1
|
Quicray M, Wilhelm L, Enriquez T, He S, Scheifler M, Visser B. The Drosophila-parasitizing wasp Leptopilina heterotoma: A comprehensive model system in ecology and evolution. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9625. [PMID: 36703713 PMCID: PMC9871341 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitoid Leptopilina heterotoma has been used as a model system for more than 70 years, contributing greatly to diverse research areas in ecology and evolution. Here, we synthesized the large body of work on L. heterotoma with the aim to identify new research avenues that could be of interest also for researchers studying other parasitoids and insects. We start our review with a description of typical L. heterotoma characteristics, as well as that of the higher taxonomic groups to which this species belongs. We then continue discussing host suitability and immunity, foraging behaviors, as well as fat accumulation and life histories. We subsequently shift our focus towards parasitoid-parasitoid interactions, including L. heterotoma coexistence within the larger guild of Drosophila parasitoids, chemical communication, as well as mating and population structuring. We conclude our review by highlighting the assets of L. heterotoma as a model system, including its intermediate life history syndromes, the ease of observing and collecting natural hosts and wasps, as well as recent genomic advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Quicray
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| | - Léonore Wilhelm
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| | - Thomas Enriquez
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| | - Shulin He
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| | - Mathilde Scheifler
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary EntomologyUniversity of Liège ‐ Gembloux Agro‐Bio TechGemblouxBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jing T, Qian X, Du W, Gao T, Li D, Guo D, He F, Yu G, Li S, Schwab W, Wan X, Sun X, Song C. Herbivore-induced volatiles influence moth preference by increasing the β-Ocimene emission of neighbouring tea plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3667-3680. [PMID: 34449086 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles prime neighbouring plants to respond more strongly to subsequent attacks. However, the key volatiles that trigger this state and their priming mechanisms remain largely unknown. The tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua is one of the most devastating leaf-feeding pests of tea plants. Here, plant-plant communication experiments demonstrated that volatiles emitted from tea plants infested by E. obliqua larvae triggered neighbouring plants to release volatiles that repel E. obliqua adult, especially mated females. Volatile analyses revealed that the quantity of eight volatiles increased dramatically when plants were exposed to volatiles emitted by infested tea plants, including (Z)-3-hexenol, linalool, α-farnesene, β-Ocimene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT). The results of behavioural bioassays demonstrated that β-Ocimene strongly repelled mated E. obliqua females. Individual volatile compound exposure experiments revealed that (Z)-3-hexenol, linalool, α-farnesene and DMNT triggered the emission of β-Ocimene from tea plants. Chemical inhibition experiments demonstrated that the emission of β-Ocimene induced by (Z)-3-hexenol, linalool, α-farnesene and DMNT were dependent on Ca2+ and JA signalling. These findings help us to understand how E. obliqua moths respond to volatiles emitted from tea plants and provide new insight into volatile-mediated plant-plant interactions. They have potential significance for the development of novel insect and pest control strategies in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaona Qian
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenkai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Danyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fan He
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guomeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Bruijn JAC, Vet LEM, Smid HM, de Boer JG. Memory extinction and spontaneous recovery shaping parasitoid foraging behavior. Behav Ecol 2021; 32:952-960. [PMID: 34690548 PMCID: PMC8528537 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals can alter their foraging behavior through associative learning, where an encounter with an essential resource (e.g., food or a reproductive opportunity) is associated with nearby environmental cues (e.g., volatiles). This can subsequently improve the animal's foraging efficiency. However, when these associated cues are encountered again, the anticipated resource is not always present. Such an unrewarding experience, also called a memory-extinction experience, can change an animal's response to the associated cues. Although some studies are available on the mechanisms of this process, they rarely focus on cues and rewards that are relevant in an animal's natural habitat. In this study, we tested the effect of different types of ecologically relevant memory-extinction experiences on the conditioned plant volatile preferences of the parasitic wasp Cotesia glomerata that uses these cues to locate its caterpillar hosts. These extinction experiences consisted of contact with only host traces (frass and silk), contact with nonhost traces, or oviposition in a nonhost near host traces, on the conditioned plant species. Our results show that the lack of oviposition, after contacting host traces, led to the temporary alteration of the conditioned plant volatile preference in C. glomerata, but this effect was plant species-specific. These results provide novel insights into how ecologically relevant memory-extinction experiences can fine-tune an animal's foraging behavior. This fine-tuning of learned behavior can be beneficial when the lack of finding a resource accurately predicts current, but not future foraging opportunities. Such continuous reevaluation of obtained information helps animals to prevent maladaptive foraging behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M Smid
- Laboratory of Entomology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jetske G de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Espadas-Pinacho K, López-Guillén G, Gómez-Ruiz J, Cruz-López L. Induced volatiles in the interaction between soybean (Glycine max) and the Mexican soybean weevil (Rhyssomatus nigerrimus). BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 81:611-620. [PMID: 32935818 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.227271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study analyzed the volatile compounds emitted by Glycine max (cv. FT-Cristalina-RCH) soybean plants: healthy plants and plants damaged mechanically or by the Mexican soybean weevil Rhyssomatus nigerrimus. The SPME method was used to compare the volatile profile of soybean plants in four different conditions. The volatile profile of G. max plants infested by R. nigerrimus was qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of healthy and mechanically damaged plants. Emission of 59 compounds was detected in the four treatments. Of these compounds, 19 were identified by comparison of the Kovats index, mass spectrum and retention times with those of synthetic standards. An increase in concentration of the volatiles (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and the compound 1-octen-3-ol was observed when the soybean plants were mechanically damaged. The compounds mostly produced by the soybean plant during infestation by male and female R. nigerrimus were 1-octen-3-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, (E)-β-ocimene, salicylaldehyde, unknown 10, linalool, methyl salicylate, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (ester 5), ketone 2 and geranyl acetone. Behavioral effects of the identified compounds during the insect-plant interaction and their conspecifics are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Espadas-Pinacho
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur - ECOSUR, Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - G López-Guillén
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias - INIFAP, Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa, Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - J Gómez-Ruiz
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur - ECOSUR, Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - L Cruz-López
