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Koc K, Cerig S, Ozek NS, Aysin F, Yildirim S, Cakmak O, Hosseinigouzdagani M, Geyikoglu F. The efficacy of oleuropein against non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced toxicity in rat kidney. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:67-72. [PMID: 30259636 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indomethacin is generally used in clinical therapeutics as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. However, its use has been limited due to the gastrointestinal and renal toxic effects of this drug. These toxic effects were associated with not only the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis but also drug-elevated oxidative stress. To ameliorate these toxicities, natural antioxidants can be used as an alternative and/or combination therapies. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess the renoprotective effects of oleuropein against indomethacin-induced renal damages. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with oleuropein (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg), and then treated with indomethacin (25 mg/kg). To evaluate kidney function, serum blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine were measured. In addition, prostaglandin E2 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, caspase-3, oxidant/antioxidant status, and 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine levels were determined for the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of oleuropein. Tissue sections were also histopathologically assessed. The biochemical and histopathological analysis proved the toxic effects of indomethacin on kidney. However, the pretreatment with oleuropein (300 mg/kg) protects kidney from indomethacin-induced damages. Our study proved that prior administration of oleuropein has renoprotective activity against indomethacin-associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Koc
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science|, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Salim Cerig
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Faculty, Bartin University, Bartin, Turkey
| | - Nihal Simsek Ozek
- East Anatolian High Technology Research and Application Center (DAYTAM), Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ferhunde Aysin
- East Anatolian High Technology Research and Application Center (DAYTAM), Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cakmak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science|, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Fatime Geyikoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science|, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Biswas N, Chakraborty S, Datta A, Sarkar M, Mukhopadhyay MK, Bera MK, Seto H. Counterion effects on nano-confined metal-drug-DNA complexes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:62-7. [PMID: 26925353 PMCID: PMC4734432 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have explored morphology of DNA molecules bound with Cu complexes of piroxicam (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) molecules under one-dimensional confinement of thin films and have studied the effect of counterions present in a buffer. X-ray reflectivity at and away from the Cu K absorption edge and atomic force microscopy studies reveal that confinement segregates the drug molecules preferentially in a top layer of the DNA film, and counterions enhance this segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Biswas
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
- present affiliation: Soft Condensed Matter Department, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore 560080, India
| | - Sreeja Chakraborty
- Chemical Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Alokmay Datta
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Munna Sarkar
- Chemical Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Mrinmay K Mukhopadhyay
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Mrinal K Bera
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Hideki Seto
- KENS & CMRC, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
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Yang YH, Chen WC, Tsan YT, Chen MJ, Shih WT, Tsai YH, Chen PC. Statin use and the risk of cirrhosis development in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2015. [PMID: 26196278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Several animal studies have shown that statins can inhibit the progression of cirrhosis; however, few clinical studies have been conducted. Previous studies have indicated that statins can prevent the progression of hepatic fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and advanced hepatic fibrosis, however data is lacking on patients who have yet to progress to cirrhosis. This study investigated the association between the use of statin and the risk of cirrhosis development in patients with HCV infection. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study by using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A total of 226,856 patients with HCV infection were included as the study cohort. Each patient was followed from 1997 to 2010 to identify incident cases of cirrhosis. A Cox proportional hazard regression was performed to evaluate the association between statin use and cirrhosis risk. RESULTS A total of 34,273 cases of cirrhosis were identified in the cohort with HCV infection during the follow-up period of 2,874,031.7 person-years. The incidence rate was 445.5 cases of cirrhosis per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI), 423.3 to 465.7) for statin users (defined as those who used more than 28 cumulative defined daily doses (cDDD)), and 1311.2 cirrhosis cases per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 1297.1 to 1325.6) for non-users. A dose-response relationship between statin use and cirrhosis risk was observed. The adjusted hazard ratios were 0.33 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.36), 0.24 (95% CI, 0.22 to 0.25), and 0.13 (95% CI, 0.12 to 0.15) for statin use of 28 to 83, 84 to 365, and more than 365 cDDD, respectively, relative to no statin use (<28 cDDD). CONCLUSION Among the patients with HCV infection, statin use was associated with a reduced risk of cirrhosis development in a dose-dependent manner. Further clinical research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for Chang Gung Research Datalink, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chen
- Center of Excellence for Chang Gung Research Datalink, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tse Tsan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Jyh Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Departments of Internal Medicine, Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tai Shih
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Ekor M, Odewabi AO, Kale OE, Adesanoye OA, Bamidele TO. Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, lowers plasma cholesterol and attenuates hepatic lipid peroxidation during carbon-tetrachloride-associated hepatotoxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 36:1-8. [PMID: 22168377 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.642380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin production are suggested to play important, complex roles in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. Studies on the effects of COX-2 inhibitors on the progression of liver fibrosis present controversial results, and the proposed therapeutic potential of these agents in chronic liver disease is predicated largely on their effectiveness in modulating hepatic stellate cell activation in vitro. This study investigated the modulatory effect of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, in CCl(4)-mediated hepatotoxicity in rats. Thirty Wistar albino rats, weighing 120-180 g, were assigned into five groups of 6 rats/group. Groups 1 and 2 received saline (10 mL/kg) and CCl(4) (80 mg/kg), respectively. Group 3 was given celecoxib (5.7 mg/kg), whereas groups 4 and 5 were pretreated with 2.9 and 5.7 mg/kg/day of celecoxib, respectively, 1 hour before CCl(4) treatment. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities increased significantly by 118.5, 150.0, and 51.3%, respectively, with an accompanying decrease (P < 0.05) in total protein and albumin after CCl(4) treatment. Hepatotoxicity was associated with a significant increase in plasma cholesterol, hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), and severe hepatic necrosis with marked fatty and cellular (i.e., mononuclear cells) infiltration. Although celecoxib neither reduced CCl(4)-induced increases in marker enzymes of hepatotoxicity nor significantly attenuated hepatic necrosis, it, however, was effective in reducing elevated cholesterol by 16.5 and 20.8% and LPO by 12.9 and 35.5% at 2.9 and 5.7 mg/kg, respectively. Data suggest that COX-2 inhibitors may be effective in controlling hypercholesterolemia and peroxidative changes associated with liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Ekor
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Redemption City, Nigeria.
