated with cell growth and cancer, recent findings support the concept that impaired down-regulation or deactivation of RTKs may also be a mechanism involved in tumor formation. Under this perspective, the molecular determinants of RTK signaling inhibition may act as tumor-suppressor genes and have a potential role as tumor markers to monitor and predict disease progression. Here, we review the current understanding of the physiological mechanisms that attenuate RTK signaling and discuss evidence that implicates deregulation of these events in cancer.
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20
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Neben CL, Lo M, Jura N, Klein OD. Feedback regulation of RTK signaling in development. Dev Biol 2017; 447:71-89. [PMID: 29079424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of the amplitude and duration of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling is critical for the execution of cellular programs and behaviors. Understanding these control mechanisms has important implications for the field of developmental biology, and in recent years, the question of how augmentation or attenuation of RTK signaling via feedback loops modulates development has become of increasing interest. RTK feedback regulation is also important for human disease research; for example, germline mutations in genes that encode RTK signaling pathway components cause numerous human congenital syndromes, and somatic alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancers. In this review, we survey regulators of RTK signaling that tune receptor activity and intracellular transduction cascades, with a focus on the roles of these genes in the developing embryo. We detail the diverse inhibitory mechanisms utilized by negative feedback regulators that, when lost or perturbed, lead to aberrant increases in RTK signaling. We also discuss recent biochemical and genetic insights into positive regulators of RTK signaling and how these proteins function in tandem with negative regulators to guide embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA.
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21
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Gao X, Hicks KC, Neumann P, Patel TB. Hypoxia inducible factors regulate the transcription of the sprouty2 gene and expression of the sprouty2 protein. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171616. [PMID: 28196140 PMCID: PMC5308774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) signaling plays a major role in tumorigenesis and normal development. Sprouty2 (Spry2) attenuates RTK signaling and inhibits processes such as angiogenesis, cell proliferation, migration and survival, which are all upregulated in tumors. Indeed in cancers of the liver, lung, prostate and breast, Spry2 protein levels are markedly decreased correlating with poor patient prognosis and shorter survival. Thus, it is important to understand how expression of Spry2 is regulated. While prior studies have focused on the post-translation regulation of Spry2, very few studies have focused on the transcriptional regulation of SPRY2 gene. Here, we demonstrate that in the human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, the transcription of SPRY2 is inhibited by the transcription regulating hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs are composed of an oxygen regulated alpha subunit (HIF1α or HIF2α) and a beta subunit (HIF1β). Intriguingly, silencing of HIF1α and HIF2α elevates SPRY2 mRNA and protein levels suggesting HIFs reduce the transcription of the SPRY2 promoter. In silico analysis identified ten hypoxia response elements (HREs) in the proximal promoter and first intron of SPRY2. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we show that HIF1α/2α bind near the putative HREs in the proximal promoter and intron of SPRY2. Our studies demonstrated that not only is the SPRY2 promoter methylated, but silencing HIF1α/2α reduced the methylation. ChIP assays also showed DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1) binding to the proximal promoter and first intron of SPRY2 and silencing HIF1α/2α decreased this association. Additionally, silencing of DNMT1 mimicked the HIF1α/2α silencing-mediated increase in SPRY2 mRNA and protein. While simultaneous silencing of HIF1α/2α and DNMT1 increased SPRY2 mRNA a little more, the increase was not additive suggesting a common mechanism by which DNMT1 and HIF1α/2α regulate SPRY2 transcription. Together these data suggest that the transcription of SPRY2 is inhibited by HIFs, in part, via DNMT1- mediated methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kristin C. Hicks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Tarun B. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Thongrong S, Hausott B, Marvaldi L, Agostinho AS, Zangrandi L, Burtscher J, Fogli B, Schwarzer C, Klimaschewski L. Sprouty2 and -4 hypomorphism promotes neuronal survival and astrocytosis in a mouse model of kainic acid induced neuronal damage. Hippocampus 2016; 26:658-67. [PMID: 26540287 PMCID: PMC4949526 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sprouty (Spry) proteins play a key role as negative feedback inhibitors of the Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK pathway downstream of various receptor tyrosine kinases. Among the four Sprouty isoforms, Spry2 and Spry4 are expressed in the hippocampus. In this study, possible effects of Spry2 and Spry4 hypomorphism on neurodegeneration and seizure thresholds in a mouse model of epileptogenesis was analyzed. The Spry2/4 hypomorphs exhibited stronger ERK activation which was limited to the CA3 pyramidal cell layer and to the hilar region. The seizure threshold of Spry2/4(+/-) mice was significantly reduced at naive state but no difference to wildtype mice was observed 1 month following KA treatment. Histomorphological analysis revealed that dentate granule cell dispersion (GCD) was diminished in Spry2/4(+/-) mice in the subchronic phase after KA injection. Neuronal degeneration was reduced in CA1 and CA3 principal neuron layers as well as in scattered neurons of the contralateral CA1 and hilar regions. Moreover, Spry2/4 reduction resulted in enhanced survival of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y expressing interneurons. GFAP staining intensity and number of reactive astrocytes markedly increased in lesioned areas of Spry2/4(+/-) mice as compared with wildtype mice. Taken together, although the seizure threshold is reduced in naive Spry2/4(+/-) mice, neurodegeneration and GCD is mitigated following KA induced hippocampal lesions, identifying Spry proteins as possible pharmacological targets in brain injuries resulting in neurodegeneration. The present data are consistent with the established functions of the ERK pathway in astrocyte proliferation as well as protection from neuronal cell death and suggest a novel role of Spry proteins in the migration of differentiated neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitthisak Thongrong
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Hausott
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Letizia Marvaldi
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Luca Zangrandi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Barbara Fogli
