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Oyebanji OA, Sundheimer N, Ragavapuram V, Wilson BM, Abul Y, Gravenstein S, Bosch J, King CL, Canaday DH. Avidity maturation of humoral response following primary and booster doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine among nursing home residents and healthcare workers. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01215-y. [PMID: 38789833 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections, despite vaccination, can be clinically consequential for frail nursing home residents (NHR). Poor vaccine-induced antibody quality may add risk for such subsequent infections and more severe disease. We assessed antibody binding avidity, as a surrogate for antibody quality, among NHR and healthcare workers (HCW). We longitudinally sampled 112 NHR and 52 HCWs who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine after each dose up to the Wuhan-BA.4/5-based Omicron bivalent boosters. We quantified anti-spike, anti-receptor binding domain (RBD), and avidity levels to the ancestral Wuhan, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 & 4/5 strains. The primary vaccination series produced substantial anti-spike and RBD levels which were low in avidity against all strains tested. Antibody avidity progressively increased in the 6-8 months that followed. Avidity significantly increased after the 1st booster but not for subsequent boosters. This study underscores the importance of booster vaccination among NHR and HCWs. The 1st booster dose increases avidity, increasing vaccine-induced functional antibody. The higher cross-reactivity of higher avidity antibodies to other SARS-CoV-2 strains should translate to better protection from ever-evolving strains. Higher avidities may help explain how the vaccine's protective effects persist despite waning antibody titers after each vaccine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo A Oyebanji
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Sundheimer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Ragavapuram
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brigid M Wilson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yasin Abul
- Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David H Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Golding L, Watts AW, Shew J, Viñeta Paramo M, Mâsse LC, Goldfarb DM, Abu-Raya B, Lavoie PM. A Novel Anti-nucleocapsid Antibody Avidity Method for Identifying SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae072. [PMID: 38442331 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfections is challenging with current serology assays and is further complicated by the marked decrease in routine viral testing practices as viral transmission increased during Omicron. Here, we provide proof-of-principle that high-avidity anti-nucleocapsid (N) antibodies detects reinfections after a single infection with higher specificity (85%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 80%-90%) compared to anti-N antibody levels (72%; 95% CI, 66%-79%) in a vaccinated cohort. This method could be used to retroactively investigate the epidemiology and incremental long-term health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Golding
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allison W Watts
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jacob Shew
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marina Viñeta Paramo
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Women+ and Children's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Louise C Mâsse
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David M Goldfarb
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bahaa Abu-Raya
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pascal M Lavoie
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Women+ and Children's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Scibona P, Burgos Pratx LD, Savoy N, Recart D, Elia Y, Seoane FN, Arrigo D, Portalis MR, Roldan A, Cassoratti BA, Diaz JC, Antonelli CE, Perez L, Posadas-Martinez L, Belloso WH, Simonovich V. Long-term antibody titers variation in unvaccinated patients receiving convalescent plasma or placebo for severe SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary infection. Transfus Apher Sci 2023; 62:103785. [PMID: 37620184 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2023.103785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma (CP) became a prominent treatment in the early stages of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In Argentina, a randomized clinical trial was executed to compare the use of CP in inpatients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia versus placebo. No differences in clinical outcomes or overall mortality between groups were observed. We conducted a cohort study in outpatients enrolled in the trial to describe long-term antibody titer variations between CP and placebo recipients. METHODS Patients' total SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies against spike protein were collected 3, 6 and 12 months after hospital discharge from August 2020 to December 2021. In addition, reinfections, deaths and vaccination status were retrieved. Statistical analysis was performed using antibody geometric mean titers (GMT). All estimations were made considering the date of the trial infusion (placebo or CP) as time 0. RESULTS From the 93 patients included in the follow-up, 64 had received CP and 29 placebo. We excluded all 12-month measurements because they were collected after the patients' vaccination date. At 90 days post-infusion, patients had an antibody GMT of 8.1 (IQR 7.4-8.1) in the CP group and 8.8 (IQR 8.1-9.1) in the placebo group. At 180 days, both groups had a GMT of 8.1 (IQR 7.4-8.1). No statistical differences in GMT were found between CP and placebo groups at 90 days (p = 0.12) and 180 days (p = 0.25). No patients registered a new COVID-19 infection; one died in the CP group from an ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS No differences were observed in long-term antibody titers in unvaccinated patients that received CP or placebo after severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Scibona
- Clinical Pharmacology Section, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190 C1199, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Daniel Burgos Pratx
- Transfusional Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nadia Savoy
- Clinical Pharmacology Section, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190 C1199, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Delfina Recart
- Clinical Pharmacology Section, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190 C1199, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Yasmin Elia
- Clinical Pharmacology Section, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190 C1199, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Nahuel Seoane
- Virology Section, Central Laboratory, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190 C1199, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Arrigo
- Virology Section, Central Laboratory, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190 C1199, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximo Rousseau Portalis
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, C1121A6B Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Roldan
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, C1121A6B Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Julio Cesar Diaz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, C1121A6B Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Lucia Perez
- Department of Research, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lourdes Posadas-Martinez
- Department of Research, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190, C1199 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Waldo H Belloso
- Terra Nova Innovation Unit, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ventura Simonovich
- Clinical Pharmacology Section, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Tte. Gral. Juan Domingo Perón 4190 C1199, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Singh G, Abbad A, Tcheou J, Mendu DR, Firpo-Betancourt A, Gleason C, Srivastava K, Cordon-Cardo C, Simon V, Krammer F, Carreño JM. Binding and Avidity Signatures of Polyclonal Sera From Individuals With Different Exposure Histories to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection, Vaccination, and Omicron Breakthrough Infections. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:564-575. [PMID: 37104046 PMCID: PMC10469125 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of exposures to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to vaccine antigens affect the magnitude and avidity of the polyclonal response. METHODS We studied binding and avidity of different antibody isotypes to the spike, the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and the nucleoprotein (NP) of wild-type (WT) and BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent, mRNA vaccinated and/or boosted, hybrid immune individuals and in individuals with breakthrough cases during the peak of the BA.1 wave. RESULTS We found an increase in spike-binding antibodies and antibody avidity with increasing number of exposures to infection and/or vaccination. NP antibodies were detectible in convalescent individuals and a proportion of breakthrough cases, but they displayed low avidity. Omicron breakthrough infections elicited high levels of cross-reactive antibodies between WT and BA.1 antigens in vaccinated individuals without prior infection directed against the spike and RBD. The magnitude of the antibody response and avidity correlated with neutralizing activity against WT virus. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude and quality of the antibody response increased with the number of antigenic exposures, including breakthrough infections. However, cross-reactivity of the antibody response after BA.1 breakthroughs, was affected by the number of prior exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anass Abbad
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Johnstone Tcheou
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Demodara Rao Mendu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Firpo-Betancourt
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles Gleason
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Komal Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Cong Y, Lee JH, Perry DL, Cooper K, Wang H, Dixit S, Liu DX, Feuerstein IM, Solomon J, Bartos C, Seidel J, Hammoud DA, Adams R, Anthony SM, Liang J, Schuko N, Li R, Liu Y, Wang Z, Tarbet EB, Hischak AMW, Hart R, Isic N, Burdette T, Drawbaugh D, Huzella LM, Byrum R, Ragland D, St Claire MC, Wada J, Kurtz JR, Hensley LE, Schmaljohn CS, Holbrook MR, Johnson RF. Longitudinal analyses using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography as a measure of COVID-19 severity in the aged, young, and humanized ACE2 SARS-CoV-2 hamster models. Antiviral Res 2023; 214:105605. [PMID: 37068595 PMCID: PMC10105383 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
This study compared disease progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in three different models of golden hamsters: aged (≈60 weeks old) wild-type (WT), young (6 weeks old) WT, and adult (14-22 weeks old) hamsters expressing the human-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. After intranasal (IN) exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 Washington isolate (WA01/2020), 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) was used to monitor disease progression in near real time and animals were euthanized at pre-determined time points to directly compare imaging findings with other disease parameters associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Consistent with histopathology, 18F-FDG-PET/CT demonstrated that aged WT hamsters exposed to 105 plaque forming units (PFU) developed more severe and protracted pneumonia than young WT hamsters exposed to the same (or lower) dose or hACE2 hamsters exposed to a uniformly lethal dose of virus. Specifically, aged WT hamsters presented with a severe interstitial pneumonia through 8 d post-exposure (PE), while pulmonary regeneration was observed in young WT hamsters at that time. hACE2 hamsters exposed to 100 or 10 PFU virus presented with a minimal to mild hemorrhagic pneumonia but succumbed to SARS-CoV-2-related meningoencephalitis by 6 d PE, suggesting that this model might allow assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the central nervous system (CNS). Our group is the first to use (18F-FDG) PET/CT to differentiate respiratory disease severity ranging from mild to severe in three COVID-19 hamster models. The non-invasive, serial measure of disease progression provided by PET/CT makes it a valuable tool for animal model characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cong