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur - ECOSUR, Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meng X, Hu J, Li Y, Dai J, Ouyang G. Screening for effective odors through which Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) locates its host. CHEMOECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Ayelo PM, Pirk CWW, Yusuf AA, Chailleux A, Mohamed SA, Deletre E. Exploring the Kairomone-Based Foraging Behaviour of Natural Enemies to Enhance Biological Control: A Review. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.641974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kairomones are chemical signals that mediate interspecific interactions beneficial to organisms that detect the cues. These attractants can be individual compounds or mixtures of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) or herbivore chemicals such as pheromones, i.e., chemicals mediating intraspecific communication between herbivores. Natural enemies eavesdrop on kairomones during their foraging behaviour, i.e., location of oviposition sites and feeding resources in nature. Kairomone mixtures are likely to elicit stronger olfactory responses in natural enemies than single kairomones. Kairomone-based lures are used to enhance biological control strategies via the attraction and retention of natural enemies to reduce insect pest populations and crop damage in an environmentally friendly way. In this review, we focus on ways to improve the efficiency of kairomone use in crop fields. First, we highlight kairomone sources in tri-trophic systems and discuss how these attractants are used by natural enemies searching for hosts or prey. Then we summarise examples of field application of kairomones (pheromones vs. HIPVs) in recruiting natural enemies. We highlight the need for future field studies to focus on the application of kairomone blends rather than single kairomones which currently dominate the literature on field attractants for natural enemies. We further discuss ways for improving kairomone use through attract and reward technique, olfactory associative learning, and optimisation of kairomone lure formulations. Finally, we discuss why the effectiveness of kairomone use for enhancing biological control strategies should move from demonstration of increase in the number of attracted natural enemies, to reducing pest populations and crop damage below economic threshold levels and increasing crop yield.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abrun P, Ashouri A, Duplouy A, Farahani HK. Wolbachia impairs post-eclosion host preference in a parasitoid wasp. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2021; 108:13. [PMID: 33760987 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Host preference behavior can result in adaptive advantages with important consequences for the fitness of individuals. Hopkin's host-selection principle (HHSP) suggests that organisms at higher trophic levels demonstrate a preference for the host species on which they developed during their own larval stage. Although investigated in many herbivorous and predatory insects, the HHSP has, to our knowledge, never been tested in the context of insects hosting selfish endosymbiotic passengers. Here, we investigated the effect of infection with the facultative bacterial symbiont Wolbachia on post-eclosion host preference in the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). We compared host preference in Wolbachia-infected individuals and uninfected adult female parasitoids after rearing them on two different Lepidopteran hosts, namely the flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) or the grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in choice and no choice experimental design (n = 120 wasps per each choice/no choice experiments). We showed that in T. brassicae, Wolbachia affects the post-eclosion host preference of female wasps. Wolbachia-infected wasps did not show any host preference and more frequently switched hosts in the laboratory, while uninfected wasps significantly preferred to lay eggs on the host species they developed on. Additionally, Wolbachia significantly improved the emergence rate of infected wasps when reared on new hosts. Altogether, our results revealed that the wasp's infection with Wolbachia may lead to impairment of post-eclosion host preference and facilitates growing up on different host species. The impairment of host preference by Wolbachia may allow T. brassicae to shift between hosts, a behavior that might have important evolutionary consequences for the wasp and its symbiont.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Abrun
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ashouri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Anne Duplouy
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, The University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goelen T, Vuts J, Sobhy IS, Wäckers F, Caulfield JC, Birkett MA, Rediers H, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Identification and application of bacterial volatiles to attract a generalist aphid parasitoid: from laboratory to greenhouse assays. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:930-938. [PMID: 32975888 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that microorganisms emit volatile compounds that affect insect behaviour. However, it remains largely unclear whether microbes can be exploited as a source of attractants to improve biological control of insect pests. In this study, we used a combination of coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) and Y-tube olfactometer bioassays to identify attractive compounds in the volatile extracts of three bacterial strains that are associated with the habitat of the generalist aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani, and to create mixtures of synthetic compounds to find attractive blends for A. colemani. Subsequently, the most attractive blend was evaluated in two-choice cage experiments under greenhouse conditions. RESULTS GC-EAG analysis revealed 20 compounds that were linked to behaviourally attractive bacterial strains. A mixture of two EAG-active compounds, styrene and benzaldehyde applied at a respective dose of 1 μg and 10 ng, was more attractive than the single compounds or the culture medium of the bacteria in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Application of this synthetic mixture under greenhouse conditions resulted in significant attraction of the parasitoids, and outperformed application of the bacterial culture medium. CONCLUSION Compounds isolated from bacterial blends were capable of attracting parasitoids both in laboratory and greenhouse assays, indicating that microbial cultures are an effective source of insect attractants. This opens new opportunities to attract and retain natural enemies of pest species and to enhance biological pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Goelen
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven, Belgium
| | - József Vuts
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Islam S Sobhy
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest, Westerlo, Belgium
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - John C Caulfield
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Michael A Birkett
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Hans Rediers
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics (CMPG), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anton S, Rössler W. Plasticity and modulation of olfactory circuits in insects. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:149-164. [PMID: 33275182 PMCID: PMC7873004 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory circuits change structurally and physiologically during development and adult life. This allows insects to respond to olfactory cues in an appropriate and adaptive way according to their physiological and behavioral state, and to adapt to their specific abiotic and biotic natural environment. We highlight here findings on olfactory plasticity and modulation in various model and non-model insects with an emphasis on moths and social Hymenoptera. Different categories of plasticity occur in the olfactory systems of insects. One type relates to the reproductive or feeding state, as well as to adult age. Another type of plasticity is context-dependent and includes influences of the immediate sensory and abiotic environment, but also environmental conditions during postembryonic development, periods of adult behavioral maturation, and short- and long-term sensory experience. Finally, plasticity in olfactory circuits is linked to associative learning and memory formation. The vast majority of the available literature summarized here deals with plasticity in primary and secondary olfactory brain centers, but also peripheral modulation is treated. The described molecular, physiological, and structural neuronal changes occur under the influence of neuromodulators such as biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and hormones, but the mechanisms through which they act are only beginning to be analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Anton
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, INRAE, 49045, Angers, France.
