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Wang L, Xian X, Zhou M, Xu K, Cao S, Cheng J, Dai W, Zhang W, Ye M. Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Protein-Enriched Diet Can Reduce the Risk of Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Research. Nutrients 2024; 16:1333. [PMID: 38732579 PMCID: PMC11085298 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common mental health disorder among older adults, and dietary patterns have an impact on cognitive function. However, no systematic researches have constructed anti-inflammatory diet (AID) and protein-enriched diet (PED) to explore their association with CI among older adults in China. METHODS The data used in this study were obtained from the 2018 waves of the China Longitudinal Health and Longevity Survey (CLHLS). We construct AID, PED, and calculate scores for CI. We use binary logistic regression to explore the relationship between them, and use restrictive cubic splines to determine whether the relationships are non-linear. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were used to demonstrate the robustness of the results. RESULTS A total of 8692 participants (mean age is 83.53 years) were included in the analysis. We found that participants with a higher AID (OR = 0.789, 95% confidence interval: 0.740-0.842, p < 0.001) and PED (OR = 0.910, 95% confidence interval: 0.866-0.956, p < 0.001) score showed lower odds of suffering from CI. Besides, the relationship between the two dietary patterns and CI is linear, and the results of subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis are also significant. CONCLUSION Higher intakes of AID and PED are associated with a lower risk of CI among older adults, which has important implications for future prevention and control of CI from a dietary and nutritional perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.Z.); (K.X.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Xiaobing Xian
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.Z.); (K.X.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Mengting Zhou
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.Z.); (K.X.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ke Xu
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.Z.); (K.X.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Shiwei Cao
- School of the Second Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China;
| | - Jingyu Cheng
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.Z.); (K.X.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weizhi Dai
- School of the First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China;
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.Z.); (K.X.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Mengliang Ye
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.Z.); (K.X.); (J.C.); (W.Z.)
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Denniss RJ, Barker LA. Brain Trauma and the Secondary Cascade in Humans: Review of the Potential Role of Vitamins in Reparative Processes and Functional Outcome. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050388. [PMID: 37232626 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An estimated sixty-nine million people sustain a traumatic brain injury each year. Trauma to the brain causes the primary insult and initiates a secondary biochemical cascade as part of the immune and reparative response to injury. The secondary cascade, although a normal physiological response, may also contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and axonal injury, continuing in some cases years after the initial insult. In this review, we explain some of the biochemical mechanisms of the secondary cascade and their potential deleterious effects on healthy neurons including secondary cell death. The second part of the review focuses on the role of micronutrients to neural mechanisms and their potential reparative effects with regards to the secondary cascade after brain injury. The biochemical response to injury, hypermetabolism and excessive renal clearance of nutrients after injury increases the demand for most vitamins. Currently, most research in the area has shown positive outcomes of vitamin supplementation after brain injury, although predominantly in animal (murine) models. There is a pressing need for more research in this area with human participants because vitamin supplementation post-trauma is a potential cost-effective adjunct to other clinical and therapeutic treatments. Importantly, traumatic brain injury should be considered a lifelong process and better evaluated across the lifespan of individuals who experience brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Denniss
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Lynne A Barker
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
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Prado LIDA, Junger AL, Caixeta LF, Noll M, Oliveira CD, Silveira ÉA. The Effects of Methylfolate on Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093075. [PMID: 37176516 PMCID: PMC10179434 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dementia and cognitive decline are highly prevalent in later life and are growing public health concerns worldwide due to the increasing aging population. Individuals diagnosed with dementia have reduced mental function, resulting in social and cognitive skill deficits, increased dependence, and reduced autonomy-all of which are conditions associated with higher mortality rates. This systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of treating dementia and cognitive decline with methylfolate. The main outcomes analyzed will be dementia and changes in cognitive function measured by different instruments in older adults treated with methylfolate. Secondary outcomes, such as inflammatory markers, plasma folic-acid levels, and total homocysteine, will also be assessed. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study will be carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. This protocol is registered in the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews, under the code CRD42021275755. We will include clinical trials conducted with older adults diagnosed with dementia or cognitive decline and treated with folic acid. The searches will be conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases, and the articles will be selected by reading their titles and abstracts first, followed by the full text. The quality of the selected studies will be assessed using GRADE and the risk of bias will be assessed using the Downs-and-Black method. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The results will be presented at scientific conferences and disseminated by publishing a scientific article in an international English-language journal. We hope to find robust and significant evidence regarding the effectiveness of methylfolate supplementation in improving dementia symptoms and cognitive decline among older adults. By systematizing this evidence and possibly performing a meta-analysis study, we expect to significantly contribute to the treatment of this health problem, reduce mortality, and improve the quality of life and health of this population, boosting the development of medical protocols capable of reducing the financial effects of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leícia Iris de Assunção Prado
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Junger
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil
- Goiano Federal Institute, Ceres 76300-000, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Ferreira Caixeta
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Matias Noll
- Goiano Federal Institute, Ceres 76300-000, Brazil
- Departament of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southernz Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Cesar de Oliveira
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Érika Aparecida Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Ikeuchi T, Kanda M, Kitamura H, Morikawa F, Toru S, Nishimura C, Kasuga K, Tokutake T, Takahashi T, Kuroha Y, Miyazawa N, Tanaka S, Utsumi K, Ono K, Yano S, Hamano T, Naruse S, Yajima R, Kawashima N, Kaneko C, Tachibana H, Yano Y, Kato Y, Toue S, Jinzu H, Kitamura A, Yokoyama Y, Kaneko E, Yamakado M, Nagao K. Decreased circulating branched-chain amino acids are associated with development of Alzheimer's disease in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1040476. [PMID: 36590218 PMCID: PMC9794986 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutritional epidemiology has shown that inadequate dietary protein intake is associated with poor brain function in the elderly population. The plasma free amino acid (PFAA) profile reflects nutritional status and may have the potential to predict future changes in cognitive function. Here, we report the results of a 2-year interim analysis of a 3-year longitudinal study following mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants. Method In a multicenter prospective cohort design, MCI participants were recruited, and fasting plasma samples were collected. Based on clinical assessment of cognitive function up to 2 years after blood collection, MCI participants were divided into two groups: remained with MCI or reverted to cognitively normal ("MCI-stable," N = 87) and converted to Alzheimer's disease (AD) ("AD-convert," N = 68). The baseline PFAA profile was compared between the two groups. Stratified analysis based on apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4) allele possession was also conducted. Results Plasma concentrations of all nine essential amino acids (EAAs) were lower in the AD-convert group. Among EAAs, three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), valine, leucine and isoleucine, and histidine (His) exhibited significant differences even in the logistic regression model adjusted for potential confounding factors such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and APOE ε4 possession (p < 0.05). In the stratified analysis, differences in plasma concentrations of these four EAAs were more pronounced in the APOE ε4-negative group. Conclusion The PFAA profile, especially decreases in BCAAs and His, is associated with development of AD in MCI participants, and the difference was larger in the APOE ε4-negative population, suggesting that the PFAA profile is an independent risk indicator for AD development. Measuring the PFAA profile may have importance in assessing the risk of AD conversion in the MCI population, possibly reflecting nutritional status. Clinical trial registration [https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000025322], identifier [UMIN000021965].
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,Takeshi Ikeuchi,
| | - Mayuka Kanda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kitamura
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Morikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Asahikawa Keisenkai Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shuta Toru
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kensaku Kasuga
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tokutake
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Yasuko Kuroha
- Department of Neurology, Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Miyazawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kofu Neurosurgical Hospital, Kofu, Japan
| | | | - Kumiko Utsumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yano
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadanori Hamano
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naruse
- Department of Neurology, Midori Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yajima
- Department of Neurology, Midori Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yuki Yano
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yumiko Kato
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Sakino Toue
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Jinzu
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitamura
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Yokoyama
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kaneko
- Institute of Education, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Nagao
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products and Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan,*Correspondence: Kenji Nagao,
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In Vitro and In Vivo Neuroprotective Effects of Sarcosine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5467498. [PMID: 36281465 PMCID: PMC9587910 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5467498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by behavioral and psychological symptoms in addition to cognitive impairment and loss of memory. The exact pathogenesis and genetic background of AD are unclear and there remains no effective treatment option. Sarcosine, an n-methyl derivative of glycine, showed a promising therapeutic strategy for some cognitive disorders. To our knowledge, the impacts of sarcosine supplementation against AD have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to determine the neuroprotective potential of sarcosine in in vitro and in vivo AD model. In vitro studies have demonstrated that sarcosine increased the percentage of viable cells against aluminum induced neurotoxicity. In AlCl3-induced rat model of AD, the level of antioxidant capacity was significantly decreased and expression levels of APP, BACE1, TNF-α, APH1A, and PSENEN genes were elevated compared to the control group. Additionally, histopathological examinations of the hippocampus of AlCl3-induced rat brains showed the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). However, the administration of sarcosine produced marked improvement and protection of AD-associated pathologies induced by AlCl3 in experimental rats. Therefore, this investigation may contribute to design novel therapeutic strategies using sarcosine for the management of AD pathologies.
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Association between egg consumption and cognitive function among Chinese adults: long-term effect and interaction effect of iron intake. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:1180-1189. [PMID: 34736543 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521004402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The association between egg consumption and cognitive function is inclusive. We aimed to assess the association between egg consumption and cognitive function in Chinese adults and tested the interaction between egg consumption and Fe intake. The data used were from a nationwide sample (n 4852, age ≥ 55 years) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey between 1991 and 2006. Assessment of cognitive function was conducted in 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006. Dietary egg intake was obtained by 24-h dietary recalls of 3 consecutive days during home visits between 1991 and 2006. Multivariable mixed linear regression and logistic regression were used. Egg intake was positively associated with global cognitive function. In fully adjusted models, across the quartiles of egg intake the regression coefficients were 0, 0·11 (95 % CI -0·28, 0·51), 0·79 (95 % CI 0·36, 1·22) and 0·92 (95 % CI 0·43, 1·41), respectively. There was a significant interaction between egg intake and Fe intake. The association between high egg intake and cognitive function was stronger among those with low Fe intake than those with high Fe intake. In addition, there was a significant interaction between egg consumption and sex, with the association mainly observed in women but not men. Furthermore, compared with non-consumers, those with higher egg consumption (Q4) had the OR of 0·93 (95 % CI 0·74, 1·19), 0·84 (95 % CI 0·69, 1·02) for self-reported poor memory and self-reported memory decline, respectively. Higher egg intake is associated with better cognition in Chinese adults among those with low Fe intake.