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Haydn JM, Hufnagel A, Grimm J, Maurus K, Schartl M, Meierjohann S. The MAPK pathway as an apoptosis enhancer in melanoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5040-53. [PMID: 24970815 PMCID: PMC4148120 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of RAF/MEK/ERK signaling is beneficial for many patients with BRAF(V600E)-mutated melanoma. However, primary and secondary resistances restrict long-lasting therapy success. Combination therapies are therefore urgently needed. Here, we evaluate the cellular effect of combining a MEK inhibitor with a genotoxic apoptosis inducer. Strikingly, we observed that an activated MAPK pathway promotes in several melanoma cell lines the pro-apoptotic response to genotoxic stress, and MEK inhibition reduces intrinsic apoptosis. This goes along with MEK inhibitor induced increased RAS and P-AKT levels. The protective effect of the MEK inhibitor depends on PI3K signaling, which prevents the induction of pro-apoptotic PUMA that mediates apoptosis after DNA damage. We could show that the MEK inhibitor dependent feedback loop is enabled by several factors, including EGF receptor and members of the SPRED family. The simultaneous knockdown of SPRED1 and SPRED2 mimicked the effects of MEK inhibitor such as PUMA repression and protection from apoptosis. Our data demonstrate that MEK inhibition of BRAF(V600E)-positive melanoma cells can protect from genotoxic stress, thereby achieving the opposite of the intended anti-tumorigenic effect of the combination of MEK inhibitor with inducers of intrinsic apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Haydn
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Anita Hufnagel
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Grimm
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Maurus
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany. Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Meierjohann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany. Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Wurzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Sprouty proteins are evolutionarily conserved modulators of MAPK/ERK pathway. Through interacting with an increasing number of effectors, mediators, and regulators with ultimate influence on multiple targets within or beyond ERK, Sprouty orchestrates a complex, multilayered regulatory system and mediates a crosstalk among different signaling pathways for a coordinated cellular response. As such, Sprouty has been implicated in various developmental and physiological processes. Evidence shows that ERK is aberrantly activated in malignant conditions. Accordingly, Sprouty deregulation has been reported in different cancer types and shown to impact cancer development, progression, and metastasis. In this article, we have tried to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the Sprouty physiology and its regulatory functions in health, as well as an updated review of the Sprouty status in cancer. Putative implications of Sprouty in cancer biology, their clinical relevance, and their proposed applications are also revisited. As a developing story, however, role of Sprouty in cancer remains to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Masoumi-Moghaddam
- UNSW Department of Surgery, University of New South Wales, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia,
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Abu-Elmagd M, Goljanek Whysall K, Wheeler G, Münsterberg A. Sprouty2 mediated tuning of signalling is essential for somite myogenesis. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8 Suppl 1:S8. [PMID: 25783674 PMCID: PMC4315326 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-8-s1-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Negative regulators of signal transduction cascades play critical roles in controlling different aspects of normal embryonic development. Sprouty2 (Spry2) negatively regulates receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and FGF signalling and is important in differentiation, cell migration and proliferation. In vertebrate embryos, Spry2 is expressed in paraxial mesoderm and in forming somites. Expression is maintained in the myotome until late stages of somite differentiation. However, its role and mode of action during somite myogenesis is still unclear. Results Here, we analysed chick Spry2 expression and showed that it overlaps with that of myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and Mgn. Targeted mis-expression of Spry2 led to inhibition of myogenesis, whilst its C-terminal domain led to an increased number of myogenic cells by stimulating cell proliferation. Conclusions Spry2 is expressed in somite myotomes and its expression overlaps with myogenic regulatory factors. Overexpression and dominant-negative interference showed that Spry2 plays a crucial role in regulating chick myogenesis by fine tuning of FGF signaling through a negative feedback loop. We also propose that mir-23, mir-27 and mir-128 could be part of the negative feedback loop mechanism. Our analysis is the first to shed some light on in vivo Spry2 function during chick somite myogenesis.
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Ahmad G, Mohapatra BC, Schulte NA, Nadeau SA, Luan H, Zutshi N, Tom E, Ortega-Cava C, Tu C, Sanada M, Ogawa S, Toews ML, Band V, Band H. Cbl-family ubiquitin ligases and their recruitment of CIN85 are largely dispensable for epidermal growth factor receptor endocytosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:123-34. [PMID: 25449262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Members of the casitas B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl) family (Cbl, Cbl-b and Cbl-c) of ubiquitin ligases serve as negative regulators of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). An essential role of Cbl-family protein-dependent ubiquitination for efficient ligand-induced lysosomal targeting and degradation is now well-accepted. However, a more proximal role of Cbl and Cbl-b as adapters for CIN85-endophilin recruitment to mediate ligand-induced initial internalization of RTKs is supported by some studies but refuted by others. Overexpression and/or incomplete depletion of Cbl proteins in these studies is likely to have contributed to this dichotomy. To address the role of endogenous Cbl and Cbl-b in the internalization step of RTK endocytic traffic, we established Cbl/Cbl-b double-knockout (DKO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and demonstrated that these cells lack the expression of both Cbl-family members as well as endophilin A, while they express CIN85. We show that ligand-induced ubiquitination of EGFR, as a prototype RTK, was abolished in DKO MEFs, and EGFR degradation was delayed. These traits were reversed by ectopic human Cbl expression. EGFR endocytosis, assessed using the internalization of (125)I-labeled or fluorescent EGF, or of EGFR itself, was largely retained in Cbl/Cbl-b DKO compared to wild type MEFs. EGFR internalization was also largely intact in Cbl/Cbl-b depleted MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cell line. Inducible shRNA-mediated knockdown of CIN85 in wild type or Cbl/Cbl-b DKO MEFs had no impact on EGFR internalization. Our findings, establish that, at physiological expression levels, Cbl, Cbl-b and CIN85 are largely dispensable for EGFR internalization. Our results support the model that Cbl-CIN85-endophilin complex is not required for efficient internalization of EGFR, a prototype RTK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar Ahmad
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Bhopal C Mohapatra
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Nancy A Schulte
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Scott A Nadeau
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Haitao Luan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Neha Zutshi
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Eric Tom
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Cesar Ortega-Cava
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Chun Tu
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Masashi Sanada
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Myron L Toews
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Vimla Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Department of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985950 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA.