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kurt Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Irwin M Feuerstein
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Bartos
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jurgen Seidel
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ricky Adams
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicolette Schuko
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Amanda M W Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Randy Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nejra Isic
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tracey Burdette
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA; Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - David Drawbaugh
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Louis M Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Danny Ragland
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Marisa C St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan R Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Reed F Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA; SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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6
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Perez-Saez J, Zaballa ME, Lamour J, Yerly S, Dubos R, Courvoisier DS, Villers J, Balavoine JF, Pittet D, Kherad O, Vuilleumier N, Kaiser L, Guessous I, Stringhini S, Azman AS. Long term anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody kinetics and correlate of protection against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3032. [PMID: 37230973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 have shown to be correlates of protection against infection with pre-Omicron lineages. This has been challenged by the emergence of immune-evasive variants, notably the Omicron sublineages, in an evolving immune landscape with high levels of cumulative incidence and vaccination coverage. This in turn limits the use of widely available commercial high-throughput methods to quantify binding antibodies as a tool to monitor protection at the population-level. Here we show that anti-Spike RBD antibody levels, as quantified by the immunoassay used in this study, are an indirect correlate of protection against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 for individuals previously infected by SARS-CoV-2. Leveraging repeated serological measurements between April 2020 and December 2021 on 1083 participants of a population-based cohort in Geneva, Switzerland, and using antibody kinetic modeling, we found up to a three-fold reduction in the hazard of having a documented positive SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Omicron BA.1/BA.2 wave for anti-S antibody levels above 800 IU/mL (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.22-0.41). However, we did not detect a reduction in hazard among uninfected participants. These results provide reassuring insights into the continued interpretation of SARS-CoV-2 binding antibody measurements as an independent marker of protection at both the individual and population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Saez
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - María-Eugenia Zaballa
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Lamour
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard Dubos
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Delphine S Courvoisier
- General Directorate of Health, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Quality of Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Villers
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Didier Pittet
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Infection Control Program and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Omar Kherad
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Centre for General Medicine and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Wu J, Mu H, Pan X, Guo W. Studying the effects of booster shots and antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination over time in health personnel. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1138631. [PMID: 37009493 PMCID: PMC10060948 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1138631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundWith the emergence of mutant versions that lead to continual spreading and recurrent infections of SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 vaccines can assist protection for high risk groups, particularly health workers. Even while booster shots have been widely used, longitude studies on immune responses in healthy subjects are uncommon.MethodsEighty-five healthcare workers who received the BBIBP-CorV vaccine were prospectively enrolled and monitored for up to ten months. Automated Pylon immunoassays were used to quantify total anti-SARS-CoV2 antibody levels (TAb), surrogate neutralization antibody levels (NAb), and antibody avidities over the course of the follow-up. Additionally, hematology analyses were performed.ResultsPylon antibody testing revealed that every participant tested negative at the beginning, and 88.2% of them tested positive about 14 days after receiving their second dosage. The TAb levels and NAb levels peaked in 76.5% and 88.2% of the subjects, respectively, at the same time. Age was connected with the peak antibody levels, but not with gender, BMI, or baseline hematological factors. The positive rates and the antibody levels had already started to decline three months following the second injection. The antibody levels and avidities quickly increased following the booster doses to levels that were considerably greater than the peak antibody responses before to the booster shots. Hematology testing revealed no safety concerns with immunizations.ConclusionIn healthy workers, the two doses of BBIBP-CorV were able to induce humoral immunity; however, 3 months following vaccination, the antibody levels started to decline. The BBIBP-CorV booster injections increase both the quantity and quality of antibodies, which gave support for utilizing booster doses to prolong the duration of the vaccine’s protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyou Mu
- Clinical Laboratory, Yiwu Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Wenzheng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenzheng Guo,
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8
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Helfgott DC, Racine-Brzostek S, Short KJ, Zhao Z, Christos P, Nino I, Niu T, Contreras J, Ritchie EK, Desai P, Samuel M, Roboz GJ. Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:662-670. [PMID: 36282213 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2131414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to complications from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 are effective in immunocompetent adults, but have diminished activity in immunocompromised patients. We measured anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 antibody (anti-S) response, avidity, and surrogate neutralizing antibody activity in COVID-19 vaccinated patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Anti-S was induced in 89% of AML and 88% of MDS patients, but median levels were significantly lower than in healthy controls. SARS-CoV-2 antibody avidity and neutralizing activity from AML patients were significantly lower than controls. Antibody avidity was significantly greater in patients after mRNA-1273 versus BNT162b2; there were trends toward higher anti-S levels and greater neutralizing antibody activity after mRNA-1273 vaccination. Patients with AML and MDS are likely to respond to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination, but differences in anti-S levels, avidity, and neutralizing antibody activity may affect clinical outcomes and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Helfgott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Racine-Brzostek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Translational Research Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelsey J Short
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Translational Research Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Christos
- Department of Biostatistics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itzel Nino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tina Niu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Contreras
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen K Ritchie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pinkal Desai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Samuel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gail J Roboz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Kudryashova AM, Manuylov VA, Murzina AA, Kaira AN, Borisova OV. DYNAMICS IN MATURATION OF SARS-COV-2 RBD-SPECIFIC IGG ANTIBODY AVIDITY DEPENDING ON IMMUNIZATION TIMEFRAME AND TYPE. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2023. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-dim-2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim is to study the dynamics of avidity maturation of IgG antibodies to RBD SARS-CoV-2 depending on the type of immunization (vaccination or infection), as well as on the duration and frequency of immunization.
Materials and methods. The study was performed on two cohort collected at two time of the COVID-19 pandemic. We established a cohort of 87 convalescents from COVID-19 of the pandemic in spring- winter 2020. The second cohort collected in September 2021 from 204 individuals and are represented by two groups.
The first group (n=64) vaccinations with Gam-Covid-Vac and did not report a COVID-19 disease. Hybrid immunity (second group) was achieved after a SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection in naive individuals, who had received a two-dose COVID-19 vaccination Gam-Covid-Vac during the spring-summer of 2021.
Results and conclusions. This study allowed to determine the dynamics of avidity maturation IgG antibodies to RBD SARS-CoV-2 associated with the type and order of antigen exposure in the form of vaccination or infection.
In this article, we showed that the most effective immunity is formed in COVID-19 convalescents and then two steps vaccination Sputnik V.
Comparison of "hybrid" immunity individuals with vaccinated and COVID-19 convalescents was shown significantly higher (p0.001) and median level was 228 BAU/ml versus 75 or 119 BAU/ml, and higher level of avidity index (IA 90.5% vs. 54.5 and 76.6, respectively, p0.001).
Comparison immunization COVID-19 convalescents with vaccination a of two Sputnik V vaccination was shown that vaccination leads to higher IgG levels (median values in groups 119 and 75 BAU/ml, p0.001) and to a higher avidity index (76.6% vs. 54.5%).
It should be noted, in patients with "hybrid" immunity, the median level of avidity index was 25% versus 14.8% and 16% in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinated (p0.001) and in 8 individuals it was higher than 50% in the test with 8M urea as a denaturing agent.
Thus, the more rapid induction of high-avidity antibodies was in vaccination individuals the early stages of immunization (up to 4 months), during the period when IgG maturation has not yet been completed.