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Huang Q, Jiang H, Zhang J, Jia X, Huang F, Wang H, Zhang B, Wang L, Gu M, Huang Y, Shi W, Ma Y, Zhang X, Wang Z. Dietary Patterns Are Associated With Multi-Dimensional Cognitive Functions Among Adults Aged 55 and Older in China. Front Nutr 2022; 9:806871. [PMID: 35252296 PMCID: PMC8891750 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.806871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe intake of certain food and nutrients may play a crucial role in cognitive health. However, research on the relationship between dietary patterns and cognitive function is limited. This study aims to investigate the associations between dietary patterns and multi-dimensional cognitive functions, such as global cognitive status and related domain profiles, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and four major subtypes of Chinese adults.MethodsUsing the baseline data from the Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Diseases (2018–2019), we selected 4,309 Chinese adults aged 55 years and older as subjects with complete diet, cognition, and other related data. We collected food data for the past 12 months with a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Diving 49 food items into 13 subgroups, we used factor analysis to derive the main dietary patterns. We evaluated cognitive functions based on the scores of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and used quantile regression and multivariable logistic regression to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and cognitive-related outcomes.ResultsWe identified four dietary patterns, explaining 50.11% of the total variance: “meat-preferred” pattern, “plant-preferred” pattern, “eggs- and dairy-preferred” pattern, and “grain-preferred” pattern. After adjusting for all potential confounders, the “meat-preferred” pattern and the “plant-preferred” pattern were associated with higher scores of global cognition and several cognitive domains (p <0.05), while the “grain-preferred” pattern was associated with lower scores of global cognition (β = −0.36, p <0.05), execution (β = −0.19, p <0.05), visuospatial (β = −0.09, p <0.05), and language (β = −0.05, p <0.05). Adults adhering to the “meat-preferred” pattern and the “plant-preferred” pattern had decreased odds of MCI and some MCI subtypes (p-trend <0.05); in contrast, those in the top quartiles of the “grain-preferred” pattern had increased odds of MCI [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.11–1.63, p-trend = 0.003].ConclusionsAdhering to the “plant-preferred” pattern and the “meat-preferred” pattern may help improve the multi-dimensional cognitive functions; on the contrary, adhering to the “grain-preferred” pattern may worse cognitive health. More prospective studies in this field are needed to strengthen the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumin Huang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongru Jiang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiguo Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Jia
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liusen Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Minxia Gu
- Ninghai Country Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuelong Huang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xian, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinjing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihong Wang
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Development of a Novel Nutrition-Related Multivariate Biomarker for Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on the Plasma Free Amino Acid Profile. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030637. [PMID: 35276996 PMCID: PMC8840028 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional epidemiology has shown the importance of protein intake for maintaining brain function in the elderly population. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may be associated with malnutrition, especially protein intake. We explored blood-based biomarkers linking protein nutritional status with MCI in a multicenter study. In total, 219 individuals with MCI (79.5 ± 5.7 year) from 10 institutions and 220 individuals who were cognitively normal (CN, 76.3 ± 6.6 year) in four different cities in Japan were recruited. They were divided into the training (120 MCI and 120 CN) and validation (99 MCI and 100 CN) groups. A model involving concentrations of PFAAs and albumin to discriminate MCI from CN individuals was constructed by multivariate logistic regression analysis in the training dataset, and the performance was evaluated in the validation dataset. The concentrations of some essential amino acids and albumin were significantly lower in MCI group than CN group. An index incorporating albumin and PFAA discriminated MCI from CN participants with the AUC of 0.705 (95% CI: 0.632–0.778), and the sensitivities at specificities of 90% and 60% were 25.3% and 76.8%, respectively. No significant association with BMI or APOE status was observed. This cross-sectional study suggests that the biomarker changes in MCI group may be associated with protein nutrition.
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Jeon SY, Kim JL. Caregiving for a Spouse with Cognitive Impairment: Effects on Nutrition and Other Lifestyle Factors. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:995-1003. [PMID: 34602480 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being a spousal caregiver (SCG) for a patient with cognitive impairment is well known to be associated with increased risk for dementia and cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of the care recipient's cognitive status on lifestyle factors influencing cognitive decline in SCGs, focusing on nutritional status and blood biomarkers. METHODS Fifty-one SCGs participated (mean age 73.5±7.0 years) in this study. All participants underwent clinical assessment including the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Geriatric Depression Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire to evaluate lifestyle factors, and the Mini-Mental State Examination to assess global cognition. Also, nutritional blood biomarkers were measured. RESULTS SCGs caring for a demented spouse showed significantly higher depression scores (t = -3.608, p = 0.001) and malnutrition risk (t = 2.894, p = 0.006). Decreased care recipients' cognition was significantly correlated with higher GDS (β= -0.593, t = -4.471, p < 0.001) and higher MNA scores (β= 0.315, t = 2.225, p = 0.031) and lower level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (β= 0.383, t = 2.613, p = 0.012) in their SCGs. Gender had moderating effects on association of care recipients' cognition with sleep quality (B[SE] = 0.400[0.189], p = 0.041) and HDL cholesterol (B[SE] = -1.137[0.500], p = 0.028) among SCGs. Poorer care-recipient cognition was associated with worse sleep quality and low HDL cholesterol among wives but not husband caregivers. CONCLUSION This study provides substantial evidence that SCGs are at risk for depression and malnutrition, which can further affect cognitive decline. As such, these factors should be well assessed and monitored among SCGs for patient with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Jeon
- >Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Lan Kim
- >Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Karazurna NA, Porter CM, Aytur S, Scott T, Mattei J, Noel SE, Gonzalez HM, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Sotres-Alvarez D, Gallo LC, Daviglus ML, Van Horn L, Elfassy T, Gellman MD, Moncrieft AE, Tucker KL, Kaplan RC, Bigornia SJ. Associations between dietary fatty acid patterns and cognitive function in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Br J Nutr 2021; 129:1-35. [PMID: 34433507 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to quantify the cross-sectional associations between dietary fatty acid (DFA) patterns and cognitive function among Hispanic/Latino adults. This study included data from 8,942 participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, a population-based cohort study (weighted age 56.2 y and proportion female 55.2%). The NCI (National Cancer Institute) method was used to estimate dietary intake from two 24-hr recalls. We derived DFA patterns using principal components analysis with 26 fatty acid and total plant and animal monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) input variables. Global cognitive function was calculated as the average z-score of 4 neurocognitive tests. Survey linear regression models included multiple potential confounders such as age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, physical activity, energy intake, and cardiovascular disease. DFA patterns were characterized by consumption of long-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA), animal-based MUFA, and trans fatty acids (Factor 1); short to medium-chain SFA (Factor 2); very-long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (Factor 3); very-long-chain SFA and plant-based MUFA and PUFA (Factor 4). Factor 2 was associated with greater scores for global cognitive function (β=0.037 ± 0.012) and the Digit Symbol Substitution (DSS) (β=0.56±0.17), Brief Spanish English Verbal Learning-Sum (B-SEVLT) (β=0.23 ± 0.11), and B-SEVLT-Recall (β=0.11 ± 0.05) tests (P<0.05 for all). Factors 1 (β=0.04 ± 0.01) and 4 (β=0.70 ± 0.18) were associated with the DSS test (P<0.05 for all). Consumption of short to medium-chain SFA may be associated with higher cognitive function among U.S.-residing Hispanic/Latino adults. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Karazurna
- Department of Agriculture Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire
| | - Caitlin M Porter
- Department of Agriculture Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire
| | - Semra Aytur
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of New Hampshire
| | | | - Josiemer Mattei
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Sabrina E Noel
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell
| | | | | | - Daniela Sotres-Alvarez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Public Health
| | - Linda C Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University
| | | | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University
| | | | | | - Ashley E Moncrieft
- Department of Center for Applied Research Care, University of South Carolina
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Sherman J Bigornia
- Department of Agriculture Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire
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11
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Coelho-Júnior HJ, Calvani R, Landi F, Picca A, Marzetti E. Protein Intake and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutr Metab Insights 2021; 14:11786388211022373. [PMID: 34158801 PMCID: PMC8182191 DOI: 10.1177/11786388211022373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The present study investigated the association between protein intake and
cognitive function in older adults. Methods: We performed a literature search with no restriction on publication year in
MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, AgeLine from inception up to October 2020.
Observational studies that investigated as a primary or secondary outcome
the association of protein intake and cognitive function in older adults
aged ⩾60 years were included. Results: Nine cross-sectional studies that investigated a total of 4929 older adults
were included in the qualitative analysis. Overall cognitive function was
examined in 6 studies. Four investigations reported null associations and 2
studies found that older adults with a high protein intake had higher global
cognitive function than their counterparts. Results from the meta-analysis
suggested that there were no significant associations between protein
consumption and global cognitive function in older adults, regardless of
gender. Three studies investigated other cognitive domains. Memory and
protein intake were significantly and positively correlated in all studies.