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Tiong KH, Mah LY, Leong CO. Functional roles of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) signaling in human cancers. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1447-68. [PMID: 23900974 PMCID: PMC3825415 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) regulate important biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation during development and tissue repair. Over the past decades, numerous pathological conditions and developmental syndromes have emerged as a consequence of deregulation in the FGFRs signaling network. This review aims to provide an overview of FGFR family, their complex signaling pathways in tumorigenesis, and the current development and application of therapeutics targeting the FGFRs signaling for treatment of refractory human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hung Tiong
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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28
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Jin S, Cheng T, Jiang L, Lin P, Yang Q, Xiao Y, Kusakabe T, Xia Q. Identification of a new Sprouty protein responsible for the inhibition of the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus reproduction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99200. [PMID: 24915434 PMCID: PMC4051654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat sarcoma-extracellular signal regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway, one of the most ancient signaling pathways, is crucial for the defense against Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) infection. Sprouty (Spry) proteins can inhibit the activity of this pathway by receptor tyrosine kinases. We cloned and identified a new B. mori gene with a Spry domain similar to the Spry proteins of other organisms, such as fruitfly, mouse, human, chicken, Xenopus and zebrafish, and named it BmSpry. The gene expression analysis showed that BmSpry was transcribed in all of the examined tissues and in all developmental stages from embryo to adult. BmSpry also induced expression of BmNPV in the cells. Our results indicated: (1) the knock-down of BmSpry led to increased BmNPV replication and silkworm larvae mortality; (2) over-expression of BmSpry led to reduced BmNPV replication; and (3) BmSpry regulated the activation of ERK and inhibited BmNPV replication. These results showed that BmSpry plays a crucial role in the antiviral defense of the silkworm both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkai Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingcai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Sericulture and Farm Product Processing Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Sericulture and Farm Product Processing Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Silkworm Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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29
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Distal expression of sprouty (spry) genes during Xenopus laevis limb development and regeneration. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 15:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Walsh AM, Lazzara MJ. Differential parsing of EGFR endocytic flux among parallel internalization pathways in lung cancer cells with EGFR-activating mutations. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:312-23. [PMID: 24445374 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40176f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the existence of parallel pathways for receptor endocytosis and their complexities, a quantitative understanding of receptor endocytosis in normal and pathological settings requires computational analysis. Here, we develop a mechanistic model of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endocytosis to determine the relative contributions of three parallel pathways: clathrin-dependent internalization mediated by mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6), an endogenous EGFR kinase inhibitor that links EGFR to endocytic proteins; clathrin-dependent internalization mediated by the ubiquitin ligase CBL, which can be sequestered by the regulatory protein Sprouty2; or alternative pathways that may be non-clathrin mediated. We applied the model to interpret our previous measurements of EGFR endocytosis in lung cancer cells. Interestingly, our results suggest that MIG6 is responsible for at least as much wild-type EGFR internalization as CBL, indicating that a significant fraction of internalizing EGFR may be incapable of driving signaling. Model results also suggest that MIG6's endocytic function is reduced for the kinase-activated and internalization-impaired EGFR mutants found in some lung cancers. Analysis of Sprouty2 knockdown data indicates that Sprouty2 regulates EGFR endocytosis primarily by controlling EGFR expression, rather than by sequestering CBL, and supports the notion that CBL-mediated internalization is impaired for EGFR mutants. We further demonstrate that differences in internalization between wild-type and mutant EGFR cannot explain differences in EGF-mediated EGFR degradation without concomitant changes in EGFR recycling, which we previously quantified. This work provides new quantitative insights into EGFR trafficking in lung cancer and provides a framework for studying parallel endocytosis pathways for other receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Walsh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Okur MN, Russo A, O'Bryan JP. Receptor tyrosine kinase ubiquitylation involves the dynamic regulation of Cbl-Spry2 by intersectin 1 and the Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:271-9. [PMID: 24216759 PMCID: PMC3911288 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00850-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulates their trafficking and lysosomal degradation. The multidomain scaffolding protein intersectin 1 (ITSN1) is an important regulator of this process. ITSN1 stimulates ubiquitylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through enhancing the activity of the Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligase. However, the precise mechanism through which ITSN1 enhances Cbl activity is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that ITSN1 interacts with and recruits the Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase to Spry2 to enhance its dephosphorylation, thereby disrupting the inhibitory effect of Spry2 on Cbl and enhancing EGFR ubiquitylation. In contrast, expression of a catalytically inactive Shp2 mutant reversed the effect of ITSN1 on Spry2 dephosphorylation and decreased Cbl-mediated EGFR ubiquitylation. In addition, disruption of ITSN1 binding to Spry2 through point mutation of the Pro-rich ITSN1 binding site in Spry2 resulted in decreased Shp2-Spry2 interaction and enhanced Spry2 tyrosine phosphorylation. This study demonstrates that ITSN1 enhances Cbl activity, in part, by modulating the interaction of Cbl with Spry2 through recruitment of Shp2 phosphatase to the Cbl-Spry2 complex. These findings reveal a new level of complexity in the regulation of RTKs by Cbl through ITSN1 binding with Shp2 and Spry2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Nazir Okur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Angela Russo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - John P. O'Bryan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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32