Our results showed what during this period vaccination leads to the production of antibodies with avidity index a median level of 82% versus 36% in COVID-19 convalescents the same period.
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10
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Monroe JM, Haralambieva IH, Warner ND, Grill DE, Quach HQ, Kennedy RB. Longitudinal Antibody Titer, Avidity, and Neutralizing Responses after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11676. [PMID: 36439767 PMCID: PMC9675084 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While waning immunity and SARS-CoV-2 variant immune escape continue to result in high infection rates worldwide, associations between longitudinal quantitative, qualitative, and functional humoral immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unclear. In this study, we found significant waning of antibody against Spike S1 (R = −0.32, p = 0.035) and N protein (R = −0.39, p = 0.008), while RBD antibody moderately decreased (R = −0.19, p = 0.203). Likewise, neutralizing antibody titer (ND50) waned over time (R = −0.46, p = 0.001). In contrast, antibody avidity increased significantly over time for Spike S1 (R = 0.62, p = 6.0e−06), RBD (R = 0.54, p = 2.0e−04), and N (R = 0.33, p = 0.025) antibodies. Across all humoral responses, ND50 strongly associated with Spike S1 (R = 0.85, p = 2.7e−13) and RBD (R = 0.78, p = 2.9e−10) antibodies. Our findings provide longitudinal insight into humoral immune responses after infection and imply the potential of Spike S1/RBD antibody titer as surrogate correlates of protection.
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11
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Bauer G, Struck F, Staschik E, Maile J, Wochinz‐Richter K, Motz M, Soutschek E. Differential avidity determination of IgG directed towards the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and its variants in one assay: Rational tool for the assessment of protective immunity. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5294-5303. [PMID: 35851961 PMCID: PMC9349558 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The avidity (binding strength) of IgG directed towards the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein has been recognized as a central marker in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serology. It seems to be linked to increased infection-neutralization potential and therefore might indicate protective immunity. Using a prototype line assay based on the established recomLine SARS-CoV-2 assay, supplemented with RBD of the delta and the omicron variant, differential avidity determination of IgG directed towards RBD of wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2 and distinct variants was possible within one assay. Our data confirm that natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or one vaccination step lead to low avidity IgG, whereas further vaccination steps gradually increase avidity to high values. High avidity is not reached by infection alone. After infection with WT SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination based on mRNA WT, the avidity of cross-reacting IgG directed towards RBD of the delta variant only showed marginal differences compared to IgG directed towards RBD WT. In contrast, the avidity of IgG cross-reacting with RBD of the omicron variant was always much lower than for IgG RBD WT, except after the third vaccination step. Therefore, parallel avidity testing of RBD WT and omicron seems to be mandatory for a significant assessment of protective immunity towards SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Medical CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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12
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Qualification of a Biolayer Interferometry Assay to Support AZD7442 Resistance Monitoring. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0103422. [PMID: 35993765 PMCID: PMC9704045 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01034-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AZD7442, a combination of two long-acting monoclonal antibodies (tixagevimab [AZD8895] and cilgavimab [AZD1061]), has been authorized for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The rapid emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants requires methods capable of quickly characterizing resistance to AZD7442. To support AZD7442 resistance monitoring, a biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay was developed to screen the binding of tixagevimab and cilgavimab to SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins to reduce the number of viral variants for neutralization susceptibility verification. Six spike variants were chosen to assess the assay's performance: four with decreased affinity for tixagevimab (F486S:D614G and F486W:D614G proteins) or cilgavimab (S494L:D614G and K444R:D614G proteins) and two reference proteins (wild-type HexaPro and D614G protein). Equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) values from each spike protein were used to determine shifts in binding affinity. The assay's precision, range, linearity, and limits of quantitation were established. Qualification acceptance criteria determined whether the assay was fit for purpose. By bypassing protein purification, the BLI assay provided increased screening throughput. Although limited correlation between pseudotype neutralization and BLI data (50% inhibitory concentration versus KD) was observed for full immunoglobulins (IgGs), the correlations for antibody fragments (Fabs) were stronger and reflected a better comparison of antibody binding kinetics with neutralization potency. Therefore, despite strong assay performance characteristics, the use of full IgGs limited the screening utility of the assay; however, the Fab approach warrants further exploration as a rapid, high-throughput variant-screening method for future resistance-monitoring programs. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 variants harbor multiple substitutions in their spike trimers, potentially leading to breakthrough infections and clinical resistance to immune therapies. For this reason, a BLI assay was developed and qualified to evaluate the reliability of screening SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer variants against anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) tixagevimab and cilgavimab, the components of AZD7442, prior to in vitro pseudovirus neutralization susceptibility verification testing. The assay bypasses protein purification with rapid assessment of the binding affinity of each MAb for each recombinant protein, potentially providing an efficient preliminary selection step, thus allowing a reduced testing burden in the more technically complex viral neutralization assays. Despite precise and specific measures, an avidity effect associated with MAb binding to the trimer confounded correlation with neutralization potency, negating the assay's utility as a surrogate for neutralizing antibody potency. Improved correlation with Fabs suggests that assay optimization could overcome any avidity limitation, warranting further exploration to support future resistance-monitoring programs.
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13
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Cruz-Cardenas JA, Gutierrez M, López-Arredondo A, Castañeda-Delgado JE, Rojas-Martinez A, Nakamura Y, Enciso-Moreno JA, Palomares LA, Brunck MEG. A pseudovirus-based platform to measure neutralizing antibodies in Mexico using SARS-CoV-2 as proof-of-concept. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17966. [PMID: 36289285 PMCID: PMC9606276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold-standard method to evaluate a functional antiviral immune response is to titer neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against a viral pathogen. This is historically performed using an in vitro assay of virus-mediated infection, which requires BSL-3 facilities. As these are insufficient in Latin American countries, including Mexico, scant information is obtained locally about viral pathogens NAb, using a functional assay. An alternative solution to using a BSL-3 assay with live virus is to use a BSL-2-safe assay with a non-replicative pseudovirus. Pseudoviral particles can be engineered to display a selected pathogen's entry protein on their surface, and to deliver a reporter gene into target cells upon transduction. Here we comprehensively describe the first development of a BSL-2 safe NAbs-measuring functional assay in Mexico, based on the production of pseudotyped lentiviral particles. As proof-of-concept, the assay is based on Nanoluc luciferase-mediated luminescence measurements from target cells transduced with SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped lentiviral particles. We applied the optimized assay in a BSL-2 facility to measure NAbs in 65 serum samples, which evidenced the assay with 100% sensitivity, 86.6% specificity and 96% accuracy. Overall, this is the first report of a BSL-2 safe pseudovirus-based functional assay developed in Mexico to measure NAbs, and a cornerstone methodology necessary to measure NAbs with a functional assay in limited resources settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Cruz-Cardenas
- grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, México
| | - Michelle Gutierrez
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001. Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos México
| | - Alejandra López-Arredondo
- grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, México
| | | | - Augusto Rojas-Martinez
- grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, México
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- grid.509462.cCell Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - José Antonio Enciso-Moreno
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas-IMSS, Zacatecas, México ,grid.412861.80000 0001 2207 2097Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Laura A. Palomares
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001. Col. Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos México
| | - Marion E. G. Brunck
- grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, México
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14