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5
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Tian F, Wang L, Zhang YJ. Selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib inhibits liver fibrogenesis in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2002-2010. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i19.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, protects from carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats.
METHODS: Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group A (n = 10) was subcutaneously injected with 50% 1 mL/kg CCl4 olive oil solution, twice per week, to induce hepatic fibrosis and intragastrically given saline. Groups B (n = 10), C (n = 10) and D (n = 10) were also subjected to induction of hepatic fibrosis and intragastrically given celecoxib 15 mg/kg once daily from day 1, week 3, and week 5 after CCl4 injection. Group E (n = 5) was subcutaneously injected with equal volume of olive oil and intragastrically given the same dose of celecoxib, while group F (n = 5) was subcutaneously injected with equal volume of olive oil and intragastrically given saline. The treatment lasted for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected to measure serum ALT, HA and LN levels, while hepatic tissue samples were taken to evaluate the degree of liver fibrosis by HE staining and to detect the expression of type I collagen, alpha SMA, COX-1, and COX-2 by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Compared to group F, significant hepatic fibrosis was observed in group A (P < 0.01). Compared to group A, liver fibrosis was significantly reduced (P < 0.01), serum ALT, HA and LN levels significantly decreased (100.4 U/L ± 8.7 U/L vs 287.8 U/L ± 9.6 U/L, 189.6 μg/L ± 83.0 μg/L vs 382.6 μg/L ± 136.0 μg/L, 71.4 μg/L ± 4.6 μg/L vs 108.7 μg/L ± 9.8 μg/L, all P < 0.01), and the areas positive for type I collagen, alpha SMA, and COX-2 were reduced (all P < 0.01). The above parameters showed significant differences among groups B, C and D (all P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the above parameters between groups E and F. COX-1-positive area showed no significant difference among each group.
CONCLUSION: COX-2 plays an important role in liver fibrogenesis. Celecoxib can reduce or prevent liver fibrosis in a time-dependent manner probably by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation and inflammation.
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Ilic S, Drmic D, Zarkovic K, Kolenc D, Brcic L, Radic B, Djuzel V, Blagaic AB, Romic Z, Dzidic S, Kalogjera L, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Ibuprofen hepatic encephalopathy, hepatomegaly, gastric lesion and gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 667:322-9. [PMID: 21645505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ibuprofen (0.4 g/kg intraperitoneally, once daily for 4 weeks) evidenced a series of pathologies, not previously reported in ibuprofen-dosed rats, namely hepatic encephalopathy, gastric lesions, hepatomegaly, increased AST and ALT serum values with prolonged sedation/unconsciousness, and weight loss. In particular, ibuprofen toxicity was brain edema, particularly in the cerebellum, with the white matter being more affected than in gray matter. In addition, damaged and red neurons, in the absence of anti-inflammatory reaction was observed, particularly in the cerebral cortex and cerebellar nuclei, but was also present although to a lesser extent in the hippocampus, dentate nucleus and Purkinje cells. An anti-ulcer peptide shown to have no toxicity, the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (GEPPPGKPADDAGLV, MW 1419, 10 μg, 10 ng/kg) inhibited the pathology seen with ibuprofen (i) when given intraperitoneally, immediately after ibuprofen daily or (ii) when given in drinking water (0.16 μg, 0.16 ng/ml). Counteracted were all adverse effects, such as hepatic encephalopathy, the gastric lesions, hepatomegaly, increased liver serum values. In addition, BPC 157 treated rats showed no behavioral disturbances and maintained normal weight gain. Thus, apart from efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease and various wound treatments, BPC 157 was also effective when given after ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spomenko Ilic
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathology Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Jeong SW, Jang JY, Lee SH, Kim SG, Cheon YK, Kim YS, Cho YD, Kim HS, Lee JS, Jin SY, Shim CS, Kim BS. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with the progression to cirrhosis. Korean J Intern Med 2010; 25:364-71. [PMID: 21179273 PMCID: PMC2997964 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2010.25.4.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate the degree of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. METHODS COX-2 protein expression was evaluated in 43 cases of chronic hepatitis and 24 cases of cirrhosis using immunohistochemical techniques. The COX-2 immunohistochemical staining score was assessed using the scoring systems of Pazirandeh et al and Qiu et al. and each scoring system was based on a sum of the parameters of staining intensity and distribution. RESULTS The mean COX-2 expression scores in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis were 2.5 ± 1.3 vs. 3.3 ± 1.1 (p = 0.008), and 3.2 ± 2.0 vs. 4.5 ± 1.7 (p = 0.006), respectively, based on the Pazirandeh et al. and Qiu et al. scoring systems. The percentage samples of high COX-2 expression score (4 to 5) in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis were 16.3% vs. 45.8% (p = 0.022), and 23.3% vs. 50% (p = 0.021), respectively, based on the two scoring systems. The mean COX-2 expression scores based on the severity of hepatic fibrosis scored using Ishak's modified staging system (fibrosis score 0 to 3 vs. 4 to 6) were 2.4 ± 1.3 vs. 3.2 ± 1.1 (p = 0.009), and 3.1 ± 2.0 vs. 4.3 ± 1.8 (p = 0.009), respectively, based on the two scoring systems. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 expression was significantly higher in liver cirrhosis group than in chronic hepatitis. COX-2 expression scores according to Ishak's staging was significantly higher in the advanced fibrosis group. COX-2 may play a role in the progression of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung Won Jeong