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HER. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Lito P, Rosen N, Solit DB. Tumor adaptation and resistance to RAF inhibitors. Nat Med 2013; 19:1401-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Friedmacher F, Gosemann JH, Fujiwara N, Alvarez LAJ, Corcionivoschi N, Puri P. Spatiotemporal alterations in Sprouty-2 expression and tyrosine phosphorylation in nitrofen-induced pulmonary hypoplasia. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48:2219-25. [PMID: 24210189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) is a life-threatening condition of newborns presenting with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Sprouty-2 functions as a key regulator of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signalling in developing foetal lungs. It has been reported that FGFR-mediated alveolarization is disrupted in nitrofen-induced PH. Sprouty-2 knockouts show severe defects in lung morphogenesis similar to nitrofen-induced PH. Upon FGFR stimulation, Sprouty-2 is tyrosine-phosphorylated, which is essential for its physiological function during foetal lung development. We hypothesized that Sprouty-2 expression and tyrosine phosphorylation are altered in nitrofen-induced PH. METHODS Time-pregnant rats received either nitrofen or vehicle on gestation day 9 (D9). Foetal lungs were dissected on D18 and D21. Pulmonary Sprouty-2 gene and protein expression levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Relative mRNA expression of Sprouty-2 was significantly decreased in hypoplastic lungs without CDH (0.1050±0.01 vs. 0.3125±0.01; P<.0001) and with CDH (0.1671±0.01 vs. 0.3125±0.01; P<.0001) compared to controls on D18. Protein levels of Sprouty-2 were markedly decreased in hypoplastic lungs on D18 with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation levels on D18 and D21 detected at the molecular weight of Sprouty-2 consistent with Sprouty-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. Sprouty-2 immunoreactivity was markedly decreased in hypoplastic lungs on D18 and D21. CONCLUSION Spatiotemporal alterations in pulmonary Sprouty-2 expression and tyrosine phosphorylation during the late stages of foetal lung development may interfere with FGFR-mediated alveolarization in nitrofen-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Friedmacher
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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Human sprouty1 suppresses urokinase receptor-stimulated cell migration and invasion. ISRN BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:598251. [PMID: 25937961 PMCID: PMC4393002 DOI: 10.1155/2013/598251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been implicated in several processes in tumor progression including cell migration and invasion in addition to initiation of signal transduction. Since uPAR lacks a transmembrane domain, it uses the interaction with other proteins to modulate intracellular signal transduction. We have previously identified hSpry1 as a partner protein of uPAR, suggesting a physiological role for hSpry1 in the regulation of uPAR signal transduction. In this study, hSpry1 was found to colocalize with uPAR upon stimulation with epidermal growth factor (EGF), urokinase (uPA), or its amino terminal fragment (uPA-ATF), implicating a physiological role of hSpry1 in regulation of uPAR signalling pathway. Moreover, hSpry1 was able to inhibit uPAR-stimulated cell migration in HEK293/uPAR, breast carcinoma, and colorectal carcinoma cells. In addition, hSpry1 was found to inhibit uPAR-stimulated cell invasion in breast carcinoma and osteosarcoma cell lines. Increasing our understanding of how hSpry1 negatively regulates uPAR-stimulated cellular functions may determine a distinctive role for hSpry1 in tumour suppression.
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Chen FJ, Lee KW, Lai CC, Lee SP, Shen HH, Tsai SP, Liu BH, Wang LM, Liou GG. Structure of native oligomeric Sprouty2 by electron microscopy and its property of electroconductivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:351-6. [PMID: 24012675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate many cellular processes, and Sprouty2 (Spry2) is known as an important regulator of RTK signaling pathways. Therefore, it is worth investigating the properties of Spry2 in more detail. In this study, we found that Spry2 is able to self-assemble into oligomers with a high-affinity KD value of approximately 16nM, as determined through BIAcore surface plasmon resonance analysis. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of Spry2 was resolved using an electron microscopy (EM) single-particle reconstruction approach, which revealed that Spry2 is donut-shaped with two lip-cover domains. Furthermore, the method of energy dispersive spectrum obtained through EM was analyzed to determine the elements carried by Spry2, and the results demonstrated that Spry2 is a silicon- and iron-containing protein. The silicon may contribute to the electroconductivity of Spry2, and this property exhibits a concentration-dependent feature. This study provides the first report of a silicon- and iron-containing protein, and its 3D structure may allow us (1) to study the potential mechanism through the signal transduction is controlled by switching the electronic transfer on or off and (2) to develop a new type of conductor or even semiconductor using biological or half-biological hybrid materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jung Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Photonics & Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, ROC
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Annenkov A. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling in the control of neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) development. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:440-71. [PMID: 23982746 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Important developmental responses are elicited in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC) by activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including the fibroblast growth factor receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptors and insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). Signalling through these RTK is necessary and sufficient for driving a number of developmental processes in the central nervous system. Within each of the four RTK families discussed here, receptors are activated by sets of ligands that do not cross-activate receptors of the other three families, and therefore, their activation can be independently regulated by ligand availability. These RTK pathways converge on a conserved core of signalling molecules, but differences between the receptors in utilisation of signalling molecules and molecular adaptors for intracellular signal propagation become increasingly apparent. Intracellular inhibitors of RTK signalling are widely involved in the regulation of developmental signalling in NSPC and often determine developmental outcomes of RTK activation. In addition, cellular responses of NSPC to the activation of a given RTK may be significantly modulated by signal strength. Cellular propensity to respond also plays a role in developmental outcomes of RTK signalling. In combination, these mechanisms regulate the balance between NSPC maintenance and differentiation during development and in adulthood. Attribution of particular developmental responses of NSPC to specific pathways of RTK signalling becomes increasingly elucidated. Co-activation of several RTK in developing NSPC is common, and analysis of co-operation between their signalling pathways may advance knowledge of RTK role in NSPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Annenkov