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Malavige GN, Jeewandara C, Ogg GS. Dengue and COVID-19: two sides of the same coin. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:48. [PMID: 35786403 PMCID: PMC9251039 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many countries in Asia and Latin America are currently facing a double burden of outbreaks due to dengue and COVID-19. Here we discuss the similarities and differences between the two infections so that lessons learnt so far from studying both infections will be helpful in further understanding their immunopathogenesis and to develop therapeutic interventions. MAIN BODY Although the entry routes of the SARS-CoV-2 and the dengue virus (DENV) are different, both infections result in a systemic infection, with some similar clinical presentations such as fever, headache, myalgia and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, while dengue is usually associated with a tendency to bleed, development of micro and macrothrombi is a hallmark of severe COVID-19. Apart from the initial similarities in the clinical presentation, there are further similarities between such as risk factors for development of severe illness, cytokine storms, endothelial dysfunction and multi-organ failure. Both infections are characterised by a delayed and impaired type I IFN response and a proinflammatory immune response. Furthermore, while high levels of potent neutralising antibodies are associated with protection, poorly neutralising and cross-reactive antibodies have been proposed to lead to immunopathology by different mechanisms, associated with an exaggerated plasmablast response. The virus specific T cell responses are also shown to be delayed in those who develop severe illness, while varying degrees of endothelial dysfunction leads to increased vascular permeability and coagulation abnormalities. CONCLUSION While there are many similarities between dengue and SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are also key differences especially in long-term disease sequelae. Therefore, it would be important to study the parallels between the immunopathogenesis of both infections for development of more effective vaccines and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gathsaurie Neelika Malavige
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. .,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Chandima Jeewandara
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Graham S Ogg
- Allergy Immunology and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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15
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Wu AHB, Lynch KL. Increased Serum IgG Antibody, Avidity, and Surrogate Virus Neutralization Response after a Third Dose for the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine to SARS-CoV-2. J Appl Lab Med 2022; 7:995-997. [PMID: 35661895 PMCID: PMC9384200 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan H B Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Nakayama EE, Kubota-Koketsu R, Sasaki T, Suzuki K, Uno K, Shimizu J, Okamoto T, Matsumoto H, Matsuura H, Hashimoto S, Tanaka T, Harada H, Tomita M, Kaneko M, Yoshizaki K, Shioda T. Anti-nucleocapsid antibodies enhance the production of IL-6 induced by SARS-CoV-2 N protein. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8108. [PMID: 35577892 PMCID: PMC9109953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cytokine storm induces acute respiratory distress syndrome, the main cause of death in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, the detailed mechanisms of cytokine induction due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remain unclear. To examine the cytokine production in COVID-19, we mimicked the disease in SARS-CoV-2-infected alveoli by adding the lysate of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells to cultured macrophages or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived myeloid cells. The cells secreted interleukin (IL)-6 after the addition of SARS-CoV-2-infected cell lysate. Screening of 25 SARS-CoV-2 protein-expressing plasmids revealed that the N protein-coding plasmid alone induced IL-6 production. The addition of anti-N antibody further enhanced IL-6 production, but the F(ab')2 fragment did not. Sera from COVID-19 patients also enhanced IL-6 production, and sera from patients with severer disease induced higher levels of IL-6. These results suggest that anti-N antibody promotes IL-6 production in SARS-CoV-2-infected alveoli, leading to the cytokine storm of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi E Nakayama
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ritsuko Kubota-Koketsu
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keita Suzuki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,TANAKA Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 254-0076, Japan
| | - Kazuko Uno
- Division of Basic Research, Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, Kyoto, 606-8225, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- MiCAN Technologies Inc., Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0781, Japan
| | - Hisatake Matsumoto
- Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuura
- Osaka Prefectural Nakakawachi Emergency and Critical Care Center, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 678-0947, Japan
| | - Shoji Hashimoto
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization Osaka Habikino Medical Center, Habikino, Osaka, 583-8588, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization Osaka Habikino Medical Center, Habikino, Osaka, 583-8588, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Harada
- Yao Tokushukai General Hospital, Yao, Osaka, 581-0011, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuyuki Yoshizaki
- Institute of Scientific and Industry Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Lee B, Ko JH, Park J, Moon HW, Baek JY, Jung S, Lim HY, Kim KC, Huh K, Cho SY, Kang CI, Chung DR, Huh HJ, Chung CR, Kim YJ, Joo EJ, Kang ES, Peck KR. Estimating the Neutralizing Effect and Titer Correlation of Semi-Quantitative Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Immunoassays. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:822599. [PMID: 35493733 PMCID: PMC9046723 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.822599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the clinical application of semi-quantitative anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests, the analytical performance and titer correlation of the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) need to be investigated. We evaluated the analytical performance and PRNT titer-correlation of one surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) kit and three chemiluminescent assays. We measured the total antibodies for the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, total antibodies for the nucleocapsid protein (NP), and IgG antibodies for the RBD. All three chemiluminescent assays showed high analytical performance for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a sensitivity ≥ 98% and specificity ≥ 99%; those of the sVNT were slightly lower. The representativeness of the neutralizing activity of PRNT ND50 ≥ 20 was comparable among the four immunoassays (Cohen’s kappa ≈ 0.80). Quantitative titer correlation for high PRNT titers of ND50 ≥ 50, 200, and 1,000 was investigated with new cut-off values; the anti-RBD IgG antibody kit showed the best performance. It also showed the best linear correlation with PRNT titer in both the acute and convalescent phases (Pearson’s R 0.81 and 0.72, respectively). Due to the slowly waning titer of anti-NP antibodies, the correlation with PRNT titer at the convalescent phase was poor. In conclusion, semi-quantitative immunoassay kits targeting the RBD showed neutralizing activity that was correlated by titer; measurement of anti-NP antibodies would be useful for determining past infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomki Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiho Park
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-Won Moon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Yang Baek
- Asia Pacific Foundation for Infectious Diseases (APFID), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hee-Young Lim
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyungmin Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol-In Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo Ryeon Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chi Ryang Chung
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Joo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun-Jeong Joo, ; Eun-Suk Kang, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun-Jeong Joo, ; Eun-Suk Kang, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun-Jeong Joo, ; Eun-Suk Kang, ; Kyong Ran Peck,
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18
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Labropoulou S, Vassilaki N, Milona RS, Terpos E, Politou M, Pappa V, Pagoni M, Grouzi E, Dimopoulos MA, Mentis A, Emmanouil M, Angelakis E. Characterizing Kinetics and Avidity of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Greek Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:758. [PMID: 35458488 PMCID: PMC9024518 DOI: 10.3390/v14040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In-depth understanding of the immune response provoked by SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary, as there is a great risk of reinfection and a difficulty in achieving herd immunity due to a decline in both antibody concentration and avidity. Avidity testing, however, could overcome variability in the immune response associated with sex or clinical symptoms, and thus differentiate between recent and past infections. In this context, here, we analyzed SARS-CoV-2 antibody kinetics and avidity in Greek hospitalized (26%) and non-hospitalized (74%) COVID-19 patients (N = 71) in the course of up to 15 months after their infection to improve the accuracy of the serological diagnosis in dating the onset of the infection. The results showed that IgG-S1 levels decline significantly at four months (p = 0.0239) in both groups of patients and are higher in hospitalized ones (up to 2.1-fold, p < 0.001). Additionally, hospitalized patients’ titers drop greatly and are equalized to non-hospitalized ones only at a time-point of twelve to fifteen months. Antibody levels of women in total remain more stable months after infection, compared to men. Furthermore, we examined the differential maturation of IgG avidity after SARS-CoV-2 infection, showing an incomplete maturation of avidity that results in a plateau at four months after infection. We also defined 38.2% avidity (sensitivity: 58.9%, specificity: 90.91%) as an appropriate “cut-off” that could be used to determine the stage of infection before avidity reaches a plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Labropoulou
- Diagnostics Department and Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (S.L.); (A.M.); (M.E.); (E.A.)
| | - Niki Vassilaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Raphaela S. Milona
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Marianna Politou
- Hematology Laboratory Blood Bank, School of Medicine, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Hematology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12461 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Pagoni
- BMT Unit, Department of Hematology and Lymphomas, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece;
| | - Elisavet Grouzi
- Department of Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis, “Saint Savvas” Oncology Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece;
| | - Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (E.T.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Andreas Mentis
- Diagnostics Department and Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (S.L.); (A.M.); (M.E.); (E.A.)
| | - Mary Emmanouil
- Diagnostics Department and Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (S.L.); (A.M.); (M.E.); (E.A.)
| | - Emmanouil Angelakis
- Diagnostics Department and Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece; (S.L.); (A.M.); (M.E.); (E.A.)
