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Cifric S, Turi M, Folino P, Clericuzio C, Barello F, Maciel T, Anderson KC, Gulla A. DAMPening Tumor Immune Escape: The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones in Immunogenic Chemotherapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38366728 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2024.0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Preclinical and clinical research in the past two decades has redefined the mechanism of action of some chemotherapeutics that are able to activate the immune system against cancer when cell death is perceived by the immune cells. This immunogenic cell death (ICD) activates antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells to induce immune-mediated tumor clearance. One of the key requirements to achieve this effect is the externalization of the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), molecules released or exposed by cancer cells during ICD that increase the visibility of the cancer cells by the immune system. Recent Advances: In this review, we focus on the role of calreticulin (CRT) and other endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, such as the heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), as surface-exposed DAMPs. Once exposed on the cell membrane, these proteins shift their role from that of ER chaperone and regulator of Ca2+ and protein homeostasis to act as an immunogenic signal for APCs, driving dendritic cell (DC)-mediated phagocytosis and T-mediated antitumor response. Critical Issues: However, cancer cells exploit several mechanisms of resistance to immune attack, including subverting the exposure of ER chaperones on their surface to avoid immune recognition. Future Directions: Overcoming these mechanisms of resistance represents a potential therapeutic opportunity to improve cancer treatment effectiveness and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Cifric
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcello Turi
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Pietro Folino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cole Clericuzio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tallya Maciel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Baran O, Akgun MY, Kayhan A, Evran S, Ozbek A, Akyoldas G, Samanci MY, Demirel N, Sonmez D, Serin H, Kocak A, Kemerdere R, Tanriverdi T. The association between calreticulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 expressions with prognostic factors in high-grade gliomas. J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:25-32. [PMID: 38554294 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1519_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to present the expressions of Calreticulin (CALR) and Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in high-grade gliomas and to further show the relation between the levels of these molecules and Ki-67 index, presence of Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-1 mutation, and tumor grade. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 43 patients who underwent surgical resection due to high-grade gliomas (HGG) (grades III and IV) were included. The control group comprised 27 people who showed no gross pathology in the brain during the autopsy procedures. Adequately sized tumor samples were removed from each patient during surgery, and cerebral tissues were removed from the control subjects during the autopsy procedures. Each sample was stored at -80°C as rapidly as possible until the enzyme assay. RESULTS Patients with high-grade gliomas showed significantly higher levels of CALR and significantly lower levels of GLP-1 when compared to control subjects (P = 0.001). CALR levels were significantly higher, GLP-1 levels were significantly lower in grade IV gliomas than those in grade III gliomas (P = 0.001). Gliomas with negative IDH-1 mutations had significantly higher CALR expressions and gliomas with positive IDH-1 mutations showed significantly higher GLP-1 expressions (P = 0.01). A positive correlation between Ki-67 and CALR and a negative correlation between Ki-67 and GLP-1 expressions were observed in grade IV gliomas (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that higher CALR and lower GLP-1 expressions are found in HGGs compared to normal cerebral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Baran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Kayhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haseki Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevket Evran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haseki Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arif Ozbek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medipol Mega University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goktug Akyoldas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Nail Demirel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Sonmez
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Istanbul Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huriye Serin
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Istanbul Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Kocak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taksim Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rahsan Kemerdere
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taner Tanriverdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Calreticulin Expression Controls Cellular Redox, Stemness, and Radiosensitivity to Function as a Novel Adjuvant for Radiotherapy in Neuroblastoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:8753309. [PMID: 36644580 PMCID: PMC9839411 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8753309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is currently only used in children with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) due to concerns of long-term side effects as well as lack of effective adjuvant. Calreticulin (CALR) has served distinct physiological roles in cancer malignancies; nonetheless, impact of radiation on chaperones and molecular roles they play remains largely unknown. In present study, we systemically analyzed correlation between CALR and NB cells of different malignancies to investigate potential role of CALR in mediating radioresistance of NB. Our data revealed that more malignant NB cells are correlated to lower CALR expression, greater radioresistance, and elevated stemness as indicated by colony- and neurospheroid-forming abilities and vice versa. Of note, manipulating CALR expression in NB cells of varying endogenous CALR expression manifested changes in not only stemness but also radioresistant properties of those NB cells. Further, CALR overexpression resulted in greatly enhanced ROS and led to increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Importantly, growth of NB tumors was significantly hampered by CALR overexpression and was synergistically ablated when RT was also administered. Collectively, our current study unraveled a new notion of utilizing CALR expression in malignant NB to diminish cancer stemness and mitigate radioresistance to achieve favorable therapeutic outcome for NB.
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Serrano Del Valle A, Beltrán-Visiedo M, de Poo-Rodríguez V, Jiménez-Alduán N, Azaceta G, Díez R, Martínez-Lázaro B, Izquierdo I, Palomera L, Naval J, Anel A, Marzo I. Ecto-calreticulin expression in multiple myeloma correlates with a failed anti-tumoral immune response and bad prognosis. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2141973. [PMID: 36338146 PMCID: PMC9629093 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2141973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) has been proposed to be a crucial process for antitumor immunosurveillance. ICD is characterized by the exposure and emission of Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP), including calreticulin (CRT). A positive correlation between CRT exposure or total expression and improved anticancer immunosurveillance has been found in certain cancers, usually accompanied by favorable patient prognosis. In the present study, we sought to evaluate CRT levels in the plasma membrane of CD38+ bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) isolated from 71 patients with varying degrees of multiple myeloma (MM) disease and examine the possible relationship between basal CRT exposure and the bone marrow immune microenvironment, as well as its connection with different clinical markers. Data show that increased levels of cell surface-CRT were associated with more aggressive clinical features and with worse clinical prognosis in MM. High CRT expression in MM cells was associated with increased infiltration of NK cells, CD8+ T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DC), indicative of an active anti-tumoral immune response, but also with a significantly higher presence of immunosuppressive Treg cells and increased expression of PD-L1 in myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Beltrán-Visiedo
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victoria de Poo-Rodríguez
- Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009Zaragoza, Spain,HCU-Lozano Blesa-Hematology Research Group, IIS Aragón, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nelia Jiménez-Alduán
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gemma Azaceta
- Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009Zaragoza, Spain,HCU-Lozano Blesa-Hematology Research Group, IIS Aragón, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosana Díez
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain,Hematology Service, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Lázaro
- Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009Zaragoza, Spain,HCU-Lozano Blesa-Hematology Research Group, IIS Aragón, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Izquierdo
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain,Hematology Service, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Palomera
- Hematology Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009Zaragoza, Spain,HCU-Lozano Blesa-Hematology Research Group, IIS Aragón, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Naval
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain,CONTACT Isabel Marzo Apoptosis, Immunity & Cancer Group, IIS Aragón, University of Zaragoza, 50009Zaragoza, Spain
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5
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Sun M, Qi S, Wu M, Xia W, Xiong H. Calreticulin as a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrate in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:909556. [PMID: 36338983 PMCID: PMC9633671 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.909556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Calreticulin (CALR) has been investigated in several malignant diseases and is associated with immune-cell infiltration. However, the prognostic value of CALR in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is still unknown. Methods: Based on the computational analysis, data from 530 KIRC cases and 72 normal kidney samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TGCA-KIRC) database were analyzed in this study. The expression of CALR mRNA in pan-cancer and immune infiltrates was analyzed using the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database. The CALR protein expression was obtained from the UALCAN and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. Survival, functional, and statistical analyses were conducted using R software. Results: The CALR expression was higher in KIRC cases than in normal kidneys. A high CALR expression was correlated with TNM stage, pathological stage, and histological grade. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that a high CALR expression was associated with poor overall survival, disease-specific survival, and progression-free interval. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated that CALR was enriched in IL-6 and IL-2 signaling, interferon signaling, TNF signaling, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and the p53 pathway. CALR is correlated with immune-infiltrating cells. A significant correlation was observed between CALR expression and immunomodulators. Conclusion: We identified CALR as a prognostic biomarker of KIRC. Meanwhile, the CALR expression associated with immune infiltration indicated that CALR might be a potential immunotherapy target for patients with KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hao Xiong
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, China
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Liu YS, Chang YC, Kuo WW, Chen MC, Wang TF, Chen TS, Lin YM, Li CC, Liao PH, Huang CY. Calreticulin nuclear translocalization alleviates CaM/CaMKII/CREB signaling pathway to enhance chemosensitivity in HDAC inhibitor-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5097-5115. [PMID: 35724265 PMCID: PMC9271289 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), it helps proteins fold correctly inside the ER, and acts as a modulator of Ca2+ homeostasis. Aberrant expression of CRT is implicated in several cancer types, qualifying CRT as a potential therapeutic target. However, it remains unclear how CRT affects specific oncogenic pathways. In this study, we used histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) to establish drug-resistant liver cancer cells and further analyzed the molecular mechanism of development of drug resistance in those cells. The 2D gel electrophoresis and RT-PCR data showed that CRT was downregulated in HDACis-resistant cells by comparing with HA22T parental cells. We previously elucidated the development of drug-resistance in HCC cells via activation of PP1-eIF2α pathway, but not via ER stress pathway. Here, we show that thapsigargin induced ER stress through mechanism other than ER stress downstream protein GRP78-PERK to regulate CRT expression in HDACis-R cells. Moreover, the expression level of CRT was not the main cause of apoptosis in HDACis-resistant cells. Mechanistic studies identified the apoptosis factors in the nucleus-the HDACis-mediated overexpression of CRT, CRT translocation to the cell nucleus, and reduced CaM/CaMKII/CREB pathway-that led to chemosensitivity in HDACis-R HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Liu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Biotechnology Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Fu Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, School of Medicine Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Sheng Chen
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Min Lin
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Li
- Center of Stem Cell and Precision Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiang Liao
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien 970, Taiwan
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Immunogenic cell death and its therapeutic or prognostic potential in high-grade glioma. Genes Immun 2022; 23:1-11. [PMID: 35046546 PMCID: PMC8866117 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) has emerged as a key component of therapy-induced anti-tumor immunity. Over the past few years, ICD was found to play a pivotal role in a wide variety of novel and existing treatment modalities. The clinical application of these techniques in cancer treatment is still in its infancy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor with a dismal prognosis despite maximal therapy. The development of new therapies in this aggressive type of tumors remains highly challenging partially due to the cold tumor immune environment. GBM could therefore benefit from ICD-based therapies stimulating the anti-tumor immune response. In what follows, we will describe the mechanisms behind ICD and the ICD-based (pre)clinical advances in anticancer therapies focusing on GBM.
