Human plasma carotenoid response to the ingestion of controlled diets high in fruits and vegetables

Home Meal Replacement Fortified with Eggshell Powder and Vitamin D Prevents Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study

Calcium and vitamin D deficiencies have been ongoing problems in Koreans due to a lack of food sources of calcium and vitamin D. Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 64 years (n = 25) were randomly assigned to consume three home meal replacements (HMRs)/week with (treatment) and without (control) eggshell powder and vitamin D for 6 months. Additionally, subjects who agreed to continue the study consumed the same three HMRs/week for an additional 6 months in this randomized double-blind study. We confirmed the high compliance of the study participants by analyzing carotenoids, the bioactive substances of HMRs, in the blood. The treatment group consumed an additional 261 mg/d of calcium and 10.3 μg/d of vitamin D from the HMRs, thus meeting the recommended intakes of calcium and vitamin D for Koreans. As a result of consuming fortified HMRs for 6 months, the decline in femoral neck bone density was significantly reduced in the treatment group (p = 0.035). This study indicates that inexpensive eggshell powder may be a good source of calcium for populations with low consumption of milk and dairy products. Additionally, functional HMRs fortified with eggshell powder and vitamin D can be a good dietary strategy for bone health.

Optimization and In Vitro Digestion of a Guava (Psidium guajava), Mamey (Pouteria sapota) and Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Functional Beverage

Guava and mamey are phenolic- and carotenoid-rich fruits with potential health benefits, but are minimally used as ingredients in functional beverages. The objectives of the present work are to optimize the content of guava and mamey pulps and a stevia solution in the formulation of a functional beverage with high content of bioactive compounds and sensory acceptability using a mixture design analysis, and to analyze its composition after in vitro digestion. The optimized formulation (17.77 and 19.23 g of guava and mamey pulps, respectively; 1% stevia solution) yielded a beverage with 418.21 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 mL and 0.20 mg β-carotene/100 mL, and an antioxidant capacity of 213.58, 78.90 and 234.03 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/100 mL using three methodologies. The mathematical model developed was significant (p < 0.05), according to R2 values between 0.70 and 0.75. α- and β-carotene were quantified during the oral phase of in vitro digestion. Gallic, p-coumaric, ferulic and chlorogenic acids were also identified. The beverage had a general acceptability of 6.72. We conclude that the mathematical model developed was a good predictor of the experimental data and that the optimized beverage contained high bioactive concentrations (phenolics and carotenoids) and was well-accepted by potential consumers.

Lutein and Zeaxanthin Content in 21 Plant Species from a Very Humid Premontane Forest in Colombia Palatable for Free-Range Laying Hens

Xanthophylls, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, have several functions in both plants and humans, including detoxification of oxidants (reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other radicals), maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of biological membranes, and photoprotection from intense light damage. The objective of the present study was to investigate the lutein and zeaxanthin content of 21 species of plants from a very humid premontane forest in Colombia during both dry and rainy seasons. The plants were selected based on being voluntarily eaten by laying hens under free-range conditions. Lutein and zeaxanthin were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that all plants tested contained lutein, at levels ranging from 65.7 to 350 µg/g. Zeaxanthin levels were much lower (2.2 to 26.2 µg/lg) and were detected in only 5 of the 21 plants analyzed. Given that the lutein content of the plants tested in the present study was found to be comparable to that reported in marigold flowers (4-800 µg/g), it is possible that these plants can be used as a source of lutein in free-range laying hen production systems.

Effect of Lumenato oral supplementation on plasma carotenoid levels and improvement of visual and experiential skin attributes

BACKGROUND

Cellular metabolism and exposure to solar irradiation result in generation of free radicals which are destructive and can lead to premature aging. Antioxidants and free radical scavengers such as carotenoids successfully protect from these free radicals by quenching and neutralizing them thereby strengthening skin barrier which leads to improved skin moisturization, desquamation, and a more youthful look. This study was designed to evaluate the consumer-perceived efficacy of an oral supplement (Lumenato™) containing a mix of tomato carotenoids and oil-soluble vitamins in improving skin appearance after 12 weeks of supplement use.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plasma levels of phytoene, phytofluene, zeta-carotene, and lycopene were quantitated before and after 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-week administration of Lumenato by 24 healthy volunteers. Part II of the study addressed skin visual attributes as assessed by validated tools (questionnaires). A total of 60 females, aged 35 to 55 years, completed part II of the study. The subjects answered questionnaires pertaining to their assessment of skin appearance before and after 12 weeks of taking the supplement.

RESULTS

There was a significant increase (p < 0.001) in plasma levels of phytoene, phytofluene, and zeta-carotene after 1- to 4-week treatment with Lumenato. After 12 weeks of using the supplement, the score of different skin parameters was reported to significantly improve (p < 0.001). Improvement was recorded in skin elasticity, firmness, brightness, skin tone, reduction in dark spots and periorbital dark circles, skin hydration, texture and fine lines and wrinkles. A significant (p < 0.001) improvement in overall skin condition after using the supplement was observed. The subjects noticed statistically significant (p < 0.001) improvement in skin elasticity, firmness, brightness, skin tone, reduction in dark spots and periorbital dark circles, skin hydration, texture and fine lines and wrinkles after 12 weeks of using the supplement. The overall skin condition also exhibited a significant improvement (p < 0.001). Self-assessed improvement of the face was identified at the first time point (4 weeks) and improved significantly (p < 0.001) for the 12 weeks of use. Interestingly, these improvements persisted even after treatment was stopped.

CONCLUSION

Based on the confines and conditions of this study, the use of oral supplement containing a mix of tomato carotenoids significantly increased plasma levels of phytoene, phytofluene, and zeta-carotene, and continuous use resulted in improved facial skin attributes which were palpable by the consumers and continued even after treatment was stopped.

Spillover Effects of a Family-Based Childhood Weight-Management Intervention on Parental Nutrient Biomarkers and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

BACKGROUND

Parental involvement has been shown to favorably affect childhood weight-management interventions, but whether these interventions influence parental diet and cardiometabolic health outcomes is unclear.

OBJECTIVES

The aim was to evaluate whether a 1-y family-based childhood weight-management intervention altered parental nutrient biomarker concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs).

METHODS

Secondary analysis from a randomized-controlled, parallel-arm clinical trial (NCT00851201). Families were recruited from a largely Hispanic population and assigned to either standard care (SC; American Academy of Pediatrics overweight/obesity recommendations) or SC + enhanced program (SC+EP; targeted diet/physical activity strategies, skill building, and monthly support sessions). Nutrient biomarkers (plasma carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins, RBC fatty acid profiles) and CMRFs (BMI, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipid profile, inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers, adipokines) were measured in archived samples collected from parents of participating children at baseline and end of the 1-y intervention.

RESULTS

Parents in both groups (SC = 106 and SC+EP = 99) had significant reductions in trans fatty acid (-14%) and increases in MUFA (2%), PUFA n-6 (ɷ-6) (2%), PUFA n-3 (7%), and β-carotene (20%) concentrations, indicative of lower partially hydrogenated fat and higher vegetable oil, fish, and fruit/vegetable intake, respectively. Significant reductions in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; -21%) TNF-α (-19%), IL-6 (-19%), and triglycerides (-6%) were also observed in both groups. An additional significant improvement in serum insulin concentrations (-6%) was observed in the SC+EP parents. However, no major reductions in BMI or blood pressure and significant unfavorable trajectories in LDL-cholesterol and endothelial dysfunction markers [P-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), thrombomodulin] were observed. Higher carotenoid, MUFA, and PUFA (n-6 and n-3) and lower SFA and trans fatty acid concentrations were associated with improvements in circulating glucose and lipid measures, inflammatory markers, and adipokines.

CONCLUSIONS

The benefits of a family-based childhood weight-management intervention can spill over to parents, resulting in apparent healthier dietary shifts that are associated with modest improvements in some CMRFs.

Dietary carotenoid intake and osteoporosis: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2018

Higher intake of β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were associated with lower risk of osteoporosis. A very high intake of lutein + zeaxanthin was also associated with lower risk of osteoporosis. These results support the beneficial role of carotenoids on bone health.

PURPOSE

To examine the associations of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein + zeaxanthin intake with the risk of osteoporosis based on the cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005-2018.