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK,
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Ono K, Karolak MR, Ndong JDLC, Wang W, Yang X, Elefteriou F. The ras-GTPase activity of neurofibromin restrains ERK-dependent FGFR signaling during endochondral bone formation. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3048-62. [PMID: 23571107 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe defects in growth plate development caused by chondrocyte extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) gain or loss-of-function suggest that tight spatial and temporal regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling is necessary to achieve harmonious growth plate elongation and structure. We provide here evidence that neurofibromin, via its Ras guanosine triphosphatase -activating activity, controls ERK1/2-dependent fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling in chondrocytes. We show first that neurofibromin is expressed in FGFR-positive prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes during growth plate endochondral ossification. Using mice lacking neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) in type II collagen-expressing cells, (Nf1col2(-/-) mutant mice), we then show that lack of neurofibromin in post-mitotic chondrocytes triggers a number of phenotypes reminiscent of the ones observed in mice characterized by FGFR gain-of-function mutations. Those include dwarfism, constitutive ERK1/2 activation, strongly reduced Ihh expression and decreased chondrocyte proliferation and maturation, increased chondrocytic expression of Rankl, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9) and Mmp13 and enhanced growth plate osteoclastogenesis, as well as increased sensitivity to caspase-9 mediated apoptosis. Using wildtype (WT) and Nf1(-/-) chondrocyte cultures in vitro, we show that FGF2 pulse-stimulation triggers rapid ERK1/2 phosphorylation in both genotypes, but that return to the basal level is delayed in Nf1(-/-) chondrocytes. Importantly, in vivo ERK1/2 inhibition by daily injection of a recombinant form of C-type natriuretic peptide to post-natal pups for 18 days was able to correct the short stature of Nf1col2(-/-) mice. Together, these results underscore the requirement of neurofibromin and ERK1/2 for normal endochondral bone formation and support the notion that neurofibromin, by restraining RAS-ERK1/2 signaling, is a negative regulator of FGFR signaling in differentiating chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ono
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abekhoukh S, Planque C, Ripoll C, Urbaniak P, Paul JL, Delabar JM, Janel N. Dyrk1A, a serine/threonine kinase, is involved in ERK and Akt activation in the brain of hyperhomocysteinemic mice. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:105-16. [PMID: 22923366 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia due to cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) deficiency is associated with diverse brain disease. Whereas the biological actions linking hyperhomocysteinemia to the cognitive dysfunction are not well understood, we tried to establish relationships between hyperhomocysteinemia and alterations of signaling pathways. In the brain of CBS-deficient mice, a murine model of hyperhomocysteinemia, we previously found an activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and an increase of Dyrk1A, a serine/threonine kinase involved in diverse functions ranging from development and growth to apoptosis. We then investigated the relationship between Dyrk1A and the signaling pathways initiated by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), the ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. We found a significant increase of phospho-ERK, phospho-MEK, and phospho-Akt in the brain of CBS-deficient and Dyrk1a-overexpressing mice. This increase was abolished when CBS-deficient and Dyrk1A-transgenic mice were treated with harmine, an inhibitor of Dyrk1A kinase activity, which emphasizes the role of Dyrk1A activity on ERK and Akt activation. Sprouty 2 protein level, a negative feedback loop modulator that limits the intensity and duration of RTK activation, is decreased in the brain of CBS-deficient mice, but not in the brain of Dyrk1A transgenic mice. Furthermore, a reduced Dyrk1A and Grb2 binding on sprouty 2 and an increased interaction of Dyrk1A with Grb2 were found in the brain of Dyrk1A transgenic mice. The consequence of Dyrk1A overexpression on RTK activation seems to be a decreased interaction of sprouty 2/Grb2. These observations demonstrate ERK and Akt activation induced by Dyrk1A in the brain of hyperhomocysteinemic mice and open new perspectives to understand the basis of the cognitive defects in hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Abekhoukh
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EAC-CNRS 4413, Case 7104, 75205, Paris, cedex 13, France
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Peier M, Walpen T, Christofori G, Battegay E, Humar R. Sprouty2 expression controls endothelial monolayer integrity and quiescence. Angiogenesis 2012; 16:455-68. [PMID: 23232625 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular integrity is fundamental to the formation of mature blood vessels and depends on a functional, quiescent endothelial monolayer. However, how endothelial cells enter and maintain quiescence in the presence of angiogenic factors is still poorly understood. Here we identify the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) antagonist Sprouty2 (Spry2) as a key player in mediating endothelial quiescence and barrier integrity in mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs): Spry2 knockout MAECs show spindle-like shapes and are incapable of forming a functional, impermeable endothelial monolayer in the presence of FGF2. Whereas dense wild type cells exhibit contact inhibition and stop to proliferate, Spry2 knockout MAECs remain responsive to FGF2 and continue to proliferate even at high cell densities. Importantly, the anti-proliferative effect of Spry2 is absent in sparsely plated cells. This cell density-dependent Spry2 function correlates with highly increased Spry2 expression in confluent wild type MAECs. Spry2 protein expression is barely detectable in single cells but steadily increases in cells growing to high cell densities, with hypoxia being one contributing factor. At confluence, Spry2 expression correlates with intact cell-cell contacts, whereas disruption of cell-cell contacts by EGTA, TNFα and thrombin decreases Spry2 protein expression. In confluent cells, high Spry2 levels correlate with decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation. In contrast, dense Spry2 knockout MAECs exhibit enhanced signaling by Erk1/2. Moreover, inhibiting Erk1/2 activity in Spry2 knockout cells restores wild type cobblestone monolayer morphology. This study thus reveals a novel Spry2 function, which mediates endothelial contact inhibition and barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peier