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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19
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García-Jiménez ÁF, Cáceres-Martell Y, Fernández-Soto D, Martínez Fleta P, Casasnovas JM, Sánchez-Madrid F, Frade JMR, Valés-Gómez M, Reyburn HT. Cross-reactive cellular, but not humoral, immunity is detected between OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 NPs in people not infected with SARS-CoV-2: Possible role of cT FH cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:339-346. [PMID: 35384035 PMCID: PMC9088540 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4covcra0721-356rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple questions about SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immunity remain unanswered. One key question is whether preexisting memory T or B cells, specific for related coronaviruses in SARS-CoV-2-unexposed individuals, can recognize and suppress COVID-19, but this issue remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens are restricted to serum samples from COVID-19 convalescent individuals. In contrast, cross-reactive T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production responses were detected in PBMCs of around 30% of donor samples collected prepandemic, although we found that these prepandemic T cell responses only elicited weak cTFH activation upon stimulation with either HCoV-OC43 or SARS-CoV-2 NP protein. Overall, these observations confirm that T cell cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2 antigens are present in unexposed people, but suggest that the T cell response to HCoV-OC43 could be deficient in some important aspects, like TFH expansion, that might compromise the generation of cross-reactive TFH cells and antibodies. Understanding these differences in cellular responses may be of critical importance to advance in our knowledge of immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaiza Cáceres-Martell
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández-Soto
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José M Casasnovas
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, CNB, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Manuylov V, Burgasova O, Borisova O, Smetanina S, Vasina D, Grigoriev I, Kudryashova A, Semashko M, Cherepovich B, Kharchenko O, Kleymenov D, Mazunina E, Tkachuk A, Gushchin V. Avidity of IgG to SARS-CoV-2 RBD as a Prognostic Factor for the Severity of COVID-19 Reinfection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030617. [PMID: 35337024 PMCID: PMC8949074 DOI: 10.3390/v14030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The avidity index (AI) of IgG to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 was determined for 71 patients with a mild (outpatient) course of COVID-19, including 39 primarily and 36 secondarily reinfected, and 92 patients with a severe (hospital) course of COVID-19, including 82 primarily and 10 secondarily infected. The AI was shown to correlate with the severity of repeated disease. In the group of outpatients with a mild course, the reinfected patients had significantly higher median AIs than those with primary infections (82.3% vs. 37.1%, p < 0.0001). At the same time, in patients with a severe course of COVID-19, reinfected patients still had low-avidity antibodies (median AI of 28.4% vs. 25% in the primarily infected, difference not significant, p > 0.05). This suggests that the presence of low-avidity IgG to RBD during reinfection is a negative prognostic factor, in which a patient’s risk of developing COVID-19 in a severe form is significantly increased. Thus, patients with IgG of low avidity (AI ≤ 40%) had an 89 ± 20.5% chance of a severe course of recurrent COVID-19, whereas the detection of high-avidity antibodies (AI ≥ 50%) gave a probability of 94 ± 7.9% for a mild course of recurrent disease (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Manuylov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
- MedipalTech LLC, 141981 Dubna, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-968-4040-955
| | - Olga Burgasova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
- Medical Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Borisova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (A.K.); (B.C.); (O.K.)
| | | | - Daria Vasina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Igor Grigoriev
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Alexandra Kudryashova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (A.K.); (B.C.); (O.K.)
| | - Maria Semashko
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Bogdan Cherepovich
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (A.K.); (B.C.); (O.K.)
| | - Olga Kharchenko
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 105064 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (A.K.); (B.C.); (O.K.)
| | - Denis Kleymenov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Elena Mazunina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Artem Tkachuk
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
| | - Vladimir Gushchin
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (O.B.); (D.V.); (I.G.); (M.S.); (D.K.); (E.M.); (A.T.); (V.G.)
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21
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Gaikwad S, Pandve H, Bawa M, Desale A, Patil T, Dadewar A. Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study of the Relationship between Sars-Cov-2 Antibody Titres and Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Population above 6 Years of Age in the Pimpri Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF DR. D.Y. PATIL VIDYAPEETH 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_80_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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22
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Struck F, Schreiner P, Staschik E, Wochinz‐Richter K, Schulz S, Soutschek E, Motz M, Bauer G. Vaccination versus infection with SARS-CoV-2: Establishment of a high avidity IgG response versus incomplete avidity maturation. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6765-6777. [PMID: 34387884 PMCID: PMC8427118 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Avidity is defined as the binding strength of immunoglobulin G (IgG) toward its target epitope. Avidity is directly related to affinity, as both processes are determined by the best fit of IgG to epitopes. We confirm and extend data on incomplete avidity maturation of IgG toward severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleoprotein (NP), spike protein-1 (S1), and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, an initial rise in avidity maturation was ending abruptly, leading to IgG of persistently low or intermediate avidity. Incomplete avidity maturation might facilitate secondary SARS-CoV-2 infections and thus prevent the establishment of herd immunity. Incomplete avidity maturation after infection with SARS-CoV-2 (with only 11.8% of cases showing finally IgG of high avidity, that is, an avidity index > 0.6) was contrasted by regular and rapid establishment of high avidity in SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals after two vaccination steps with the BioNTech messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccine (78% of cases with high avidity). One vaccination step was not sufficient for induction of complete avidity maturation in vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals, as it induced high avidity only in 2.9% of cases within 3 weeks. However, one vaccination step was sufficient to induce high avidity in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Georg Bauer
- Institute of VirologyMedical Center–University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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23
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Dimeglio C, Herin F, Da-Silva I, Porcheron M, Martin-Blondel G, Chapuy-Regaud S, Izopet J. Post-Vaccination Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibody Kinetics and Protection Duration. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:e924-e925. [PMID: 34849639 PMCID: PMC8690160 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Dimeglio
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France,INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), 31300 Toulouse, France,Corresponding author: Chloe Dimeglio,
| | - Fabrice Herin
- Occupational Diseases Department, Toulouse University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France,UMR1295, unité mixte INSERM - Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in Population Health Unit (CERPOP), 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Da-Silva
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Porcheron
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), 31300 Toulouse, France,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Toulouse University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jacques Izopet
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France,INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), 31300 Toulouse, France
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24
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Gallichotte EN, Nehring M, Young MC, Pugh S, Sexton NR, Fitzmeyer E, Quicke KM, Richardson M, Pabilonia KL, Ehrhart N, Fosdick BK, VandeWoude S, Ebel GD. Durable Antibody Responses in Staff at Two Long-Term Care Facilities, during and Post SARS-CoV-2 Outbreaks. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0022421. [PMID: 34287058 PMCID: PMC8552744 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00224-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has had a disproportionate impact on nonhospital health care settings, such as long-term-care facilities (LTCFs). The communal nature of these facilities, paired with the high-risk profile of residents, has resulted in thousands of infections and deaths and a high case fatality rate. To detect presymptomatic infections and identify infected workers, we performed weekly surveillance testing of staff at two LTCFs, which revealed a large outbreak at one of the sites. We collected serum from staff members throughout the study and evaluated it for binding and neutralization to measure seroprevalence, seroconversion, and type and functionality of antibodies. At the site with very few incident infections, we detected that over 40% of the staff had preexisting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, suggesting prior exposure. At the outbreak site, we saw rapid seroconversion following infection. Neutralizing antibody levels were stable for many weeks following infection, suggesting a durable, long-lived response. Receptor-binding domain antibodies and neutralizing antibodies were strongly correlated. The site with high seroprevalence among staff had two unique introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into the facility through seronegative infected staff during the period of study, but these did not result in workplace spread or outbreaks. Together, our results suggest that a high seroprevalence rate among staff can contribute to immunity within a workplace and protect against subsequent infection and spread within a facility. IMPORTANCE Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 due to their communal nature and high-risk profile of residents. LTCF staff have the ability to introduce SARS-CoV-2 into the facility, where it can spread, causing outbreaks. We tested staff weekly at two LTCFs and collected blood throughout the study to measure SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. One site had a large outbreak and infected individuals rapidly generated antibodies after infection. At the other site, almost half the staff already had antibodies, suggesting prior infection. The majority of these antibodies bind to the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and are potently neutralizing and stable for many months. The non-outbreak site had two unique introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into the facility, but these did not result in workplace spread or outbreaks. Our results reveal that high seroprevalence among staff can contribute to immunity and protect against subsequent infection and spread within a facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N. Gallichotte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mary Nehring
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael C. Young
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sierra Pugh