METHODS

This study identified individuals ≥ 50 years old with valid and complete data on carotenoid intake and bone mineral density (BMD). Intake of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein + zeaxanthin was averaged from two 24-h recall interviews. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and converted to T-scores; osteoporosis was defined as a T-score ≤  - 2.5. We used logistic regression models to test the associations between carotenoids and osteoporosis, adjusting for factors such as age, sex, race, and education.

RESULTS

Participants were on average 61.9 years of age, with 57.5% identifying as females. Higher quintiles of β-carotene (odds ratio [OR] for quintile 5 vs. 1:0.33; 95% CI: 0.19-0.59; P for trend = 0.010) and β-cryptoxanthin intake (OR for quintile 5 vs. 1:0.61; 95% CI: 0.39-0.97; P for trend = 0.037) were associated with reduced risk of osteoporosis. Similar and marginally significant results for lutein + zeaxanthin intake was found (OR for quintile 5 vs. 1:0.53; 95% CI: 0.30-0.94; P for trend = 0.076). There was no association of α-carotene and lycopene intake with osteoporosis. These associations did not differ by sex (all P_interaction > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Higher β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin intake was associated with decreased osteoporosis risk. A very high intake of lutein + zeaxanthin was also associated with lower risk of osteoporosis.

Dietary tomato inhibits angiogenesis in TRAMP prostate cancer but is not protective with a Western-style diet in this pilot study

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second most diagnosed cancer worldwide. Higher body weight is associated with chronic inflammation, increased angiogenesis, and treatment-resistant tumor phenotypes. Dietary tomato reduces PCa risk, which may be due to tomato inhibition of angiogenesis and disruption of androgen signaling. This pilot study investigated the interplay between tomato powder (TP), incorporated into control (CON) and obesogenic (OB) diets, and PCa tumor growth and blood perfusion over time in a transgenic model of PCa (TRAMP). Ultrasound microvessel imaging (UMI) results showed good agreement with gold-standard immunohistochemistry quantification of endothelial cell density, indicating that this technique can be applied to non-invasively monitor tumor blood perfusion in vivo. Greater body weight was positively associated with tumor growth. We also found that TP significantly inhibited prostate tumor angiogenesis but that this inhibition differentially affected measured outcomes depending on CON or OB diets. TP led to reduced tumor growth, intratumoral inflammation, and intratumoral androgen-regulated gene expression (srd5a1, srd5a2) when incorporated with the CON diet but greater tumor growth and intratumoral gene expression when incorporated with the OB diet. Results from this study show that protective benefits from dietary tomato are lost, or may become deleterious, when combined with a Western-style diet.

Spatiotemporal biodistribution of α-tocopherol is impacted by the source of 13C-labeled α-tocopherol in mice following a single oral dose

Natural (RRR-) α-tocopherol (αT) is more bioactive than synthetic (all racemic, all rac-) αT, but not enough is known about the tissue kinetics of the 2 αT sources. We examined the time-course bioaccumulation of natural versus synthetic αT in tissues of young, marginally vitamin E-deficient mice using ¹³C-RRR-αT or ¹³C-all rac-αT tracers. In experiment 1, 3-week old male wild-type mice were fed a vitamin E-deficient diet for 0, 1, 2, or 3 weeks (n = 5/time point). Tissue αT levels were analyzed by HPLC-PDA. Feeding a vitamin E-deficient diet for up to 3 weeks decreased total αT concentrations in all analyzed tissues except the brain, which maintained its αT level. In experiment 2, a 2-week αT-depletion period was followed by administration of a single oral dose of 0.5 mg of ¹³C-RRR-αT or ¹³C-all rac-αT. At 12 hr, 1, 2, and 4 days post-dose, serum and multiple tissues were collected (n = 3/time point). αT was quantified by HPLC-PDA, and ¹³C-αT enrichment was determined by LC-MS. Both sources of ¹³C-αT reached maximum serum levels at 12 hr post-dose. ¹³C-RRR-αT levels were significantly higher than ¹³C-all rac-αT in serum at 1 d post-dose, and in heart, lungs, and kidney at 2d post-dose. In brain, ¹³C-RRR-αT concentrations were significantly higher than ¹³C-all rac-αT at 2 and 4 d post-dose. At 4 d post-dose, ¹³C-αT levels were similar between the 2 sources in examined tissues except for brain and adipose tissue where ¹³C-RRR-αT was higher. In conclusion, αT bioaccumulation over time varied substantially depending on αT source and tissue type.

Associations of Subtype and Isomeric Plasma Carotenoids with Prostate Cancer Risk in Low-Income African and European Americans

BACKGROUND

Various carotenoids in circulation, including isomers, may have different influences on cancer risk.

METHODS

We conducted a nested case-control study including 343 incident prostate cancer cases and 640 controls individually matched on age, race, study site, and time of blood collection. Carotenoids investigated were carotene, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, dihydrolycopene, lutein, anhydrolutein, and zeaxanthin, including α versus β configurations and cis versus trans isomers. General linear model and conditional logistic regression were applied to evaluate associations for prostate cancer risk, with adjustment for potential confounders. We conducted additional analyses with further stratification by race, multivitamin use, and smoking status.

RESULTS

Case-control differences were found in carotenoid subtype levels, although not all reached the multiple comparison adjusted threshold for significance. Plasma lycopene [OR_{T1 vs. T3} = 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.29-0.87; P _trend = 0.014], dihydrolycopene (OR_{T1 vs. T3} = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18-0.74; P _trend = 0.006), and cis-anhydrolutein (OR_{T1 vs. T3} = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33-0.96; P _trend = 0.037) were inversely, while β-trans-carotene (OR_{T1 vs. T3} = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.32-3.43; P _trend = 0.002) and trans-lutein (OR_{T1 vs. T3}, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.20-2.88; P _trend = 0.006) were positively associated with prostate cancer risk. Stratified analyses showed inverse associations of lycopene, dihydrolycopene, and cis-anhydrolutein with prostate cancer risk in subjects without multivitamin use; lycopene and dihydrolycopene in African-Americans and current smokers; and dihydrolycopene in nonsmokers. Positive associations of β-trans-carotene and trans-lutein were observed in African-Americans, nonsmokers, and multivitamin users.

CONCLUSIONS

The associations of carotenoids with risk of prostate cancer differed by carotenoid subtypes.

IMPACT

Public health recommendations on carotenoid intakes for prostate cancer prevention should take subtypes and isomers into consideration.

Serum and Macular Carotenoids in Relation to Retinal Vessel Caliber Fifteen Years Later, in the Second Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study

Purpose

We investigated whether dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z) in the serum and macula were associated with central retinal arteriole and venule calibers in a follow-up ancillary study among older women in the Women's Health Initiative.

Methods

Among 390 women who participated in Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (CAREDS2) (2016–2019), we investigated associations between serum L/Z at Women's Health Initiative baseline (1994–1998), and macular pigment optical density (MPOD) at CAREDS baseline (2001–2004), with central retinal vessel caliber in CAREDS2. MPOD was measured using heterochromatic flicker photometry (0.5° from the foveal center) in CAREDS baseline and CAREDS2. Vessel calibers were measured from fundus photographs (CAREDS2). We also explored associations in women with stable MPOD (±0.10 optical density units) over 15 years (n = 106), given the long-term increases in MPOD related to diet patterns and supplement use. Associations were investigated using linear modeling.

Results

In the full sample (n = 390), higher serum L/Z (tertile 3 vs. 1) was positively associated with arteriole caliber (mean ± SE, 145.0 ± 1.4 µm vs. 140.8 ± 1.4 µm; P = 0.05) and venule caliber (214.6 ± 2.2 µm vs. 207.5 ± 2.2 µm; P = 0.03). MPOD was also associated with wider vessel calibers (tertile 3 vs. 1), but the trend was only statistically significant for venules (144.4 ± 1.4 µm vs. 141.1 ± 1.4 µm [P = 0.12] and 213.3 ± 2.1 µm vs. 206.0 ± 2.1 µm [P = 0.02], respectively.) Most associations were strengthened in women with stable MPOD over 15 years, including between MPOD and arteriole caliber (149.8 ± 2.6 µm vs.135.8 ± 3.0 µm; P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Higher L/Z status in serum and retina was associated with larger central retinal vessel calibers. Prospective studies and clinical trials are needed to elucidate whether L/Z supplementation prevents vision loss through increasing blood flow.