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, GLO30 J14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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Parain K, Mazurier N, Bronchain O, Borday C, Cabochette P, Chesneau A, Colozza G, El Yakoubi W, Hamdache J, Locker M, Gilchrist MJ, Pollet N, Perron M. A large scale screen for neural stem cell markers in Xenopus retina. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:491-506. [PMID: 22275214 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cell research suffers from a lack of molecular markers to specifically assess stem or progenitor cell properties. The organization of the Xenopus ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) in the retina allows the spatial distinction of these two cell types: stem cells are confined to the most peripheral region, while progenitors are more central. Despite this clear advantage, very few genes specifically expressed in retinal stem cells have been discovered so far in this model. To gain insight into the molecular signature of these cells, we performed a large-scale expression screen in the Xenopus CMZ, establishing it as a model system for stem cell gene profiling. Eighteen genes expressed specifically in the CMZ stem cell compartment were retrieved and are discussed here. These encode various types of proteins, including factors associated with proliferation, mitotic spindle organization, DNA/RNA processing, and cell adhesion. In addition, the publication of this work in a special issue on Xenopus prompted us to give a more general illustration of the value of large-scale screens in this model species. Thus, beyond neural stem cell specific genes, we give a broader highlight of our screen outcome, describing in particular other retinal cell markers that we found. Finally, we present how these can all be easily retrieved through a novel module we developed in the web-based annotation tool XenMARK, and illustrate the potential of this powerful searchable database in the context of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Parain
- Neurobiology and Development Laboratory, CNRS UPR 3294, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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Abstract
Sprouty proteins are established modifiers of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling and play important roles in vasculogenesis, bone morphogenesis, and renal uteric branching. Little is understood, however, concerning possible roles for these molecular adaptors during hematopoiesis. Within erythroid lineage, Spry1 was observed to be selectively and highly expressed at CFU-e to erythroblast stages. In analyses of possible functional roles, an Mx1-Cre approach was applied to conditionally delete Spry1. At steady state, Spry1 deletion selectively perturbed erythroid development and led to reticulocytosis plus heightened splenic erythropoiesis. When challenged by hemolysis, Spry1-null mice exhibited worsened anemia and delayed recovery. During short-term marrow transplantation, Spry1-null donor marrow also failed to efficiently rescue the erythron. In each anemia model, however, hyperexpansion of erythroid progenitors was observed. Spry function depends on phosphorylation of a conserved N-terminal PY motif. Through an LC-MS/MS approach, Spry1 was discovered to be regulated via the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), with marked EPO-induced Spry1-PY53 phosphorylation observed. When EPOR signaling pathways were analyzed within Spry1-deficient erythroid progenitors, hyperactivation of not only Erk1,2 but also Jak2 was observed. Studies implicate Spry1 as a novel regulator of erythropoiesis during anemia, transducer of EPOR signals, and candidate suppressor of Jak2 activity.
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Hwangpo TA, Jordan JD, Premsrirut PK, Jayamaran G, Licht JD, Iyengar R, Neves SR. G Protein-regulated inducer of neurite outgrowth (GRIN) modulates Sprouty protein repression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by growth factor stimulation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:13674-85. [PMID: 22383529 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.320705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gα(o/i) interacts directly with GRIN (G protein-regulated inducer of neurite outgrowth). Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified Sprouty2 as an interacting partner of GRIN. Gα(o) and Sprouty2 bind to overlapping regions of GRIN, thus competing for GRIN binding. Imaging experiments demonstrated that Gα(o) expression promoted GRIN translocation to the plasma membrane, whereas Sprouty2 expression failed to do so. Given the role of Sprouty2 in the regulation of growth factor-mediated MAPK activation, we examined the contribution of the GRIN-Sprouty2 interaction to CB1 cannabinoid receptor regulation of FGF receptor signaling. In Neuro-2A cells, a system that expresses all of the components endogenously, modulation of GRIN levels led to regulation of MAPK activation. Overexpression of GRIN potentiated FGF activation of MAPK and decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of Sprouty2. Pretreatment with G(o/i)-coupled CB1 receptor agonist attenuated subsequent FGF activation of MAPK. Decreased expression of GRIN both diminished FGF activation of MAPK and blocked CB1R attenuation of MAPK activation. These observations indicate that Gα(o) interacts with GRIN and outcompetes GRIN from bound Sprouty. Free Sprouty then in turn inhibits growth factor signaling. Thus, here we present a novel mechanism of how G(o/i)-coupled receptors can inhibit growth factor signaling to MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Anh Hwangpo
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Alsina FC, Irala D, Fontanet PA, Hita FJ, Ledda F, Paratcha G. Sprouty4 is an endogenous negative modulator of TrkA signaling and neuronal differentiation induced by NGF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32087. [PMID: 22384148 PMCID: PMC3285629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sprouty (Spry) family of proteins represents endogenous regulators of downstream signaling pathways induced by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Using real time PCR, we detect a significant increase in the expression of Spry4 mRNA in response to NGF, indicating that Spry4 could modulate intracellular signaling pathways and biological processes induced by NGF and its receptor TrkA. In this work, we demonstrate that overexpression of wild-type Spry4 causes a significant reduction in MAPK and Rac1 activation and neurite outgrowth induced by NGF. At molecular level, our findings indicate that ectopic expression of a mutated form of Spry4 (Y53A), in which a conserved tyrosine residue was replaced, fail to block both TrkA-mediated Erk/MAPK activation and neurite outgrowth induced by NGF, suggesting that an intact tyrosine 53 site is required for the inhibitory effect of Spry4 on NGF signaling. Downregulation of Spry4 using small interference RNA knockdown experiments potentiates PC12 cell differentiation and MAPK activation in response to NGF. Together, these findings establish a new physiological mechanism through which Spry4 regulates neurite outgrowth reducing not only the MAPK pathway but also restricting Rac1 activation in response to NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C. Alsina