In addition, visuospatial, verbal fluency, processing speed, and sustained
attention were positively associated with protein consumption in 1 study
each. Conclusion: No significant associations between protein intake and global cognitive
function were observed in neither qualitative nor quantitative analyses. The
association between protein consumption with multiple other cognitive
domains were also tested. As a whole, 3 studies reported a positive and
significant association between high protein intake and memory, while 1
study observed a significant and positive association with visuospatial,
verbal fluency, processing speed, and sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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12
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Zwart SR, Mulavara AP, Williams TJ, George K, Smith SM. The role of nutrition in space exploration: Implications for sensorimotor, cognition, behavior and the cerebral changes due to the exposure to radiation, altered gravity, and isolation/confinement hazards of spaceflight. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:307-331. [PMID: 33915203 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multi-year crewed space exploration missions are now on the horizon; therefore, it is important that we understand and mitigate the physiological effects of spaceflight. The spaceflight hazards-radiation, isolation, confinement, and altered gravity-have the potential to contribute to neuroinflammation and produce long-term cognitive and behavioral effects-while the fifth hazard, distance from earth, limits capabilities to mitigate these risks. Accumulated evidence suggests that nutrition has an important role in optimizing cognition and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation. Here we review the nutritional perspective of how these spaceflight hazards affect the astronaut's brain, behavior, performance, and sensorimotor function. We also assess potential nutrient/nutritional countermeasures that could prevent or mitigate spaceflight risks and ensure that crewmembers remain healthy and perform well during their missions. Just as history has taught us the importance of nutrition in terrestrial exploration, we must understand the role of nutrition in the development and mitigation of spaceflight risks before humans can successfully explore beyond low-Earth orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Zwart
- Univerity of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | | | - Thomas J Williams
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code SK3, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Kerry George
- KBR, 2400 E NASA Parkway, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Scott M Smith
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code SK3, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
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13
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Huang Q, Jia X, Zhang J, Huang F, Wang H, Zhang B, Wang L, Jiang H, Wang Z. Diet-Cognition Associations Differ in Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041341. [PMID: 33920687 PMCID: PMC8073801 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function is not generally associated with diet, and there is debate over that association. Moreover, little is known about such associations with the specific cognitive domains and subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We analyzed data of 4309 Chinese adults aged 55 and over from the Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Diseases from 2018–2019. Dietary habits were assessed at inclusion using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Cognitive function of the participants was measured by using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Analyses were performed using multiple logistic regression and quantile regression with adjustment for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and health-related factors. Compared with normal cognition participants, those with a worse cognition state were characterized as being an older age and lower economic level. After adjustment for potential factors, participants with higher consumption of rice, legumes, fresh vegetables, fresh fruit, pork, poultry, fish, and nuts tended to have higher scores of global cognitive function and domains, and to have lower odds of MCI, while those with higher consumption levels of wheat and eggs had worse cognition, compared with the corresponding bottom consumption level of each food. Participants with a medium consumption level of beef or mutton had 57% (OR: 1.57, 95%CI: 1.07–2.32) higher odds of aMCI-SD, whereas they had 50% (OR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.34–0.73) lower odds of naMCI-MD. Similarly, the highest consumption level of dairy was positively associated with the odds of aMCI-SD (OR:1.51, 95%CI:1.00–2.29), but inversely linked to the odds of naMCI-SD (OR: 0.60, 95%CI: 0.38–0.93) and naMCI-MD (OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.29–0.82). Most diet global cognitive benefits were observed to be associated with the preexisting higher consumption of rice, legumes, fresh vegetables, fresh fruit, meat, and nuts. In addition, the heterogeneity of associations between the consumption of certain foods and MCI subtypes was observed among Chinese adults aged over 55 years. These cross-sectional observations require validation in prospective studies.
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14
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Reutzel M, Grewal R, Esselun C, Petry SF, Linn T, Brandt A, Bergheim I, Eckert GP. Effects of different standard and special diets on cognition and brain mitochondrial function in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1823-1835. [PMID: 33814001 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1906392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Human nutrition plays an important role in prevention or at least slowing down the progression of age- and diet-related diseases. Thereby, mitochondrial dysfunction represents one common underlying mechanism, which is being investigated in mouse models. However, the influence of the selected diets in preclinical studies on cognition and mitochondrial function has not yet been reported cohesively.Methods: Therefore, we present the results of three different studies that addressed this question. First, we investigated the influence of two standard control chow diets and a special diet low in antioxidants over 6 months in aged NMRI mice. Additionally, a 70% high-fat (HF) chow diet as well as a western-style diet (WSD) rich in lard and fructose were examined in C57/BL6 mice. Cognitive performance, mitochondrial function and bioenergetics in the brain were investigated. Moreover, cerebral expression of genes involved in biogenesis and antioxidant defence (citrate synthase, complex I, complex IV, SOD2, Cat1, GPx-1) were quantified.Results: The results show that a modified, low antioxidant diet increased ATP levels in the brain of aged mice, while cognitive functions remained largely unaffected. A HF diet also showed significant effects on ATP levels and gene expression levels of relevant antioxidant markers, while the WSD had marginal effects on mitochondrial function and bioenergetics in the brain.Discussion: Our results indicate that standard- and special diets have an impact on cognition and mitochondrial function in the brain. Thus, appropriate caution is warranted when selecting a suitable diet for preclinical studies in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Reutzel
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rekha Grewal
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Esselun
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Friedrich Petry
- Clinical Research Unit, Centre of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Linn
- Clinical Research Unit, Centre of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annette Brandt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Laboratory for Nutrition in Prevention and Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Giessen, Germany
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15
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Zhang Y, Jin X, Lutz MW, Ju SY, Liu K, Guo G, Zeng Y, Yao Y. Interaction between APOE ε4 and dietary protein intake on cognitive decline: A longitudinal cohort study. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2716-2725. [PMID: 33933737 PMCID: PMC10106247 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To exam the association of cognitive decline with APOE ε4 allele carriage and dietary protein intake and investigate whether there is a gene-diet (GxD) interaction of APOE ε4 allele carriage and dietary protein intake on cognitive decline in a nationwide cohort of older adults. METHODS A cohort study of participants from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey was conducted from 2008 to 2014. A total of 3029 participants (mean age of 77.0 years, SD = 9.0; 49.3% were women) was enrolled. We genotyped APOE ε4 allele for each participant and calculated the diversity of dietary protein intake (DDPI) by summing up the frequency of intake of the 6 protein-rich foods (meats, fish, eggs, nuts, dairy products, and bean products). We assessed cognitive function using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We used ordinal regression model to estimate the independent and joint effects of APOE ε4 carrier and dietary protein intake on cognitive decline, adjusting for potential confounders of age, sex, education, socio-economic status, lifestyles, BMI, and cardiometabolic conditions. RESULTS There was significant association between carrying APOE ε4 allele and faster cognitive decline (Odds ratio: 1.19, 95% CI = 1.00-1.42), independent of potential confounders. While the associations of DDPI and the intake of 6 protein-rich foods with cognitive decline did not reach any statistical significance. We observed significant interactions of APOE ε4 with DDPI and fish intake, at multiple correction-adjusted Ps < 0.05. In those who were APOE ε4 carriers rather than non-carriers, both high DDPI (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34-0.88) and daily fish intake (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22-0.78) were significantly associated with slower cognitive decline, respectively. We also found that frequent intake of fish benefits women more than men regarding the mitigating of cognitive decline among APOE ε4 allele carriers (P for interaction = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support the hypothesis that diversified protein food intake in addition to frequent fish intake may reduce the detrimental effect of APOE ε4 on cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
| | - Xurui Jin
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, 215374, China.
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Sang-Yhun Ju
- Department of Family Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, 11765, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keyang Liu
- Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Guang Guo
- Department of Sociology, Carolina Population Center, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and Geriatrics Division, Medical School of Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Yao Yao
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and Geriatrics Division, Medical School of Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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16
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Bermejo-Pareja F, Ciudad-Cabañas MJ, Llamas-Velasco S, Tapias-Merino E, Hernández Gallego J, Hernández-Cabria M, Collado-Yurrita L, López-Arrieta JM. Is milk and dairy intake a preventive factor for elderly cognition (dementia and Alzheimer's)? A quality review of cohort surveys. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:743-757. [PMID: 33316068 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and dairy (M&D) is a longstanding human food with widespread use. Many studies showed the preventive capacity of M&D in several human health disorders, but its utility in others is under discussion. Aging has been associated to elderly cognitive decline including dementia-Alzheimer syndrome (Dem-AD). The absence of a therapy to impede or postpone Dem-AD determines the need for its prevention, including nutritional factors. To evaluate the preventive capacity of M&D consumption in elderly Dem-AD we performed a systematic review in the main biomedical databases and information resources, but we present this study as a narrative review to discuss better the complexity of this subject. The elderly Dem-AD has a long pre-symptomatic period and the M&D intake has a widespread use. These determinants and the quality flaws of published studies impeach us to answer whether M&D consumption is preventive for Dem-AD. Moreover, two long Japanese cohorts suggest that M&D intake could prevent Dem-AD. Prospective cohorts beginning in midlife (or early life) could answer this question in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- Research Unit, University Hospital "12 de Octubre", Madrid. Chair "Alzheimer disease", Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sara Llamas-Velasco
- Research Institute (Imas12), University Hospital "12 de Octubre," Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Tapias-Merino
- Research Institute (Imas12), University Hospital "12 de Octubre," Madrid, Spain
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17
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Beydoun MA, Canas JA, Fanelli-Kuczmarski MT, Maldonado AI, Shaked D, Kivimaki M, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Association of Antioxidant Vitamins A, C, E and Carotenoids with Cognitive Performance over Time: A Cohort Study of Middle-Aged Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113558. [PMID: 33233594 PMCID: PMC7699702 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids may strengthen the association of antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E with favorable cognitive outcomes over time, though a few prospective studies have examined this hypothesis. We evaluated the longitudinal data from 1251 participants in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study (Age at visit 1 in 2004–2009 (v1): 30–65 years). Vitamins A, C, and E dietary intakes and total and individual dietary carotenoids were computed using two 24-h recalls at v1. Cognitive tests, covering global mental status and domains of memory/learning, attention, psychomotor speed, visuo-spatial, language/verbal, and executive function were conducted at v1 and/or v2 (2009–2013); mean ± SD follow-up: 4.66 ± 0.93 years. Mixed-effects linear regression models detected an interaction between vitamin E and total (and individual) carotenoids for three of 11 cognitive tests at v1, with only one meeting the statistical significance upon multiple testing correction whereby vitamin E was linked with greater verbal memory performance in the uppermost total carotenoid tertile (γ0a = +0.26 ± 0.08, p = 0.002), a synergism largely driven by carotenoid lycopene. Vitamins A and C showed no consistent interactions with carotenoids. In conclusion, we provide partial evidence for synergism between vitamin E and carotenoids in relation to better baseline cognitive performance, pending further studies with time-dependent exposures and randomized trials directly examining this synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- May A. Beydoun
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (A.I.M.); (M.K.E.); (A.B.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +1-410-558-8236
| | - Jose A. Canas
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA;
| | | | - Ana I. Maldonado
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (A.I.M.); (M.K.E.); (A.B.Z.)
| | - Danielle Shaked
- Department of Psychology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA;
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (A.I.M.); (M.K.E.); (A.B.Z.)