Effects of Dietary Education Program for the Japan Diet on Cholesterol Efflux Capacity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Aim: Improving cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been regarded as a novel target for preventing cardiovascular disease. HDL reportedly has antioxidant properties which may contribute to its functions. We investigated changes in CEC with intake of the Japan Diet (JD) recommended by the Japan Atherosclerosis Society and the relationship of these changes to serum antioxidant concentrations.

Methods: A randomized parallel controlled clinical trial on JD intake was performed in Japanese patients with dyslipidemia. Ninety-eight participants were randomly divided into the JD (n=49) or the partial JD (PJD) (n=49) group. Nutrition education, based on each diet at baseline and at 3 months, was provided and the participants were followed up for 6 months.

Results: Mean CEC was 1.05 in total and correlated positively with HDL-cholesterol (p＜0.001) at baseline. CEC did not change while oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) was decreased in both groups (p＜0.001). Although serum total carotenoid increased in both groups, serum α-tocopherol decreased in the JD group as compared to the PJD group (p＜0.05). CEC correlated positively with HDL ORAC at baseline (p=0.021) and with serum total carotenoid at 3 and 6 months (p=0.005, 0.035). Changes in CEC correlated positively with changes in HDL ORAC at 3 months and serum total tocopherol at 3 and 6 months (p＜0.001).

Conclusion: CEC was not changed by JD education in Japanese patients with dyslipidemia who already had normal CEC at baseline. CEC was suggested to be positively associated with serum α- and γ-tocopherol and HDL ORAC.

The Potential Benefit of Monitoring Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

The significant increase in worldwide morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) indicates that the efficacy of existing strategies addressing this crisis may need improvement. Early identification of the metabolic irregularities associated with the disease process may be a key to developing early intervention strategies. Unhealthy lifestyle behaviours are well established drivers of the development of several NCDs, but the impact of such behaviours on health can vary considerably between individuals. How can it be determined if an individual's unique set of lifestyle behaviours is producing disease? Accumulating evidence suggests that lifestyle-associated activation of oxidative and inflammatory processes is primary driver of the cell and tissue damage which underpins the development of NCDs. However, the benefit of monitoring subclinical inflammation and oxidative activity has not yet been established. After reviewing relevant studies in this context, we suggest that quantification of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers during the disease-free prodromal stage of NCD development may have clinical relevance as a timely indicator of the presence of subclinical metabolic changes, in the individual, portending the development of disease. Monitoring markers of oxidative and inflammatory activity may therefore enable earlier and more efficient strategies to both prevent NCD development and/or monitor the effectiveness of treatment.

Epigenetic stratification of head and neck cancer survivors reveals differences in lycopene levels, alcohol consumption, and methylation of immune regulatory genes

BACKGROUND

Inflammation has been associated with higher rates of recurrence and mortality in head and neck cancer (HNC). While the biological mechanisms predisposing patients to heightened inflammatory states remain largely unknown, DNA methylation has been proposed to reflect systemic inflammation. In this analysis, we attempt to identify meaningful epigenetic patterns in HNC survivors by stratifying individuals based on DNA methylation profiles in leukocytes.

RESULTS

We used hierarchical clustering to uncover three distinct methylation patterns among HNC survivors. Each group displayed a unique methylation signature in inflammatory pathways including cytokine and B-cell receptor signaling. Additionally, we examined physiological, clinical, and lifestyle parameters related to inflammation, such as circulating carotenoid and cytokine levels, cancer treatment type, and alcohol consumption. Specifically, we identified one group of survivors who had significant differential methylation of transcriptional and translational regulators as well as genes in the T-cell receptor signaling pathway, including hypermethylation of CD40 ligand (CD40LG) and Tec protein tyrosine kinase (TEC) and hypomethylation of CD8A. This group also displayed high circulating lycopene levels. We identified another group that had distinctive methylation in the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, including hypomethylation of TLR5, a component of the inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B kinase complex (CHUK), and two mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP3K8 and MAP2K3). This group also had hypermethylation of mitochondrial ribosomal genes along with higher rates of alcohol consumption.

CONCLUSION

The correlation between lycopene, alcohol consumption, DNA methylation, and inflammation warrants further investigation and may have implications in future recommendations and interventions to impact health outcomes in HNC survivors.

High-level β-carotene production from xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae without overexpression of a truncated HMG1 (tHMG1)

β-Carotene is a natural pigment and health-promoting metabolite, and has been widely used in the nutraceutical, feed, and cosmetic industries. Here, we engineered a GRAS yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce β-carotene from xylose, the second most abundant and inedible sugar component of lignocellulose biomass. Specifically, a β-carotene biosynthetic pathway containing crtYB, crtI, and crtE from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous was introduced into a xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae. The resulting strain produced β-carotene from xylose at a titer threefold higher than from glucose. Interestingly, overexpression of tHMG1, which has been reported as a critical genetic perturbation to enhance metabolic fluxes in the mevalonate pathway and β-carotene production in yeast when glucose is used, did not further improve the production of β-carotene from xylose. Through fermentation profiling, metabolites analysis, and transcriptional studies, we found the advantages of using xylose as a carbon source, instead of glucose, for β-carotene production to be a more respiratory feature of xylose consumption, a larger cytosolic acetyl-CoA pool, and an upregulated expression level of rate-limiting genes in the β-carotene-producing pathway, including ACS1 and HMG1. As a result, 772.8 mg/L of β-carotene was obtained in a fed-batch bioreactor culture with xylose feeding. Considering the inevitable large scale production of xylose when cellulosic biomass-based bioeconomy is implemented, our results suggest xylose utilization is a promising strategy for overproduction of carotenoids and other isoprenoids in engineered S. cerevisiae.

Delaying the harvest induces bioactive compounds and maintains the quality of sweet potatoes

We have identified the best harvesting periods, related to higher bioactive compound content and post-harvest quality, for minimally processed sweet potatoes with orange pulp and cream pulp. Quality loss in minimally processed sweet potatoes occurred due to browning in cv. Mãe de Familia and ESAM1 and to whitening in cv. Paraná. Both Mãe de Família and ESAM1 presented higher peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities at 120 days, and cv. Paraná contained high levels of provitamin A. β-carotene was the major carotenoid (up to 99%) in orange pulp. All cultivars harvested at 150 and 180 days and minimally processed showed the best visual quality, the highest bioactive compound content, and no microbial infection. Delaying the harvest also increase the antioxidant activity in orange roots, which was associated with a high content of carotenoids and phenolic compounds, resulting in an increase in the nutritional quality of the product. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Postharvest techniques can improve the visual and phytochemical quality of vegetables and extend their shelf life. The present research provides the best harvesting periods for minimally processed cream and orange sweet potato roots with higher postharvest qualities. Delaying the harvest resulted in a product with better visual quality, higher levels of bioactive compounds, which are highly beneficial to health, for example, ß-carotene, and no microbiological contamination. Our results may contribute to improvements in the current knowledge about harvesting times for sweet potato growers who aim to produce high quality, minimally processed products with a longer shelf life.

Dietary β-Carotene Rescues Vitamin A Deficiency and Inhibits Atherogenesis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major health problem, especially in developing countries. In this study, we investigated the effect of VAD from weaning to adulthood in apoE^−/− mice. Three-week-old male mice were allocated into four diet groups: I. VAD II. VAD+vitamin A (VA), 1500 IU retinyl-palmitate; III. VAD+β-carotene (BC), 6 g/kg feed, containing 50% all-trans and 50% 9-cis BC. IV. VAD with BC and VA (BC+VA). After 13 weeks, we assessed the size of atherosclerotic plaques and measured VA in tissues and BC in plasma and tissues. VAD resulted in diminished hepatic VA levels and undetectable brain VA levels compared to the other groups. BC completely replenished VA levels in the liver, and BC+VA led to a two-fold elevation of hepatic VA accumulation. In adipose tissue, mice fed BC+VA accumulated only 13% BC compared to mice fed BC alone. Atherosclerotic lesion area of BC group was 73% lower compared to VAD group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that BC can be a sole source for VA and inhibits atherogenesis.

Synthetic α-Tocopherol, Compared with Natural α-Tocopherol, Downregulates Myelin Genes in Cerebella of Adolescent Ttpa-null Mice

BACKGROUND

Vitamin E (α-tocopherol; α-T) deficiency causes spinocerebellar ataxia. α-T supplementation improves neurological symptoms, but little is known about the differential bioactivities of natural versus synthetic α-T during early life.

OBJECTIVE

We assessed the effects of dietary α-T dose and source on tissue α-T accumulation and gene expression in adolescent α-tocopherol transfer protein-null (Ttpa-/-) mice.