- Institute for Digestive Research and Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Young Jang
- Institute for Digestive Research and Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Hwan Lee
- Institute for Digestive Research and Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Gyun Kim
- Institute for Digestive Research and Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Koog Cheon
- Institute for Digestive Research and Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Institute for Digestive Research and Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Deok Cho
- Institute for Digestive Research and Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Soo Kim
- Institute for Digestive Research and Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Seong Lee
- Institute for Digestive Research and Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Young Jin
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Sup Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boo Sung Kim
- Institute for Digestive Research and Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Said MM, Ogawa K, Pitchakarn P, Takahashi S, Asamoto M, Shirai T. Cyclooxygenase 2 and Prostaglandin E2 are not Involved in N-Nitrosodiethylamine-Initiated Early Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis. J Toxicol Pathol 2009; 22:263-71. [PMID: 22272001 PMCID: PMC3234601 DOI: 10.1293/tox.22.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary
supplementation with nimesulide or eugenol on N-nitrosodiethylamine
(DEN)-initiated early hepatocarcinogenesis in F344 male rats. Both compounds did
not alter the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1, the enzyme that plays a
major role in the activation of DEN to genotoxic products; however, nimesulide
induced the expression of CYP1A1. Western blot analysis revealed that COX-1 and
COX-2 protein expressions were not modulated by DEN compared with normal
controls. Furthermore, post-initiation feeding with nimesulide or eugenol did
not modulate COX-2 protein expression in normal or DEN-treated rats, whereas
eugenol significantly increased the liver prostaglandin E2
(PGE2) levels of DEN-injected animals compared with the DEN
controls. Ultimately, nimesulide or eugenol did not modify DEN-induced
hepatocarcinogenesis as evidenced by insignificant changes in the number and
size of preneoplastic placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive liver
foci compared with the DEN controls. These results suggest that COX-2, as well
as prostaglandin E2, may play no role in the post-initiation
development of DEN-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Said
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya
City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho,
Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya
City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho,
Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya
City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho,
Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya
City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho,
Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Asamoto
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya
City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho,
Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shirai
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya
City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho,
Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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9
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Yu J, Wu CW, Chu ESH, Hui AY, Cheng ASL, Go MYY, Ching AKK, Chui YL, Chan HLY, Sung JJY. Elucidation of the role of COX-2 in liver fibrogenesis using transgenic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:571-7. [PMID: 18503750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic COX-2 overexpression is sufficient to induce hepatitis, but its role on liver fibrosis remains unknown. We aim to elucidate possible biological effects of COX-2 in liver fibrosis using both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mouse models. COX-2 transgenic (TG) mice that specifically overexpress the human COX-2 cDNA in the liver, knockout (KO), and wild type (WT) mice were studied in two different murine fibrosis models induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) injection or methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet. Liver injury was assessed by serum ALT and bilirubin levels and histological examination. Hepatic collagen content was determined by picrosirius red stain morphometry assay and quantitation of hydroxyproline. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation was determined by immunohistochemical analysis of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). mRNA expression of fibrogenic genes was assayed by real-time quantitative PCR. COX-2 protein was overexpressed in the liver of TG mice compared with WT littermates. CCl(4) or MCD-induced liver fibrotic injury was equally severe in TG and WT mice, as demonstrated by similar elevated levels of hepatic collagen contents. Enhanced COX-2 expression in TG liver did not affect HSC activation and fibrogenic gene expression upon CCl(4) or MCD treatment. Importantly, CCl(4)-treated KO mice did not show significant difference in liver fibrotic damage and fibrogenic gene expression compared with the WT counterparts. This is the first report on the effect of COX-2 in liver fibrosis based on genetic mouse models. The results suggest that COX-2 does not appear to mediate the development of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Liu W, Nakamura H, Tsujimura T, Cheng J, Yamamoto T, Iwamoto Y, Imanishi H, Shimomura S, Yamamoto T, Hirasawa T, Inagaki S, Nishiguchi S, Hada T. Chemoprevention of spontaneous development of hepatocellular carcinomas in fatty liver Shionogi mice by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:768-73. [PMID: 