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Sharma A, Ramena GT, Elble RC. Advances in Intracellular Calcium Signaling Reveal Untapped Targets for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1077. [PMID: 34572262 PMCID: PMC8466575 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ distribution is a tightly regulated process. Numerous Ca2+ chelating, storage, and transport mechanisms are required to maintain normal cellular physiology. Ca2+-binding proteins, mainly calmodulin and calbindins, sequester free intracellular Ca2+ ions and apportion or transport them to signaling hubs needing the cations. Ca2+ channels, ATP-driven pumps, and exchangers assist the binding proteins in transferring the ions to and from appropriate cellular compartments. Some, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes, act as Ca2+ repositories. Cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is inefficient without the active contribution of these organelles. Moreover, certain key cellular processes also rely on inter-organellar Ca2+ signaling. This review attempts to encapsulate the structure, function, and regulation of major intracellular Ca2+ buffers, sensors, channels, and signaling molecules before highlighting how cancer cells manipulate them to survive and thrive. The spotlight is then shifted to the slow pace of translating such research findings into anticancer therapeutics. We use the PubMed database to highlight current clinical studies that target intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Drug repurposing and improving the delivery of small molecule therapeutics are further discussed as promising strategies for speeding therapeutic development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Grace T. Ramena
- Department of Aquaculture, University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA;
| | - Randolph C. Elble
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
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Kanduła Z, Lewandowski K. Calreticulin – a multifaced protein. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.8892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is a highly conserved multi-function protein that primarily localizes within
the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It participates in various processes in the cells,
including glycoprotein chaperoning, regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, antigen processing and
presentation for adaptive immune response, cell adhesion/migration, cell proliferation, immunogenic
cell death, gene expression and RNA stability. The role of CALR in the assembly,
retrieval and cell surface expression of MHC class I molecules is well known. A fraction of
the total cellular CALR is localized in the cytosol, following its retro-translocation from the
ER. In the cell stress conditions, CALR is also expressed on the cell surface via an interaction
with phosphatidylserine localized on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. The abovementioned
mechanism is relevant for the recognition of the cells, as well as immunogenicity
and phagocytic uptake of proapoptotic and apoptotic cells.
Lastly, the presence of CALR exon 9 gene mutations was confirmed in patients with myeloproliferative
neoplasms. Their presence results in an abnormal CALR structure due to the
loss of its ER-retention sequence, CALR extra-ER localisation, the formation of a complex
with thrombopoietin receptor, and oncogenic transformation of hematopoietic stem cells. It
is also known that CALR exon 9 mutants are highly immunogenic and induce T cell response.
Despite this fact, CALR mutant positive hematopoietic cells emerge. The last phenomenon is
probably the result of the inhibition of phagocytosis of the cancer cells exposing CALR mutant
protein by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Kanduła
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Calreticulin promotes EMT in pancreatic cancer via mediating Ca 2+ dependent acute and chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:209. [PMID: 33028359 PMCID: PMC7542892 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Our previous study showed that calreticulin (CRT) promoted EGF-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pancreatic cancer (PC) via Integrin/EGFR-ERK/MAPK signaling. We next investigated the novel signal pathway and molecular mechanism involving the oncogenic role of CRT in PC. Methods We investigated the potential role and mechanism of CRT in regulating intracellular free Ca2+ dependent acute and chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced EMT in PC in vitro and vivo. Results Thapsigargin (TG) induced acute ERS via increasing intracellular free Ca2+ in PC cells, which was reversed by CRT silencing. Additionally, CRT silencing inhibited TG-induced EMT in vitro by reversing TG-induced changes of the key proteins in EMT signaling (ZO-1, E-cadherin and Slug) and ERK/MAPK signaling (pERK). TG-promoted cell invasion and migration was also rescued by CRT silencing but enhanced by IRE1α silencing (one of the key stressors in unfolded protein response). Meanwhile, CRT was co-immunoprecipitated and co-localized with IRE1α in vitro and its silencing led to the chronic ERS via upregulating IRE1α independent of IRE1-XBP1 axis. Moreover, CRT silencing inhibited IRE1α silencing-promoted EMT, including inhibiting the activation of EMT and ERK/MAPK signaling and the promotion of cell mobility. In vivo, CRT silencing decreased subcutaneous tumor size and distant liver metastasis following with the increase of IRE1α expression. A negative relationship between CRT and IRE1α was also observed in clinical PC samples, which coordinately promoted the advanced clinical stages and poor prognosis of PC patients. Conclusions CRT promotes EMT in PC via mediating intracellular free Ca2+ dependent TG-induced acute ERS and IRE1α-mediated chronic ERS via Slug and ERK/MAPK signaling.
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Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein involved in a spectrum of cellular processes. In healthy cells, CALR operates as a chaperone and Ca2+ buffer to assist correct protein folding within the ER. Besides favoring the maintenance of cellular proteostasis, these cell-intrinsic CALR functions support Ca2+-dependent processes, such as adhesion and integrin signaling, and ensure normal antigen presentation on MHC Class I molecules. Moreover, cancer cells succumbing to immunogenic cell death (ICD) expose CALR on their surface, which promotes the uptake of cell corpses by professional phagocytes and ultimately supports the initiation of anticancer immunity. Thus, loss-of-function CALR mutations promote oncogenesis not only as they impair cellular homeostasis in healthy cells, but also as they compromise natural and therapy-driven immunosurveillance. However, the prognostic impact of total or membrane-exposed CALR levels appears to vary considerably with cancer type. For instance, while genetic CALR defects promote pre-neoplastic myeloproliferation, patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms bearing CALR mutations often experience improved overall survival as compared to patients bearing wild-type CALR. Here, we discuss the context-dependent impact of CALR on malignant transformation, tumor progression and response to cancer therapy.