METHODS

Three-week-old male Ttpa-/- mice (n  = 7/group) were fed 1 of 4 AIN-93G-based diets for 4 wk: vitamin E deficient (VED; below α-T limit of detection); natural α-T, 600 mg/kg diet (NAT); synthetic α-T, 816 mg/kg diet (SYN); or high synthetic α-T, 1200 mg/kg diet (HSYN). Male Ttpa+/+ littermates fed AIN-93G [75 mg synthetic α-T (CON)] served as controls (n  = 7). At 7 wk of age, tissue α-T concentrations and stereoisomer profiles were measured for all groups. RNA-sequencing was performed on cerebella of Ttpa-/- groups.

RESULTS

Ttpa-/- mice fed VED had undetectable brain α-T concentrations. Cerebral cortex α-T concentrations were greater in Ttpa-/- mice fed NAT (9.1 ± 0.7 nmol/g), SYN (10.8 ± 1.0 nmol/g), and HSYN (13.9 ± 1.6 nmol/g) compared with the VED group but were significantly lower than in Ttpa+/+ mice fed CON (24.6 ± 1.2 nmol/g) (P < 0.001). RRR-α-T was the predominant stereoisomer in brains of Ttpa+/+ mice (∼40%) and Ttpa-/- mice fed NAT (∼94%). α-T stereoisomer composition was similar in brains of Ttpa-/- mice fed SYN and HSYN (2R: ∼53%; 2S: ∼47%). Very few of the 16,774 genes measured were differentially expressed. However, compared with the NAT diet, HSYN significantly downregulated 20 myelin genes, including 2 transcription factors: SRY-box transcription factor 10 (Sox10) and myelin regulatory factor (Myrf), and several downstream target genes (false discovery rate <0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

High-dose synthetic α-T compared with natural α-T alters myelin gene expression in the adolescent mouse cerebellum, which could lead to morphological and functional abnormalities later in life.

Isomerization of Commercially Important Carotenoids (Lycopene, β-Carotene, and Astaxanthin) by Natural Catalysts: Isothiocyanates and Polysulfides

Effects of natural catalysts, isothiocyanates and polysulfides, on Z-isomerization and decomposition of (all-E)-carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, and astaxanthin) after heat treatment were investigated. When isothiocyanates were added to (all-E)-carotenoid solutions and heated, Z-isomerization and decomposition of carotenoids were enhanced and the degree differed depending on the isothiocyanate type. Interestingly, when polysulfides were applied in the same manner, in addition to promoting the Z-isomerization reaction, they markedly improved the thermal stability of carotenoids. Successively, we investigated the reaction characteristics of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) using (all-E)-lycopene; that is, effects of the amount added, solvent used, and reaction temperature and time, as well as the combination use on Z-isomerization and decomposition of lycopene, were investigated. With increases in the amount added and reaction temperature and time, Z-isomerization of lycopene was promoted for both catalysts. The high-temperature treatment tests clearly showed that AITC induced thermal decomposition of lycopene, whereas DADS improved the lycopene stability. Moreover, the simultaneous use of AITC and DADS resulted in a synergetic effect on the Z-isomerization efficiency.

Phytochemicals in Leaves and Roots of Selected Kenyan Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) Varieties

This study reports the inherent phytochemical contents in leaves and roots of nine sweet potato varieties from Kenya. Results indicated that vitamin C content varied significantly (P < 0.05) among the sweet potato varieties regardless of the plant part, leaves having significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels than in the roots. Total flavonoids and phenolic compounds differed significantly (P < 0.05) among varieties, higher values were found in leaves than in roots. Flavonoid contents in roots ranged from below detectable limits (Whitesp) to 25.8 mg CE/100 g (SPK031), while in leaves it ranged from 4097 to 7316 mg CE/100 g in SPK4 and Kenspot 5, respectively. Phenolic content was below detectable limits in the roots of whitesp but it was in substantial amounts in orange fleshed varieties. The β-carotene content was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in leaves (16.43-34.47 mg/100 g dry weight) than in roots (not detected-11.1 mg/100 g dry weight). Total and phytic phosphorus were directly correlated with phytate contents in leaves and the roots. Tannins and soluble oxalates varied significantly (P < 0.05) with variety and plant part being higher in leaves. The current information is important for ration formulations and dietary recommendations utilizing sweet potato leaves and roots. Future studies on effects of processing methods on these phytochemicals are recommended.

Obesity and Insulin Resistance Are Inversely Associated with Serum and Adipose Tissue Carotenoid Concentrations in Adults

BACKGROUND

Low tissue concentrations of carotenoids have been suggested to contribute to insulin resistance in obesity.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the study were to 1) evaluate the relations of adipose tissue and serum carotenoids with body fat, abdominal fat distribution, muscle, adipose tissue and liver insulin resistance, and dietary intake; 2) evaluate the relations and distributions of carotenoids detected in adipose tissue and serum; and 3) compare serum carotenoids and retinol concentrations in subjects with and without obesity.

METHODS

Post hoc analysis of serum and adipose tissue carotenoids in individuals [n = 80; 31 men, 49 women; age (mean ± SEM): 51.4 ± 1.1 y] who participated in 2 separate studies conducted at the Clinical Research Facility at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research (Sydney) between 2008 and 2013. Retinol, α-carotene, β-carotene, ζ-carotene, lutein, lycopene, phytoene, and phytofluene were measured using HPLC. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Insulin resistance was measured by 2-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with deuterated glucose (n = 64), and subcutaneous and visceral abdominal volume and liver and pancreatic fat by MRI (n = 60). Periumbilical subcutaneous fat biopsy was performed and carotenoids and retinol measured in the tissue (n = 16).

RESULTS

We found that ζ-carotene, phytoene, and phytofluene were stored in considerable amounts in adipose tissue (25% of adipose tissue carotenoids). Carotenoid concentrations in adipose tissue and serum correlated significantly, but they followed different distributions: ζ-carotene was 3-fold higher in adipose tissue compared with serum, while lutein and lycopene made up 20% and 21% of serum carotenoids compared with 2% and 12% of adipose tissue carotenoids, respectively. Liver (P ≤ 0.028) and adipose tissue (P = 0.023), but not muscle (P ≥ 0.16), insulin resistance correlated inversely with many of the serum carotenoids.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiple serum and adipose tissue carotenoids are associated with favorable metabolic traits, including insulin sensitivity in liver and adipose tissue in humans.

Effect of a Family-Based Intervention on Nutrient Biomarkers, Desaturase Enzyme Activities, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children with Overweight and Obesity

BACKGROUND

Developing dietary strategies to prevent excess weight gain during childhood is critical to stem the current obesity epidemic and associated adverse cardiometabolic consequences.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to assess how participation in a family-based weight-management intervention affected nutrient biomarkers and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) in children (7-12 y old; n = 321) with baseline BMI z score (BMIz) ≥85th percentile.

METHODS

This was a secondary analysis from a randomized-controlled, parallel-arm clinical trial. Families of children, recruited from a largely Hispanic population, were assigned to Standard Care (SC; American Academy of Pediatrics overweight/obesity recommendations), or SC + Enhanced Program (SC + EP; 8 skill-building cores, monthly support sessions, targeted diet/physical activity strategies). Nutrient biomarkers (plasma carotenoids, fat-soluble vitamins, RBC fatty acid profiles, desaturase indexes) and CMRFs were measured in archived blood samples collected at baseline and the end of the 1-y intervention.

RESULTS

Children in both groups had significantly lower trans fatty acid and higher pentadecylic acid (15:0), PUFA n-3, and β-carotene concentrations, indicative of decreased hydrogenated fat and increased dairy, vegetable oil, fish, and fruit/vegetable intake, respectively. Similar changes were seen in de novo lipogenesis and desaturase indexes, as well as CMRFs (BMIz, lipid profile, inflammation, adipokines, liver enzymes) in both groups. Using multiple logistic regression, increase in carotenoids and decrease in endogenously synthesized SFA, MUFA, PUFA n-6, and desaturase indexes were associated with improvements in BMIz, blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose metabolism, inflammatory biomarkers, adipokines, and liver enzymes. Trans fatty acids were associated with improvements in BMIz, glucose metabolism, and leptin, with less favorable effects on inflammatory markers and adiponectin.