16863510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) are suggested to have roles in carcinogenesis. COX-2 inhibitors have been reported to suppress growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines in vitro. However, little is known about the preventive effect of these drugs on spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo. Etodolac exists in a racemic mixture containing S- and R-etodolac. S-etodolac is responsible for COX-2 inhibitory activity and R-etodolac is related to the downregulation of RXRalpha. Here, the effect of etodolac on spontaneous development of HCC in fatty liver Shionogi mice is evaluated. Etodolac was administered at a low (2 mg/kg) or high (10 mg/kg) dose three times a week for 16 months starting at the age of 3 months. The development of HCC was suppressed slightly in the high-dose group, and suppressed markedly in the low-dose group, although the development of fatty liver was not inhibited in either group. Plasma prostaglandin E2 levels were also decreased significantly in the low-dose group, consistent with the suppression of HCC. The expression of RXRalpha and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in non-tumorous liver tissues was decreased significantly in both the low-dose and high-dose groups. These findings show that etodolac treatment at an optimum dose suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo, and may be useful for preventing the development of HCC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501
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Tessitore L, Bollito E. Early induction of TGF-beta1 through a fasting-re-feeding regimen promotes liver carcinogenesis by a sub-initiating dose of diethylnitrosamine. Cell Prolif 2006; 39:105-16. [PMID: 16542346 PMCID: PMC6496430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a sub-necrogenic dose (20 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) can induce the development of liver cancer when rats undergo a fasting-re-feeding regimen. The present study was undertaken to establish whether fasting followed by re-feeding builds up mechanisms able to trigger liver fibrosis, eventually leading to cirrhosis and cancer. Adult male rats, for fasted 4 days, were given 20 mg/kg of DENA after 1 day of re-feeding; in parallel, consistently fed animals receiving 20 mg/kg (sub-necrogenic) or 200 mg/kg (necrogenic dose) of DENA were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. All three groups were then subjected to the 2-acetylaminofluorene/carbon tetrachloride promoting regimen. Fasting induced moderate apoptosis in liver tissue, as evidenced by increased levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and Bax proteins and by a dramatic drop in the level of Bcl-2. Subsequent re-feeding caused all changes to revert except TGF-beta1 up-regulation. Histological findings of inflammation and fibrosis were consistently associated with increased production of TGF-beta1, the inflammatory cytokine with the most pronounced profibrogenic action. Thus, up-regulation of TGF-beta1 expression appears as a major mechanism by which the fasting-re-feeding regimen predisposes to initiation and promotion of liver carcinogenesis in rats. Avoiding fasting-re-feeding could be considered in the nutritional status of patients with liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tessitore
- Department of Chemical, Nutritional, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University 'A. Avogadro', East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
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12
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Hui AY, Cheng ASL, Chan HLY, Go MYY, Chan FKL, Sakata R, Ueno T, Sata M, Sung JJY. Effect of prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin I2 on PDGF-induced proliferation of LI90, a human hepatic stellate cell line. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 71:329-33. [PMID: 15380820 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are central to liver fibrosis. The eicosanoid pathway and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may be an important signaling mechanism in HSC. We investigated the role of COX-2, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)) in proliferation of LI90, an immortalized cell line of HSC. Our results showed that COX-2 was upregulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a mitogen in HSC. COX-2 was responsible for the production of PGE(2) and PGI(2) in PDGF-stimulated LI90 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that COX-2 and PGE(2) mediated the proliferative response of LI90 to PDGF while synthetic analogue of PGI(2) exhibited anti-proliferative effect. Our findings suggest complex interactions of prostaglandins in liver fibrogenesis. In vivo studies using animal models are needed to elucidate the effect of COX-2 inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or COX-2 inhibitor in hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Yui Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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13
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Mohammed NA, El-Aleem SA, El-Hafiz HA, McMahon RFT. Distribution of constitutive (COX-1) and inducible (COX-2) cyclooxygenase in postviral human liver cirrhosis: a possible role for COX-2 in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:350-4. [PMID: 15047734 PMCID: PMC1770276 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.012120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Prostaglandins produced by the action of cyclooxygenases (COX) are important mediators of systemic vasodilatation and inflammation in liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of COX-1 and COX-2 in postviral cirrhosis. METHODS The immunohistochemical expression of the constitutive (COX-1) and the inducible (COX-2) isoenzymes was investigated in 15 patients with cirrhosis after hepatitis B and C infection; three normal control livers were also analysed. RESULTS COX-2 was absent from normal liver but was highly expressed in cirrhosis, mainly in the inflammatory, sinusoidal, vascular endothelial, and biliary epithelial cells. Low amounts of COX-1 were expressed in both normal and cirrhotic livers, exclusively in sinusoidal and vascular endothelial cells, with no differences seen between normal and cirrhotic livers. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 is overexpressed in liver cirrhosis, and possibly contributes to prostaglandin overproduction, which may be a major component of the inflammation and hyperdynamic circulation associated with cirrhosis. Because COX-2 is thought to contribute to tumour development, high COX-2 production could be a contributor to hepatocellular carcinoma development in cirrhosis. The finding of COX-2 and not COX-1 upregulation in cirrhosis could provide a possible new role for selective COX-2 inhibitors in reducing inflammation and minimising the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Mohammed