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (A.I.M.); (M.K.E.); (A.B.Z.)
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18
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Guo Y, Li P, Ma X, Huang X, Liu Z, Ren X, Yang Y, Halm-Lutterodt NV, Yuan L. Association of Circulating Cholesterol Level with Cognitive Function and Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: A Community-based Population Study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:556-565. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200810165758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The present study was designed to examine the association of circulating cholesterol
with cognitive function in non-demented community aging adults.
Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study including 1754 Chinese adults aged 55-80 years. The association
between serum cholesterol levels and cognitive function was examined. Participants were categorized
into four groups according to the quartile of circulating TC (total cholesterol), High Density
Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-c), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and HDLc/
LDL-c ratio. The difference in cognitive performance among the groups was compared. Logistic regression
model was used to determine the association of circulating cholesterol level with the risk of
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
Results:
Mild increase of serum LDL-c level correlated with better visual and executive, language,
memory and delayed recall abilities. Higher circulating TC and HDL-c levels were found to be associated
with poorer cognitive function, especially in aging female subjects. Higher circulating TC, HDL-c
and HDL/LDL ratio indicated an increased risk of MCI, especially in female subjects.
Conclusion:
Slight increase in circulating LDL-c level might benefit cognitive function in aging adults.
However, higher circulating TC and HDL-c levels might indicate a decline of cognitive function, especially
in aging female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhuoheng Liu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiuwen Ren
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | | | - Linhong Yuan
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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19
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Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease is known as one of the fastest growing lethal diseases worldwide where we have limited and undesired ways for regulating its pathological progress. Now-a-days, nutritional compounds have been using to treat several brain disorders and one of them; vitamins were strongly reported to combat cognition and memory deterioration in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Objective: Here, the author tried to find the precise physiological roles, status, and worth of vitamins in the brain and how exactly these nutrients modulate progression of Alzheimer's disease. Results & Discussion: After a comprehensive and systematic literature review, the author reports that vitamins have various targets in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by which they act to avert the neuronal dysfunction in the disease. Several Alzheimer's disease-associated neurological deficits have reported regulating by vitamin intake but the beneficial effects identified mostly in combinatorial and long-term studies. Conclusion: In this way, the author suggests that it might be better to test vitamins with other components over single vitamin approach for a compatible and synergistic effect as well as using a combination of vitamin with other compounds can target multiple pathways. This strategy may help in deteriorating memory dysfunction and cognition impairment in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology.Abbreviations: APOE: apolipoprotein E; APP: amyloid precursor protein; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; Aβ- β-amyloid; cGMP: cyclic guanine monophosphate; CNS: central nervous system; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; IU: international units; RA: retinoic acid; RAR: retinoic acid receptor; RNA: ribonucleic acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; tHcy: total homocysteine; α: alpha; β: beta; γ: gama; ε: epsilon; g: gram; µ: micron; mg: milligram; ⬆: increased,⬇: decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Alam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, India.,Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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20
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Askow AT, McKenna CF, Box AG, Khan NA, Petruzzello SJ, De Lisio M, Phillips SM, Burd NA. Of Sound Mind and Body: Exploring the Diet-Strength Interaction in Healthy Aging. Front Nutr 2020; 7:145. [PMID: 32984401 PMCID: PMC7485317 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Strength is a vital component of healthy aging. However, “strength” comes in different forms (includes both physical and mental aspects) and can look different at various phases of adult life. Healthy eating and regular exercise are clearly important pillars for strength. This paper proposes a framework that underlines the value of protein foods and resistance exercise for aging strong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Allyson G Box
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Steven J Petruzzello
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Michael De Lisio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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21
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Formica MB, Gianoudis J, Nowson CA, O'Connell SL, Milte C, Ellis KA, Daly RM. Effect of lean red meat combined with a multicomponent exercise program on muscle and cognitive function in older adults: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:113-128. [PMID: 32469398 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise and increased dietary protein have been linked to improved muscle and cognitive health, but the combination may be more effective. OBJECTIVE In this study performed in community-dwelling older adults undergoing a 3-d/wk resistance-based exercise training program, we investigated whether those who consumed lean red meat compared to carbohydrates on the 3 training days per wk would experience greater exercise-induced improvements in total body and leg lean mass (LM), muscle strength, and executive function (multiple primary outcomes), as well as muscle size and density, functional performance, cognition, inflammatory and neurotrophic markers, blood pressure, and lipid concentrations. DESIGN In a 24-wk, 2-arm parallel randomized controlled trial, 154 adults aged ≥65 y participated in a multicomponent 3-d/wk resistance-based exercise program with random allocation to either a lean red meat group (two 80-g servings of cooked red meat), the exercise plus lean red meat (Ex + Meat) group (n = 77) or a control group receiving carbohydrates in the form of one-half cup (approximately 225 g cooked weight) of rice or pasta or 1 medium potato, the exercise plus carbohydrate control (C + Ex) group (n = 77), on the training days. RESULTS Exercise-induced improvements (mean within group changes) did not significantly differ between groups for the primary outcomes of total body LM (0.6 to 0.8 kg), leg LM (0.1 to 0.2 kg), thigh muscle cross-sectional area (3.7% to 4.9%), leg and back muscle strength (26% to 40%), and executive function (z-score SD: 0.33 to 0.39), nor the secondary outcomes of global cognition function (0.17 to 0.23 SD), fat mass (-0.65 to -0.75 kg), physical function measures (sit-to-stand, both 15%; 4-square step test, 2% to 7%), or systolic blood pressure (-3.2 to -4.1 mm Hg). The Ex + Meat group experienced greater improvements than the C + Ex in arm LM (0.07 kg; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.14; P = 0.029), gait speed (0.05 m/s; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.11; P = 0.042), muscle density (1.0%; 95% CI: 0.2, 1.9; P = 0.015), and appendicular LM in the per-protocol analysis (0.21 kg; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.40; P = 0.03). The C + Ex group had greater net improvements in working memory/learning after 12 wk (SD: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.43; P = 0.011) and 24 wk (SD: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.49; P = 0.007). Inflammatory and neurotrophic markers did not change in either group. CONCLUSION In healthy community-dwelling older adults undertaking resistance-based exercise training 3-d/wk, participants who consumed lean red meat in line with current Australian dietary recommendations did not experience any significant additional benefits in the primary outcome measures of muscle mass, strength, or cognitive function compared to participants consuming carbohydrates.This trial is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12613001153707.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Formica
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jenny Gianoudis
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stella L O'Connell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Milte
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Ellis
- Neurodegeneration Division, The Florey Institute, Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robin M Daly
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Sheng LT, Jiang YW, Pan XF, Feng L, Yuan JM, Pan A, Koh WP. Association Between Dietary Intakes of B Vitamins in Midlife and Cognitive Impairment in Late-Life: The Singapore Chinese Health Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:1222-1227. [PMID: 31094422 PMCID: PMC7243584 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intakes of B vitamins (eg, folate) are related to cognitive function according to epidemiological studies in western countries. But prospective studies in Asian populations are scarce. This study evaluated the relationships of dietary intakes of six B vitamins in midlife with cognitive impairment in old age in a Chinese population living in Singapore. METHODS This study included 16,948 participants from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based prospective cohort. Baseline dietary intakes of B vitamins were assessed using a validated 165-item food frequency questionnaire when the participants were aged 45-74 years (1993-1998). After an average follow-up of 20 years, cognitive function was examined using a Singapore-modified version of Mini-Mental State Examination scale in 2014-2016, and cognitive impairment was defined using education-specific cutoffs. Logistic regression models were applied to estimate the association between B vitamins and cognitive impairment. All the six B vitamins were mutually adjusted in the final model. RESULTS In the 2014-2016 interview, 2,443 participants were defined as cognitive impairment. Riboflavin and folate were significantly and independently associated with cognitive impairment in a dose-dependent manner: the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) comparing the highest with the lowest quartile was 0.82 (0.69, 0.97) for riboflavin and 0.83 (0.70, 0.98) for folate (both p-trend <.05). Dietary intakes of thiamine, niacin, vitamin B-6, and B-12 were not significantly associated with risk of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Higher dietary intakes of riboflavin and folate in midlife were associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment in late-life in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Sheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
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23
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Sato H, Tsukamoto-Yasui M, Takado Y, Kawasaki N, Matsunaga K, Ueno S, Kanda M, Nishimura M, Karakawa S, Isokawa M, Suzuki K, Nagao K, Higuchi M, Kitamura A. Protein Deficiency-Induced Behavioral Abnormalities and Neurotransmitter Loss in Aged Mice Are Ameliorated by Essential Amino Acids. Front Nutr 2020; 7:23. [PMID: 32219097 PMCID: PMC7079559 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional epidemiology shows that insufficient protein intake is related to senile dementia. The levels of protein intake in aged people are positively associated with memory function, and elderly people with high protein intake have a low risk of mild cognitive impairment. Although the beneficial roles of protein nutrition in maintaining brain function in aged people are well demonstrated, little is known about the mechanism by which dietary intake of protein affects memory and brain conditions. We fed aged mice a low protein diet (LPD) for 2 months, which caused behavioral abnormalities, and examined the nutritional effect of essential amino acid administration under LPD conditions. The passive avoidance test revealed that LPD mice demonstrated learning and memory impairment. Similarly, the LPD mice showed agitation and hyperactive behavior in the elevated plus maze test. Moreover, LPD mice exhibited decreased concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glycine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and aspartate in the brain. Interestingly, oral administration of seven essential amino acids (EAAs; valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, histidine, and tryptophan) to LPD mice, which can be a source of neurotransmitters, reversed those behavioral changes. The oral administration of EAAs restored the brain concentration of glutamate, which is involved in learning and memory ability and may be associated with the observed behavioral changes. Although the details of the link between decreased amino acid and neurotransmitter concentrations and behavioral abnormalities must be examined in future studies, these findings suggest the importance of dietary protein and essential amino acids for maintaining brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Sato
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Yuhei Takado
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kitamura
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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24