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience Prof. Dr. E. De Robertis (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dolores Irala
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience Prof. Dr. E. De Robertis (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula A. Fontanet
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience Prof. Dr. E. De Robertis (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Hita
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience Prof. Dr. E. De Robertis (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Ledda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience Prof. Dr. E. De Robertis (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience Prof. Dr. E. De Robertis (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Anderson K, Nordquist KA, Gao X, Hicks KC, Zhai B, Gygi SP, Patel TB. Regulation of cellular levels of Sprouty2 protein by prolyl hydroxylase domain and von Hippel-Lindau proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42027-42036. [PMID: 22006925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.303222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty (Spry) proteins modulate the actions of receptor tyrosine kinases during development and tumorigenesis. Decreases in cellular levels of Spry, especially Sprouty2 (Spry2), have been implicated in the growth and progression of tumors of the breast, prostate, lung, and liver. During development and tumor growth, cells experience hypoxia. Therefore, we investigated how hypoxia modulates the levels of Spry proteins. Hypoxia elevated the levels of all four expressed Spry isoforms in HeLa cells. Amounts of endogenous Spry2 in LS147T and HEP3B cells were also elevated by hypoxia. Using Spry2 as a prototype, we demonstrate that silencing and expression of prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHD1-3) increase and decrease, respectively, the cellular content of Spry2. Spry2 also preferentially interacted with PHD1-3 and von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL) during normoxia but not in hypoxia. Additionally, Spry2 is hydroxylated on Pro residues 18, 144, and 160, and substitution of these residues with Ala enhanced stability of Spry2 and abrogated its interactions with pVHL. Silencing of pVHL increased levels of Spry2 by decreasing its ubiquitylation and degradation and thereby augmented the ability of Spry2 to inhibit FGF-elicited activation of ERK1/2. Thus, prolyl hydroxylase mediated hydroxylation and subsequent pVHL-elicited ubiquitylation of Spry2 target it for degradation and, consequently, provide a novel mechanism of regulating growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Anderson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Kyle A Nordquist
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Institute of Signal Transduction, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Xianlong Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Institute of Signal Transduction, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Kristin C Hicks
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Bo Zhai
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Tarun B Patel
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Institute of Signal Transduction, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153.
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Faratian D, Sims AH, Mullen P, Kay C, Um I, Langdon SP, Harrison DJ. Sprouty 2 is an independent prognostic factor in breast cancer and may be useful in stratifying patients for trastuzumab therapy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23772. [PMID: 21909357 PMCID: PMC3166119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to trastuzumab is a clinical problem, partly due to overriding activation of MAPK/PI3K signalling. Sprouty-family proteins are negative regulators of MAPK/PI3K signalling, but their role in HER2-therapy resistance is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS Associations between Sprouty gene expression and clinicopathological features were investigated in a breast cancer microarray meta-analysis. Changes in expression of Spry2 and feedback inhibition on trastuzumab resistance were studied in SKBr3 and BT474 breast carcinoma cell lines using cell viability assays. Spry2 protein expression was measured by quantitative immunofluorescence in a cohort of 122 patients treated with trastuzumab. RESULTS Low gene expression of Spry2 was associated with increased pathological grade, high HER2 expression, and was a significant independent prognostic factor. Overexpression of Spry2 in SKBr3s resulted in enhanced inhibition of cell viability after trastuzumab treatment, and the PI3K-inhibitor LY294002 had a similar effect. Low Spry2 expression was associated with increased risk of death (HR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.22-4.26; p = 0.008) in trastuzumab-treated patients, including in multivariate analysis. Stratification of trastuzumab-treated patients using PTEN and Spry2 was superior to either marker in isolation. CONCLUSION In breast cancers with deficient feedback inhibition, combinatorial therapy with negative regulators of growth factor signalling may be an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Faratian
- Edinburgh Breakthrough Research Unit and Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The four ESCRT (endocytic sorting complexes required for transport) complexes (ESCRT-0, -I, -II, and -III) normally operate sequentially in the trafficking of cellular cargo. HIV-1 Gag trafficking and release as virus-like particles (VLPs) require the participation of ESCRTs; however, its use of ESCRTs is selective and nonsequential. Specifically, Gag trafficking to release sites on the plasma membrane does not require ESCRT-0 or -II. It is known that a bypass of ESCRT-0 is achieved by the direct linkage of the ESCRT-I component, Tsg101, to the primary L domain motif (PTAP) in Gag and that bypass of ESCRT-II is achieved by the linkage of Gag to ESCRT-III through the adaptor protein Alix. However, the mechanism by which Gag suppresses the interaction of bound ESCRT-I with ESCRT-II is unknown. Here we show (i) that VLP release requires the steady-state level of Sprouty 2 (Spry2) in COS-1 cells, (ii) that Spry2 binds the ESCRT-II component Eap20, (iii) that binding Eap20 permits Spry2 to disrupt ESCRT-I interaction with ESCRT-II, and (iv) that coexpression of Gag with a Spry2 fragment that binds Eap20 increases VLP release. Spry2 also facilitated release of P7L-Gag (i.e., release in the absence of Tsg101 binding). In this case, rescue required the secondary L domain (YPX(n)L) in HIV-1 Gag that binds Alix and the region in Spry2 that binds Eap20. The results identify Spry2 as a novel cellular factor that facilitates release driven by the primary and secondary HIV-1 Gag L domains.