CONCLUSIONS

Providing targeted family-based behavioral counseling, as part of SC, can help overweight/obese children adopt healthier eating patterns that are associated with modest improvements in BMIz and several CMRFs. Limited additional benefit was observed with SC + EP. These results provide critical data to design subsequent interventions to increase the impact of family-based obesity prevention programs.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00851201.

Hyperglycemia and Carotenoid Intake Are Associated with Serum Carotenoids in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes

BACKGROUND

Serum carotenoids are commonly used as biomarkers of fruit and vegetable (F/V) intake in the general population. Although hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress, it is unknown whether this pathway is associated with lower serum carotenoid concentrations in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Consequently, the utility of serum carotenoids as markers of F/V intake in individuals with type 1 diabetes is unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The study objectives were: 1) to investigate the relationship of glycemic control, oxidative stress, dietary carotenoid and F/V intake with serum carotenoid concentrations in youth with type 1 diabetes and 2) to determine whether glycemic control or oxidative stress moderates the association of carotenoid and F/V intake with serum carotenoids.

DESIGN

The study was a secondary analysis of baseline data from youth with type 1 diabetes. Blood samples were drawn from youth with type 1 diabetes to assess carotenoids and markers of glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin and 1,5-anhydroglucitol); urine samples were used to assess oxidative stress (8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α); and 3-day diet records completed by families were used to determine F/V and carotenoid intake.

PARTICIPANTS/SETTING

The study participants were youth with type 1 diabetes (n=136; age range: 8 to 16.9 years; diabetes duration ≥1 year; glycated hemoglobin: 5.8% to 11.9%) enrolled in a nutrition intervention trial from 2010 to 2013 at a tertiary diabetes center in Boston, MA.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Serum carotenoids (total carotenoids and α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lutein+zeaxanthin).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Regression analyses were used to estimate the association of glycemic control, oxidative stress, F/V and carotenoid intake with serum carotenoids, as well as the role of glycemic control and oxidative stress in moderating diet-serum carotenoid associations.

RESULTS

Greater F/V intake (β=0.35, P<0.001) and carotenoid intake (β=0.28, P<0.01) were associated with higher total serum carotenoids, and no moderation by glycemic control or oxidative stress was observed. Greater hyperglycemia, as indicated by lower 1,5-anhydroglucitol (β=0.27, P<0.01), was related to lower serum carotenoids; however, glycated hemoglobin was not associated with serum carotenoids. 8-Iso-prostaglandin F2α was not associated with glycemic control or serum carotenoids.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings support the validity of serum carotenoids as markers of F/V and carotenoid intake in youth with type 1 diabetes.

Partial replacement of dietary buffalo meat on the bone with chicken carcass improves serum antioxidant profile of zoo-housed Indian leopards (Panthera pardus fusca)

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of gradual replacement of dietary buffalo meat on the bone (BMB) with chicken carcass (CC) on nutrient utilization, serum cortisol, and total serum antioxidant profile of zoo-housed Indian leopard. Twelve adult leopards were randomly distributed into a replicated Latin square design comprising three treatments, three periods, four animals, and three sequences. Leopards in group T₁ were fed normal zoo diet of BMB. On the basis of dry matter, 10% and 20% of BMB was replaced with CC in groups T₂ and T₃ , respectively. Each experimental period comprised 21 days. During each period, a digestion trial of 4-day collection period was conducted after an adaptation period of 17 days. On Day 21 of each experimental period, blood was collected from all the animals by puncturing the ventral coccygial vein. Intake and apparent digestibility of major nutrients were similar among the groups. Replacement of 20% BMB with addition of CC increased (p < 0.001) the calculated supply of I, niacin, and vitamin A. Carotenoid intake increased (p < 0.01) with increased level of CC in the diet. Serum concentration of cortisol decreased (p < 0.01) whereas serum concentration of total carotenoids increased (p < 0.001) with increased level of CC in the diet. Serum concentration of antioxidant enzymes increased (p < 0.001) with increased level of CC in the diet. It was concluded that replacement of 20% of BMB with CC increased antioxidant profile. This may reduce oxidative stress in zoo-housed Indian leopards without any adverse effect on nutrient utilization.

Feasibility Outcomes of a Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial to Increase Cruciferous and Green Leafy Vegetable Intake in Posttreatment Head and Neck Cancer Survivors

BACKGROUND

Higher intakes of cruciferous vegetables (CVs) and green leafy vegetables (GLVs) in observational studies are associated with improvements in survival and cancer-related biomarkers in patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer (HNC). These results have yet to be corroborated in a randomized clinical trial (RCT).

OBJECTIVE

Determine the feasibility of implementing a 12-week RCT to increase CV and GLV intake in posttreatment HNC survivors.

DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS

This was a two-arm RCT conducted among 24 posttreatment HNC survivors. Survivors were recruited from a southeastern, National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center between January 2015 and September 2016.

INTERVENTION

There were two groups: (1) an experimental group (n=12) receiving weekly 15- to 30-minute telephone dietary counseling from a registered dietitian nutritionist stressing 2.5 cups per week CVs and 3.5 cups per week GLVs, and (2) an attention control group (n=12) receiving weekly 15- to 30-minute telephone dietary counseling from a registered dietitian nutritionist focusing on general healthy eating for cancer survivors. Participants completed a baseline survey, three 24-hour dietary recalls, phlebotomy, and anthropometric measures prior to randomization and at the end of the 12-week study period. The experimental group also completed weekly vegetable record recalls.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Primary outcomes included feasibility, recruitment, retention, adherence, and safety. Secondary outcomes included inflammatory markers and carotenoids.

STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED

Descriptive statistics were generated for demographic, epidemiological, and clinical variables as well as the primary feasibility outcomes. Between- and within-group comparisons of mean serum cytokine and carotenoid levels were performed using appropriate statistical tests depending on their respective distributions for the purpose of generating preliminary effect sizes.

RESULTS

Overall, 350 incident HNC cases were screened for eligibility, and 98 were eligible for study participation. Reasons for ineligibility and exclusion included deceased (n=93); wrong or inactive telephone numbers, or unable to be reached, or lost to follow-up (n=93); not meeting inclusion criteria (n=39); and too ill to participate (n=27). Of the 98 eligible HNC cases, 24 agreed to participate, for an enrollment rate of 25%. The most common reason for nonparticipation was distance (n=48), as participants were asked to report for two on-site assignments. The retention rate was 96%. Mean intervention adherence rates for weekly goals were 67% CV, 74% GLV, and 71% overall. Completion rate of weekly counseling calls was 90%. The experimental group reported an overall mean increase of 5.5 cups GLV and 3.5 cups CV per week from baseline intake, respectively. No significant between- or within-arm differences were observed for inflammatory markers or carotenoids.

CONCLUSION

A posttreatment intervention aimed at increasing CV and GLV intake in HNC survivors is feasible. A larger RCT is needed to assess the efficacy of this intervention on disease outcomes.

13C-lutein is differentially distributed in tissues of an adult female rhesus macaque following a single oral administration: a pilot study

Despite the growing awareness regarding lutein's putative roles in eyes and brain, its pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in primates have been poorly understood. We hypothesized that ¹³C-lutein will be differentially distributed into tissues of an adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) 3 days following a single oral dose. After a year of prefeeding a diet supplemented with unlabeled lutein (1 μmol/kg/d), a 19-year-old female was dosed with 1.92 mg of highly enriched ¹³C-lutein. Tissues of a nondosed, lutein-fed monkey were used as a reference for natural abundance of ¹³C-lutein. On the third day postdose, plasma and multiple tissues were collected. Lutein was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector, and ¹³C-lutein tissue enrichment was determined by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In the tissues of a reference monkey, ¹²C-lutein with natural abundance of ¹³C-lutein was detectable. In the dosed monkey, highly enriched ¹³C-lutein was observed in all analyzed tissues except for the macular and peripheral retina, with the highest concentrations in the liver followed by the adrenal gland and plasma. ¹³C-lutein accumulated differentially across 6 brain regions. In adipose depots, ¹³C-lutein was observed, with the highest concentrations in the axillary brown adipose tissues. In summary, we evaluated ¹³C-lutein tissue distribution in a nonhuman primate following a single dose of isotopically labeled lutein. These results show that tissue distribution 3 days following a dose of lutein varied substantially dependent on tissue type.