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Yamazaki T, Vanpouille-Box C, Demaria S, Galluzzi L. Immunogenic Cell Death Driven by Radiation-Impact on the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Treat Res 2020; 180:281-296. [PMID: 32215874 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38862-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a particular form of cell death that can initiate adaptive immunity against antigens expressed by dying cells in the absence of exogenous adjuvants. This implies that cells undergoing ICD not only express antigens that are not covered by thymic tolerance, but also deliver adjuvant-like signals that enable the recruitment and maturation of antigen-presenting cells toward an immunostimulatory phenotype, culminating with robust cross-priming of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Such damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which encompass cellular proteins, small metabolites and cytokines, are emitted in a spatiotemporally defined manner in the context of failing adaptation to stress. Radiation therapy (RT) is a bona fide inducer of ICD, at least when employed according to specific doses and fractionation schedules. Here, we discuss the mechanisms whereby DAMPs emitted by cancer cells undergoing RT-driven ICD alter the functional configuration of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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Kasikova L, Hensler M, Truxova I, Skapa P, Laco J, Belicova L, Praznovec I, Vosahlikova S, Halaska MJ, Brtnicky T, Rob L, Presl J, Kostun J, Cremer I, Ryska A, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Spisek R, Fucikova J. Calreticulin exposure correlates with robust adaptive antitumor immunity and favorable prognosis in ovarian carcinoma patients. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:312. [PMID: 31747968 PMCID: PMC6868694 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvanticity, which is the ability of neoplastic cells to deliver danger signals, is critical for the host immune system to mount spontaneous and therapy-driven anticancer immune responses. One of such signals, i.e., the exposure of calreticulin (CALR) on the membrane of malignant cells experiencing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is well known for its role in the activation of immune responses to dying cancer cells. However, the potential impact of CALR on the immune contexture of primary and metastatic high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs) and its prognostic value for patients with HGSC remains unclear. METHOD We harnessed a retrospective cohort of primary (no = 152) and metastatic (no = 74) tumor samples from HGSC patients to investigate the CALR expression in relation with prognosis and function orientation of the tumor microenvironment. IHC data were complemented with transcriptomic and functional studies on second prospective cohort of freshly resected HGSC samples. In silico analysis of publicly available RNA expression data from 302 HGSC samples was used as a confirmatory approach. RESULTS We demonstrate that CALR exposure on the surface of primary and metastatic HGSC cells is driven by a chemotherapy-independent ER stress response and culminates with the establishment of a local immune contexture characterized by TH1 polarization and cytotoxic activity that enables superior clinical benefits. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that CALR levels in primary and metastatic HGSC samples have robust prognostic value linked to the activation of clinically-relevant innate and adaptive anticancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kasikova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Iva Truxova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skapa
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laco
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ivan Praznovec
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Michael J Halaska
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charles University, 3rd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Brtnicky
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Rob
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charles University, 3rd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Presl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kostun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Plzen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Inflammation, Complement and Cancer, INSERM, U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Paris, France
| | - Ales Ryska
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Paris, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Radek Spisek
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic.
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.
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14
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Huang Y, Dong Y, Zhao J, Zhang L, Kong L, Lu JJ. Comparison of the effects of photon, proton and carbon-ion radiation on the ecto-calreticulin exposure in various tumor cell lines. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:542. [PMID: 31807524 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggested that radiotherapy can activate anti-tumor immune responses by triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells. Calreticulin is regarded as one of the most important markers of ICD. The cell surface translocation of calreticulin (ecto-CRT) serves as an "eat me" signal for phagocytosis of dying cells, which plays a pivotal role in activating anti-tumor immunity. However, there is limited knowledge describing the effects of proton and carbon-ion radiation on ecto-CRT exposure. Hence, we investigated ecto-CRT exposure in multiple human carcinoma cell lines irradiated by proton and carbon-ion in comparison to photon. Methods This study examined four human cancer cell lines including A549 (lung adenocarcinoma), U251MG (glioma), Tca8113 (tongue squamous carcinoma), and CNE-2 (nasopharyngeal carcinoma). Cell lines were irradiated with photon, proton or carbon-ion at 0, 2, 4, 10 Gy (physical dose). The ecto-CRT exposure level was analyzed by flow cytometry at 12, 24, and 48 h post-irradiation. The median fluorescence intensity was calculated by FlowJo. Results All three types of radial beam increased ecto-CRT exposure of the 4 tumor cell lines in a time-dependent manner. Ecto-CRT exposure significantly elevated 1.5-2.4 times over 48 h post-irradiation compared with controls (P<0.05). Proton and photon increased ecto-CRT exposure with dose escalation. Photon and proton at 10 Gy increased the most ecto-CRT exposure (P<0.05), while carbon-ion increased most ecto-CRT exposure at 4 Gy rather than 10 or 2 Gy. When compared with iso-physical dose at 48 h post-irradiation, proton showed a similar effectiveness with photon. While carbon-ion has significantly stronger effects on increasing ecto-CRT than proton and photon at 2 and 4 Gy, but changed oppositely at 10 Gy (P<0.05). Conclusions All the three types of radiation can increase the ecto-CRT exposure in a time-dependent manner. Proton and photon radiation were equally effective in inducing ecto-CRT exposure, while carbon-ion revealed a different effectiveness in comparison to photon and proton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangle Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201321, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Yuanli Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201321, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Jingfang Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai 201321, China.,Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai 201321, China.,Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Lin Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201321, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai 201321, China
| | - Jiade Jay Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201321, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai 201321, China
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15
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Wu PY, Yu IS, Lin YC, Chang YT, Chen CC, Lin KH, Tseng TH, Kargren M, Tai YL, Shen TL, Liu YL, Wang BJ, Chang CH, Chen WM, Juan HF, Huang SF, Chan YY, Liao YF, Hsu WM, Lee H. Activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by Kynurenine Impairs Progression and Metastasis of Neuroblastoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5550-5562. [PMID: 31431462 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common malignant disease of infancy, and amplification of the MYCN oncogene is closely associated with poor prognosis. Recently, expression of MYCN was shown to be inversely correlated with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) expression in neuroblastoma, and overexpression of AHR downregulated MYCN expression, promoting cell differentiation. Therefore, we further investigated the potential of AHR to serve as a prognostic indicator or a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. First, the clinical significance of AHR in neuroblastoma was examined. Positive AHR immunostaining strongly correlated with differentiated histology of neuroblastoma and predicted better survival for patients. The mouse xenograft model showed that overexpression of AHR significantly suppressed neuroblastoma tumor growth. In addition, activation of AHR by the endogenous ligand kynurenine inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. kynurenine treatment also upregulated the expression of KISS1, a tumor metastasis suppressor, and attenuated metastasis in the xenograft model. Finally, analysis of KISS1 levels in neuroblastoma patient tumors using the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform revealed that KISS1 expression positively correlated with AHR, and high KISS1 expression predicted better survival for patients. In conclusion, our results indicate that AHR is a novel prognostic biomarker for neuroblastoma, and that overexpression or activation of AHR offers a new therapeutic possibility for patients with neuroblastoma. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that AHR may function as a tumor suppressor in childhood neuroblastoma, potentially influencing the aetiologic and therapeutic targeting of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chien Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mati Kargren
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Tai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology & Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology & Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Jeng Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hao Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Fen Juan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Feng Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yun Chan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Liao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ming Hsu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Side-by-side comparison of flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry for detection of calreticulin exposure in the course of immunogenic cell death. Methods Enzymol 2019; 632:15-25. [PMID: 32000894 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD), a functionally peculiar type of apoptosis, represents a unique way to deliver danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to the tumor microenvironment. Once emitted by dying cancer cells, DAMPs orchestrate antigen-specific immune responses by acting on both innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that one of these DAMPs, calreticulin (CALR) represents a novel powerful prognostic biomarker, reflecting the activation of a clinically relevant anticancer immune response in different cancer malignancies. Therefore, the assessment of CALR emission can provide a therapeutic tool for the stratification of cancer patients and the identification of individuals that are intrinsically capable to respond to a particular treatment. Here we describe methods for the quantification of CALR exposure in the tumor microenvironment of cancer patients by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.