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Zaremba A, Schmuecker U, Esche H. Sprouty is a cytoplasmic target of adenoviral E1A oncoproteins to regulate the receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathway. Virol J 2011; 8:192. [PMID: 21518456 PMCID: PMC3152785 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncoproteins encoded by the early region of adenoviruses have been shown to be powerful tools to study gene regulatory mechanisms, which affect major cellular events such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and oncogenic transformation. They are possesing a key role to favor viral replication via their interaction with multiple cellular proteins. In a yeast two-hybrid screen we have identified Sprouty1 (Spry1) as a target of adenoviral E1A Oncoproteins. Spry proteins are central and complex regulators of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling pathway. The deregulation of Spry family members is often associated with alterations of the RTK signalling and its downstream effectors, leading to the ERK pathway. Results Here, we confirm our yeast two-hybrid data, showing the interaction between Spry1 and E1A in GST pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays. We also demonstrated the interaction of E1A with two further Spry isoforms. Using deletion mutants we identified the N-terminus and the CR conserved region (CR) 3 of E1A- and the C-terminal half of Spry1, which contains the highly conserved Spry domain, as the essential sites for direct interaction between Spry and E1A. Immunofluorescent microscopy data revealed a co-localization of E1A13S with Spry1 in the cytoplasm. SRE and TRE reporter assays demonstrated that co-expression of Spry1 with E1A13S abolishes the inhibitory function of Spry1 in RTK signalling, which is consequently accompanied with a decrease of E1A13S-induced gene expression. Conclusions These results establish Spry1 as a cytoplasmic localized cellular target for E1A oncoproteins to regulate the RTK signalling pathway, and consequently cellular events downstream of RTK that are essential for viral replication and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Zaremba
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
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Hausott B, Vallant N, Schlick B, Auer M, Nimmervoll B, Obermair GJ, Schwarzer C, Dai F, Brand-Saberi B, Klimaschewski L. Sprouty2 and -4 regulate axon outgrowth by hippocampal neurons. Hippocampus 2011; 22:434-41. [PMID: 21240919 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty proteins act as negative feedback inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling. FGFs belong to the neurotrophic factors and are involved in axonal growth during development and repair. We investigated the expression of Sprouty isoforms in hippocampal neurons as well as the regulation of Sprouty2 and -4 during development and their role in axon growth. Sprouty2 and -4 were located in the nucleus, the cytoplasm, in dendrites, and axons of hippocampal neurons concentrated in growth cones. During development in vivo and differentiation in vitro, expression of Sprouty2 and -4 was gradually downregulated in hippocampal neurons. Between 5 and 24 days in culture expression of both Sprouty isoforms was reduced by 70%. In vivo expression of Sprouty2 was reduced by 79% and of Sprouty4 by 93% on postnatal day 14 compared to embryonic day 16.5. Downregulation of Sprouty2 and -4 by shRNAs strongly promoted elongative axon growth by cultured hippocampal neurons, which was further increased by FGF-2 treatment. In addition, FGF-2 reduced expression of Sprouty2 by 33% and of Sprouty4 by 44%. Together, our results imply that Sprouty2 and -4 are downregulated in the hippocampus during postnatal brain development and that they can act as regulators of developmental axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hausott
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Innsbruck Medical University, Muellerstrasse 59, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Wietecha MS, Chen L, Ranzer MJ, Anderson K, Ying C, Patel TB, DiPietro LA. Sprouty2 downregulates angiogenesis during mouse skin wound healing. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 300:H459-67. [PMID: 21076020 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00244.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is regulated by signals received by receptor tyrosine kinases such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Mammalian Sprouty (Spry) proteins are known to function by specifically antagonizing the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway by receptor tyrosine kinases, a pathway known to promote angiogenesis. To examine the role of Spry2 in the regulation of angiogenesis during wound repair, we used a model of murine dermal wound healing. Full-thickness excisional wounds (3 mm) were made on the dorsum of anesthetized adult female FVB mice. Samples were harvested at multiple time points postwounding and analyzed using real-time RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescent histochemistry. Spry2 mRNA and protein levels in the wound bed increased significantly during the resolving phases of healing, coincident with the onset of vascular regression in this wound model. In another experiment, intracellular levels of Spry2 or its dominant-negative mutant (Y55F) were elevated by a topical application to the wounds of controlled-release gel containing cell permeable, transactivator of transcription-tagged Spry2, Spry2Y55F, or green fluorescent protein (as control). Wound samples were analyzed for vascularity using CD31 immunofluorescent histochemistry as well as for total and phospho-Erk1/2 protein content. The treatment of wounds with Spry2 resulted in a significant decrease in vascularity and a reduced abundance of phospho-Erk1/2 compared with wounds treated with the green fluorescent protein control. In contrast, the wounds treated with the dominant-negative Spry2Y55F exhibited a moderate increase in vascularity and elevated phospho-Erk1/2 content. These results indicate that endogenous Spry2 functions to downregulate angiogenesis in the healing murine skin wound, potentially by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz S Wietecha
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration (MC 859 801 S. Paulina, Rm. 401B, Chicago, IL 60612-7211, USA
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