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Taniguchi Y, Kitamura A, Kaito S, Yokoyama Y, Yokota I, Shinozaki T, Seino S, Murayama H, Matsuyama Y, Ikeuchi T, Fujiwara Y, Shinkai S. Albumin and Hemoglobin Trajectories and Incident Disabling Dementia in Community-Dwelling Older Japanese. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2020; 47:233-242. [PMID: 31315125 DOI: 10.1159/000499837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum albumin and hemoglobin levels are independently associated with subsequent cognitive deterioration in older adults. This prospective study used repeated measures analysis to identify aging trajectories in serum albumin and hemoglobin levels and investigated if these trajectories were associated with incident disabling dementia among community-dwelling older Japanese. METHODS A total of 2,005 adults aged 65-90 years participated in annual geriatric health assessments during the period from June 2002 through July 2017; the total number of observations was 9,330. A review of a municipal database of the Japanese public long-term care insurance system identified 1,999 of 2,005 adults without dementia at baseline, 278 (13.9%) of whom developed disabling dementia during the follow-up period (June 2002 through December 2017). RESULTS We identified three trajectory patterns (high, moderate, and low) for serum albumin and hemoglobin levels for the age period 65 through 90 years. After controlling for potential confounders, participants with moderate and low trajectories for serum albumin level had hazard ratios of 1.27 (95% confidence interval 0.94-1.72) and 2.07 (1.37-3.11), respectively, for the development of incident disabling dementia, with the high trajectory group as reference. The respective hazard ratios for hemoglobin level were 1.31 (0.93-1.85) and 1.58 (1.04-2.40), respectively. CONCLUSION Dementia risk was higher for individuals with low trajectories for serum albumin and hemoglobin levels. This finding highlights the importance of interventions that improve nutritional status and control relevant diseases in middle-aged and older adults with low serum albumin and hemoglobin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Taniguchi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan,
| | - Akihiko Kitamura
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Kaito
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Yokoyama
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Yokota
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shinozaki
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Seino
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Matsuyama
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ikeuchi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiwara
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Shinkai
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Li Y, Li S, Wang W, Zhang D. Association between Dietary Protein Intake and Cognitive Function in Adults Aged 60 Years and Older. J Nutr Health Aging 2020; 24:223-229. [PMID: 32003415 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the association of dietary protein intake and protein sources with cognitive function in population aged 60 years and older. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. PARTICIPANTS Non-institutionalized US adults aged 60 years and older. MEASUREMENTS Cognitive functions were assessed by a series of cognitive tests. Dietary protein intake was assessed by two 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the associations between quartiles of dietary protein intake and cognitive function. RESULTS Protein intake was positively associated with cognitive function. In full-adjusted model, the significant association between dietary protein intake and Recall Test score was observed (quartile (Q) 2 versus Q1, β=0.24, 95%CI: 0.01 to 0.47); the association between protein intake and Animal Fluency test was significant (Q2 versus Q1, β=1.40, 95%CI: 0.51 to 2.29; Q4 versus Q1, β=1.42, 95%CI: 0.37 to 2.48); the positive associations with DSST score and Composite z-score were observed both in Q2 versus Q1 and Q3 versus Q1 of protein intake. Protein intake from total animal, total meat, eggs and legumes were associated with a better performance on certain cognitive tests. However, an adverse association between higher protein intake from milk and milk products and cognitive function was observed. CONCLUSIONS We found the positive associations of dietary protein intake and protein intake from total animal, total meat, eggs and legumes with cognitive function in adults aged 60 years and older, while higher milk and milk products were negatively associated with cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Dongfeng Zhang, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Public Health College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China. E-mail:
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26
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Schoufour JD, Overdevest E, Weijs PJM, Tieland M. Dietary Protein, Exercise, and Frailty Domains. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2399. [PMID: 31597289 PMCID: PMC6835617 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing awareness of the impact of frailty on elderly people resulted in research focusing on factors that contribute to the development and persistence of frailty including nutrition and physical activity. Most effort so far has been spent on understanding the association between protein intake and the physical domain of frailty. Far less is known for other domains of frailty: cognition, mood, social health and comorbidity. Therefore, in the present narrative review, we elaborate on the evidence currently known on the association between protein and exercise as well as the broader concept of frailty. Most, but not all, identified studies concluded that low protein intake is associated with a higher prevalence and incidence of physical frailty. Far less is known on the broader concept of frailty. The few studies that do look into this association find a clear beneficial effect of physical activity but no conclusions regarding protein intake can be made yet. Similar, for other important aspects of frailty including mood, cognition, and comorbidity, the number of studies are limited and results are inconclusive. Future studies need to focus on the relation between dietary protein and the broader concept of frailty and should also consider the protein source, amount and timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josje D Schoufour
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 DZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Faculty Health, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 DZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Elvera Overdevest
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 DZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J M Weijs
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 DZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Tieland
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Center of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, 1097 DZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Fiocco AJ, Krieger L, D'Amico D, Parrott MD, Laurin D, Gaudreau P, Greenwood C, Ferland G. A systematic review of existing peripheral biomarkers of cognitive aging: Is there enough evidence for biomarker proxies in behavioral modification interventions?: An initiative in association with the nutrition, exercise and lifestyle team of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 52:72-119. [PMID: 31059801 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral biomarkers have shown significant value in predicting brain health and may serve as a useful proxy measurement in the assessment of evidence-based lifestyle behavior modification programs, including physical activity and nutrition programs, that aim to maintain cognitive function in late life. The aim of this systematic review was to elucidate which peripheral biomarkers are robustly associated with cognitive function among relatively healthy non-demented older adults. Following the standards for systematic reviews (PICO, PRIMSA), and employing MEDLINE and Scopus search engines, 222 articles were included in the review. Based on the review of biomarker proxies of cognitive health, it is recommended that a comprehensive biomarker panel, or biomarker signature, be developed as a clinical end point for behavior modification trials aimed at enhancing cognitive function in late life. The biomarker signature should take a multisystemic approach, including lipid, immune/inflammatory, and metabolic biomarkers in the biological signature index of cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Krieger
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle D'Amico
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Danielle Laurin
- Laval University, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, QC, Canada
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28
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Bishop NJ, Zuniga KE. Egg Consumption, Multi-Domain Cognitive Performance, and Short-Term Cognitive Change in a Representative Sample of Older U.S. Adults. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 38:537-546. [PMID: 31192772 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1566035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Existing research supports a positive relationship between egg intake and cognitive function in older populations, although the impact of whole egg consumption on multi-domain cognitive function and cognitive decline in representative samples of older adults has not been described. We examined the association between egg consumption, cognitive performance, and cognitive change in a representative sample of U.S. adults aged 65 and older. Methods: We drew observations from the 2012 and 2014 Health and Retirement Study and the recently released 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Study. The analytic sample contained 3835 respondents, representing a weighted population of 37,806,082 community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older in 2013. Multivariate path analytic models were used to estimate the association between egg consumption groups (none, ≤ 1 serving per week, 2-6 servings per week, ≥ 7 servings per week) and cognitive performance across domains of working memory, executive function, and global mental status. First-order autoregressive models were used to estimate cognitive change over the 2-year observational period. Follow-up analyses examined associations between egg consumption group, dietary patterns, and nutrient intake. Results: On average, older adults consumed 0.34 eggs per day (SD = 0.36). Although bivariate analyses suggested that moderate egg consumers had the best cognitive performance at baseline assessment, egg consumption was not associated with cognitive performance or cognitive change when adjusting models for covariates known to have a robust association with cognitive health. Conclusions: Our results suggest that egg consumption does not benefit, nor is detrimental to, the cognitive health of older adults. Further studies of whole egg consumption and cognitive performance would benefit from controlled experimental settings, longer follow-up periods to measure cognitive change, and assessment of both community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bishop
- a Texas State University, School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Family and Child Development , San Marcos , Texas , USA
| | - Krystle E Zuniga
- b Texas State University, School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Nutrition and Foods , San Marcos , Texas , USA
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29
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Travica N, Ried K, Sali A, Hudson I, Scholey A, Pipingas A. Plasma Vitamin C Concentrations and Cognitive Function: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:72. [PMID: 31001107 PMCID: PMC6454201 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin-C is a water soluble molecule that humans have lost the ability to produce. Vitamin-C plays a role in CNS functions such as neuronal differentiation, maturation, myelin formation and modulation of the catecholaminergic systems. A recent systematic review by our team indicated the need for further research into the relationship between plasma vitamin C and cognition in cognitively intact participants using plasma vitamin C concentrations instead of estimates derived from food-frequency-questionnaires (FFQ), and more sensitive cognitive assessments suitable for cognitive abilities vulnerable to aging. It was hypothesized that higher plasma vitamin C concentrations would be linked with higher cognitive performance. This cross-sectional trial was conducted on healthy adults (n = 80, Female = 52, Male = 28, 24-96 years) with a range of plasma Vitamin C concentrations. Cognitive assessments included The Swinburne-University-Computerized-Cognitive-Assessment-Battery (SUCCAB) and two pen and paper tests, the Symbol-Digits-Modalities-Test (SDMT) and Hopkins-Verbal-Learning-Test-Revised (HVLT-R). The pen and paper assessments were conducted to establish whether their scores would correlate with the computerized tasks. Plasma-Vitamin C concentrations were measured using two biochemical analyses. Participants were grouped into those with plasma vitamin-C concentrations of adequate level (≥28 μmol/L) and deficient level (<28 μmol/L). The SUCCAB identified a significantly higher performance ratio (accuracy/reaction-time) in the group with adequate vitamin-C levels vs. deficient vitamin-C on the choice reaction time (M = 188 ± 4 vs. 167 ± 9, p = 0.039), immediate recognition memory (M = 81 ± 3 vs. 68 ± 6, p = 0.03), congruent Stroop (M = 134 ± 3 vs. 116 ± 7, p = 0.024), and delayed recognition tasks (M = 72 ± 2 vs. 62 ± 4, p = 0.049), after adjusting for age (p < 0.05). Significantly higher scores in immediate recall on the HVLT-R (M = 10.64 ± 0.16 vs. 9.17 ± 0.37, p = 0.001), delayed recall (M = 9.74 ± 0.22 vs. 7.64 ± 0.51, p < 0.001), total recall (M = 27.93 ± 0.48 vs. 24.19 ± 1.11, p = 0.003) were shown in participants with adequate plasma Vitamin-C concentrations, after adjusting for vitamin-C supplementation dose (p < 0.05). Similarly, higher SDMT scores were observed in participants with adequate plasma Vitamin-C concentrations (M = 49.73 ± 10.34 vs. 41.38 ± 5.06, p = 0.039), after adjusting for age (p < 0.05). In conclusion there was a significant association between vitamin-C plasma concentrations and performance on tasks involving attention, focus, working memory, decision speed, delayed and total recall, and recognition. Plasma vitamin C concentrations obtained through vitamin C supplementation did not affect cognitive performance differently to adequate concentrations obtained through dietary intake. Clinicaltrials.gov Unique Identifier: ACTRN 12615001140549, URL: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=369440.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Travica