- Departments of Tropical Medicine and General Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - S A El-Aleem
- Department of Physiology, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - H A El-Hafiz
- Departments of Tropical Medicine and General Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - R F T McMahon
- Laboratory Medicine Academic Group, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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14
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Yamamoto H, Kondo M, Nakamori S, Nagano H, Wakasa KI, Sugita Y, Chang-De J, Kobayashi S, Damdinsuren B, Dono K, Umeshita K, Sekimoto M, Sakon M, Matsuura N, Monden M. JTE-522, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, is an effective chemopreventive agent against rat experimental liver fibrosis1. Gastroenterology 2003; 125:556-71. [PMID: 12891558 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The aim of this study was to assess the effects of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibition on rat experimental liver fibrogenesis. METHODS We investigated the inhibitory effects of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, JTE-522, on liver fibrosis induced by a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined diet (CDAA). Inhibitory effect was also tested in a second model of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis. RESULTS CDAA induced liver fibrosis and preneoplastic foci at 12 weeks and cirrhosis at 36 weeks. Hepatocellular carcinoma was noted in 13 of 15 rats (87%). JTE-522 significantly inhibited fibrosis and development of preneoplastic lesions in a dose-dependent manner and completely inhibited generation of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma at both low and high doses (10 and 30 mg/kg body wt/day, respectively). JTE-522 administrated only from 12 weeks to 36 weeks also prevented cirrhosis and formation of hepatocellular carcinoma. JTE-522 itself did not cause local or systemic gross or histopathologic changes at 36 weeks. Mechanistic studies indicated that the CDAA model displayed up-regulation of several biomarkers, including COX-2, arachidonate metabolite (prostaglandin E(2)), serum aspartate aminotransferase, and c-myc expression. The model also showed an increased proportion of activated hepatic stellate cells, proliferating cell nuclear antigen index, and CD45-positive inflammatory cells in the liver. JTE-522 effectively diminished these changes. JTE-522 exhibited similar antifibrosis effects in the TAA model. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that COX-2 is involved in CDAA- and TAA-induced liver fibrosis. Our data also indicate that JTE-522 is a potent chemopreventive agent of rat liver fibrosis with low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita-City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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15
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Abstract
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) activates a variety of signaling pathways. We have recently evaluated the effect of oxidized fatty acid metabolites on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induction in rat liver epithelial RL34 cells and found that, among the compounds tested, HNE most dramatically induced COX-2. A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway has been shown to play a key role in the mechanism of the HNE-induced COX-2 expression. It appears that the HNE-induced activation of p38 MAPK leads to the stabilization of COX-2 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Uchida
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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16
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Qiu DK, Ma X, Peng YS, Chen XY. Significance of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:815-7. [PMID: 12378621 PMCID: PMC4656567 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i5.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To clarify the significance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and adjacent nontumorous tissues.
METHODS: The COX-2 protein and mRNA were investigated in 27 HCC tissues with adjacent nontumorous tissues, and 5 histologically normal liver tissues, using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.
RESULTS: The well-differentiated HCC expressed COX-2 protein (5.68 ± 1.19) more strongly than moderated HCC (3.43 ± 1.98) and poor differentiated HCC (3.33 ± 1.50) (P < 0.05 respectively), adjacent nontumorous tissues (4.93 ± 1.05) and normal liver tissues (3.20 ± 1.92) (P < 0.01 respectively); More intensive staining of COX-2 in adjacent nontumorous tissues was observed than that in normal liver tissues (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference among adjacent nontumorous tissues, moderately differentiated HCC and poorly differentiated HCC (P > 0.05). The expression of COX-2 mRNA was observed in the cytoplasm of the cells of HCC and of the hepatocytes in adjacent nontumorous tissues in which COX-2 protein was positive.
CONCLUSION: The overexpression of COX-2 in well-differentiated HCC suggests that COX-2 may play a role in the early stages of hepatocarcinogensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Kai Qiu
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai, 200001, China.