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicole R. Sexton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily Fitzmeyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kendra M. Quicke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Megan Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristy L. Pabilonia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicole Ehrhart
- Columbine Health Systems Center for Healthy Aging and Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bailey K. Fosdick
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory D. Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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25
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Di Germanio C, Simmons G, Kelly K, Martinelli R, Darst O, Azimpouran M, Stone M, Hazegh K, Grebe E, Zhang S, Ma P, Orzechowski M, Gomez JE, Livny J, Hung DT, Vassallo R, Busch MP, Dumont LJ. SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistence in COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors: Dependency on assay format and applicability to serosurveillance. Transfusion 2021; 61:2677-2687. [PMID: 34121205 PMCID: PMC8447038 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody response duration following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection tends to be variable and depends on severity of disease and method of detection. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS COVID-19 convalescent plasma from 18 donors was collected longitudinally for a maximum of 63-129 days following resolution of symptoms. All the samples were initially screened by the Ortho total Ig test to confirm positivity and subsequently tested with seven additional direct sandwich or indirect binding assays (Ortho, Roche, Abbott, Broad Institute) directed against a variety of antigen targets (S1, receptor binding domain, and nucleocapsid [NC]), along with two neutralization assays (Broad Institute live virus PRNT and Vitalant Research Institute [VRI] Pseudovirus reporter viral particle neutralization [RVPN]). RESULTS The direct detection assays (Ortho total Ig total and Roche total Ig) showed increasing levels of antibodies over the time period, in contrast to the indirect IgG assays that showed a decline. Neutralization assays also demonstrated declining responses; the VRI RVPN pseudovirus had a greater rate of decline than the Broad PRNT live virus assay. DISCUSSION These data show that in addition to variable individual responses and associations with disease severity, the detection assay chosen contributes to the heterogeneous results in antibody stability over time. Depending on the scope of the research, one assay may be preferable over another. For serosurveillance studies, direct, double Ag-sandwich assays appear to be the best choice due to their stability; in particular, algorithms that include both S1- and NC-based assays can help reduce the rate of false-positivity and discriminate between natural infection and vaccine-derived seroreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research InstituteSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Orsolya Darst
- Vitalant Research InstituteSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research InstituteSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Eduard Grebe
- Vitalant Research InstituteSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome ProgramBroad Institute of MIT & HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Peijun Ma
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome ProgramBroad Institute of MIT & HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marek Orzechowski
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome ProgramBroad Institute of MIT & HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - James E. Gomez
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome ProgramBroad Institute of MIT & HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jonathan Livny
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome ProgramBroad Institute of MIT & HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Deborah T. Hung
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome ProgramBroad Institute of MIT & HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Research InstituteSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Larry J. Dumont
- Vitalant Research InstituteDenverColoradoUSA
- University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraColoradoUSA
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26
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Racine-Brzostek SE, Karbaschi M, Gaebler C, Klasse PJ, Yee J, Caskey M, Yang HS, Hao Y, Sukhu A, Rand S, Chadburn A, Shi Y, Zuk R, Nussenzweig MC, Cushing MM, Zhao Z. TOP-Plus Is a Versatile Biosensor Platform for Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Durability. Clin Chem 2021; 67:1249-1258. [PMID: 33914041 PMCID: PMC8135537 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody titers dropping to undetectable levels within months after infection have raised concerns about long-term immunity. Both the antibody levels and the avidity of the antibody-antigen interaction should be examined to understand the quality of the antibody response. METHODS A testing-on-a-probe "plus" panel (TOP-Plus) was developed to include a newly developed avidity assay built into the previously described SARS-CoV-2 TOP assays that measured total antibody (TAb), surrogate neutralizing antibody (SNAb), IgM, and IgG on a versatile biosensor platform. TAb and SNAb levels were compared with avidity in previously infected individuals at 1.3 and 6.2 months after infection in paired samples from 80 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Sera from individuals vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2 were also evaluated for antibody avidity. RESULTS The newly designed avidity assay in this TOP panel correlated well with a reference Bio-Layer Interferometry avidity assay (r = 0.88). The imprecision of the TOP avidity assay was <10%. Although TAb and neutralization activity (by SNAb) decreased between 1.3 and 6.2 months after infection, the antibody avidity increased significantly (P < 0.0001). Antibody avidity in 10 SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals (median: 28 days after vaccination) was comparable to the measured antibody avidity in infected individuals (median: 26 days after infection). CONCLUSIONS This highly precise and versatile TOP-Plus panel with the ability to measure SARS-CoV-2 TAb, SNAb, IgG, and IgM antibody levels and avidity of individual sera on one sensor can become a valuable asset in monitoring not only patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 but also the status of individuals' COVID-19 vaccination response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Racine-Brzostek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jim Yee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - He S Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Hao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ashley Sukhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Rand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Melissa M Cushing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Pichler D, Baumgartner M, Kimpel J, Rössler A, Riepler L, Bates K, Fleischer V, von Laer D, Borena W, Würzner R. Marked Increase in Avidity of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies 7-8 Months After Infection Is Not Diminished in Old Age. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:764-770. [PMID: 34086960 PMCID: PMC8195195 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity maturation during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection obtained from 217 participants of the Ischgl cohort, Austria, was studied 0.5-1.5 months (baseline) and 7-8 months (follow-up) after infection. The IgG avidity assay, using a modified IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 5.5 M urea, revealed that old age does not diminish the increase in avidity, detected in all participants positive at both time points, from 18% to 42%. High avidity was associated with a marked residual neutralization capacity in 97.2.% of participants (211/217), which was even higher in the older age group, revealing an important role of avidity assays as easy and cheap surrogate tests for assessing the maturation of the immune system conveying potential protection against further SARS-CoV-2 infections without necessitating expensive and laborious neutralization assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pichler
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Baumgartner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia Riepler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katie Bates
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Fleischer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wegene Borena
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology, and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Bainbridge ED, Hsue PY, Esensten JH, Lynch KL, Hendrickson CM, Doernberg SB, Fung M, Chin-Hong P, Di Germanio C, Norris PJ, Simmons G, Glidden DV, Luetkemeyer AF. Characteristics of High-Titer Convalescent Plasma and Antibody Dynamics After Administration in Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab385. [PMID: 34405093 PMCID: PMC8344822 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the antibody composition of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) and the immunologic responses of hospitalized COVID-19 patients after receiving CCP or nonimmune fresh frozen plasma. Despite selection of CCP with significantly higher total immunoglobulin G than recipients, neutralizing antibody levels did not differ between donor plasma and CCP recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma D Bainbridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Priscilla Y Hsue
- Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonathan H Esensten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carolyn M Hendrickson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah B Doernberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Monica Fung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Chin-Hong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Philip J Norris
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David V Glidden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anne F Luetkemeyer
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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COVID-19 is a systemic vascular hemopathy: insight for mechanistic and clinical aspects. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:755-788. [PMID: 34184164 PMCID: PMC8238037 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is presenting as a systemic disease associated with vascular inflammation and endothelial injury. Severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and there is still an ongoing debate on whether COVID-19 ARDS and its perfusion defect differs from ARDS induced by other causes. Beside pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-1 β [IL-1β] or IL-6), several main pathological phenomena have been seen because of endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction: hypercoagulation reflected by fibrin degradation products called D-dimers, micro- and macrothrombosis and pathological angiogenesis. Direct endothelial infection by SARS-CoV-2 is not likely to occur and ACE-2 expression by EC is a matter of debate. Indeed, endothelial damage reported in severely ill patients with COVID-19 could be more likely secondary to infection of neighboring cells and/or a consequence of inflammation. Endotheliopathy could give rise to hypercoagulation by alteration in the levels of different factors such as von Willebrand factor. Other than thrombotic events, pathological angiogenesis is among the recent findings. Overexpression of different proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) or placental growth factors (PlGF) have been found in plasma or lung biopsies of COVID-19 patients. Finally, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces an emergency myelopoiesis associated to deregulated immunity and mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells, leading to features of acquired hematological malignancies or cardiovascular disease, which are discussed in this review. Altogether, this review will try to elucidate the pathophysiology of thrombotic complications, pathological angiogenesis and EC dysfunction, allowing better insight in new targets and antithrombotic protocols to better address vascular system dysfunction. Since treating SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential long-term effects involves targeting the vascular compartment and/or mobilization of immature immune cells, we propose to define COVID-19 and its complications as a systemic vascular acquired hemopathy.