Milk and Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Chinese Breast-Feeding Mother-Infant Dyads With Healthy Maternal Fruit and Vegetable Intake

OBJECTIVES

While others have reported that milk from coastal Chinese women contains high levels of lutein and zeaxanthin, no research has determined the corresponding infant plasma response. Whether infant plasma levels increase commensurately provides important guidance for supplementation of these increasingly intriguing carotenoids in breast-feeding mothers and formula-fed infants.

METHODS

Fifty-six mother-infant pairs with a maternal diet rich in eggs, green leafy vegetables, and fruit were enrolled between 6 and 16 weeks of lactation. Milk samples and blood samples from both the mother and infant were collected at entry. Maternal 3-day dietary records and a second milk sample were collected 1 to 3 weeks later.

RESULTS

Mean milk lutein concentrations in samples 1 and 2 were 6.5 and 7.7 μg/dL (range 1-22.5 μg/dL), and for zeaxanthin, 1.6 and 1.7 μg/dL (range 1-5.9 μg/dL). Lutein concentrations in infant plasma (18.2 μg/dL) were similar to those in maternal plasma (21.6 μg/dL); zeaxanthin was lower than lutein in both maternal (3.1 μg/dL) and infant (2.9 μg/dL) plasma. Infant and maternal mean plasma lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations were higher than those in both milk samples 1 and 2 (lutein, 6.9 and 8.2 μg/dL; zeaxanthin, 1.9 and 2.0 μg/dL). Infant plasma lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations positively correlated with those in milk sample 1 (lutein, r² = 0.15, p = 0.004; zeaxanthin, r² = 0.21, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Together, these results reveal that high milk concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin driven by healthy maternal intakes of xanthophyll rich foods are associated with high infant plasma concentrations. These findings will be useful for determining appropriate lutein fortification strategies. Clinical Study.gov registration number: NCT01669655.

Bark of Passiflora edulis Treatment Stimulates Antioxidant Capacity, and Reduces Dyslipidemia and Body Fat in db/db Mice

Obesity is considered an important risk factor for several disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, which are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress as a trigger factor. Passiflora edulis contains important bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, carotenoids, vitamin C, and polyamines in pulp, leaves, seeds, and bark. Aim: To evaluate the effect of bark of Passiflora edulis (BPe) on body composition, and metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in genetically obese mice. Methods: Obese male db/db mice (n = 14 animals) received normal feeds and water ad libitum for 8 weeks. Then, animals were randomly divided to continue either receiving standard chow (obese, n = 7 (OB)) or feed with standard chow plus bark Passiflora edulis (BPe) (obese + BPe, n = 7 (OB + BPe)) for 8 more weeks, totaling 16 weeks. BPe was added to chow (7 g of BPe/kg of chow corresponding to 1.5 g/kg of body weight). The parameters evaluated in animals included food and caloric intake, body weight, body fat, plasma glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Malondialdehyde and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in plasma and organs. Groups were compared by Student t-test, with p < 0.05. Results: BPe reduced visceral and subcutaneous fat deposit and adiposity index, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, ameliorated the antioxidant capacity, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Conclusion: the bark of Passiflora edulis was effective in improving body composition, and metabolic and antioxidant parameters in obese mice.

The physiochemical properties and shelf-life of orange-fleshed sweet potato puree composite bread

Value addition of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) increases diversified utilization of this crop, which is rich in provitamin A carotenoids. OFSP bread, in which 30%-45% of wheat flour is replaced with OFSP puree, has been successfully commercialized in Kenya. However, the effect of this substitution on the bread's physiochemical properties and its shelf-life are currently unknown. This study was designed to determine the physiochemical properties and shelf-life of OFSP puree-wheat flour composite bread (30% puree), compared to standard, 100% wheat flour, bread. Freshly baked bread samples were stored at 7, 20, 25, and 30°C, and monitored for moisture content, water activity, color, texture, volume, carotenoids, and microbial load. The moisture content, β-carotene content, and color of bread significantly decreased with increase in storage temperature and time (p < 0.05). Bread made with OFSP puree had a longer shelf-life, showing spoilage on day six compared with the white bread, which spoiled on the fourth day. This is attributed to the significantly higher water activity in white bread than in the OFSP bread. The substitution of wheat with OFSP puree resulted in reduced extensibility of gluten, thus, specific volume of white bread was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in OFSP puree bread. Refrigeration increased crumb firmness, chewiness and cohesiveness in both types of bread. In conclusion, OFSP puree increases the water binding capacity of the bread, which reduces water activity and increases its shelf-life.

Dietary guidance for lutein: consideration for intake recommendations is scientifically supported

Lutein, a yellow xanthophyll carotenoid found in egg yolks and many colorful fruits and vegetables, has gained public health interest for its putative role in visual performance and reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine's recommended Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) focus on preventing deficiency and toxicity, but there is a budding interest in establishing DRI-like guidelines for non-essential bioactives, like lutein, that promote optimal health and/or prevent chronic diseases. Lupton et al. developed a set of nine criteria to determine whether a bioactive is ready to be considered for DRI-like recommendations. These criteria include: (1) an accepted definition; (2) a reliable analysis method; (3) a food database with known amounts of the bioactive; (4) cohort studies; (5) clinical trials on metabolic processes; (6) clinical trials for dose-response and efficacy; (7) safety data; (8) systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses; (9) a plausible biological rationale. Based on a review of the literature supporting these criteria, lutein is ready to be considered for intake recommendations. Establishing dietary guidance for lutein would encourage the consumption of lutein-containing foods and raise public awareness about its potential health benefits.

Relationships of carotenoid-related gene expression and serum cholesterol and lipoprotein levels to retina and brain lutein deposition in infant rhesus macaques following 6 months of breastfeeding or formula feeding

The purpose of this study was to investigate if the enhanced bioaccumulation of lutein in retina and brain of breastfed, compared to formula-fed, infant monkeys was associated with higher levels of serum total and HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins, or mRNA/protein expression of carotenoid-related genes. Newborn rhesus macaques were either breastfed, fed a carotenoid-supplemented formula, or fed an unsupplemented formula for 6 months (n = 8, 8, 7). Real-time qPCR and western blotting were performed in two brain regions (occipital cortex and cerebellum) and two retina regions (macular and peripheral retina). Breastfed infants had higher serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apoA-I, and apoB-100 levels than the combined formula-fed groups (P < 0.05). Breast milk or infant formulas did not alter expression of the nine genes (CD36, SCARB1, SCARB2, LDLR, STARD3, GSTP1, BCO1, BCO2, RPE65) examined except for SCARB2 in the retina and brain regions. In conclusion, dietary regimen did not impact the expression of carotenoid-related genes except for SCARB2. However, carotenoid-related genes were differentially expressed across brain and retina regions. Breastfed infants had higher serum total and HDL cholesterol, and apolipoproteins, suggesting that lipoprotein levels might be important for delivering lutein to tissues, especially the macular retina, during infancy.

Effect of mono- and diglycerides on the digestion and absorption of lutein in lymph fistula rats

Breast milk lutein is better absorbed by infants than lutein delivered in infant formula. Therefore, we wanted to better understand the possible absorption differences of lutein in breast milk vs. that in infant formula by determining its bioavailability after gastric administration and whether the intestinal absorption of lutein can be improved by using new delivery vehicles. Study 1 compared the intestinal uptake,and the lymphatic and portal transport of lutein in conscious lymph fistula rats. Four groups of lymph- and portal vein-cannulated rats ( n = 8-10/group) were randomized to receive via gastric tube increasing doses (10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) of 20% lutein in safflower oil (SO) suspension to assess whether there was a saturable level of lutein that could be absorbed and transported in lymph. Aliquots of hourly portal blood and lymph were taken for lutein and zeaxanthin analyses. The dose-response study showed that 20 mg/kg lutein was the saturable level of lymphatic lutein absorption with no lutein detected in portal circulation at any dosage level tested. Study 2 randomized five groups of lymph fistula rats ( n = 4-9/group) to receive 20 mg/kg lutein from either lutein in SO or lutein in four different mono- and diglyceride oils (MDGs). Gastric infusion of lutein suspended in MDG (20 mg/kg) significantly improved (71-211%, P < 0.05) lymphatic lutein output 2-6 h after lipid feeding vs. lutein in SO. Lymphatic zeaxanthin (10% of the lutein fed mixture) transport in both Study 1 and Study 2 followed that of lutein. We conclude that a mixture of MDGs helps solubilize lutein and facilitate gastrointestinal micelle formation, thus improving lymphatic lutein absorption compared with triglyceride oils. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This paper describes how lutein is digested and absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract by using the conscious lymph fistula rat model. Our dose-response study showed that absorption and lymphatic transport of lutein is a saturable process with no lutein detected in portal circulation at any dosage level tested. Our paper also provides insight into how this process can be improved by modifying the typical lipid mixtures carrying the lutein.