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17
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Denda A, Kitayama W, Kishida H, Murata N, Tsutsumi M, Tsujiuchi T, Nakae D, Konishi Y. Development of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas associated with fibrosis in C57BL/6J male mice given a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined diet. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:125-32. [PMID: 11856475 PMCID: PMC5926952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of hepatocellular carcinomas in rats caused by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet, usually associated with fatty liver, fibrosis, cirrhosis and oxidative DNA damage, has been recognized as a useful model of hepatocarcinogenesis caused by endogenous factors. In the present study, in order to further explore involved factors and genes, we established an equivalent model in spontaneous liver tumor-resistant C57BL/6J mice. Six-week-old males and females were continuously fed the CDAA diet and histological liver lesions and oxidative DNA damage due to 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were examined after 22, 65 and 84 weeks. In male mice, fatty change and fibrosis were evident at 22 weeks, and preneoplastic foci of altered hepatocytes were seen at an incidence of 8/8 (100%) and a multiplicity of 6.6 +/- 4.0 per mouse at 65 weeks. Hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas developed at incidences of 16/24 (66.7%) and 5/24 (20.8%), and multiplicities of 1.42 +/- 1.32 and 0.29 +/- 0.62, respectively, at 84 weeks. The female mice exhibited resistance to development of these lesions. The CDAA diet also increased 8-OHdG levels in male but not female mice. These results indicate that a CDAA diet causes hepatocellular preneoplastic foci, adenomas and carcinomas associated with fibrosis and oxidative DNA damage in mice, as in rats, providing a hepatocarcinogenesis model caused by endogenous factors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Denda
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
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18
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Denda A, Kitayama W, Murata A, Kishida H, Sasaki Y, Kusuoka O, Tsujiuchi T, Tsutsumi M, Nakae D, Takagi H, Konishi Y. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 protein during rat hepatocarcinogenesis caused by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined diet and chemopreventive efficacy of a specific inhibitor, nimesulide. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:245-56. [PMID: 11872629 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/23.2.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein during rat hepatocarcinogenesis associated with fatty change, fibrosis, cirrhosis and oxidative DNA damage, caused by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet were investigated in F344 male rats, along with the chemopreventive efficacy of the specific COX-2 inhibitor, nimesulide (NIM). Nimesulide, which was administered in the diet at concentrations of 200, 400, 600 and 800 p.p.m. for 12 weeks, decreased the number and size of preneoplastic enzyme-altered liver foci, levels of oxidative DNA damage, and the grade and incidence of fibrosis in a dose-dependent manner. A preliminary long-term study of 65 weeks also revealed that 800 p.p.m. NIM decreased the multiplicity of neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas and prevented the development of cirrhosis. Western blot analysis revealed that COX-2 protein was barely expressed in control livers and increased approximately 2.9-fold in the livers of rats fed on a CDAA diet for 12 weeks and approximately 4.5-5.4-fold in tumors, with a diameter larger than 5 mm, at 80 weeks. Immunohistochemically, COX-2 protein was positive in sinusoidal and stromal cells in fibrotic septa, which were identified by immunoelectron microscopy as Kupffer cells, macrophages, either activated Ito cells or fibroblasts, after exposure to the CDAA diet for 12 weeks, whereas it was only occasionally weakly positive in sinusoidal, probably Kupffer, cells in control livers. In neoplastic nodules in rats fed on a CDAA diet for 30 and 80 weeks, sinusoidal cells and cells with relatively large round nuclei and scanty cytoplasm were strongly positive for COX-2 protein, with the neoplastic hepatocytes in the minority of the nodules, but not the cancer cells, being moderately positive. These results clearly indicate that rat hepatocarcinogenesis, along with fatty change, fibrosis and cirrhosis, is associated with increased expression of COX-2 protein, and point to the chemopreventive efficacy of a selective COX-2 inhibitor against, at least, the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Denda
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical Univesity, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
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19
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Kumagai T, Nakamura Y, Osawa T, Uchida K. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002; 397:240-5. [PMID: 11795877 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
COX-2 is rapidly expressed by various stimuli and plays a key role in conversion of free arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PGs). 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), one of the lipid peroxidation end-products, has been recently identified as a potent COX-2 inducer in rat epithelial cell RL34 cells (Kumagai et al. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273, 437-441). Here we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the COX-2 induction by HNE mainly focusing on the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The observations that (i) HNE induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and MKK3/MKK6 within 5 min and that (ii) SB203580, a p38 MAPK-specific inhibitor, suppressed the HNE-induced COX-2 expression suggested that the p38 MAPK pathway was involved in the HNE-induced COX-2 expression. Overexpression of p38 MAPK enhanced the HNE-induced COX-2 expression, whereas the overexpression of dominant negative p38 MAPK suppressed it. Furthermore, we also found that HNE upregulated the COX-2 expression by the stabilization of COX-2 mRNA via the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kumagai
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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20
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Cuendet M, Pezzuto JM. The role of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase in cancer chemoprevention. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 2001; 17:109-57. [PMID: 11201293 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2000.17.1-4.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of prostaglandins (PGs) and other eicosanoids in the development of human cancer has been known for over two decades. Importantly, an increase in PG synthesis may influence tumor growth in human beings and experimental animals, and numerous studies have illustrated the effect of PG synthesis on carcinogen metabolism, tumor cell proliferation and metastatic potential. PGs produced by cyclooxygenases (COXs) are represented by a large series of compounds that mainly enhance cancer development and progression, acting as carcinogens or tumor promoters, with profound effects on carcinogenesis. Further investigations suggest that arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites derived from lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways play an important role in growth-related signal transduction, implying that intervention through these pathways should be useful for arresting cancer progression. We discuss here the implications of COX and LOX in colon, pancreatic, breast, prostate, lung, skin, urinary bladder and liver cancers. Select inhibitors of COX and LOX are described, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), selective COX-2 inhibitors, curcumin, tea, silymarin and resveratrol, as well as a method useful for evaluating inhibitors of COX. Although a substantial amount of additional work is required to yield a better understanding of the role of COX and LOX in cancer chemoprevention, it is clear that beneficial therapeutic effects can be realized through drug-mediated modulation of these metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cuendet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, and University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