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Karin Ried
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.,Discipline of General Practice, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Health and Sports Institute, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Avni Sali
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Irene Hudson
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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30
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Zhou F, Deng W, Ding D, Zhao Q, Liang X, Wang F, Luo J, Zheng L, Guo Q, Hong Z. High Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Inversely Relates to Dementia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Shanghai Aging Study. Front Neurol 2018; 9:952. [PMID: 30483213 PMCID: PMC6240682 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The relationship between cholesterol and cognitive function is unclear from the previous studies. This study was conducted to explore this association in older Chinese adults. Methods: Data were from the Shanghai Aging Study, comprising 3,836 residents aged 50 years or over in an urban community. Diagnoses of dementia and mild cognitive impairment were established according to the fourth edition of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) and Petersen criteria. Multivariate logistic regression models, non-matched and propensity score (PS) matched, were used to examine the association between cholesterol levels and cognitive function. Results: There was a significantly higher proportion of participants with low levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the dementia group than in groups without dementia (P < 0.05). High LDL-C level was inversely associated with dementia, with a negative trend in the PS matched model. TC and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were not significantly related to dementia in either non-matched models or PS matched models. Conclusion: Our result indicates that high level of LDL-C is inversely associated with dementia. High level of LDL-C may be considered as a potential protective factor against cognition decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihao Guo
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Hong
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Low Protein Intake Is Associated with Frailty in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091334. [PMID: 30235893 PMCID: PMC6165078 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Several factors have been suggested to be associated with the physiopathology of frailty in older adults, and nutrition (especially protein intake) has been attributed fundamental importance in this context. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between protein intake and frailty status in older adults. (2) Methods: A search of scientific studies was conducted in the main databases (Medline, Scopus, Cochrane library), and in the reference lists of selected articles. The search terms included synonyms and Medical Subject Headings and involved the use of Boolean operators which allowed the combination of words and search terms. Observational studies-cross-sectional and longitudinal-that met the eligibility criteria were included in the review. Article selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. Meta-analyses with random effects were performed. Publication bias was measured using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology instrument. (3) Results: In the final sample, 10 articles, seven cross-sectional and three longitudinal, were included in the present study. Overall, studies investigated a total of 50,284 older adults from three different continents between 2006 and 2018. Four cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analyses. The results demonstrated that a high protein intake was negatively associated with frailty status in older adults (odds ratio: 0.67, confidence interval = 0.56 to 0.82, p = 0.0001). (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a high consumption of dietary protein is inversely associated with frailty in older adults.
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Myezwa H, Hanass-Hancock J, Pautz N. Investigating the interaction between human immunodeficiency virus, nutrition, and disability: A cross-sectional observational study. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2018; 10:e1-e8. [PMID: 29943613 PMCID: PMC6018130 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v10i1.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The average lifespan of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has increased because of the enhanced access to anti-retroviral treatment. This increased longevity has led to a heightened focus on the comorbidities which may arise, allowing a clearer understanding of the contextual, personal, psychological and functional problems and their interrelations. Disability (functional limitations) and insufficient nutritional intake may interact cyclically with HIV and/or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); however, no research to date has investigated this interaction. Aims The objective of this article was to report on the nutritional outcomes using albumin and body mass index outcomes as a subset of a larger study among adults living with HIV and/or AIDS. Setting This study was conducted at a large HIV clinic based in an urban area in Johannesburg, South Africa, which provides HIV treatment and support to over 6000 persons with HIV and TB. This clinic is part of a large public health regional hospital where extensive HIV research is undertaken. Methods This study was a cross-sectional observational study. The sample composed of 278 participants between 18 and 65 years of age and had been on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for more than six months. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results The results indicated that albumin level had significant inverse associations with functional limitations and physical health symptoms. Women were significantly more likely to have lower nutritional levels. A logistic regression analysis suggested that gender and physical health symptoms were the primary predictors of albumin levels. Conclusion The findings presented in this article can be applied to HIV and/or AIDS treatment programmes, such as HAART. It re-emphasises the importance of providing individuals on anti-retroviral therapy with affordable and adequate nutrition, education on the importance of nutritional intake and the benefits of potentially adopting supplement programmes. As females seem to be more adversely affected by low nutritional levels, with the findings showing an increased likelihood of developing physical health symptoms, focus also needs to be given to cultural or social factors that impact nutritional intake in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Myezwa
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of the Witwatersrand.
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Vijayakumar TM, Pavitra K, Muthunarayanan L. Comparative assessment of methylcobalamin and ascorbic acid on cognitive function in post-menopausal women - A randomized, double-blind trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2018; 8:175-180. [PMID: 29696207 PMCID: PMC5898509 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A decline in cognitive function occurs as women progress through the menopausal transition. Objective The present study was designed to compare the effect of Methylcobalamin and Ascorbic Acid on Cognitive Function in post-menopausal women. Methods A randomized, double-blind trial was conducted in postmenopausal women with mild to moderate cognitive dysfunction. Eligible 56 subjects were randomized, the effect of ascorbic acid (500 mg OD) and methylcobalamin (50 mcg OD) was compared after 12 weeks of treatment. MMSE Questionnaire was used to assess the cognitive function, and β-amyloid42 was estimated in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results In MMSE score, delayed verbal recall (P = 0.027), naming (P = 0.042) and repetition (P = 0.031) scores were significantly improved in ascorbic acid group when compared to baseline. The β-amyloid42 level was decreased significantly in subjects receiving ascorbic acid (P = 0.04) when compared to Methylcobalamin group (P = 0.31). The inverse relationship between β-amyloid42 levels and the MMSE score was found in ascorbic acid treatment (r = 0.6324, P = 0.0004). Conclusion Based on MMSE and β-amyloid42 results, ascorbic acid showed improvement in cognitive function among post-menopausal women when compared to methylcobalamin supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumaraswamy Pavitra
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Logaraj Muthunarayanan
- Department of Community Medicine, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Pařízková M, Andel R, Lerch O, Marková H, Gažová I, Vyhnálek M, Hort J, Laczó J. Homocysteine and Real-Space Navigation Performance among Non-Demented Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:951-964. [PMID: 27802238 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High plasma homocysteine (Hcy) level is related to higher risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and lower cognitive performance in older adults. OBJECTIVE To assess the association between plasma Hcy level and real-space navigation performance and the role of vascular risk and protective factors, APOE status, and white matter lesions (WML) on this association. METHODS Ninety-two non-demented older adults (29 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment, 46 with subjective cognitive decline, and 17 cognitively normal older adults) underwent spatial navigation testing of egocentric, allocentric, and mixed navigation in a real-space analogue of the Morris water maze, neuropsychological examination, blood collection, and MRI brain scan with evaluation of WML. RESULTS In the regression analyses controlling for age, gender, education, and depressive symptoms, higher plasma Hcy level was related to worse mixed and egocentric (β= 0.31; p = 0.003 and β= 0.23; p = 0.017) but not allocentric (p > 0.05) navigation performance. Additional controlling for vascular risk and protective factors, WML, and APOE status did not modify the results. High total cholesterol and low vitamin B12 and folate levels increased the adverse effect of Hcy on egocentric and mixed navigation. WML did not explain the association between plasma Hcy level and navigation performance. CONCLUSION Elevated plasma Hcy level may affect real-space navigation performance above and beyond vascular brain changes. This association may be magnified in the presence of high total cholesterol and low folate or vitamin B12 levels. Attention to the level of plasma Hcy may be a viable intervention strategy to prevent decline in spatial navigation in non-demented older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pařízková
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ross Andel
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Lerch
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Marková
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Gažová
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vyhnálek
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laczó
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Wallace TC. A Comprehensive Review of Eggs, Choline, and Lutein on Cognition Across the Life-span. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:269-285. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1423248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C. Wallace
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; Think Healthy Group, Inc., Washington, DC
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Abstract
Globally populations are ageing. By 2050, it is estimated that there will be two billion people aged 60 years or over, of which 131 million are projected to be affected by dementia, while depression is predicted to be the second leading cause of disability worldwide by 2020. Preventing or delaying the onset of these disorders should therefore be a public health priority. There is some evidence linking certain dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean diet, with a reduced risk of dementia and depression. Specific dietary components have also been investigated in relation to brain health, with emerging evidence supporting protective roles forn-3 PUFA, polyphenols, vitamin D and B-vitamins. At this time, the totality of evidence is strongest in support of a role for folate and the metabolically related B-vitamins (vitamin B12, vitamin B6and riboflavin) in slowing the progression of cognitive decline and possibly reducing the risk of depression in ageing. Future studies incorporating new technologies, such as MRI and magnetoencephalography, offer much promise in identifying effective nutrition interventions that could reduce the risk of cognitive and mental disorders. This review will explore the ageing brain and the emerging evidence linking diet and specific nutrients with cognitive function and depression in ageing, with the potential to develop strategies that could improve quality of life in our ageing population.