| | - Wolfgang Rössler
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jones LC, Rafter MA, Walter GH. Host plant acceptance in a generalist insect: threshold, feedback or choice? BEHAVIOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Generalist insect herbivores feed mainly on one or more primary host species, but unlike specialists they also accept numerous secondary hosts. This raises the question of how generalists retain a broad host range yet allocate most of their eggs to primary hosts. We considered three possible explanations. (1) Threshold: secondary hosts are accepted less readily than primary hosts. (2) Feedback loop: insects ovipositing on primary hosts lay subsequent eggs faster than on secondary hosts. (3) Choice: insects compare plant cues sensed over a certain period and oviposit on preferred plants. We measured time and number of landings leading to egg-laying in a generalist moth, Helicoverpa punctigera, on a primary host and two secondary hosts and recorded subsequent egg-laying rates on each. The moths typically accepted only the primary host on the first landing and laid subsequent eggs on this host earlier in the night, indicating thresholds and feedback operate together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C. Jones
- aSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle A. Rafter
- bHealth and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gimme H. Walter
- aSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li DZ, Huang XF, Yang RN, Chen JY, Wang MQ. Functional Analysis of Two Odorant-Binding Proteins, MaltOBP9 and MaltOBP10, in Monochamus alternatus Hope. Front Physiol 2020; 11:317. [PMID: 32351402 PMCID: PMC7174603 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are important for the perception of chemical signals by insects. Effective pest management strategies can be developed by understanding the host location mechanism and the physiological functions of OBPs in olfactory detection. In this study, we cloned two OBPs from Monochamus alternatus, where MaltOBP9 was highly expressed in multiple insect tissues and MaltOBP10 was highly expressed in the female antenna according to the results of qRT-PCR. The recombinant proteins were successfully purified in vitro. Immunocytochemistry indicated the high expression of MaltOBP9 and MaltOBP10 in the sensillum lymph of sensilla basiconica, sensilla trichodea, sensilla auricillica, and sensilla chaetica, thereby demonstrating their broad participation in semiochemical detection. Both proteins were localized in the inner cavity of mechanoreceptors and they exhibited broad binding abilities with volatiles from pine bark according to fluorescence competitive binding assays. Due to its broad binding ability and distribution, MaltOBP9 may be involved in various physiological processes as well as olfactory detection. MaltOBP10 appears to play a role in the fundamental olfactory recognition process of female adults according to its broad binding ability. These findings suggest that OBPs may have various physiological functions in insects, thereby providing novel insights into the olfactory receptive mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Zhen Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui-Nan Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Man-Qun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Chidawanyika F, Mudavanhu P, Nyamukondiwa C. Global Climate Change as a Driver of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Factors in Agricultural Landscapes and the Fate of Host-Parasitoid Interactions. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
|
14
|
Danner H, Desurmont GA, Cristescu SM, van Dam NM. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles accurately predict history of coexistence, diet breadth, and feeding mode of herbivores. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:726-738. [PMID: 28134434 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) serve as specific cues to higher trophic levels. Novel, exotic herbivores entering native foodwebs may disrupt the infochemical network as a result of changes in HIPV profiles. Here, we analysed HIPV blends of native Brassica rapa plants infested with one of 10 herbivore species with different coexistence histories, diet breadths and feeding modes. Partial least squares (PLS) models were fitted to assess whether HIPV blends emitted by Dutch B. rapa differ between native and exotic herbivores, between specialists and generalists, and between piercing-sucking and chewing herbivores. These models were used to predict the status of two additional herbivores. We found that HIPV blends predicted the evolutionary history, diet breadth and feeding mode of the herbivore with an accuracy of 80% or higher. Based on the HIPVs, the PLS models reliably predicted that Trichoplusia ni and Spodoptera exigua are perceived as exotic, leaf-chewing generalists by Dutch B. rapa plants. These results indicate that there are consistent and predictable differences in HIPV blends depending on global herbivore characteristics, including coexistence history. Consequently, native organisms may be able to rapidly adapt to potentially disruptive effects of exotic herbivores on the infochemical network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Danner
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gaylord A Desurmont
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
- European Biological Control Laboratory, USDA-ARS, CS 90013, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Simona M Cristescu
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500, GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, Jena, 07743, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Othim STO, Agbodzavu KM, Kahuthia-Gathu R, Akutse KS, Muchemi S, Ekesi S, Fiaboe KKM. Performance of Apanteles hemara (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two Amaranth Leaf-webbers: Spoladea recurvalis and Udea ferrugalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1284-1291. [PMID: 29045595 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Amaranth is an African indigenous vegetable that is gaining popularity due to its nutritional, medicinal, and economic values. In East Africa, frequent outbreaks of Lepidopteran leaf-webbers, Spoladea recurvalis F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Udea ferrugalis Hübner (1976) are reported on this crop, causing up to 100% foliage loss. The larval endoparasitoid Apanteles hemara Nixon is also frequently found associated with these pests during the outbreaks, however, its performance on both pests has never been documented. Laboratory studies were therefore carried out to assess the acceptability and suitability of S. recurvalis and U. ferrugalis to A. hemara. Both leaf-webber species were accepted by and suitable for the parasitoid. The mean host searching time and oviposition attempts were neither affected by rearing host nor test host. The total developmental time of A. hemara ranged between 10.6 ± 0.16 and 12.8 ± 0.30 days on both hosts. The sex ratio of the parasitoid was female biased when reared on S. recurvalis but male biased on U. ferrugalis. When offered 50 larvae of leaf-webbers for 24 h, a single female A. hemara achieved parasitism rates from 42.63 ± 5.80 to 44.55 ± 5.95, while a cohort of five females resulted in parasitism rates between 87.25 ± 2.70 and 94.67 ± 1.98 %. There was no significant difference between hosts in regard to progeny fitness at each parasitoid density. The parasitoid also caused significant nonreproductive larval mortalities in the hosts. The implications of these findings for mass rearing of the parasitoid as well as for conservation and augmentative biological control of amaranth lepidopteran leaf-webbers in East Africa are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S T O Othim
- Kenyatta University, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Kenya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kenya
| | - K M Agbodzavu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kenya
| | - R Kahuthia-Gathu
- Kenyatta University, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, Kenya
| | - K S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kenya
| | - S Muchemi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kenya
| | - S Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kenya
| | - K K M Fiaboe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Desurmont GA, Guiguet A, Turlings TCJ. Invasive insect herbivores as disrupters of chemically-mediated tritrophic interactions: effects of herbivore density and parasitoid learning. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1526-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
17
|
Tang R, Zhang F, Zhang ZN. Electrophysiological Responses and Reproductive Behavior of Fall Webworm Moths (Hyphantria cunea Drury) are Influenced by Volatile Compounds from Its Mulberry Host (Morus alba L.). INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7020019. [PMID: 27153095 PMCID: PMC4931431 DOI: 10.3390/insects7020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hyphantria cunea (Drury) is an invasive pest of Morus alba L. in China. β-ocimene and cis-2-penten-1-ol among eleven electro-physiologically active leaf volatiles from M. alba have been reported to influence captures of Hyphantria cunea moths when added into sex pheromone traps. This study further investigated influences of volatile types and their dosages on the electro-physiological responses in the antennae of male and female moths, as well as on mating and oviposition behaviors. Females were, regardless of dosages, more sensitive to β-ocimene and cis-2-penten-1-ol in electro-physiological response tests than males. For males, a dose response was detected, i.e., a dosage of 10 μg and 100 μg of either chemical stimulated higher electric response in their antennae than 1 μg. Moth pairs either exposed respectively to a herbivore-induced M. alba volatile blend (HIPV), to a mechanically-damaged M. alba volatile blend (MDV), to β-ocimene, to cis-2-penten-1-ol, or to pentane as a control showed that pairs exposed to β-ocimene most likely mated, followed by HIPV blends and least by the other volatiles or the control. In contrast, β-ocimene induced about 70% of the female oviposition behaviors and was nearly 4.5 times the oviposition rate than cis-2-penten-1-ol and 2 times than the control. However, none of the chemicals had any effect on the 48 h fecundity or on egg sizes. In conclusion, β-ocimene from mulberry plants alone could promote mating and oviposition in H. cunea at a dosage of 1 mg. The results indicate that reproductive behaviors of H. cunea moths can be enhanced through HIPV blends and β-ocimene induced by feeding of larvae. This contra phenomenon has revealed a different ecology in this moth during colonizing China as local pests would commonly be repelled by herbivore induced chemicals. These chemicals can be used for the development of biological control approaches such as being used together with sex pheromone traps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 West Beichen Road, Beijing 100101, China.