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21
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Kishida H, Nakae D, Kobayashi Y, Kusuoka O, Kitayama W, Denda A, Fukui H, Konishi Y. Enhancement of hepatocarcinogenesis initiated with diethylnitrosamine or N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine by a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined diet administered prior to the carcinogen exposure in rats. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2000; 52:405-12. [PMID: 11089891 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-2993(00)80071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Effects of pre-administration of a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet on hepatocarcinogenesis initiated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) in rats were investigated. A pre-administrating period was set as 1 week, because CDAA diet induces liver injuries by this time-point. In a time-course study, male Fischer 344 rats, 6 weeks old, received a 1-week pre-administration of choline-supplemented, L-amino acid-defined (CSAA) or CDAA diet, DEN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight by a single intraperitoneal injection, then CSAA or CDAA diet for up to 8 weeks, and were sacrificed 4, 6 and 8 weeks after DEN. CDAA diet administered only after DEN significantly increased the numbers of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive lesions 4, 6 and 8 weeks after DEN and their sizes 6 and 8 weeks after DEN. CDAA diet administered both before and after DEN similarly increased the numbers and sizes of GST-P-positive lesions, but with a significantly greater degree than obtained by the diet administered only after DEN. In a dose response study, rats received vechicle or DEN, at a dose of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 20, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight, 1 week after the commencement of CSAA or CDAA diet, and sacrificed 8 weeks after vehicle or DEN. The significant increases of the numbers of GST-P-positive lesions were obtained after 50-200 mg/kg body weight of DEN under the CSAA diet administration, whereas those were detected after 10-200 mg/kg under CDAA diet administration. Sizes became significantly larger with only 200 mg/kg body weight of DEN in the CSAA case but with 50-200 mg/kg in the CDAA case. Male Wistar rats received a 1-week pre-administration of CSAA or CDAA diet, vehicle or BHP, at a dose of 600 or 1200 mg/kg body weight, by a single intraperitoneal injection, then CSAA or CDAA diet for 8 weeks, and were then sacrificed. The numbers of GST-P-positive lesions demonstrated significant increment with 1200 mg/kg body weight of BHP by CDAA diet administered only after BHP and, to a significantly greater degree, by the diet administered both before and after BHP. While CDAA diet administered only after BHP did not alter the sizes of GST-P-positive lesions, the diet administered both before and after 600 and 1200 mg/kg body weight of BHP significantly increased the sizes of the lesions. These results indicate that the pre- plus post-administration of CDAA diet enhances hepatocarcinogenesis initiated with DEN or BHP, more than the post-administration only, thus providing a sensitive model to detect weak liver carcinogenic potency of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kishida
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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22
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Castelao JE, Yuan JM, Gago-Dominguez M, Yu MC, Ross RK. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and bladder cancer prevention. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1364-9. [PMID: 10755416 PMCID: PMC2374480 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion of phenacetin among 'proven' human carcinogens by the IARC in 1987, raised concerns about the carcinogenic potential of acetaminophen, its major metabolite. Acetaminophen has been implicated as a possible causal agent in the development of cancer of the renal pelvis. The bladder and renal pelvis, which derive from the same embryological structure, share the same transitional type of epithelium. Past studies have been inconclusive on the possible relationship among these analgesics and bladder cancer but no large, highly detailed study of this association has been conducted. A population-based case-control study conducted in Los Angeles, California, involved 1514 incident bladder cancer cases and an equal number of controls who were matched to the index cases by sex, date of birth (within 5 years) and race. Detailed information on medication use and prior medical conditions was collected through in-person interviews. Regular use of analgesics was not associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in either men or women. In fact, compared with non- or irregular users, regular analgesic users were at a decreased risk of bladder cancer overall (odds ratio (OR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68-0.96). However, there were clear differences in both the direction and strength of the associations between the different formulation classes of analgesics and bladder cancer risk. Intake of phenacetin was positively related to bladder cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner while intake of its major metabolite in humans, acetaminophen, was unrelated to risk. Intake of all classes of NSAIDs, except pyrazolon derivatives, were negatively associated with bladder cancer risk, with suggestive evidence that the protective effect varies in strength by subcategories of formulation. Acetic acids seemed to exhibit the strongest protective effect, whereas aspirin/other salicylic acids and oxicam showed the weakest protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Castelao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033-0800, USA
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23
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Kitayama W, Denda A, Yoshida J, Sasaki Y, Takahama M, Murakawa K, Tsujiuchi T, Tsutsumi M, Konishi Y. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 protein in rat lung tumors induced by N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine. Cancer Lett 2000; 148:145-52. [PMID: 10695990 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 protein in preneoplastic and neoplastic lung lesions induced by the administration of 2000 ppm of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) in the drinking water to Wistar male rats, was examined immunohistochemically. The majority of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas (ADs) and all adenocarcinomas (ADCs) examined, stained positive or strongly positive for COX-2. In contrast, only a minority of alveolar/bronchiolar hyperplasias demonstrated immunoreactivity and half of the squamous cell carcinomas examined, were only weakly positive. Western blotting analysis also revealed expression of COX-2 protein in the resected ADs and ADCs. These results clearly indicate up-regulated expression of COX-2 in lung neoplastic lesions, particularly ADs and ADCs, induced by BHP in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kitayama