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Sun K, Hu H, Yang C, Wang L, Ai Y, Dong X, Shi Y, Li M, Yao Q, Zhang Y. Dietary Intake is Positively Associated with Cognitive Function of a Chinese Older Adults Sample. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:805-810. [PMID: 30080224 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between cognitive function and dietary intake in older adults was under-studied in China. This study examined this relationship in a Chinese sample while controlling for the effects of sleep quality and socio demographic confounders. METHODS The sample consisted of 340 Chinese older adults (age > 60) who were randomly selected from Wuhan city in central China. Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-mental State Examination [MMSE], sleep quality by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI], and dietary intake by frequencies of intake of meat products, fruits, fish/seafood/aquatic products, nuts and mushroom/algae over the past year. First, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate the measurement properties of cognitive function, dietary intake, and sleep quality. Second, structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to examine the relations of cognitive function, dietary intake, and sleep quality. RESULTS Dietary intake was found to be positively related to cognitive function. Older age, lower education status, monthly income, and living alone or without a spouse were significantly associated with poorer cognitive function. SES status had an indirect effect on cognitive function via dietary intake. CONCLUSION Dietary intake may be critical to maintain normal cognitive function of older adults in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sun
- Hui Hu, College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huangjiahu West Street, Wuhan 430065, China; , Tel.: +86-27-68890390
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Nowson CA, Service C, Appleton J, Grieger JA. The Impact of Dietary Factors on Indices of Chronic Disease in Older People: A Systematic Review. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:282-296. [PMID: 29380857 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been little evaluation of the evidence relating dietary factors to functional capacity in older adults. The aims were to i) conduct a systematic review of studies assessing dietary factors in relation to six key functional indicators which impact on quality of life in adults ≥65 yrs: non-fatal cardiovascular events, cognition, mental health, falls and fractures, physical health (muscle mass, strength) and frailty; and ii) assess if there was sufficient evidence to devise food-based dietary recommendations. DESIGN Systematic review. PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies were included together with intervention studies that evaluated food/drink interventions (excluding supplements). Evidence base statements were determined according to the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) levels of evidence criteria (Grades (A-excellent; B-good; C-satisfactory; D-poor). RESULTS There was good evidence that the Mediterranean type diet (MD) reduced the risk of non-fatal cardiovascular events (Grade B) and reduced cognitive decline (Grade B). There was some evidence indicating that a MD decreases the likelihood of frailty (Grade C), consistent but weaker evidence that ≥3 servings/d of vegetables is associated with reduced cognitive decline (Grade D), a modest increase in protein may be associated with improved cognition (Grade C) and decreased frailty (Grade C), and that protein plus resistance exercise training in frail elderly may enhance physical strength (Grade C). CONCLUSION It is recommended that older adults adopt the characteristics of a Mediterranean type diet such as including olive oil and eating ≥3 servings/d of vegetables to reduce their risk of chronic disease, impaired cognition and frailty. Consumption of dietary protein above the current dietary requirements would be recommended to reduce risk of frailty and impaired cognition. A modest increase in dietary protein when combined with resistance exercise would be recommended to help maintain muscle mass and strength and to enhance functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Nowson
- Caryl Nowson, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia,
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Kennedy DO, Wightman EL, Forster J, Khan J, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Jackson PA. Cognitive and Mood Effects of a Nutrient Enriched Breakfast Bar in Healthy Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Groups Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121332. [PMID: 29215606 PMCID: PMC5748782 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Few previous studies have assessed the effects of concomitant administration of multiple potentially psychoactive nutrients. Methods: 95 healthy adult participants consumed either a nutrient enriched breakfast bar (containing α-Linolenic acid, l-tyrosine, l-theanine, vitamins, minerals and 21.5 mg of caffeine) or an isocaloric, macronutrient matched control bar for 56 days. Cognitive function and mood were assessed pre-dose and at 40- and 160-min post-dose on the 1st and 56th day of the intervention period. Results: The results demonstrated acute effects of treatment across post-dose assessments on both assessment days in terms of alertness, and on tasks assessing attention, working and episodic memory and executive function, including cognitively demanding Serial subtraction and Rapid Visual Information Processing tasks. There were no evident chronic effects independent of the breakfast bars’ acute effects. Discussion: These results demonstrate that a nutrient enriched breakfast bar with low caffeine content can exert striking beneficial effects on acute cognitive function and alertness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Emma L Wightman
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Joanne Forster
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Julie Khan
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Crystal F Haskell-Ramsay
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Philippa A Jackson
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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Qin B, Xun P, Jacobs DR, Zhu N, Daviglus ML, Reis JP, Steffen LM, Van Horn L, Sidney S, He K. Intake of niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 through young adulthood and cognitive function in midlife: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1032-1040. [PMID: 28768650 PMCID: PMC5611785 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.157834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiologic evidence regarding niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 intake in relation to cognitive function is limited, especially in midlife.Objective: We hypothesize that higher intake of these B vitamins in young adulthood is associated with better cognition later in life.Design: This study comprised a community-based multicenter cohort of black and white men and women aged 18-30 y in 1985-1986 (year 0, i.e., baseline) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (n = 3136). We examined participants' CARDIA diet history at years 0, 7, and 20 to assess nutrient intake, including dietary and supplemental B vitamins. We measured cognitive function at year 25 (mean ± SD age: 50 ± 4 y) through the use of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) for verbal memory, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) for psychomotor speed, and a modified Stroop interference test for executive function. Higher RAVLT and DSST scores and a lower Stroop score indicated better cognitive function. We used multivariable-adjusted linear regressions to estimate mean differences in cognitive scores and 95% CIs.Results: Comparing the highest quintile with the lowest (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1), cumulative total intake of niacin was significantly associated with 3.92 more digits on the DSST (95% CI: 2.28, 5.55; P-trend < 0.01) and 1.89 points lower interference score on the Stroop test (95% CI: -3.10, -0.68; P-trend = 0.05). Total folate was associated with 2.56 more digits on the DSST (95% CI: 0.82, 4.31; P-trend = 0.01). We also found that higher intakes of vitamin B-6 (quartile 5 compared with quartile 1: 2.62; 95% CI: 0.97, 4.28; P-trend = 0.02) and vitamin B-12 (quartile 5 compared with quartile 1: 2.08; 95% CI: 0.52, 3.65; P-trend = 0.02) resulted in better psychomotor speed measured by DSST scores.Conclusion: Higher intake of B vitamins throughout young adulthood was associated with better cognitive function in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Department of Population Science, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Pengcheng Xun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Na Zhu
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jared P Reis
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lyn M Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Ka He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN;
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Jung HY, Kim DW, Nam SM, Kim JW, Chung JY, Won MH, Seong JK, Yoon YS, Yoo DY, Hwang IK. Pyridoxine improves hippocampal cognitive function via increases of serotonin turnover and tyrosine hydroxylase, and its association with CB1 cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein and the CB1 cannabinoid receptor pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3142-3153. [PMID: 28935605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we investigated the effects of pyridoxine on hippocampal functions and changes in protein profiles based on the proteomic approach. METHODS Eight-week-old mice received intraperitoneal injections of physiological saline (vehicle) or 350mg/kg pyridoxine twice a day for 21days. RESULTS Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 was up-regulated, while CB1 cannabinoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (CRIP1) was down-regulated, in the pyridoxine-treated group. Additionally, the serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase was increased in the hippocampus of the pyridoxine-treated group than in that of the vehicle-treated group. Furthermore, discrimination indices based on the novel object recognition test were significantly higher in the pyridoxine-treated group than in the vehicle-treated group. Administration of CRIP1a siRNA significantly increases the discrimination index as well as cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus. In addition, the administration of rimonabant, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, for 3weeks significantly decreased the novel object recognition memory, the tyrosine hydroxylase level, the amount of cell proliferation, and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus. Treatment with pyridoxine significantly increased novel object recognition memory, but slightly ameliorated rimonabant-induced reduction in serotonin, the tyrosine hydroxylase level, the amount of cell proliferation, and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSION These results suggest that pyridoxine promotes hippocampal functions by increasing serotonin and tyrosine hydroylase immunoreactivity in the hippocampus. This positive effect may be associated with CRIP1a and CB1 cannabinoid receptor function. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Vitamin-B6 enhances hippocampal functions and this is closely associated with CRIP1a and CB1 cannabinoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Young Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jong Whi Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Chung
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; KMPC (Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; KMPC (Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; KMPC (Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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43
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Vitamin C Status and Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090960. [PMID: 28867798 PMCID: PMC5622720 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C plays a role in neuronal differentiation, maturation, myelin formation and modulation of the cholinergic, catecholinergic, and glutaminergic systems. This review evaluates the link between vitamin C status and cognitive performance, in both cognitively intact and impaired individuals. We searched the PUBMED, SCOPUS, SciSearch and the Cochrane Library from 1980 to January 2017, finding 50 studies, with randomised controlled trials (RCTs, n = 5), prospective (n = 24), cross-sectional (n = 17) and case-control (n = 4) studies. Of these, 36 studies were conducted in healthy participants and 14 on cognitively impaired individuals (including Alzheimer’s and dementia). Vitamin C status was measured using food frequency questionnaires or plasma vitamin C. Cognition was assessed using a variety of tests, mostly the Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE). In summary, studies demonstrated higher mean vitamin C concentrations in the cognitively intact groups of participants compared to cognitively impaired groups. No correlation between vitamin C concentrations and MMSE cognitive function was apparent in the cognitively impaired individuals. The MMSE was not suitable to detect a variance in cognition in the healthy group. Analysis of the studies that used a variety of cognitive assessments in the cognitively intact was beyond the scope of this review; however, qualitative assessment revealed a potential association between plasma vitamin C concentrations and cognition. Due to a number of limitations in these studies, further research is needed, utilizing plasma vitamin C concentrations and sensitive cognitive assessments that are suitable for cognitively intact adults.