- CAB International East Asia Regional Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, China.
- MoA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 West Yuan-ming-yuan Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- CAB International East Asia Regional Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, China.
- MoA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 West Yuan-ming-yuan Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhong-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1-5 West Beichen Road, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Use of a parasitic wasp as a biosensor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 4:150-60. [PMID: 25587415 PMCID: PMC4264376 DOI: 10.3390/bios4020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Screening cargo for illicit substances is in need of rapid high-throughput inspection systems that accurately identify suspicious cargo. Here we investigate the ability of a parasitic wasp, Microplitis croceipes to detect and respond to methyl benzoate, the volatile component of cocaine, by examining their response to training concentrations, their sensitivity at low concentrations, and their ability to detect methyl benzoate when two concealment substances (green tea and ground coffee) are added to the testing arena. Utilizing classical associative learning techniques with sucrose as reward, we found that M. croceipes learns individual concentrations of methyl benzoate, and they can generalize this learning to concentrations 100× lower than the training concentration. Their sensitivity to methyl benzoate is very low at an estimated 3 ppb. They are also able to detect methyl benzoate when covered completely by green tea, but were not able to detect methyl benzoate when covered completely by coffee grounds. Habituation to the tea and coffee odors prior to testing improves their responses, resulting in effective detection of methyl benzoate covered by the coffee grounds. With the aid of the portable device called ‘the wasp hound’, the wasps appear to have potential to be effective on-site biosensors for the detection of cocaine.
Collapse
|
19
|
Canale A, Geri S, Benelli G. Associative learning for host-induced fruit volatiles in Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a koinobiont parasitoid of tephritid flies. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:774-780. [PMID: 25375217 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic wasps are fascinating organisms that rely on a wide range of communication channels to locate their hosts. Associative learning for foraging kairomones has been demonstrated for various parasitic wasps, but little is known for parasitoids of Tephritidae flies. Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a koinobiont parasitoid able to attack at least 14 tephritid pests. Females are innately attracted by some host-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), whereas others of the same bouquet are unattractive. We hypothesize that females may detect unattractive HIPVs in association with key resources, such as food and hosts, learning to respond favourably to these cues in consecutive experiences. We evaluated associative learning for HIPVs in P. concolor females, testing if they are able to associate a food reward with the presence of different dosages of three HIPVs, thus developing a preference for an odour innately unattractive. Results demonstrated that P. concolor responded favourably to the learned cue in consecutive experiences. For all tested HIPVs (nonanoic acid, decanoic acid and geranyl acetone), regardless of dosage, trained females preferred the reward-associated odour, whereas naïve did not. Both HIPV-trained and naïve females did not show consistent differences in latencies when choosing HIPVs over blank. HIPV-trained and naïve wasps did not spend more time on HIPVs over blank. Odour learning is of adaptive importance for this generalist parasitoid, since it enhances host location efficiency by reducing the time wasted on the decision of where to search for hosts. From an applied perspective, these HIPVs could be used to train mass-reared P. concolor in pre-release, to potentially improve its efficacy in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Canale
- Insect Behaviour Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment,University of Pisa,via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa,Italy
| | - S Geri
- Insect Behaviour Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment,University of Pisa,via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa,Italy
| | - G Benelli
- Insect Behaviour Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment,University of Pisa,via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa,Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Frederickx C, Dekeirsschieter J, Verheggen FJ, Haubruge E. Depth and type of substrate influence the ability of Nasonia vitripennis to locate a host. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:58. [PMID: 25373205 PMCID: PMC4207496 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The foraging behaviour of a parasitoid insect species includes the host's habitat and subsequent location of the host. Habitats substrate, substrate moisture, and light levels can affect the host searching of different species of parasitoids. However, the depth at which parasitoids concentrate their search effort is another important ecological characteristic and plays an important role in locating a host. Here, we investigated the ability of a pupal parasitoid, Nasonia vitripennis Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), to penetrate and kill fly pupae located at different depths of the substrate. Three different types of substrate were tested: loam soil, compost, and vermiculite substrate. In both loam soil and compost, all of the parasitism activity was restricted to pupae placed directly on the surface. Parasitism activity in vermiculite showed that the average number of pupae parasitized decreased with depth of substrate. These results suggest that fly pupae situated deeper in the substrate are less subjected to parasitism by N. vitripennis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Frederickx
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jessica Dekeirsschieter
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - François J Verheggen
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Eric Haubruge
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Frederickx C, Verheggen FJ, Brostaux Y, Haubruge E. Associative Learning ofNasonia vitripennisWalker (Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae) to Methyldisulfanylmethane. J Forensic Sci 2013; 59:413-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Frederickx
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; University of Liege; Passage des Déportés 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - François J. Verheggen
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; University of Liege; Passage des Déportés 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Yves Brostaux
- Department of Applied Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; University of Liege; Passage des Déportés 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Eric Haubruge
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; University of Liege; Passage des Déportés 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Frederickx C, Dekeirsschieter J, Verheggen FJ, Haubruge E. Host-habitat location by the parasitoid, Nasonia vitripennis Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). J Forensic Sci 2013; 59:242-9. [PMID: 23980702 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of odorant cues used during host-habitat location by the generalist parasitoid, Nasonia vitripennis Walker. Nasonia vitripennis is a common parasitoid of Dipteran pupae found in association with decaying carrion. Behavioral assays were used to investigate the host-habitat searching behavior under different scenarios. First, we demonstrated N. vitripennis to be significantly attracted toward odorant cues associated with decaying meat. The biological activity of nine of the volatile molecules constituting the odor of decaying meat was tested on the searching behavior of parasitoid females through two complementary chemoecological approaches: electroantennography (EAG) and olfactometry bioassays. Butanoic acid and butan-1-ol elicited high olfactory responses, but no attraction was induced by these two chemicals. Behavioral assays showed that, among the VOCs tested, methyldisulfanylmethane (DMDS) was the only volatile chemical to induce attraction in N. vitripennis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Frederickx