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Luo YR, Yun C, Chakraborty I, Wu AHB, Lynch KL. A SARS-CoV-2 Label-Free Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test and a Longitudinal Study of Antibody Characteristics in COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0019321. [PMID: 33827900 PMCID: PMC8218741 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00193-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods designed to measure severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) humoral response include virus neutralization tests to determine antibody neutralization activity. For ease of use and universal applicability, surrogate virus neutralization tests (sVNTs) based on antibody-mediated blockage of molecular interactions have been proposed. A surrogate virus neutralization test was established on a label-free immunoassay platform (LF-sVNT). The LF-sVNT analyzes the binding ability of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) after neutralizing RBD with antibodies in serum. The LF-sVNT neutralizing antibody titers (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50]) were determined from serum samples (n = 246) from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (n = 113), as well as the IgG concentrations and the IgG avidity indices. Although there was variability in the kinetics of the IgG concentrations and neutralizing antibody titers between individuals, there was an initial rise, plateau, and then in some cases a gradual decline at later time points after 40 days after symptom onset. The IgG avidity indices, in the same cases, plateaued after an initial rise and did not show a decline. The LF-sVNT can be a valuable tool in research and clinical laboratories for the assessment of the presence of neutralizing antibodies to COVID-19. This study is the first to provide longitudinal neutralizing antibody titers beyond 200 days post-symptom onset. Despite the decline of IgG concentration and neutralizing antibody titer, IgG avidity index increases, reaches a plateau, and then remains constant up to 8 months postinfection. The decline of antibody neutralization activity can be attributed to the reduction in antibody quantity rather than the deterioration of antibody quality, as measured by antibody avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Ruben Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cassandra Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Alan H. B. Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kara L. Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
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31
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Nurmi V, Hedman L, Perdomo MF, Weseslindtner L, Hedman K. Comparison of approaches for IgG avidity calculation and a new highly sensitive and specific method with broad dynamic range. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 110:479-487. [PMID: 34044143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial IgG avidity is measured in the diagnosis of infectious disease, for dating of primary infection or immunization. It is generally determined by either of two approaches, termed here the avidity index (AI) or end-point ratio (EPR), which differ in complexity and workload. While several variants of these approaches have been introduced, little comparative information exists on their clinical utility. METHODS This study was performed to systematically compare the performances of these approaches and to design a new sensitive and specific calculation method, for easy implementation in the laboratory. The avidities obtained by AI, EPR, and the newly developed approach were compared, across parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, and Epstein-Barr virus panels comprising 460 sera from individuals with a recent primary infection or long-term immunity. RESULTS With optimal IgG concentrations, all approaches performed equally, appropriately discriminating primary infections from past immunity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.93-0.94). However, at lower IgG concentrations, the avidity status (low, borderline, high) changed in 17% of samples using AI (AUC 0.88), as opposed to 4% using EPR (AUC 0.91) and 6% using the new method (AUC 0.93). CONCLUSIONS The new method measures IgG avidity accurately, in a broad range of IgG levels, while the popular AI approach calls for a sufficiently high antibody concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visa Nurmi
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Lea Hedman
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria F Perdomo
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Klaus Hedman
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Forthal D. Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:1-8. [PMID: 33610693 PMCID: PMC7891074 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. A great deal of work has been accomplished in a very short period of time to describe adaptive immune responses and to ascertain their roles in determining the course of infection. As with other viral infections, SARS-CoV-2 elicits both antibody and T-cell responses. Whereas antibody responses are likely effective in preventing infection and may participate in controlling infection once established, it is less clear whether or not they play a role in pathogenesis. T cells are likely involved in controlling established infection, but a pathogenic role is also possible. Longer term evaluation is necessary to determine the durability of protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine and School of Biological Sciences, United States.
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33
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Spinelli MA, Lynch KL, Yun C, Glidden DV, Peluso MJ, Henrich TJ, Gandhi M, Brown LB. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, and IgG concentration and pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres after infection, compared by HIV status: a matched case-control observational study. Lancet HIV 2021; 8:e334-e341. [PMID: 33933189 PMCID: PMC8084354 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(21)00072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Most cohorts show similar or lower COVID-19 incidence among people living with HIV compared with the general population. However, incidence might be affected by lower testing rates among vulnerable populations. We aimed to compare SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence, disease severity, and neutralising antibody activity after infection among people with and without HIV receiving care in a county hospital system over a 3-month period. Methods In this matched case-control observational study, remnant serum samples were collected between Aug 1 and Oct 31, 2020, from all people living with HIV who underwent routine outpatient laboratory testing in a municipal health-care system (San Francisco General Hospital, CA, USA). Samples from people living with HIV were date of collection-matched (same day) and age-matched (±5 years) to samples from randomly selected adults (aged 18 years or older) without HIV receiving care for chronic conditions at the same hospital. We compared seroprevalence by HIV status via mixed-effects logistic regression models, accounting for the matched structure of the data (random effects for the matched group), adjusting for age, sex, race or ethnicity, and clinical factors (ie, history of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, and type 2 diabetes). Severe COVID-19 was assessed in participants with past SARS-CoV-2 (IgG or PCR) infection by chart review and compared with multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression, adjusting for age and sex. SARS-CoV-2 IgG, neutralising antibody titres, and antibody avidity were measured in serum of participants with previous positive PCR tests and compared with multivariable mixed-effects models, adjusting for age, sex, and time since PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Findings 1138 samples from 955 people living with HIV and 1118 samples from 1062 people without HIV were tested. SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence was 3·7% (95% CI 2·4 to 5·0) among people with HIV compared with 7·4% (5·7 to 9·2) among people without HIV (adjusted odds ratio 0·50, 95% CI 0·30 to 0·83). Among 31 people with HIV and 70 people without HIV who had evidence of past infection, the odds of severe COVID-19 were 5·52 (95% CI 1·01 to 64·48) times higher among people living with HIV. Adjusting for time since PCR-confirmed infection, SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentrations were lower (percentage change −53%, 95% CI −4 to −76), pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres were lower (−67%, −25 to −86), and avidity was similar (7%, −73 to 87) among people living with HIV compared with those without HIV. Interpretation Although fewer infections were detected by SARS-CoV-2 IgG testing among people living with HIV than among those without HIV, people with HIV had more cases of severe COVID-19. Among people living with HIV with past SARS-CoV-2 infection, lower IgG concentrations and pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres might reflect a diminished serological response to infection, and the similar avidity could be driven by similar time since infection. Funding US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Spinelli
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David V Glidden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lillian B Brown
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Chvatal-Medina M, Mendez-Cortina Y, Patiño PJ, Velilla PA, Rugeles MT. Antibody Responses in COVID-19: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633184. [PMID: 33936045 PMCID: PMC8081880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide as a severe pandemic. Although its seroprevalence is highly variable among territories, it has been reported at around 10%, but higher in health workers. Evidence regarding cross-neutralizing response between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is still controversial. However, other previous coronaviruses may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection, since they are phylogenetically related and share the same target receptor. Further, the seroconversion of IgM and IgG occurs at around 12 days post onset of symptoms and most patients have neutralizing titers on days 14-20, with great titer variability. Neutralizing antibodies correlate positively with age, male sex, and severity of the disease. Moreover, the use of convalescent plasma has shown controversial results in terms of safety and efficacy, and due to the variable immune response among individuals, measuring antibody titers before transfusion is mostly required. Similarly, cellular immunity seems to be crucial in the resolution of the infection, as SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells circulate to some extent in recovered patients. Of note, the duration of the antibody response has not been well established yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Chvatal-Medina
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Pablo J. Patiño