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Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Van Loveren H, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Lamberg-Allardt C, Przyrembel H, Tetens I, Dumas C, Fabiani L, Forss AC, Ioannidou S, Neuhäuser-Berthold M. Dietary Reference Values for riboflavin. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04919. [PMID: 32625611 PMCID: PMC7010026 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derives dietary reference values (DRVs) for riboflavin. The Panel considers that the inflection point in the urinary riboflavin excretion curve in relation to riboflavin intake reflects body saturation and can be used as a biomarker of adequate riboflavin status. The Panel also considers that erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient is a useful biomarker, but has limitations. For adults, the Panel considers that average requirements (ARs) and population reference intakes (PRIs) can be determined from the weighted mean of riboflavin intake associated with the inflection point in the urinary riboflavin excretion curve reported in four intervention studies. PRIs are derived for adults and children assuming a coefficient of variation of 10%, in the absence of information on the variability in the requirement and to account for the potential effect of physical activity and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677TT genotype. For adults, the AR and PRI are set at 1.3 and 1.6 mg/day. For infants aged 7–11 months, an adequate intake of 0.4 mg/day is set by upward extrapolation from the riboflavin intake of exclusively breastfed infants aged 0–6 months. For children, ARs are derived by downward extrapolation from the adult AR, applying allometric scaling and growth factors and considering differences in reference body weight. For children of both sexes aged 1–17 years, ARs range between 0.5 and 1.4 mg/day, and PRIs between 0.6 and 1.6 mg/day. For pregnant or lactating women, additional requirements are considered, to account for fetal uptake and riboflavin accretion in the placenta during pregnancy or the losses through breast milk, and PRIs of 1.9 and 2.0 mg/day, respectively, are derived. This publication is linked to the following EFSA Supporting Publications article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.EN-1268/full
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Snelson M, Mamo JCL, Lam V, Giles C, Takechi R. Differential Effects of High-Protein Diets Derived from Soy and Casein on Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Wild-type Mice. Front Nutr 2017; 4:35. [PMID: 28791293 PMCID: PMC5523157 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies report that a diet high in protein influences cognitive performance, but the results are inconsistent. Studies demonstrated that protein from different food sources has differential effects on cognition. It is increasingly recognized that the integrity of cerebrovascular blood–brain barrier (BBB) is pivotal for central nervous system function. However, to date, no studies have reported the effects of high-protein diets on BBB integrity. Therefore, in this study, the effects of diets enriched in casein or soy protein on BBB permeability were investigated. Immunomicroscopy analyses of cerebral parenchymal immunoglobulin G extravasation indicated significant BBB disruption in the cortex of young adult mice maintained on high-casein diet for 12 weeks, while no signs of BBB dysfunction were observed in mice fed with control or high-soy protein diet. Moreover, cortical expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was significantly greater in mice fed the high-casein diet compared to control mice, indicating heightened astrocyte activation, whereas mice maintained on a soy-enriched diet showed no increase of GFAP abundance. Plasma concentrations of homocysteine were markedly greater in mice maintained on a high-casein diet in comparison to control mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that a diet enriched in casein but not soy protein may induce astrocyte activation through exaggerated BBB permeability by increased plasma homocysteine. The outcomes indicate the differential effects of protein sources on BBB and neuroinflammation, which may provide an important implication for dietary guidelines for protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Snelson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - John C L Mamo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Corey Giles
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Ryusuke Takechi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Skvarc DR, Dean OM, Byrne LK, Gray L, Lane S, Lewis M, Fernandes BS, Berk M, Marriott A. The effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on human cognition - A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 78:44-56. [PMID: 28438466 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurogenesis are commonly implicated as cognitive modulators across a range of disorders. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a glutathione precursor with potent antioxidant, pro-neurogenesis and anti-inflammatory properties and a favourable safety profile. A systematic review of the literature specifically examining the effect of NAC administration on human cognition revealed twelve suitable articles for inclusion: four examining Alzheimer's disease; three examining healthy participants; two examining physical trauma; one examining bipolar disorder, one examining schizophrenia, and one examining ketamine-induced psychosis. Heterogeneity of studies, insufficiently powered studies, infrequency of cognition as a primary outcome, heterogeneous methodologies, formulations, co-administered treatments, administration regimes, and assessment confounded the drawing of firm conclusions. The available data suggested statistically significant cognitive improvements following NAC treatment, though the paucity of NAC-specific research makes it difficult to determine if this effect is meaningful. While NAC may have a positive cognitive effect in a variety of contexts; larger, targeted studies are warranted, specifically evaluating its role in other clinical disorders with cognitive sequelae resulting from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Skvarc
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia; Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Linda K Byrne
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Gray
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stephen Lane
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Biostatistics Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Matthew Lewis
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia; Aged Psychiatry Service, Caulfield Hospital, Alfred Health, Caulfield, Australia
| | - Brisa S Fernandes
- Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins in the Central Nervous System, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Andrew Marriott
- Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative Medicine & Pain Management, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia.
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Moore K, O'Shea M, Hughes CF, Hoey L, Ward M, McNulty H. Current evidence linking nutrition with brain health in ageing. NUTR BULL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Moore
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
| | - M. O'Shea
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
| | - C. F. Hughes
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
| | - L. Hoey
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
| | - M. Ward
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
| | - H. McNulty
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health; Ulster University Coleraine; Coleraine UK
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Lv YB, Yin ZX, Chei CL, Brasher MS, Zhang J, Kraus VB, Qian F, Shi XM, Matchar DB, Zeng Y. Serum Cholesterol Levels within the High Normal Range Are Associated with Better Cognitive Performance among Chinese Elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 2017. [PMID: 26892577 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0701-6.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between cognitive function and cholesterol levels is poorly understood and inconsistent results exist among the elderly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of cholesterol level with cognitive performance among Chinese elderly. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was implemented in 2012 and data were analyzed using generalized additive models, linear regression models and logistic regression models. SETTING Community-based setting in eight longevity areas in China. SUBJECTS A total of 2000 elderly aged 65 years and over (mean 85.8±12.0 years) participated in this study. MEASUREMENTS Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration were determined and cognitive impairment was defined as Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≤23. RESULTS There was a significant positive linear association between TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and MMSE score in linear regression models. Each 1 mmol/L increase in TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C corresponded to a decreased risk of cognitive impairment in logistic regression models. Compared with the lowest tertile, the highest tertile of TC, LDL-C and HDL-C had a lower risk of cognitive impairment. The adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI were 0.73(0.62-0.84) for TC, 0.81(0.70-0.94) for LDL-C and 0.81(0.70-0.94) for HDL-C. There was no gender difference in the protective effects of high TC and LDL-C levels on cognitive impairment. However, for high HDL-C levels the effect was only observed in women. High TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels were associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment in the oldest old (aged 80 and older), but not in the younger elderly (aged 65 to 79 years). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that cholesterol levels within the high normal range are associated with better cognitive performance in Chinese elderly, specifically in the oldest old. With further validation, low cholesterol may serve a clinical indicator of risk for cognitive impairment in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-B Lv
- Dr. Xiaoming Shi, No. 7 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China. Telephone: (+86) 1050930101, Fax:(+86)1050930115, E-mail:
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Turck D, Bresson J, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather‐Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Van Loveren H, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Lamberg‐Allardt C, Przyrembel H, Tetens I, Gudelj Rakic J, Ioannidou S, de Sesmaisons‐Lecarré A, Forss AC, Neuhäuser‐Berthold M. Dietary reference values for thiamin. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Sundermann EE, Katz MJ, Lipton RB, Lichtenstein AH, Derby CA. A Brief Dietary Assessment Predicts Executive Dysfunction in an Elderly Cohort: Results from the Einstein Aging Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64:e131-e136. [PMID: 27787891 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between diet and executive function, episodic memory and global verbal cognition in the Einstein Aging Study (EAS) cohort and determine whether race modifies this relationship. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Community. PARTICIPANTS EAS participants without dementia who completed the Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Patients (REAP) (N = 492). MEASUREMENTS The previously validated REAP is based on the 2000 U.S. dietary guidelines. REAP scores were dichotomized as less-healthy (<median) or healthier (≥median) diet. Nine neurocognitive tests underwent principle component analysis, revealing three significant orthogonal components: episodic memory, executive function, and global cognition. Impaired cognitive function in each domain was defined as 2 standard deviations (SD) or more below the mean on any task or a total score of 1.5 SD or more below the mean. Using logistic regression, the association between diet and cognitive impairment was assessed, adjusting for age, education, sex, cardiovascular comorbidities, hypertension, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, depressive symptoms, race, and the interaction between race and diet group. RESULTS The sample was 60% female and 74% white and had a mean age of 80. In the entire sample, impaired executive function was associated with the interaction between race and diet group (P = .08), whereas other cognitive domains were not. In race-stratified analyses, healthier diet was associated with lower odds of impaired executive function in whites (odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21-0.93, P = .03), as were healthier scores on the saturated fat subscale (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.16-0.71, P = .004). In blacks, REAP scores were not associated with cognitive domains. CONCLUSION Healthy diet was associated with lower risk of executive dysfunction in whites. Race differences may be due to greater vascular risk in blacks or differences in generalizability of the REAP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mindy J Katz
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol A Derby
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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