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Peñaflor MFGV, Bento JMS. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles to enhance biological control in agriculture. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:331-43. [PMID: 23949852 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-013-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants under herbivore attack synthetize defensive organic compounds that directly or indirectly affect herbivore performance and mediate other interactions with the community. The so-called herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) consist of odors released by attacked plants that serve as important cues for parasitoids and predators to locate their host/prey. The understanding that has been gained on the ecological role and mechanisms of HIPV emission opens up paths for developing novel strategies integrated with biological control programs with the aim of enhancing the efficacy of natural enemies in suppressing pest populations in crops. Tactics using synthetic HIPVs or chemically/genetically manipulating plant defenses have been suggested in order to recruit natural enemies to plantations or help guiding them to their host more quickly, working as a "synergistic" agent of biological control. This review discusses strategies using HIPVs to enhance biological control that have been proposed in the literature and were categorized here as: (a) exogenous application of elicitors on plants, (b) use of plant varieties that emit attractive HIPVs to natural enemies, (c) release of synthetic HIPVs, and (d) genetic manipulation targeting genes that optimize HIPV emission. We discuss the feasibility, benefits, and downsides of each strategy by considering not only field studies but also comprehensive laboratory assays that present an applied approach for HIPVs or show the potential of employing them in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F G V Peñaflor
- Depto de Entomologia e Acarologia, Univ de São Paulo, ESALQ/USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ballhorn DJ, Kautz S. How useful are olfactometer experiments in chemical ecology research? Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e24787. [PMID: 23986812 PMCID: PMC3742059 DOI: 10.4161/cib.24787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactometer experiments, in which arthropods are given the choice between two or more odor sources to test behavioral preferences, are commonly used in chemical ecology research. Results of such often lead to conclusions on behavior in an ecologically relevant setting. However, it is widely unknown how well these experiments reflect actual behavior in nature. Recently, we used natural insect herbivores of wild lima bean plants to evaluate their behavior in Y-tube olfactometer experiments compared with feeding experiments. We demonstrated that depending on volatile concentration, insect sex significantly determined preference, and that independent of sex, the actual feeding choice of insects depended on defensive short-distance cues, which did not correlate with volatile cues emitted by the plants. Thus, our study shows that olfactory decisions do not reflect actual feeding choice and that olfactometer experiments may only provide a limited and simplified picture of actual decision making by insects.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zamek AL, Spinner JE, Micallef JL, Gurr GM, Reynolds OL. Parasitoids of Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera tryoni in Australia and Prospects for Improved Biological Control. INSECTS 2012; 3:1056-83. [PMID: 26466726 PMCID: PMC4553563 DOI: 10.3390/insects3041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review draws together available information on the biology, methods for study, and culturing of hymenopteran parasitoids of the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, and assesses prospects for improving biological control of this serious pest. Augmentative release of the native and naturalised Australian parasitoids, especially the braconid Diachasmimorpha tryoni, may result in better management of B. tryoni in some parts of Australia. Mass releases are an especially attractive option for areas of inland eastern Australia around the Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone that produces B. tryoni-free fruits for export. Diachasmimorpha tryoni has been successful in other locations such as Hawaii for the biological control of other fruit fly species. Biological control could contribute to local eradication of isolated outbreaks and more general suppression and/or eradication of the B. tryoni population in endemic areas. Combining biological control with the use of sterile insect technique offers scope for synergy because the former is most effective at high pest densities and the latter most economical when the pest becomes scarce. Recommendations are made on methods for culturing and study of four B. tryoni parasitoids present in Australia along with research priorities for optimising augmentative biological control of B. tryoni.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Zamek
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia.
| | - Jennifer E Spinner
- EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Jessica L Micallef
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia.
| | - Geoff M Gurr
- EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Charles Sturt University, P.O. Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
| | - Olivia L Reynolds
- EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Clavijo McCormick A, Unsicker SB, Gershenzon J. The specificity of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in attracting herbivore enemies. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:303-10. [PMID: 22503606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivore attack by emitting complex mixtures of volatile compounds that attract herbivore enemies, both predators and parasitoids. Here, we explore whether these mixtures provide significant value as information cues in herbivore enemy attraction. Our survey indicates that blends of volatiles released from damaged plants are frequently specific depending on the type of herbivore and its age, abundance and feeding guild. The sensory perception of plant volatiles by herbivore enemies is also specific, according to the latest evidence from studies of insect olfaction. Thus, enemies do exploit the detailed information provided by plant volatile mixtures in searching for their prey or hosts, but this varies with the diet breadth of the enemy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Clavijo McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ngumbi E, Jordan M, Fadamiro H. Comparison of associative learning of host-related plant volatiles in two parasitoids with different degrees of host specificity, Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis croceipes. CHEMOECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-012-0106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Peñaflor MFGV, Erb M, Miranda LA, Werneburg AG, Bento JMS. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles can serve as host location cues for a generalist and a specialist egg parasitoid. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:1304-13. [PMID: 22170346 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles are important host finding cues for larval parasitoids, and similarly, insect oviposition might elicit the release of plant volatiles functioning as host finding cues for egg parasitoids. We hypothesized that egg parasitoids also might utilize HIPVs of emerging larvae to locate plants with host eggs. We, therefore, assessed the olfactory response of two egg parasitoids, a generalist, Trichogramma pretiosum (Tricogrammatidae), and a specialist, Telenomus remus (Scelionidae) to HIPVs. We used a Y-tube olfactometer to tests the wasps' responses to volatiles released by young maize plants that were treated with regurgitant from caterpillars of the moth Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae) or were directly attacked by the caterpillars. The results show that the generalist egg parasitoid Tr. pretiosum is innately attracted by volatiles from freshly-damaged plants 0-1 and 2-3 h after regurgitant treatment. During this interval, the volatile blend consisted of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and a blend of aromatic compounds, mono- and homoterpenes, respectively. Behavioral assays with synthetic GLVs confirmed their attractiveness to Tr. pretiosum. The generalist learned the more complex volatile blends released 6-7 h after induction, which consisted mainly of sesquiterpenes. The specialist T. remus on the other hand was attracted only to volatiles emitted from fresh and old damage after associating these volatiles with oviposition. Taken together, these results strengthen the emerging pattern that egg and larval parasitoids behave in a similar way in that generalists can respond innately to HIPVs, while specialists seems to rely more on associative learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F G V Peñaflor