Recent Advances in Studies on the Therapeutic Potential of Dietary Carotenoids in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Carotenoids, symmetrical tetraterpenes with a linear C40 hydrocarbon backbone, are natural pigment molecules produced by plants, algae, and fungi. Carotenoids have important functions in the organisms (including animals) that obtain them from food. Due to their characteristic structure, carotenoids have bioactive properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and autophagy-modulatory activities. Given the protective function of carotenoids, their levels in the human body have been significantly associated with the treatment and prevention of various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we review the latest studies on the effects of carotenoids on neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Furthermore, animal and cellular model studies on the beneficial effects of carotenoids on neurodegeneration are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the possible mechanisms and limitations of carotenoids in the treatment and prevention of neurological diseases.

Lutein Is Differentially Deposited across Brain Regions following Formula or Breast Feeding of Infant Rhesus Macaques

Background

Lutein, a yellow xanthophyll, selectively accumulates in primate retina and brain. Lutein may play a critical role in neural and retinal development, but few studies have investigated the impact of dietary source on its bioaccumulation in infants.

Objective

We explored the bioaccumulation of lutein in infant rhesus macaques following breastfeeding or formula-feeding.

Methods

From birth to 6 mo of age, male and female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were either breastfed (BF) (n = 8), fed a formula supplemented with lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene (237, 19.0, 74.2, and 338 nmol/kg, supplemented formula-fed; SF) (n = 8), or fed a formula with low amounts of these carotenoids (38.6, 2.3, 21.5, and 0 nmol/kg, unsupplemented formula-fed; UF) (n = 7). The concentrations of carotenoids in serum and tissues were analyzed by HPLC.

Results

At 6 mo of age, the BF group exhibited significantly higher lutein concentrations in serum, all brain regions, macular and peripheral retina, adipose tissue, liver, and other tissues compared to both formula-fed groups (P < 0.001). Lutein concentrations were higher in the SF group than in the UF group in serum and all tissues, with the exception of macular retina. Lutein was differentially distributed across brain areas, with the highest concentrations in the occipital cortex, regardless of the diet. Zeaxanthin was present in all brain regions but only in the BF infants; it was present in both retinal regions in all groups but was significantly enhanced in BF infants compared to either formula group (P < 0.001). β-Carotene accumulated across brain regions in all groups, but was not detected in retina. Although lycopene was found in many tissues of the SF group, it was not detected in the brain or retina.

Conclusions

Although carotenoid supplementation of infant formula significantly increased serum and tissue lutein concentrations compared to unsupplemented formula, concentrations were still well below those in BF infants. Regardless of diet, occipital cortex showed selectively higher lutein deposition than other brain regions, suggesting lutein's role in visual processing in early life.

Use of a "Super-child" Approach to Assess the Vitamin A Equivalence of Moringa oleifera Leaves, Develop a Compartmental Model for Vitamin A Kinetics, and Estimate Vitamin A Total Body Stores in Young Mexican Children

Background: Worldwide, an estimated 250 million children <5 y old are vitamin A (VA) deficient. In Mexico, despite ongoing efforts to reduce VA deficiency, it remains an important public health problem; thus, food-based interventions that increase the availability and consumption of provitamin A-rich foods should be considered.Objective: The objectives were to assess the VA equivalence of ²H-labeled Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves and to estimate both total body stores (TBS) of VA and plasma retinol kinetics in young Mexican children.Methods: β-Carotene was intrinsically labeled by growing MO plants in a ²H₂O nutrient solution. Fifteen well-nourished children (17-35 mo old) consumed puréed MO leaves (1 mg β-carotene) and a reference dose of [¹³C₁₀]retinyl acetate (1 mg) in oil. Blood (2 samples/child) was collected 10 times (2 or 3 children each time) over 35 d. The bioefficacy of MO leaves was calculated from areas under the composite "super-child" plasma isotope response curves, and MO VA equivalence was estimated through the use of these values; a compartmental model was developed to predict VA TBS and retinol kinetics through the use of composite plasma [¹³C₁₀]retinol data. TBS were also estimated with isotope dilution.Results: The relative bioefficacy of β-carotene retinol activity equivalents from MO was 28%; VA equivalence was 3.3:1 by weight (0.56 μmol retinol:1 μmol β-carotene). Kinetics of plasma retinol indicate more rapid plasma appearance and turnover and more extensive recycling in these children than are observed in adults. Model-predicted mean TBS (823 μmol) was similar to values predicted using a retinol isotope dilution equation applied to data from 3 to 6 d after dosing (mean ± SD: 832 ± 176 μmol; n = 7).Conclusions: The super-child approach can be used to estimate population carotenoid bioefficacy and VA equivalence, VA status, and parameters of retinol metabolism from a composite data set. Our results provide initial estimates of retinol kinetics in well-nourished young children with adequate VA stores and demonstrate that MO leaves may be an important source of VA.

Mono- and diglycerides improve lutein absorption in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, cross-over, single-dose study

With the association between increased carotenoid intake and lower risk of chronic diseases, the absorption of lutein from the diet becomes an important factor in its delivery and physiological action. The primary objective of this study was to gain an understanding of how a new formulation technology (mixture of mono- and diglycerides (MDG)), affected lutein absorption. Subjects (n24) were randomised in a cross-over, double-blind study to receive a single dose of 6 mg lutein (FloraGLO 20 %) provided as capsules containing either high-oleic safflower (SAF) oil or a MDG oil. Subjects receiving a single dose of lutein in MDG showed a significantly greater change from baseline (0 h) to 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 336 h (P<0·05) and baseline adjusted AUC for plasma lutein at 48 and 336 h (P<0·001) as compared with subjects given lutein in SAF. Analysis of the 48 h absorption kinetics of lutein showed that the time to peak level of lutein (12 h) was the same for SAF and MDG groups, but the change in plasma lutein at 12 and 48 h were 129 and 320 % higher, respectively, for MDG compared with SAF. This difference continued as the adjusted AUC 0–48 and 0–336 h for the MDG group was 232 and 900 % higher, respectively, v. SAF. The study data show that by changing the lipid that is combined with a lutein supplement results in significant increases in lutein absorption in healthy adults.

Combination of EPA with Carotenoids and Polyphenol Synergistically Attenuated the Transformation of Microglia to M1 Phenotype Via Inhibition of NF-κB

Microglia activation toward the M1 phenotype has been reported to contribute to the neurodegenerative processes and cognition alterations due to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. The aim of the present research was to assess the effectiveness of free fatty acids omega-3 preparations: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or/and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), carotenoids and phenolics combinations, in inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators from activated microglia. Preincubation of BV-2 microglia cells with each of the FFAs omega-3 preparations in a range of 0.03-2 μM together with Lyc-O-mato^® (0.1 μM), Carnosic acid (0.2 μM) with or without Lutein (0.2 μM), 1 h before addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 16 h caused a synergistic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production with a rank order of EPA > Ropufa (EPA/DHA 2/1) > Krill (EPA/DHA 1.23/1). The optimal inhibitory combinations of EPA (0.125 μM) with the phytonutrients caused a synergistic inhibition of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) release, IL-6 secretion, superoxide and NO production and prevention of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) upregulation and elevated CD40 expression in microglia exposed to LPS or interferon-γ (IFN-γ), representing infection or inflammation, respectively. The presence of the combination caused a synergistic increase in the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The inhibitory effects by the combinations of EPA with the phytonutrients were mediated by the inhibition of the redox-sensitive NF-κB activation and detected by its phosphorylated p-65 on serine 536 in microglia stimulated by either LPS or IFN-γ. In addition, phosphorylated CREB on serine 133 which was shown to be involved in the induction of iNOS was inhibited by the combinations in stimulated cells. In conclusion, the results suggest that low concentrations of EPA with the phytonutrients are very efficient in inhibiting the transformation of microglia to M1 phenotype and may prevent cognition deficit.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) or lycopene supplementation attenuates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction through different mechanistic pathways