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, Japan
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24
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Kitayama W, Denda A, Okajima E, Tsujiuchi T, Konishi Y. Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 protein in rat urinary bladder tumors induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:2305-10. [PMID: 10590224 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.12.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin and piroxicam, are known to possess chemopreventive potential against rat superficial urinary bladder carcinogenesis induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN). Recently, we found similar inhibitory effects with a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, nimesulide. In order to clarify the inhibitory mechanisms, we have further studied the expression of COX-2 protein in urinary bladder tumors induced by BBN in Fischer 344 male rats. For comparison, papillomatosis caused by uracil-induced urolithiasis, and normal epithelial cells, were also investigated. Western blot analysis revealed COX-2 protein to be barely expressed in the normal epithelial cells, whereas it was increased 13-22-fold in varying sizes of urinary bladder tumors and 7-fold in papillomatosis. Immunohistochemically, COX-2 protein was diffusely expressed in transitional cell carcinomas and nodulo-papillary hyperplasia but weakly expressed only in basal cells in simple hyperplasia and normal-looking surrounding epithelia. In papillomatosis, it was moderately expressed only in endothelial cells in stroma. These results indicate that COX-2 plays important roles in the development of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the rat urinary bladder, and therefore could be a good target for chemoprevention of superficial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kitayama
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Carcinogenesis may be effected not only through exposure to exogenous stimuli but also by genetic and epigenetic influences derived from endogenous factors. In the latter case, the mechanisms are still largely obscure because of the limited availability of appropriate in vivo experimental models. However, continuous feeding of a diet deficient in choline and methionine is well known to cause hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in rats in the absence of any known exogenous carcinogens and can serve as a good research model. A semi-synthetic, choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet, containing practically no choline and low methionine, induces HCC with a background of fatty liver and hepatocyte death, subsequent regeneration and fibrosis resulting in cirrhosis. Using the CDAA diet, we have revealed the participation of oxidative injury to DNA and other subcellular components and of alteration in intrahepatic signal transduction pathways in the mechanisms underlying this rat liver carcinogenesis model. In the present paper, the current understanding of endogenous rat liver carcinogenesis, due to dietary choline deficiency, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nakae
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.
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Nishimura G, Yanoma S, Mizuno H, Kawakami K, Tsukuda M. A selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor suppresses tumor growth in nude mouse xenografted with human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90:1152-62. [PMID: 10595745 PMCID: PMC5925997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor effect of a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, JTE-522, was examined with the human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line KB. KB cells do not produce prostaglandin (PG)-E2. In vitro, JTE-522 induced an increase of G1 phase-arrested cells, suppression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) production and inhibition of telomerase activity. No cytotoxic effect was detected. In vivo, the growth of the tumor xenografted into nude mice was significantly suppressed by JTE-522. Suppression of angiogenesis at the periphery of the tumor, increase of G1-arrested cells and suppression of telomerase activity were observed, together with an increase of apoptotic cell death in the tumor. Immunological enhancement did not play a role. We concluded that the anti-tumor effect of JTE-522 was caused by anti-angiogenesis action, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of telomerase activity of the tumor cells. These combined effects might induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nishimura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine.
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Nakae D, Denda A, Kobayashi Y, Akai H, Kishida H, Tsujiuchi T, Konishi Y, Suzuki T, Muramatsu M. Inhibition of early-phase exogenous and endogenous liver carcinogenesis in transgenic rats harboring a rat glutathione S-transferase placental form gene. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:1118-25. [PMID: 9914780 PMCID: PMC5921717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis initiated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and that initiated by feeding of a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet were compared in transgenic male Wistar rats harboring a rat glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) gene (GST-P-Tg rats) and non-transgenic (N-Tg) rats. Eight-week-old GST-P-Tg and N-Tg rats were administered DEN intraperitoneally at 100 mg/kg body weight, subjected to a selection procedure with 2-acetylaminofluorene and CCl4, and killed at the end of weeks 5 and 12. Other groups were fed the CDAA diet for 12 weeks and killed. Five weeks after the DEN treatment, numbers and sizes of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)- or GST-P-positive lesions and 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHG) levels in the livers were significantly less in GST-P-Tg rats than in N-Tg rats. The lesion numbers were unchanged between the ends of weeks 5 and 12 in GST-P-Tg rats, but decreased in N-Tg rats. The lesion sizes were increased in GST-P-Tg rats, but unchanged in N-Tg rats. While the proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling indices (PCNA L.I.) in and surrounding the lesions were decreased, more prominently in GST-P-Tg rats than in N-Tg rats, the 8-OHG levels were also decreased but similarly in both cases. After 12 weeks on the CDAA diet, the lesion incidences, numbers and sizes, 8-OHG levels, PCNA L.I. in and surrounding the lesions, and liver injury were significantly less in GST-P-Tg rats than in N-Tg rats. These results indicate that insertion of a rat GST-P transgene alters the early phase of exogenous and endogenous rat hepatocarcinogenesis, presumably due to enhanced detoxification by GST-P expressed both transiently during the initiation and chronically in the altered hepatocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nakae
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Nara Medical University
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