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17
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Kotian V, Sarmah D, Kaur H, Kesharwani R, Verma G, Mounica L, Veeresh P, Kalia K, Borah A, Wang X, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Evolving Evidence of Calreticulin as a Pharmacological Target in Neurological Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2629-2646. [PMID: 31017385 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR), a lectin-like ER chaperone, was initially known only for its housekeeping function, but today it is recognized for many versatile roles in different compartments of a cell. Apart from canonical roles in protein folding and calcium homeostasis, it performs a variety of noncanonical roles, mostly in CNS development. In the past, studies have linked Calreticulin with various other biological components which are detrimental in deciding the fate of neurons. Many neurological disorders that differ in their etiology are commonly associated with aberrant levels of Calreticulin, that lead to modulation of apoptosis and phagocytosis, and impact on transcriptional pathways, impairment in proteostatis, and calcium imbalances. Such multifaceted properties of Calreticulin are the reason why it has been implicated in vital roles of the nervous system in recent years. Hence, understanding its role in the physiology of neurons would help to unearth its involvement in the spectrum of neurological disorders. This Review aims toward exploring the interplay of Calreticulin in neurological disorders which would aid in targeting Calreticulin for developing novel neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Kotian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Radhika Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Geetesh Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Leela Mounica
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Pabbala Veeresh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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18
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Lee ACL, Shih YY, Zhou F, Chao TC, Lee H, Liao YF, Hsu WM, Hong JH. Calreticulin regulates MYCN expression to control neuronal differentiation and stemness of neuroblastoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:325-339. [PMID: 30612140 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic N-MYC (MYCN) is widely used as a biomarker in clinics for neuroblastoma (NB) patients; nevertheless, mechanism that underlines MYCN regulation remains elusive. In the present study, we identified calreticulin (CRT) as a novel MYCN suppressor that downregulated MYCN promoter activity and protein expression to modulate neuronal differentiation and stemness. Our data showed that CRT-mediated MYCN suppression led to increased neurite length and commensurate elevation in differentiation marker GAP-43. We examined effect of radiotherapy and discovered that ionizing radiation (IR) was able to augment CRT expression dose-dependently in NB. Interestingly, neuronal differentiation and neurosphere formation (NSF) of NB were not only co-modulated by IR and CRT but were also dependent on Ca2+-buffering domain (C-domain) of CRT. Mutagenesis analysis showed that C-domain was indispensable for CRT-mediated MYCN regulation in NB differentiation and NSF. Of note, IR-induced formation of neural stem-like neurospheres (NS) was significantly impaired in CRT-overexpressed NB cells. The occupancy of CRT on MYCN 5' proximal promoter was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, revealing potential CRT binding sites that coincided with transcription factor E2F1 binding elements. In addition, we identified a physical interaction between CRT and E2F1, and demonstrated that CRT occupancy on MYCN promoter prevented E2F1-mediated MYCN upregulation. In line with in vitro findings, hampered tumor latency and retarded tumor growth in xenograft model corroborated IR and CRT co-mediated neuronal differentiation of NB. Together, our data delineated a novel mechanism of CRT-mediated MYCN regulation and warranted further preclinical investigation towards new therapeutic strategy for NB. CRT suppresses MYCN expression and promotes neuronal differentiation in NB. CRT regulates MYCN via interaction with E2F1 and direct binding to MYCN promoter. Ca2+-buffering domain of CRT is critical in MYCN regulation and NB differentiation. CRT-MYCN axis impacts on NB stemness by modulating neurosphere formation. Xenograft model corroborates in vitro NB differentiation mediated by CRT and IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Chi-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital/Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yin Shih
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tsi-Chian Chao
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ming Hsu
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ji-Hong Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan. .,Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital/Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Proton and Radiation Therapy Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fuxing 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
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19
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Mishchenko T, Mitroshina E, Balalaeva I, Krysko O, Vedunova M, Krysko DV. An emerging role for nanomaterials in increasing immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:99-108. [PMID: 30528646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, it has become clear that anti-cancer therapy is more successful when it can also induce an immunogenic form of cancer cell death (ICD). ICD is an umbrella term covering several cell death modalities, including apoptosis and necroptosis. In general, ICD is characterized by the emission of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and/or cytokines/chemokines, leading to the induction of strong anti-tumor immune responses. In experimental cancer therapy, new observations indicate that the immunogenicity of dying cancer cells can be improved by the use of biomaterials. In this review, after a brief overview of the basic principles of the concept of ICD and discussion of the potential use of DAMPs as biomarkers of therapy efficacy, we discuss an emerging role of nanomaterials as a promising strategy to modulate the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. We address how nanocarriers can be used to increase the immunogenicity of ICD and then turn our attention to their dual action. Nanocarriers can be used to increase the immunogenicity of dying cancer cells and to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. Future studies will show whether biomaterials are truly an optimal strategy to modulate the immunogenicity of dying cancer cells and will provide the insights needed for the development of novel treatment strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Mishchenko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Mitroshina
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Balalaeva
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Vedunova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation; Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Sarhan M, Land WG, Tonnus W, Hugo CP, Linkermann A. Origin and Consequences of Necroinflammation. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:727-780. [PMID: 29465288 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When cells undergo necrotic cell death in either physiological or pathophysiological settings in vivo, they release highly immunogenic intracellular molecules and organelles into the interstitium and thereby represent the strongest known trigger of the immune system. With our increasing understanding of necrosis as a regulated and genetically determined process (RN, regulated necrosis), necrosis and necroinflammation can be pharmacologically prevented. This review discusses our current knowledge about signaling pathways of necrotic cell death as the origin of necroinflammation. Multiple pathways of RN such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis have been evolutionary conserved most likely because of their differences in immunogenicity. As the consequence of necrosis, however, all necrotic cells release damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that have been extensively investigated over the last two decades. Analysis of necroinflammation allows characterizing specific signatures for each particular pathway of cell death. While all RN-pathways share the release of DAMPs in general, most of them actively regulate the immune system by the additional expression and/or maturation of either pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. In addition, DAMPs have been demonstrated to modulate the process of regeneration. For the purpose of better understanding of necroinflammation, we introduce a novel classification of DAMPs in this review to help detect the relative contribution of each RN-pathway to certain physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Sarhan
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Walter G Land
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Wulf Tonnus
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Christian P Hugo
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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21
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Xu Q, Chen C, Chen G, Chen W, Zhou D, Xie Y. Significance of calreticulin as a prognostic factor in endometrial cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8999-9008. [PMID: 29844817 PMCID: PMC5958802 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with endometrial cancer, the expression and prognostic significance of calreticulin (CRT) remains to be fully elucidated. To investigate the role of CRT in endometrial cancer, the present study compared its expression status with clinicopathological characteristics and evaluated its prognostic significance. The expression of CRT, PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α), and Ki67 were assessed by immunohistochemistry and/or western blotting in endometrial cancer patients. The association of the expression of CRT, p-eIF2α and Ki67 with patient survival rate was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Low levels of CRT and an overexpression of Ki67 were significantly associated with the stage, histology, and differentiation of the primary surgery without doxorubicin (DOX) neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) patient group and were significantly correlated with a short progression-free survival and the overall survival. A multivariate analysis revealed that CRT and Ki67 expression were independent prognostic indicators for endometrioid endometrial cancer. Low CRT expression and an overexpression of Ki67 were significantly associated with DOX-NAC and the histology (P<0.05) pre-NAC and post-NAC in the DOX-NAC patient group. Upon treatment of DOX-NAC, CRT, PERK and p-eIF2α protein content were overexpressed in DOX-sensitive endometrial cancer (P<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the DOX-resistant group. Low CRT expression in endometrial cancer is significantly associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis. CRT may therefore serve as a molecular marker for predicting the progression and prognosis in DOX-resistant endometrial cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Chuanben Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Guilin Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Research Pathology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
| | - Yunqing Xie
- Department of Research Center, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014, P.R. China
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22
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Fucikova J, Kasikova L, Truxova I, Laco J, Skapa P, Ryska A, Spisek R. Relevance of the chaperone-like protein calreticulin for the biological behavior and clinical outcome of cancer. Immunol Lett 2017; 193:25-34. [PMID: 29175313 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The death of cancer cells can be categorized as either immunogenic (ICD) or nonimmunogenic, depending on the initiating stimulus. The immunogenic processes of immunogenic cell death are mainly mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which include surface exposure of calreticulin (CRT), secretion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), release of non-histone chromatin protein high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and the production of type I interferons (IFNs). DAMPs are recognized by various receptors that are expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and potentiate the presentation of tumor antigens to T lymphocytes. Accumulating evidence indicates that CRT exposure constitutes one of the major checkpoints, that determines the immunogenicity of cell death both in vitro and in vivo in mouse models. Moreover, recent studies have identified CRT expression on tumor cells not only as a marker of ICD and active anti-tumor immune reactions but also as a major predictor of a better prognosis in various cancers. Here, we discuss the recent information on the CRT capacity to activate anticancer immune response as well as its prognostic and predictive role for the clinical outcome in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Fucikova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kasikova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Truxova
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laco
- Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skapa
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Ryska
- Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic; Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.