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Laboratory of Chemical Ecology and Insect Behavior, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Girling RD, Stewart-Jones A, Dherbecourt J, Staley JT, Wright DJ, Poppy GM. Parasitoids select plants more heavily infested with their caterpillar hosts: a new approach to aid interpretation of plant headspace volatiles. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:2646-53. [PMID: 21270031 PMCID: PMC3136836 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to herbivore attack, and these VOCs can be used by parasitoids of the herbivore as host location cues. We investigated the behavioural responses of the parasitoid Cotesia vestalis to VOCs from a plant-herbivore complex consisting of cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea) and the parasitoids host caterpillar, Plutella xylostella. A Y-tube olfactometer was used to compare the parasitoids' responses to VOCs produced as a result of different levels of attack by the caterpillar and equivalent levels of mechanical damage. Headspace VOC production by these plant treatments was examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cotesia vestalis were able to exploit quantitative and qualitative differences in volatile emissions, from the plant-herbivore complex, produced as a result of different numbers of herbivores feeding. Cotesia vestalis showed a preference for plants with more herbivores and herbivore damage, but did not distinguish between different levels of mechanical damage. Volatile profiles of plants with different levels of herbivores/herbivore damage could also be separated by canonical discriminant analyses. Analyses revealed a number of compounds whose emission increased significantly with herbivore load, and these VOCs may be particularly good indicators of herbivore number, as the parasitoid processes cues from its external environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robbie D Girling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen Y, Whitehill JGA, Bonello P, Poland TM. Differential response in foliar chemistry of three ash species to emerald ash borer adult feeding. J Chem Ecol 2010; 37:29-39. [PMID: 21153046 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an exotic wood-boring beetle that has been threatening North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) resources since its discovery in Michigan and Ontario in 2002. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical responses of the three most common North American ash species (black, green, and white ash) in northeastern USA to EAB adult feeding. Black ash was the least responsive to EAB adult feeding in terms of the induction of volatile compounds, and levels of only two (indole and benzyl cyanide) of the 11 compounds studied increased. In green ash, levels of two [(E)-β-ocimene and indole] of the 11 volatile compounds studied were elevated, while the levels of two green leaf volatiles [hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal] decreased. White ash showed the greatest response with an increase in levels of seven of the 11 compounds studied. Qualitative differences among ash species were detected. Among the phenolic compounds detected, ligustroside was the only one detected in all three species. Oleuropein aglycone and 2 unidentified compounds were found only in black ash; coumaroylquinic acid and feruloylquinic acid were detected only in green ash; and verbascoside hexoside was detected only in white ash. EAB adult feeding did not elicit or decrease concentrations of any selected individual phenolic compounds. However, although levels of total phenolics from black and green ash foliage were not affected by EAB adult feeding, they decreased significantly in white ash. EAB adult feeding elevated chymotrypsin inhibitors in black ash. The possible ecological implications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yigen Chen
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wäckers F, Olson D, Rains G, Lundby F, Haugen JE. Boar taint detection using parasitoid biosensors. J Food Sci 2010; 76:S41-7. [PMID: 21535714 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The off-flavor boar taint associated with the substances skatole, androstenone, and possibly indole represents a significant problem in the pig husbandry industry. Boar taint may occur in meat from uncastrated sexually mature male pigs; consumers commonly show a strong aversion to tainted meat. Consequently, there is a need for rapid methods to sort out and remove tainted carcasses at the slaughterline. We tested the ability of wasps, Microplitis croceipes to perceive and learn the 3 boar taint compounds both individually and in combination using classical conditioning paradigms. We also established the effectiveness and reliability of boar taint odor detection when wasps were used as biosensors in a contained system called the "wasp hound" using a cohort of trained wasps. We found that the wasps are able to successfully learn indole, skatole and to also detect them when presented a 1:1:1 mixture of all 3 compounds. This was shown for both a single hand-manipulated wasp bioassay and when using the "wasp hound" detector device. In contrast, the wasps showed a weak conditioned response to androstenone at the concentration tested. The estimated gas phase concentrations that the wasps perceived during training were in the range of 10 ± 0.4 pg/s for skatole and indole, and 2 ± 0.5 pg/s for androstenone. We conclude that use of these wasps as biosensors presents a promising method for boar taint detection and discuss future training paradigms that may improve their responses to compounds such as androstenone. Practical Application: The development of a perceptive, inexpensive, and reliable means of detecting boar taint before the product is presented to sensitive consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wäckers
- Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, LEC, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
van Wijk M, de Bruijn PJA, Sabelis MW. The predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis does not perceive odor mixtures as strictly elemental objects. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:1211-25. [PMID: 20872172 PMCID: PMC2980619 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytoseiulus persimilis is a predatory mite that in absence of vision relies on the detection of herbivore-induced plant odors to locate its prey, the two-spotted spider-mite Tetranychus urticae. This herbivorous prey is feeding on leaves of a wide variety of plant species in different families. The predatory mites respond to numerous structurally different compounds. However, typical spider-mite induced plant compounds do not attract more predatory mites than plant compounds not associated with prey. Because the mites are sensitive to many compounds, components of odor mixtures may affect each other’s perception. Although the response to pure compounds has been well documented, little is known how interactions among compounds affect the response to odor mixtures. We assessed the relation between the mites’ responses elicited by simple mixtures of two compounds and by the single components of these mixtures. The preference for the mixture was compared to predictions under three conceptual models, each based on one of the following assumptions: (1) the responses elicited by each of the individual components can be added to each other; (2) they can be averaged; or (3) one response overshadows the other. The observed response differed significantly from the response predicted under the additive response, average response, and overshadowing response model in 52, 36, and 32% of the experimental tests, respectively. Moreover, the behavioral responses elicited by individual compounds and their binary mixtures were determined as a function of the odor concentration. The relative contribution of each component to the behavioral response elicited by the mixture varied with the odor concentration, even though the ratio of both compounds in the mixture was kept constant. Our experiments revealed that compounds that elicited no response had an effect on the response elicited by binary mixtures that they were part of. The results are not consistent with the hypothesis that P. persimilis perceives odor mixtures as a collection of strictly elemental objects. They suggest that odor mixtures rather are perceived as one synthetic whole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Wijk
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), Section Population Biology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Randlkofer B, Obermaier E, Hilker M, Meiners T. Vegetation complexity—The influence of plant species diversity and plant structures on plant chemical complexity and arthropods. Basic Appl Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
34
|
Snoeren TAL, Mumm R, Poelman EH, Yang Y, Pichersky E, Dicke M. The herbivore-induced plant volatile methyl salicylate negatively affects attraction of the parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:479-89. [PMID: 20407809 PMCID: PMC2866304 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The indirect defense mechanisms of plants comprise the production of herbivore-induced plant volatiles that can attract natural enemies of plant attackers. One of the often emitted compounds after herbivory is methyl salicylate (MeSA). Here, we studied the importance of this caterpillar-induced compound in the attraction of the parasitoid wasp Diadegma semiclausum by using a mutant Arabidopsis line. Pieris rapae infested AtBSMT1-KO mutant Arabidopsis plants, compromised in the biosynthesis of MeSA, were more attractive to parasitoids than infested wild-type plants. This suggests that the presence of MeSA has negative effects on parasitoid host-finding behavior when exposed to wild-type production of herbivore-induced Arabidopsis volatiles. Furthermore, in line with this, we recorded a positive correlation between MeSA dose and repellence of D. semiclausum when supplementing the headspace of caterpillar-infested AtBSMT1-KO plants with synthetic MeSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tjeerd A L Snoeren