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of tomato or lycopene supplementation on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). Male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: the sham group (animals that underwent simulated surgery) that received a standard chow (S; n=18), the infarcted group that received a standard chow (MI; n=13), the infarcted group supplemented with lycopene (1 mg of lycopene/kg body weight/day) (MIL; n=16) and the infarcted group supplemented with tomato (MIT; n=16). After 3 months, morphological, functional and biochemical analyses were performed. The groups MIL and MIT showed decreased interstitial fibrosis induced by infarction. Tomato supplementation attenuated the hypertrophy induced by MI. In addition, tomato and lycopene improved diastolic dysfunction evaluated by echocardiographic and isolated heart studies, respectively. The MI group showed higher levels of cardiac TNF-α compared to the MIL and MIT groups. Decreased nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 was measured in the MIL group. Lipid hydroperoxide levels were higher in the infarcted groups; however, the MIT group had a lower concentration than did the MI group [S=223±20.8, MI=298±19.5, MIL=277±26.6, MIT=261±28.8 (nmol/g); n=8; P<.001]. We also examined left ventricle miRNA expression; when compared to the S group, the MIL group uniquely down-regulated the expression of eight miRNAs. No miRNA was found to be up-regulated uniquely in the MIT and MIL groups. In conclusion, tomato or lycopene supplementation attenuated the cardiac remodeling process and improved diastolic function after MI. However, the effect of lycopene and tomato supplementation occurred through different mechanistic pathways.

'Dose-to-Mother' Deuterium Oxide Dilution Technique: An Accurate Strategy to Measure Vitamin A Intake in Breastfed Infants

In Mexico, infants (0–2 years old) show the highest prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD), measured by serum retinol concentrations. Thus, we consider that low vitamin A (VA) intake through breast milk (BM) combined with poor weaning practices are the main factors that contribute to VAD in this group. We combined the assessment of VA status in lactating women using BM retinol and a stable isotope ‘dose-to-mother’ technique to measure BM production in women from urban and agricultural areas. Infants’ mean BM intake was 758 ± 185 mL, and no difference was observed between both areas (p = 0.067). Mean BM retinol concentration was 1.09 μmol/L, which was significantly lower for the agricultural area (p = 0.028). Based on BM retinol concentration, 57% of women were VAD; although this prevalence fell to 16% when based on fat content. Regardless of the VA biomarker used here, infants from the urban and agricultural areas cover only 66% and 49% of their dietary adequate intake from BM, respectively (p = 0.054). Our data indicate that VAD is still a public health concern in Mexico. Adopting both methods to assess VA transfer from the mother to the breastfed child offers an innovative approach towards the nutritional assessment of vulnerable groups.

Effect of Carotenoid Supplemented Formula on Carotenoid Bioaccumulation in Tissues of Infant Rhesus Macaques: A Pilot Study Focused on Lutein

Lutein is the predominant carotenoid in the developing primate brain and retina, and may have important functional roles. However, its bioaccumulation pattern during early development is not understood. In this pilot study, we investigated whether carotenoid supplementation of infant formula enhanced lutein tissue deposition in infant rhesus macaques. Monkeys were initially breastfed; from 1 to 3 months of age they were fed either a formula supplemented with lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene and lycopene, or a control formula with low levels of these carotenoids, for 4 months (n = 2/group). All samples were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Final serum lutein in the supplemented group was 5 times higher than in the unsupplemented group. All brain regions examined showed a selective increase in lutein deposition in the supplemented infants. Lutein differentially accumulated across brain regions, with highest amounts in occipital cortex in both groups. β-carotene accumulated, but zeaxanthin and lycopene were undetectable in any brain region. Supplemented infants had higher lutein concentrations in peripheral retina but not in macular retina. Among adipose sites, abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue exhibited the highest lutein level and was 3-fold higher in the supplemented infants. The supplemented formula enhanced carotenoid deposition in several other tissues. In rhesus infants, increased intake of carotenoids from formula enhanced their deposition in serum and numerous tissues and selectively increased lutein in multiple brain regions.

Protection of Vitamin A Status in Chinese Children by a Dietary Intervention with Vegetables

A study of seasonal fluctuation of serum vitamin A concentrations in children in northern China showed that the prevalence of low serum levels of vitamin A was due to seasonal changes in the intakes of carotenoids. to determine whether plant carotenoids could sustain or improve children's vitamin A status during the fall and winter seasons, we performed an intervention with vegetables starting in the fall in Shandong, China. At a kindergarten, the serum vitamin A concentration was less than 1.05 μmol/L in 39% of the children. for five days per week for 10 weeks, 22 children were each provided with approximately 238 g/day of green and yellow vegetables and 34 g/day of light-coloured vegetables. Nineteen children maintained their customary dietary intake in the fall season, which included 56 g/day of green and yellow vegetables and 224 g/day of light-coloured vegetables. Vitamins A-d 8 and Ad 4 were given before and after the interventions, respectively, and their enrichments in the circulation were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to investigate vitamin A body stores. the serum concentration of β-carotene improved in the group fed mainly green and yellow vegetables but decreased in the group fed mainly light-coloured vegetables. the serum concentration of retinol was sustained in the group fed mainly green and yellow vegetables but decreased in the group fed mainly light-coloured vegetables (p < .01). the isotope dilution tests confirmed that total body stores of vitamin A were sustained in the group fed mainly green and yellow vegetables but decreased by 27 μmol (7,700 μg), on average, per child in the group fed mainly light-coloured vegetables (p < .06). Dietary green and yellow vegetables can provide adequate vitamin A nutrition to kindergarten children and protect them from becoming vitamin A deficient during seasons when the provitamin A food source is limited.

Plasma Carotenoids, Tocopherols, and Retinol in the Age-Stratified (35-74 Years) General Population: A Cross-Sectional Study in Six European Countries

Blood micronutrient status may change with age. We analyzed plasma carotenoids, α-/γ-tocopherol, and retinol and their associations with age, demographic characteristics, and dietary habits (assessed by a short food frequency questionnaire) in a cross-sectional study of 2118 women and men (age-stratified from 35 to 74 years) of the general population from six European countries. Higher age was associated with lower lycopene and α-/β-carotene and higher β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, α-/γ-tocopherol, and retinol levels. Significant correlations with age were observed for lycopene (r = -0.248), α-tocopherol (r = 0.208), α-carotene (r = -0.112), and β-cryptoxanthin (r = 0.125; all p < 0.001). Age was inversely associated with lycopene (-6.5% per five-year age increase) and this association remained in the multiple regression model with the significant predictors (covariables) being country, season, cholesterol, gender, smoking status, body mass index (BMI (kg/m²)), and dietary habits. The positive association of α-tocopherol with age remained when all covariates including cholesterol and use of vitamin supplements were included (1.7% vs. 2.4% per five-year age increase). The association of higher β-cryptoxanthin with higher age was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for fruit consumption, whereas the inverse association of α-carotene with age remained in the fully adjusted multivariable model (-4.8% vs. -3.8% per five-year age increase). We conclude from our study that age is an independent predictor of plasma lycopene, α-tocopherol, and α-carotene.

9-cis β-Carotene Increased Cholesterol Efflux to HDL in Macrophages

Cholesterol efflux from macrophages is a key process in reverse cholesterol transport and, therefore, might inhibit atherogenesis. 9-cis-β-carotene (9-cis-βc) is a precursor for 9-cis-retinoic-acid (9-cis-RA), which regulates macrophage cholesterol efflux. Our objective was to assess whether 9-cis-βc increases macrophage cholesterol efflux and induces the expression of cholesterol transporters. Enrichment of a mouse diet with βc from the alga Dunaliella led to βc accumulation in peritoneal macrophages. 9-cis-βc increased the mRNA levels of CYP26B1, an enzyme that regulates RA cellular levels, indicating the formation of RA from βc in RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, 9-cis-βc, as well as all-trans-βc, significantly increased cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by 50% in RAW264.7 macrophages. Likewise, food fortification with 9-cis-βc augmented cholesterol efflux from macrophages ex vivo. 9-cis-βc increased both the mRNA and protein levels of ABCA1 and apolipoprotein E (APOE) and the mRNA level of ABCG1. Our study shows, for the first time, that 9-cis-βc from the diet accumulates in peritoneal macrophages and increases cholesterol efflux to HDL. These effects might be ascribed to transcriptional induction of ABCA1, ABCG1, and APOE. These results highlight the beneficial effect of βc in inhibition of atherosclerosis by improving cholesterol efflux from macrophages.