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23
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Zhao S, Su G, Yang W, Yue P, Bai B, Lin Y, Zhang J, Ba Y, Luo Z, Liu X, Zhao L, Xie Y, Xu Y, Li S, Meng W, Xie X, Li X. Identification and Comparison of Differentiation-Related Proteins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tissues by Proteomics. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2017; 16:1092-1101. [PMID: 29332450 PMCID: PMC5762076 DOI: 10.1177/1533034617732426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Histological differentiation is a major pathological criterion indicating the risk of tumor invasion and metastasis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The degree of tumor differentiation is controlled by a complex interacting network of associated proteins. The principal aim of the present study is to identify the possible differentiation-related proteins which may be used for early diagnosis and more effective therapies. We compared poorly differentiated and well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma tissues by using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Among the 11 identified protein spots, 6 were found to be upregulated in poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and 5 were correspondingly downregulated. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 106 hepatocellular carcinoma tissues to confirm the results of the proteomic analysis. By using bioinformatic tools GO and STRING, these proteins were found to be related to catalytic activity, binding, and antioxidant activity. In particular, our data suggest that overexpression of peroxiredoxin-2, annexin A2, and heat shock protein β-1 was correlated with tumor invasion, metastasis, and poor prognosis, and therefore, these proteins may serve as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhao
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,4 Department of General Surgery, Petrochemical General Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Gang Su
- 5 Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- 5 Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping Yue
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bing Bai
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yanyan Lin
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jinduo Zhang
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongjiang Ba
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhiwen Luo
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- 4 Department of General Surgery, Petrochemical General Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- 6 The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yi Xie
- 6 The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yaowei Xu
- 6 The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuo Li
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenbo Meng
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- 5 Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xun Li
- 1 Special Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,2 Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Clinical Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,3 Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Center of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,7 The Second Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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24
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VEGF expression correlates with neuronal differentiation and predicts a favorable prognosis in patients with neuroblastoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11212. [PMID: 28894229 PMCID: PMC5593816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a childhood cancer with a low survival rate and great metastatic potential. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenesis factor, has been found to be involved in CRT-related neuronal differentiation of NB cells. In this study, we further confirmed the role VEGF in NB through mouse xenograft model and clinical analysis from NB patients. In xenograft experiments, CRT overexpression effectively inhibited the tumor growth. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of VEGF and differentiation marker GAP-43 were upregulated by induced CRT expression. However, no significant correlation between the expression level of VEGF and microvessel density was observed in human NB tumors, suggesting a novel mechanism of VEGF participating in NB tumorigenesis through an angiogenesis-independent pathway. In NB patients' samples, mRNA expression levels of CRT and VEGF were positively correlated. Furthermore, positive VEGF expression by immunostaining of NB tumors was found to correlate well with histological grade of differentiation and predicted a favorable prognosis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that VEGF is a favorable prognostic factor of NB and might affect NB tumor behavior through CRT-driven neuronal differentiation rather than angiogenesis that might shed light on a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the outcome of NB.
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25
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Calreticulin regulates TGF-β1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition through modulating Smad signaling and calcium signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 90:103-113. [PMID: 28778674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a Ca2+ binding protein, calreticulin (CRT) has many functions and plays an important role in a variety of tumors. The role of CRT in TGF-β1-induced EMT is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated in vitro that TGF-β1-induced EMT elevated the expression of CRT in A549 lung cancer cells. Subsequently, we confirmed that overexpression CRT had no capacity to induce A549 cells EMT alone, but successfully enhanced TGF-β1-induced-EMT. Furthermore, knockdown of CRT in A549 cells significantly suppressed changes of EMT marks expression induced by TGF-β1. On treatment with TGF-β1, overexpression of CRT could enhance the phosphorylation of both Smad2 and Smad3. Consistently, the knockdown of CRT by siRNA-CRT could inhibit Smad signaling pathway activated by TGF-β1. These results indicated that CRT regulates EMT induced by TGF-β1 through Smad signaling pathway. Finally, TGF-β1-induced-EMT enhanced store-operated Ca2+ influx in A549 cells. CRT knockdown was able to abolish the effect of TGF-β1 on thapsigargin (TG) -induced Ca2+ release, but had failed to reduce store-operated Ca2+ influx. The alteration of intracellular Ca2+ concentration by TG or BAPTA-AM was able to regulate EMT induced by TGF-β1 through Smad signaling pathway. Together, these data identify that CRT regulates TGF-β1-induced-EMT through modulating Smad signaling. Furthermore, TGF-β1-induced-EMT is highly calcium-dependent, CRT was partly involved in it.
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26
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Wang K, Li H, Chen R, Zhang Y, Sun XX, Huang W, Bian H, Chen ZN. Combination of CALR and PDIA3 is a potential prognostic biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96945-96957. [PMID: 29228584 PMCID: PMC5722536 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomic-based approaches for biomarker discovery are promising strategies used in cancer research. In this study, we performed quantitative proteomic analysis on 16 paired samples of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and adjacent non-tumor lung tissues using label-free quantitative proteomics and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify differentially expressed proteins. A total of 91 proteins were differentially expressed in NSCLC compared with adjacent non-tumor lung tissues among 4047 identified proteins (fold change > 1.5 or < 0.67, P < 0.05). Gene ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of 91 dysregulated proteins showed that they were related to the cancer-associated biological processes. We confirmed that the candidate proteins, calreticulin (CALR) and protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 (PDIA3) were overexpressed in NSCLC by real-time PCR using 20 paired samples and western blot using 5 paired samples. PDIA3 expression was highly associated with CALR expression (Spearman r = 0.345, P = 0.001) and they were co-localized and interacted with each other in A549 and H460 cells. Moreover, survival analysis performed in tissue microarray with 88 samples indicated that low expression of both CALR and PDIA3 in NSCLC was positively associated with poor overall survival. Combination of CALR and PDIA3 might serve as an efficient biomarker and improved the prediction of NSCLC prognosis significantly (P = 0.023). Our results collectively provide a potential biomarker dataset for NSCLC prognosis, especially the prognostic value of combined expression of CALR and PDIA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ruo Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Xuan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wan Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Huijie Bian
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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27
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Ahmed AA, Zhang L, Reddivalla N, Hetherington M. Neuroblastoma in children: Update on clinicopathologic and genetic prognostic factors. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 34:165-185. [PMID: 28662353 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2017.1330375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood accounting for 8-10% of all childhood malignancies. The tumor is characterized by a spectrum of histopathologic features and a heterogeneous clinical phenotype. Modern multimodality therapy results in variable clinical response ranging from cure in localized tumors to limited response in aggressive metastatic disease. Accurate clinical staging and risk assessment based on clinical, surgical, biologic and pathologic criteria are of pivotal importance in assigning prognosis and planning effective treatment approaches. Numerous studies have analyzed the presence of several clinicopathologic and biologic factors in association with the patient's prognosis and outcome. Although patient's age, tumor stage, histopathologic classification, and MYCN amplification are the most commonly validated prognostic markers, several new gene mutations have been identified in sporadic and familial neuroblastoma cases that show association with an adverse outcome. Novel molecular studies have also added data on chromosomal segmental aberrations in MYCN nonamplified tumors. In this review, we provide an updated summary of the clinical, serologic and genetic prognostic indicators in neuroblastoma including classic factors that have consistently played a role in risk stratification of patients as well as newly discovered biomarkers that may show a potential significance in patients' management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif A Ahmed
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Children's Mercy Hospital/University of Missouri , Kansas City , Missouri , USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Children's Mercy Hospital/University of Missouri , Kansas City , Missouri , USA
| | - Naresh Reddivalla
- b Department of Hematology-Oncology , Children's Mercy Hospital/University of Missouri , Kansas City , Missouri , USA
| | - Maxine Hetherington
- b Department of Hematology-Oncology , Children's Mercy Hospital/University of Missouri , Kansas City , Missouri , USA
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28
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Land WG, Agostinis P, Gasser S, Garg AD, Linkermann A. DAMP-Induced Allograft and Tumor Rejection: The Circle Is Closing. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3322-3337. [PMID: 27529775 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological importance of the immunogenicity of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) has been pinpointed by their identification as triggers of allograft rejection following release from dying cells, such as after ischemia-reperfusion injury. In cancers, however, this strong trigger of a specific immune response gives rise to the success of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the recently literature on the pathophysiological importance of DAMP release and discuss the implications of these processes for allograft rejection and cancer immunotherapy, revealing a striking mechanistic overlap. We conclude that these two fields share a common mechanistic basis of regulated necrosis and inflammation, the molecular characterization of which may be helpful for both oncologists and the transplant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Land
- German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Laboratoire d'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, Plateforme GENOMAX, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,LabexTRANSPLANTEX, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Gasser
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC306, Inflammation at Interfaces, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.,Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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29
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Calreticulin exposure by malignant blasts correlates with robust anticancer immunity and improved clinical outcome in AML patients. Blood 2016; 128:3113-3124. [PMID: 27802968 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-08-731737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell death can be perceived as immunogenic by the host only when malignant cells emit immunostimulatory signals (so-called "damage-associated molecular patterns," DAMPs), as they die in the context of failing adaptive responses to stress. Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence indicates that the capacity of immunogenic cell death to (re-)activate an anticancer immune response is key to the success of various chemo- and radiotherapeutic regimens. Malignant blasts from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) exposed multiple DAMPs, including calreticulin (CRT), heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), and HSP90 on their plasma membrane irrespective of treatment. In these patients, high levels of surface-exposed CRT correlated with an increased proportion of natural killer cells and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the periphery. Moreover, CRT exposure on the plasma membrane of malignant blasts positively correlated with the frequency of circulating T cells specific for leukemia-associated antigens, indicating that ecto-CRT favors the initiation of anticancer immunity in patients with AML. Finally, although the levels of ecto-HSP70, ecto-HSP90, and ecto-CRT were all associated with improved relapse-free survival, only CRT exposure significantly correlated with superior overall survival. Thus, CRT exposure represents a novel powerful prognostic biomarker for patients with AML, reflecting the activation of a clinically relevant AML-specific immune response.