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Orchids Mimic Green-Leaf Volatiles to Attract Prey-Hunting Wasps for Pollination. Curr Biol 2008; 18:740-744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Unusual mechanisms involved in learning of oviposition-induced host plant odours in an egg parasitoid? Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
37
|
Rains GC, Tomberlin JK, Kulasiri D. Using insect sniffing devices for detection. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:288-94. [PMID: 18375006 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging information about the ability of insects to detect and associatively learn has revealed that they could be used within chemical detection systems. Such systems have been developed around free-moving insects, such as honey bees. Alternatively, behavioral changes of contained insects can be interpreted by sampling air pumped over their olfactory organs. These organisms are highly sensitive, flexible, portable and cheap to reproduce, and it is easy to condition them to detect target odorants. However, insect-sensing systems are not widely studied or accepted as proven biological sensors. Further studies are needed to examine additional insect species and to develop better methods of using their olfactory system for detecting odorants of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Rains
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Tifton Campus, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
van Dam NM, Poppy GM. Why plant volatile analysis needs bioinformatics--detecting signal from noise in increasingly complex profiles. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2008; 10:29-37. [PMID: 18211546 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-964961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile analysis may be the oldest form of what now is called plant "metabolomic" analysis. A wide array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as alkanes, alcohols, isoprenoids, and esters, can be collected simultaneously from the plant headspace, either within the laboratory or in the field. Increasingly faster and more sensitive analysis techniques allow detection of an ever-growing number of compounds in decreasing concentrations. However, the myriads of data becoming available from such experiments do not automatically increase our ecological and evolutionary understanding of the roles these VOCs play in plant-insect interactions. Herbivores and parasitoids responding to changes in VOC emissions are able to perceive minute changes within a complex VOC background. Plants modified in genes involved in VOC synthesis may be valuable for the evaluation of changes in plant-animal interactions compared to tests with synthetic compounds, as they allow changes to be made within the context of a more complex profile. We argue that bioinformatics is an essential tool to integrate statistical analysis of plant VOC profiles with insect behavioural data. The implementation of statistical techniques such as multivariate analysis (MVA) and meta-analysis is of the utmost importance to interpreting changes in plant VOC mixtures. MVA focuses on differences in volatile patterns rather than in single compounds. Therefore, it more closely resembles the information processing in insects that base their behavioural decisions on differences in VOC profiles between plants. Meta-analysis of different datasets will reveal general patterns pertaining to the ecological role of VOC in plant-insect interactions. Successful implementation of bioinformatics in VOC research also includes the development of MVA that integrate time-resolved chemical and behavioural analyses, as well as databases that link plant VOCs to their effects on insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M van Dam
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Multitrophic Interactions Department, P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Belowground Mycorrhizal Endosymbiosis and Aboveground Insects: Can Multilevel Interactions be Exploited for a Sustainable Control of Pests? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75575-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
40
|
Pinto DM, Nerg AM, Holopainen JK. The Role of Ozone-reactive Compounds, Terpenes, and Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs), in the Orientation of Cotesia plutellae. J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:2218-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
41
|
Takasu K, Hoang Le K. The larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes oviposits in conspecific adults. Naturwissenschaften 2006; 94:200-6. [PMID: 17124591 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-006-0181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a larval parasitoid of Helicoverpa/Heliothis spp. In the course of mass rearing of M. croceipes, we found that females oviposited in the conspecific adults in rearing cages. When 20 pairs of inexperienced females and males or of experienced females and males were reared in a cage, the males lived for 14-15 days and the females for 18-20 days on average. At their death, 37-42% of the males and 50-57% of the females contained conspecific eggs or first instar larvae in their abdominal cavity. When two of inexperienced females met on a host-infested leaf of soybean, they attempted to sting each other. Of the attacked females, 30% contained a conspecific egg laid in their abdomen. In abdominal cavity of the adults parasitized by a conspecific female, the majority of the parasitoid eggs laid disappeared within 1 day after oviposition. Only 10-30% of the parasitoid eggs laid in conspecific adults hatched 3-4 days after oviposition, but those larvae never molted to second instar. When the adults were stung by one or two conspecific females, their subsequent longevity was significantly shorter than that for the control adults. Oviposition in conspecific adults may be prevalent in other parasitic wasps that quickly oviposit without intensive host examination, and have cuticle and size of abdomen to be stung by conspeicifcs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Takasu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
D'Alessandro M, Held M, Triponez Y, Turlings TCJ. The Role of Indole and Other Shikimic Acid Derived Maize Volatiles in the Attraction of Two Parasitic Wasps. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:2733-48. [PMID: 17123171 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
After herbivore attack, plants release a plethora of different volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which results in odor blends that are attractive to predators and parasitoids of these herbivores. VOCs in the odor blends emitted by maize plants (Zea mays) infested by lepidopteran larvae are well characterized. They are derived from at least three different biochemical pathways, but the relative importance of each pathway for the production of VOCs that attract parasitic wasps is unknown. Here, we studied the importance of shikimic acid derived VOCs for the attraction of females of the parasitoids Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis rufiventris. By incubating caterpillar-infested maize plants in glyphosate, an inhibitor of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phospate (EPSP) synthase, we obtained induced odor blends with only minute amounts of shikimic acid derived VOCs. In olfactometer bioassays, the inhibited plants were as attractive to naive C. marginiventris females as control plants that released normal amounts of shikimic acid derived VOCs, whereas naive M. rufiventris females preferred inhibited plants to control plants. By adding back synthetic indole, the quantitatively most important shikimic acid derived VOC in induced maize odors, to inhibited plants, we showed that indole had no effect on the attraction of C. marginiventris and that M. rufiventris preferred blends without synthetic indole. Exposing C. marginiventris females either to odor blends of inhibited or control plants during oviposition experiences shifted their preference in subsequent olfactometer tests in favor of the experienced odor. Further learning experiments with synthetic indole showed that C. marginiventris can learn to respond to this compound, but that this does not affect its choices between natural induced blends with or without indole. We hypothesize that for naïve wasps the attractiveness of an herbivore-induced odor blend is reduced due to masking by nonattractive compounds, and that during oviposition experiences in the presence of complex odor blends, parasitoids strongly associate some compounds, whereas others are largely ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco D'Alessandro