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30
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Garg AD, Elsen S, Krysko DV, Vandenabeele P, de Witte P, Agostinis P. Resistance to anticancer vaccination effect is controlled by a cancer cell-autonomous phenotype that disrupts immunogenic phagocytic removal. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26841-60. [PMID: 26314964 PMCID: PMC4694957 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a well-established instigator of ‘anti-cancer vaccination-effect (AVE)’. ICD has shown considerable preclinical promise, yet there remain subset of cancer patients that fail to respond to clinically-applied ICD inducers. Non-responsiveness to ICD inducers could be explained by the existence of cancer cell-autonomous, anti-AVE resistance mechanisms. However such resistance mechanisms remain poorly investigated. In this study, we have characterized for the first time, a naturally-occurring preclinical cancer model (AY27) that exhibits intrinsic anti-AVE resistance despite treatment with ICD inducers like mitoxantrone or hypericin-photodynamic therapy. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that this anti-AVE resistance was associated with a defect in exposing the important ‘eat me’ danger signal, surface-calreticulin (ecto-CRT/CALR). In an ICD setting, this defective ecto-CRT further correlated with severely reduced phagocytic clearance of AY27 cells as well as the failure of these cells to activate AVE. Defective ecto-CRT in response to ICD induction was a result of low endogenous CRT protein levels (i.e. CRTlow-phenotype) in AY27 cells. Exogenous reconstitution of ecto-rCRT (recombinant-CRT) improved the phagocytic removal of ICD inducer-treated AY27 cells, and importantly, significantly increased their AVE-activating ability. Moreover, we found that a subset of cancer patients of various cancer-types indeed possessed CALRlow or CRTlow-tumours. Remarkably, we found that tumoural CALRhigh-phenotype was predictive of positive clinical responses to therapy with ICD inducers (radiotherapy and paclitaxel) in lung and ovarian cancer patients, respectively. Furthermore, only in the ICD clinical setting, tumoural CALR levels positively correlated with the levels of various phagocytosis-associated genes relevant for phagosome maturation or processing. Thus, we reveal the existence of a cancer cell-autonomous, anti-AVE or anti-ICD resistance mechanism that has profound clinical implications for anticancer immunotherapy and cancer predictive biomarker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sanne Elsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Yi L, Shan J, Chen X, Li G, Li L, Tan H, Su Q. Involvement of calreticulin in cell proliferation, invasion and differentiation in diallyl disulfide-treated HL-60 cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1861-1867. [PMID: 27588133 PMCID: PMC4998039 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS) has shown potential as a therapeutic agent in various cancers. Previously, calreticulin (CRT) was found to be downregulated in differentiated HL-60 cells treated with DADS. The present study investigated the role of CRT proteins in DADS-induced proliferation, invasion and differentiation in HL-60 cells. The present study demonstrated that DADS treatment significantly changed the morphology of HL-60 cells and caused the significant time-dependent downregulation of CRT. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of CRT expression significantly inhibited proliferation, decreased invasion ability, increased the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)11b and reduced the expression of CD33 in DADS-treated HL-60 cells. DADS also significantly affected cell proliferation, invasion and differentiation in CRT-overexpressed HL-60 cells. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assays showed decreased NBT reduction activity in the CRT overexpression group and increased NBT reduction in the CRT siRNA group. Following treatment with DADS, the NBT reduction abilities in all groups were increased. In conclusion, the present study clearly demonstrates the downregulation of CRT during DADS-induced differentiation in HL-60 cells and indicates that CRT is involved in cell proliferation, invasion and differentiation in DADS-treated HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yi
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China; Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Shan
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Li
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Linwei Li
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Tan
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Qi Su
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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Eggleton P, Bremer E, Dudek E, Michalak M. Calreticulin, a therapeutic target? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1137-47. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1164695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Garg AD, Romano E, Rufo N, Agostinis P. Immunogenic versus tolerogenic phagocytosis during anticancer therapy: mechanisms and clinical translation. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:938-51. [PMID: 26891691 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis of dying cells is a major homeostatic process that represents the final stage of cell death in a tissue context. Under basal conditions, in a diseased tissue (such as cancer) or after treatment with cytotoxic therapies (such as anticancer therapies), phagocytosis has a major role in avoiding toxic accumulation of cellular corpses. Recognition and phagocytosis of dying cancer cells dictate the eventual immunological consequences (i.e., tolerogenic, inflammatory or immunogenic) depending on a series of factors, including the type of 'eat me' signals. Homeostatic clearance of dying cancer cells (i.e., tolerogenic phagocytosis) tends to facilitate pro-tumorigenic processes and actively suppress antitumour immunity. Conversely, cancer cells killed by immunogenic anticancer therapies may stimulate non-homeostatic clearance by antigen-presenting cells and drive cancer antigen-directed immunity. On the other hand, (a general) inflammatory clearance of dying cancer cells could have pro-tumorigenic or antitumorigenic consequences depending on the context. Interestingly, the immunosuppressive consequences that accompany tolerogenic phagocytosis can be reversed through immune-checkpoint therapies. In the present review, we discuss the pivotal role of phagocytosis in regulating responses to anticancer therapy. We give particular attention to the role of phagocytosis following treatment with immunogenic or immune-checkpoint therapies, the clinical prognostic and predictive significance of phagocytic signals for cancer patients and the therapeutic strategies that can be employed for direct targeting of phagocytic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Romano
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - N Rufo
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory, Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Fucikova J, Becht E, Iribarren K, Goc J, Remark R, Damotte D, Alifano M, Devi P, Biton J, Germain C, Lupo A, Fridman WH, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Kroemer G, Sautès-Fridman C, Cremer I. Calreticulin Expression in Human Non–Small Cell Lung Cancers Correlates with Increased Accumulation of Antitumor Immune Cells and Favorable Prognosis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1746-56. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Muth C, Rubner Y, Semrau S, Rühle PF, Frey B, Strnad A, Buslei R, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Primary glioblastoma multiforme tumors and recurrence : Comparative analysis of the danger signals HMGB1, HSP70, and calreticulin. Strahlenther Onkol 2015; 192:146-55. [PMID: 26646311 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-015-0926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor. Despite improved multimodal therapies, the tumor recurs in most cases. Diverging patient survival suggests great tumor heterogeneity and different therapy responses. Danger signals such as high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and calreticulin (CRT) are biomarker candidates, due to their association with tumor progression versus induction of antitumor immune responses. Overexpression of these danger signals has been reported for various types of tumors; however, their role in GBM is still elusive. A direct comparison of their expression in the primary tumor versus the corresponding relapse is still lacking for most tumor entities. PATIENTS AND METHODS We therefore performed an expression analysis by immunohistochemistry of the danger signals HMGB1, HSP70, and CRT in primary tumors and the corresponding relapses of 9 patients with de novo GBM. RESULTS HMGB1 was highly expressed in primary tumors with a significant reduction in the respective relapse. The extracellular HSP70 expression was significantly increased in the relapse compared to the primary tumor. CRT was generally highly expressed in the primary tumor, with a slight increase in the relapse. CONCLUSION The combination of a decreased expression of HMGB1, an increased expression of extracellular HSP70, and an increased expression of CRT in the relapse seems to be beneficial for patient survival. HMGB1, extracellular HSP70, and CRT could be taken into concerted consideration as potential biomarkers for the prognosis of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Muth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Rubner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Semrau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul-Friedrich Rühle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annedore Strnad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rolf Buslei
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Fucikova J, Moserova I, Urbanova L, Bezu L, Kepp O, Cremer I, Salek C, Strnad P, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Spisek R. Prognostic and Predictive Value of DAMPs and DAMP-Associated Processes in Cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:402. [PMID: 26300886 PMCID: PMC4528281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now clear that human neoplasms form, progress, and respond to therapy in the context of an intimate crosstalk with the host immune system. In particular, accumulating evidence demonstrates that the efficacy of most, if not all, chemo- and radiotherapeutic agents commonly employed in the clinic critically depends on the (re)activation of tumor-targeting immune responses. One of the mechanisms whereby conventional chemotherapeutics, targeted anticancer agents, and radiotherapy can provoke a therapeutically relevant, adaptive immune response against malignant cells is commonly known as “immunogenic cell death.” Importantly, dying cancer cells are perceived as immunogenic only when they emit a set of immunostimulatory signals upon the activation of intracellular stress response pathways. The emission of these signals, which are generally referred to as “damage-associated molecular patterns” (DAMPs), may therefore predict whether patients will respond to chemotherapy or not, at least in some settings. Here, we review clinical data indicating that DAMPs and DAMP-associated stress responses might have prognostic or predictive value for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Irena Moserova
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Linda Urbanova
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Lucillia Bezu
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France
| | - Cyril Salek
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Gynecology and Obsterics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP , Paris , France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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JARID1B Expression Plays a Critical Role in Chemoresistance and Stem Cell-Like Phenotype of Neuroblastoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125343. [PMID: 25951238 PMCID: PMC4423965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common neural crest-derived extracranial solid cancer in children. Among all childhood cancers, NB causes devastating loss of young lives as it accounts for 15% of childhood cancer mortality. Neuroblastoma, especially high-risk stage 4 NB with MYCN amplification has limited treatment options and associated with poor prognosis. This necessitates the need for novel effective therapeutic strategy. JARID1B, also known as KDM5B, is a histone lysine demethylase, identified as an oncogene in many cancer types. Clinical data obtained from freely-accessible databases show a negative correlation between JARID1B expression and survival rates. Here, we demonstrated for the first time the role of JARID1B in the enhancement of stem cell-like activities and drug resistance in NB cells. We showed that JARID1B may be overexpressed in either MYCN amplification (SK-N-BE(2)) or MYCN-non-amplified (SK-N-SH and SK-N-FI) cell lines. JARID1B expression was found enriched in tumor spheres of SK-N-BE(2) and SK-N-DZ. Moreover, SK-N-BE(2) spheroids were more resistant to chemotherapeutics as compared to parental cells. In addition, we demonstrated that JARID1B-silenced cells acquired a decreased propensity for tumor invasion and tumorsphere formation, but increased sensitivity to cisplatin treatment. Mechanistically, reduced JARID1B expression led to the downregulation of Notch/Jagged signaling. Collectively, we provided evidence that JARID1B via modulation of stemness-related signaling is a putative novel therapeutic target for treating malignant NB.
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Functional roles of calreticulin in cancer biology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:526524. [PMID: 25918716 PMCID: PMC4396016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/526524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin is a highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein which participates in various cellular processes. It was first identified as a Ca2+-binding protein in 1974. Accumulated evidences indicate that calreticulin has great impacts for the development of different cancers and the effect of calreticulin on tumor formation and progression may depend on cell types and clinical stages. Cell surface calreticulin is considered as an “eat-me” signal and promotes phagocytic uptake of cancer cells by immune system. Moreover, several reports reveal that manipulation of calreticulin levels profoundly affects cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis as well as differentiation. In addition to immunogenicity and tumorigenesis, interactions between calreticulin and integrins have been described during cell adhesion, which is an essential process for cancer metastasis. Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors which connect extracellular matrix and intracellular cytoskeleton and trigger inside-out or outside-in signaling transduction. More and more evidences reveal that proteins binding to integrins might affect integrin-cytoskeleton interaction and therefore influence ability of cell adhesion. Here, we reviewed the biological roles of calreticulin and summarized the potential mechanisms of calreticulin in regulating mRNA stability and therefore contributed to cancer metastasis.
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Cheng Y, Yang C, Zhao J, Tse HF, Rong J. Proteomic identification of calcium-binding chaperone calreticulin as a potential mediator for the neuroprotective and neuritogenic activities of fruit-derived glycoside amygdalin. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Liu SH, Lee WJ, Lai DW, Wu SM, Liu CY, Tien HR, Chiu CS, Peng YC, Jan YJ, Chao TH, Pan HC, Sheu ML. Honokiol confers immunogenicity by dictating calreticulin exposure, activating ER stress and inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:834-49. [PMID: 25619450 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is a major clinical obstacle in gastrointestinal cancer therapy, and it accounts for the majority of cancer-related mortality. Calreticulin (CRT) is over-expressed in gastric tumors and has been linked to poor prognosis. In this study, immunohistochemistry studies revealed that the up-regulation of CRT was associated with lymph node and distant metastasis in patients with gastric cancer specimens. CRT was significantly down-regulated in highly metastatic gastric cancer cell lines and metastatic animal by Honokiol-treated. Small RNA interference blocking CRT by siRNA-CRT was translocated to the cells in the early immunogenic response to Honokiol. Honokiol activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and down-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) activity resulting in PPARγ and CRT degradation through calpain-II activity, which could be reversed by siRNA-calpain-II. The Calpain-II/PPARγ/CRT axis and interaction evoked by Honokiol could be blocked by gene silencing or pharmacological agents. Both transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) induced cell migration, invasion and reciprocal down-regulation of epithelial marker E-cadherin, which could be abrogated by siRNA-CRT. Moreover, Honokiol significantly suppressed MNNG-induced gastrointestinal tumor growth and over-expression of CRT in mice. Knockdown CRT in gastric cancer cells was found to effectively reduce growth ability and metastasis in vivo. The present study provides insight into the specific biological behavior of CRT in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. Taken together, our results suggest that the therapeutic inhibition of CRT by Honokiol suppresses both gastric tumor growth and peritoneal dissemination by dictating early translocation of CRT in immunogenic cell death, activating ER stress, and blocking EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jane Lee
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - De-Wei Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Mao Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Ru Tien
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Shan Chiu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Peng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Jee Jan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hsin Chao
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chuan Pan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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O'Brien MA, Power DG, Clover AJP, Bird B, Soden DM, Forde PF. Local tumour ablative therapies: Opportunities for maximising immune engagement and activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:510-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Weng WC, Lin KH, Wu PY, Lu YC, Weng YC, Wang BJ, Liao YF, Hsu WM, Lee WT, Lee H. Calreticulin Regulates VEGF-A in Neuroblastoma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:758-70. [PMID: 25288151 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) has been previously correlated with the differentiation of neuroblastoma (NB), implying a favorable prognostic factor. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been reported to participate in the behavior of NB. This study investigated the association of CRT and VEGF-A in NB cells. The expressions of VEGF-A and HIF-1α, with overexpression or knockdown of CRT, were measured in three NB cells (SH-SY5Y, SK-N-DZ, and stNB-V1). An inducible CRT NB cell line and knockdown CRT stable cell lines were also established. The impacts of CRT overexpression on NB cell apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation were also evaluated. We further examined the role of VEGF-A in the NB cell differentiation via VEGF receptor blockade. Constitutive overexpression of CRT led to NB cell differentiation without proliferation. Thus, an inducible CRT stNB-V1 cell line was generated by a tetracycline-regulated gene system. CRT overexpression increased VEGF-A and HIF-1α messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions in SH-SY5Y, SK-N-DZ, and stNB-V1 cells. CRT overexpression also enhanced VEGF-A protein expression and secretion level in conditioned media in different NB cell lines. Knockdown of CRT decreased VEGF-A and HIF-1α mRNA expressions and lowered VEGF-A protein expression and secretion level in conditioned media in different NB cell lines. We further demonstrated that NB cell apoptosis was not affected by CRT overexpression in stNB-V1 cells. Nevertheless, overexpression of CRT suppressed cell proliferation and enhanced cell differentiation in stNB-V1 cells, whereas blockage of VEGFR-1 markedly suppressed the expression of neuron-specific markers including GAP43, NSE2, and NFH, as well as TrkA, a molecular marker indicative of NB cell differentiation. Our findings suggest that VEGF-A is involved in CRT-related neuronal differentiation in NB. Our work may provide important information for developing a new therapeutic strategy to improve the outcome of NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chin Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sheng W, Chen C, Dong M, Zhou J, Liu Q, Dong Q, Li F. Overexpression of calreticulin contributes to the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:887-97. [PMID: 24264800 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the clinicopathological significance for Calreticulin (CRT) expression in pancreatic cancer (PC), and its functional relationship with other signaling genes (especially with p53) in regulating the biological behavior of PC cells. IHC, IF, IB, and real-time PCR were used to detect CRT expression in PC, while transfection and drug intervention were used to investigate the functional relationship of CRT with other signaling genes. IHC showed both CRT and p53 expression was significantly increased in PC, compared to that in paired non-cancerous pancreatic tissues (P < 0.001). High expression of CRT was positively associated with tumor UICC stage and lymph nodes metastasis (P = 0.034 and P = 0.015), and was an independent adverse prognostic indicator in patients with PC. No relationship was found between CRT and p53 expression in spearman's rank correlation test. Altered expression of CRT did not change p53, MDM2, pho-AKT, pho-p38, and pho-JNK expression, but had a specific regulation on pho-ERK. Meanwhile, CRT-regulated cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of PC cells in MEK/ERK pathway dependent manner. In addition, CRT knockdown significantly decreased pho-ERK expression and cell chemoresistance independent of activated p53 and caspase-3-related apoptosis in gemcitabine- or oxaliplatin-treated Capan-2 cells. Our study first demonstrated that overexpression of CRT contributed to the development and progression of PC through MEK/ERK-signaling pathway but independent of p53. The interaction between CRT and MEK/ERK pathway might provide a new idea for revealing malignant biology and supplying new gene targeted chemotherapy of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Mutsaers CA, Lamont DJ, Hunter G, Wishart TM, Gillingwater TH. Label-free proteomics identifies Calreticulin and GRP75/Mortalin as peripherally accessible protein biomarkers for spinal muscular atrophy. Genome Med 2013; 5:95. [PMID: 24134804 PMCID: PMC3979019 DOI: 10.1186/gm498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disease resulting from mutations in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. Recent breakthroughs in preclinical research have highlighted several potential novel therapies for SMA, increasing the need for robust and sensitive clinical trial platforms for evaluating their effectiveness in human patient cohorts. Given that most clinical trials for SMA are likely to involve young children, there is a need for validated molecular biomarkers to assist with monitoring disease progression and establishing the effectiveness of therapies being tested. Proteomics technologies have recently been highlighted as a potentially powerful tool for such biomarker discovery. METHODS We utilized label-free proteomics to identify individual proteins in pathologically-affected skeletal muscle from SMA mice that report directly on disease status. Quantitative fluorescent western blotting was then used to assess whether protein biomarkers were robustly changed in muscle, skin and blood from another mouse model of SMA, as well as in a small cohort of human SMA patient muscle biopsies. RESULTS By comparing the protein composition of skeletal muscle in SMA mice at a pre-symptomatic time-point with the muscle proteome at a late-symptomatic time-point we identified increased expression of both Calreticulin and GRP75/Mortalin as robust indicators of disease progression in SMA mice. We report that these protein biomarkers were consistently modified in different mouse models of SMA, as well as across multiple skeletal muscles, and were also measurable in skin biopsies. Furthermore, Calreticulin and GRP75/Mortalin were measurable in muscle biopsy samples from human SMA patients. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that label-free proteomics technology provides a powerful platform for biomarker identification in SMA, revealing Calreticulin and GRP75/Mortalin as peripherally accessible protein biomarkers capable of reporting on disease progression in samples of muscle and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Mutsaers
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Douglas J Lamont
- 'FingerPrints’ Proteomics Facility, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Gillian Hunter
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK,Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK,Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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Toll-like receptor 3 expression inhibits cell invasion and migration and predicts a favorable prognosis in neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:338-46. [PMID: 23541683 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the clinical significance of TLR3 expression on neuroblastomas, we performed immunohistochemical study on archival tissues and in vitro studies on neuroblastoma cell lines. The results showed that positive TLR3 expression was associated with favorable histology and prognosis. Activation of TLR3 by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] treatment is effective to suppress cell migration and invasion and to decrease organized assembly of F-actin and filopodia formation, in TLR3-expressing SK-N-AS cells, which could be reversed by TLR3-targeting siRNA treatment. TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) promotes GAP-43 expression also in SK-N-AS cells only. Taken together, TLR3 could serve to predict favorable behavior in neuroblastomas.