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Zoology, Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Case Postale 158, CH-2009, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cunningham JP, Moore CJ, Zalucki MP, Cribb BW. Insect odour perception: recognition of odour components by flower foraging moths. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:2035-40. [PMID: 16846910 PMCID: PMC1635477 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Odours emitted by flowers are complex blends of volatile compounds. These odours are learnt by flower-visiting insect species, improving their recognition of rewarding flowers and thus foraging efficiency. We investigated the flexibility of floral odour learning by testing whether adult moths recognize single compounds common to flowers on which they forage. Dual choice preference tests on Helicoverpa armigera moths allowed free flying moths to forage on one of three flower species; Argyranthemum frutescens (federation daisy), Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea) or Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco). Results showed that, (i) a benzenoid (phenylacetaldehyde) and a monoterpene (linalool) were subsequently recognized after visits to flowers that emitted these volatile constituents, (ii) in a preference test, other monoterpenes in the flowers' odour did not affect the moths' ability to recognize the monoterpene linalool and (iii) relative preferences for two volatiles changed after foraging experience on a single flower species that emitted both volatiles. The importance of using free flying insects and real flowers to understand the mechanisms involved in floral odour learning in nature are discussed in the context of our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Cunningham
- School of Biological and Earth Sciences, John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hilker M, Meiners T. Early Herbivore Alert: Insect Eggs Induce Plant Defense. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:1379-97. [PMID: 16718566 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plants are able to "notice" insect egg deposition and to respond by activating direct and indirect defenses. An overview of these defenses and the underlying mechanisms is given from a tritrophic perspective. First, the interface between plant and eggs is addressed with respect to the mode of attachment of eggs on the plant surface. It is elucidated which plant cells might respond to components from insect eggs or the egg deposition. The scarce knowledge on the elicitors associated with the eggs or the egg-laying female is outlined. Since endosymbiotic microorganisms are often present on the eggs, and microorganisms are also abundant on the leaf surface, the role of these hidden players for eliciting oviposition-induced plant responses is considered. Furthermore, the question of which physiological and molecular processes are induced within the plant in response to egg deposition is addressed. Second, studies on the response of the herbivorous insect to oviposition-induced plant defenses are outlined. Third, the importance of oviposition-induced plant volatiles and contact cues for host and prey location of parasitoids and predators is discussed in the context of other informative chemicals used by carnivores when searching for food. Finally, physiological and ecological costs of oviposition-induced plant responses are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hilker
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Collatz J, Müller C, Steidle JLM. Protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory induced by one single associative training trial in the parasitic wasp Lariophagus distinguendus. Learn Mem 2006; 13:263-6. [PMID: 16741281 PMCID: PMC10807869 DOI: 10.1101/lm.192506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory in Apis mellifera and Drosophila melanogaster is formed after multiple trainings that are spaced in time. The parasitic wasp Lariophagus distinguendus remarkably differs from these species. It significantly responds to the artificial odor furfurylheptanoate (FFH) in olfactometer experiments, when this odor was presented during one single training trial, consisting of one sequence of host recognition behavior on a wheat grain infested by its hosts. Feeding wasps with actinomycin D erases the learned response 24 h after the training, demonstrating that protein synthesis-dependent long-term memory has been formed in L. distinguendus already after one single training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Collatz
- Institut für Zoologie, Fachgebiet Tierökologie, Universität Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Roberts MR, Paul ND. Seduced by the dark side: integrating molecular and ecological perspectives on the influence of light on plant defence against pests and pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 170:677-99. [PMID: 16684231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants frequently suffer attack from herbivores and microbial pathogens, and have evolved a complex array of defence mechanisms to resist defoliation and disease. These include both preformed defences, ranging from structural features to stores of toxic secondary metabolites, and inducible defences, which are activated only after an attack is detected. It is well known that plant defences against pests and pathogens are commonly affected by environmental conditions, but the mechanisms by which responses to the biotic and abiotic environments interact are only poorly understood. In this review, we consider the impact of light on plant defence, in terms of both plant life histories and rapid scale molecular responses to biotic attack. We bring together evidence that illustrates that light not only modulates defence responses via its influence on biochemistry and plant development but, in some cases, is essential for the development of resistance. We suggest that the interaction between the light environment and plant defence is multifaceted, and extends across different temporal and biological scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
D'Alessandro M, Turlings TCJ. In situ modification of herbivore-induced plant odors: a novel approach to study the attractiveness of volatile organic compounds to parasitic wasps. Chem Senses 2005; 30:739-53. [PMID: 16243967 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bji066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many parasitic wasps (parasitoids) exploit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by herbivore-infested plants in order to locate their hosts, but it remains largely unknown which specific compounds within the volatile blends elicit the attractiveness to parasitoids. One way of studying the importance of specific VOCs is to test the attractiveness of odor blends from which certain compounds have been emitted. We used this approach by testing the attraction of naive and experienced females of the two parasitoids Cotesia marginiventris and Microplitis rufiventris to partially altered volatile blends of maize seedlings (Zea mays var. Delprim) infested with Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Adsorbing filter tubes containing carbotrap-C or silica were installed in a four-arm olfactometer between the odor source vessels and the arms of the olfactometer. The blends breaking through were tested for chemical composition and attractiveness to the wasps. Carbotrap-C adsorbed most of the sesquiterpenes, but the breakthrough blend remained attractive to naive C. marginiventris females. Silica adsorbed only some of the more polar VOCs, but this essentially eliminated all attractiveness to naive C. marginiventris, implying that among the adsorbed compounds there are some that play key roles in the attraction. Unlike C. marginiventris, M. rufiventris was still attracted to the latter blend, showing that parasitoids with a comparable biology may employ different strategies in their use of plant-provided cues to locate hosts. Results from similar experiments with modified odor blends of caterpillar-infested cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) indicate that key VOCs in different plant species vary greatly in quality and/or quantity. Finally, experienced wasps were more strongly attracted to a specific blend after they perceived the blend while ovipositing in a host. Considering the high number of distinct adsorbing materials available today, this in situ modification of complex volatile blends provides a new and promising approach pinpointing on key attractants within these blends. Advantages and disadvantages compared to other approaches are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco D'Alessandro
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Zoology, University of Neuchâtel, Case Postale 2, CH-2007 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Host and food searching in a parasitic wasp Venturia canescens: a trade-off between current and future reproduction? Anim Behav 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|