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Lu MY, Liu YL, Chang HH, Jou ST, Yang YL, Lin KH, Lin DT, Lee YL, Lee H, Wu PY, Luo TY, Shen LH, Huang SF, Liao YF, Hsu WM, Tzen KY. Characterization of Neuroblastic Tumors Using 18F-FDOPA PET. J Nucl Med 2012; 54:42-9. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Gao H, Yu B, Yan Y, Shen J, Zhao S, Zhu J, Qin W, Gao Y. Correlation of expression levels of ANXA2, PGAM1, and CALR with glioma grade and prognosis. J Neurosurg 2012; 118:846-53. [PMID: 23082878 DOI: 10.3171/2012.9.jns112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of gliomas are lacking. To elucidate new diagnostic and prognostic targets, a routine method is used to evaluate differences between the protein profile of normal and tumor cells. The object of the current study was to investigate novel differentially expressed proteins and their roles in gliomas. METHODS Differences in the protein profile were compared using 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using C6 glioma cells and rat astrocytes. The mRNA and protein expression of ANXA2, PGAM1, and CALR were analyzed in glioma tissues and normal brain tissues. The expression of ANXA2 in the U87 glioma cell line was interrupted using short interfering RNA duplexes, and the role of ANXA2 in the migration and invasiveness of glioma cells was assessed. The expression of ANXA2, PGAM1, and CALR was examined further by immunohistochemical analysis using 130 glioma samples obtained in patients, and their prognostic roles in gliomas were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Significantly higher expression levels of ANXA2 and PGAM1 and a lower level of CALR were found in glioma samples than in the normal brain samples. ANXA2, PGAM1, and CALR expression correlated with the grade and survival of patients with gliomas. Multivariate analysis further revealed that ANXA2 was an independent prognostic marker for glioma. After ANXA2 expression was suppressed using short interfering RNA, U87 cells had decreased migratory and invasive capabilities in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Protein expression alterations in ANXA2, PGAM1, and CALR were found in gliomas, and ANXA2 provided a novel prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Japan
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Liu R, Gong J, Chen J, Li Q, Song C, Zhang J, Li Y, Liu Z, Dong Y, Chen L, Jin B. Calreticulin as a potential diagnostic biomarker for lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:855-64. [PMID: 22083347 PMCID: PMC11029700 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is an endoplasmic reticulum luminal Ca(2+)-binding chaperone protein. By immunizing mice with recombinant fragment (rCRT/39-272), six clones of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated and characterized. Based on these mAbs, a microplate chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) system with a measured limit of detection of 0.09 ng/ml was developed. Using this CLEIA system, it was found that soluble CRT (sCRT) level in serum samples from 58 lung cancer patients was significantly higher than that from 40 healthy individuals (only 9 were detectable, P < 0.0001). Among them, serum sCRT in the small cell lung cancer was lower than that in adenocarcinoma (P = 0.0085), while both were lower than that in the squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.013, P = 0.0012, respectively). Moreover, it was found that sCRT in sera from the patients after chemotherapy was higher than that from the patients without chemotherapy (P = 0.042). Further study by immunohistochemistry showed that CRT was also highly expressed in the cytoplasm and on the membrane of the lung cancer cells, while there was a trace amount of CRT expression in normal lung cells. Correspondingly, the expression level of CRT on lung cancer cell membrane was associated with the tumor pathological grade. This study demonstrates that sCRT concentration in sera of lung cancer patients is higher than that in sera of healthy individuals, and CRT expression level on lung cancer cell membrane is associated with tumor pathological classification and grade. These findings suggest that CRT may be used as a biomarker in lung cancer prediction and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Liu
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Jiuyu Gong
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Chaojun Song
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Yongming Li
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Zhijia Liu
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Yun Dong
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
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Shih YY, Nakagawara A, Lee H, Juan HF, Jeng YM, Lin DT, Yang YL, Tsay YG, Huang MC, Pan CY, Hsu WM, Liao YF. Calreticulin Mediates Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Neuronal Differentiation. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 47:571-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chuang JH, Chuang HC, Huang CC, Wu CL, Du YY, Kung ML, Chen CH, Chen SC, Tai MH. Differential toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) expression and apoptotic response to TLR3 agonist in human neuroblastoma cells. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:65. [PMID: 21861882 PMCID: PMC3184062 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3) is a critical component of innate immune system against dsRNA viruses and is expressed in the central nervous system. However, it remains unknown whether TLR3 may serve as a therapeutic target in human neuroblastoma (NB). Methods TLR3 expression in human NB samples was examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot was used to determine TLR3 expression in three human NB cell lines. The effect of TLR3 agonist, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), on the growth of human NB cells was evaluated by WST-1 cell proliferation assay, flow cytometry analysis, and immunoblot analysis. Blockade of TLR3 signaling was achieved using TLR3 neutralizing antibody, small interference RNA, and 2-aminopurine (2-AP), an inhibitor of protein kinase R (PKR), an interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. Results In immunohistochemical studies, TLR3 mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of ganglion cells and in some neuroblastic cells, but not in the stromal cells in human NB tissues. Among three human NB cell lines analyzed, TLR3 was significantly up-regulated in SK-N-AS cells at mRNA and protein level compared with other two low TLR3- expressing NB cells. Treatment with poly(I:C) elicited significant growth inhibition and apoptosis only in high TLR3-expressing SK-N-AS cells, but not in low TLR3-expressing SK-N-FI and SK-N-DZ cells. Moreover, poly(I:C) treatment significantly stimulated the activities of PKR, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and caspase-3 in SK-N-AS cells. Application of TLR3 neutralizing antibody or small interference RNA (siRNA) reduced the poly(I:C)-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptosis in SK-N-AS cells. On the contrary, ectopic TLR3 expression enhanced the sensitivity of low TLR3-expressing NB cells to poly(I:C). Finally, application of 2-AP attenuated the poly(I:C)-induced IRF-3 and caspase-3 activation in SK-N-AS cells. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that TLR3 is expressed in a subset of NB cells. Besides, TLR3/PKR/IRF-3/capase-3 pathway is implicated in the selective cytotoxicity of TLR3 agonist towards high TLR3-expressing NB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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