- Grupo Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paula A. Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Bauer G. The potential significance of high avidity immunoglobulin G (IgG) for protective immunity towards SARS-CoV-2. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 106:61-64. [PMID: 33713819 PMCID: PMC7944804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avidity is defined as the strength of binding between immunoglobulin G (IgG) and its specific target epitope. IgG of high avidity is established during affinity maturation. Failure to achieve high avidity IgG may result in a lack of protective immunity towards infection and disease. It is known that the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its cellular receptor is driven by high affinity. Therefore, it is predictable that protective antibodies towards SARS-CoV-2 should show high affinity/avidity. Avidity after SARS-CoV-2 infection Recent findings by several groups demonstrate that the serological response towards infection with SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses is characterized by incomplete avidity maturation, followed by a decline of the serological response. This response might facilitate reinfection, prevent herd immunity and potentially allow repeated cycles of infection. Consequences for vaccination towards SARS-CoV-2 Therefore, the sole focus on antibody titers reached after vaccination towards SARS-CoV-2 might not be sufficient to evaluate the degree of achieved protection. Rather, it is suggested to include avidity determination to optimize vaccination protocols and achieve high avidity IgG directed towards SARS-CoV-2 through vaccination. Avidity determination might also be useful to control for truly protective immunity towards SARS-CoV-2 in individual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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36
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Yang HS, Costa V, Racine-Brzostek SE, Acker KP, Yee J, Chen Z, Karbaschi M, Zuk R, Rand S, Sukhu A, Klasse PJ, Cushing MM, Chadburn A, Zhao Z. Association of Age With SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e214302. [PMID: 33749770 PMCID: PMC7985726 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Accumulating evidence suggests that children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are more likely to manifest mild symptoms and are at a lower risk of developing severe respiratory disease compared with adults. It remains unknown how the immune response in children differs from that of adolescents and adults. Objective To investigate the association of age with the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used 31 426 SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results from pediatric and adult patients. Data were collected from a New York City hospital from April 9 to August 31, 2020. The semiquantitative immunoglobin (Ig) G levels were compared between 85 pediatric and 3648 adult patients. Further analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody profiles was performed on sera from 126 patients aged 1 to 24 years. Main Outcomes and Measures SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity rates and IgG levels were evaluated in patients from a wide range of age groups (1-102 years). SARS-CoV-2 IgG level, total antibody (TAb) level, surrogate neutralizing antibody (SNAb) activity, and antibody binding avidity were compared between children (aged 1-10 years), adolescents (aged 11-18 years), and young adults (aged 19-24 years). Results Among 31 426 antibody test results (19 797 [63.0%] female patients), with 1194 pediatric patients (mean [SD] age, 11.0 [5.3] years) and 30 232 adult patients (mean [SD] age, 49.2 [17.1] years), the seroprevalence in the pediatric (197 [16.5%; 95% CI, 14.4%-18.7%]) and adult (5630 [18.6%; 95% CI, 18.2%-19.1%]) patient populations was similar. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG level showed a negative correlation with age in the pediatric population (r = -0.45, P < .001) and a moderate but positive correlation with age in adults (r = 0.24, P < .001). Patients aged 19 to 30 years exhibited the lowest IgG levels (eg, aged 25-30 years vs 1-10 years: 99 [44-180] relative fluorescence units [RFU] vs 443 [188-851] RFU). In the subset cohort aged 1 to 24 years, IgG, TAb, SNAb and avidity were negatively correlated with age (eg, IgG: r = -0.51; P < .001). Children exhibited higher median (IQR) IgG levels, TAb levels, and SNAb activity compared with adolescents (eg, IgG levels: 473 [233-656] RFU vs 191 [82-349] RFU; P < .001) and young adults (eg, IgG levels: 473 [233-656] RFU vs 85 [38-150] RFU; P < .001). Adolescents also exhibited higher median (IQR) TAb levels, IgG levels, and SNAb activity than young adults (eg, TAb levels: 961 [290-2074] RFU vs 370 [125-697]; P = .006). In addition, children had higher antibody binding avidity compared with young adults, but the difference was not significant. Conclusions and Relevance The results of this study suggest that SARS-CoV-2 viral specific antibody response profiles are distinct in different age groups. Age-targeted strategies for disease screening and management as well as vaccine development may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- He S. Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, New York
| | - Victoria Costa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, New York
| | - Sabrina E. Racine-Brzostek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, New York
| | - Karen P. Acker
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jim Yee
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, New York
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Sophie Rand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ashley Sukhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - P. J. Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Melissa M. Cushing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, New York
| | - Amy Chadburn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, New York
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, New York
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37
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Ricke DO. Two Different Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) Risks for SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640093. [PMID: 33717193 PMCID: PMC7943455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) disease severity and stages varies from asymptomatic, mild flu-like symptoms, moderate, severe, critical, and chronic disease. COVID-19 disease progression include lymphopenia, elevated proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in lungs, immune dysregulation, cytokine storms, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), etc. Development of vaccines to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and other coronavirus has been difficult to create due to vaccine induced enhanced disease responses in animal models. Multiple betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 expand cellular tropism by infecting some phagocytic cells (immature macrophages and dendritic cells) via antibody bound Fc receptor uptake of virus. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) may be involved in the clinical observation of increased severity of symptoms associated with early high levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients. Infants with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19 may also have ADE caused by maternally acquired SARS-CoV-2 antibodies bound to mast cells. ADE risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 has implications for COVID-19 and MIS-C treatments, B-cell vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 antibody therapy, and convalescent plasma therapy for patients. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies bound to mast cells may be involved in MIS-C and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) following initial COVID-19 infection. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies bound to Fc receptors on macrophages and mast cells may represent two different mechanisms for ADE in patients. These two different ADE risks have possible implications for SARS-CoV-2 B-cell vaccines for subsets of populations based on age, cross-reactive antibodies, variabilities in antibody levels over time, and pregnancy. These models place increased emphasis on the importance of developing safe SARS-CoV-2 T cell vaccines that are not dependent upon antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell O. Ricke
- Biological and Chemical Technologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, Biotechnology and Human Systems, Lexington, MA, United States
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38
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Bloch EM, Patel EU, Marshall C, Littlefield K, Goel R, Grossman BJ, Winters JL, Shrestha R, Burgess I, Laeyendecker O, Shoham S, Sullivan D, Gehrie EA, Redd AD, Quinn TC, Casadevall A, Pekosz A, Tobian AAR. ABO blood group and SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in a convalescent donor population. Vox Sang 2021; 116:766-773. [PMID: 33493365 PMCID: PMC8012988 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives ABO blood group may affect risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and/or severity of COVID‐19. We sought to determine whether IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody (nAb) to SARS‐CoV‐2 vary by ABO blood group. Materials and Methods Among eligible convalescent plasma donors, ABO blood group was determined via agglutination of reagent A1 and B cells, IgA and IgG were quantified using the Euroimmun anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 ELISA, and nAb titres were quantified using a microneutralization assay. Differences in titre distribution were examined by ABO blood group using non‐parametric Kruskal–Wallis tests. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) of high nAb titre (≥1:160) were estimated by blood group using multivariable modified Poisson regression models that adjusted for age, sex, hospitalization status and time since SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnosis. Results Of the 202 potential donors, 65 (32%) were blood group A, 39 (19%) were group B, 13 (6%) were group AB, and 85 (42%) were group O. Distribution of nAb titres significantly differed by ABO blood group, whereas there were no significant differences in anti‐spike IgA or anti‐spike IgG titres by ABO blood group. There were significantly more individuals with high nAb titre (≥1:160) among those with blood group B, compared with group O (aPR = 1·9 [95%CI = 1·1–3·3], P = 0·029). Fewer individuals had a high nAb titre among those with blood group A, compared with group B (aPR = 0·6 [95%CI = 0·4‐1·0], P = 0·053). Conclusion Eligible CCP donors with blood group B may have relatively higher neutralizing antibody titres. Additional studies evaluating ABO blood groups and antibody titres that incorporate COVID‐19 severity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Bloch
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eshan U Patel
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christi Marshall
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruchika Goel
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Mississippi Valley Regional Blood Center, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Brenda J Grossman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Winters
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ruchee Shrestha
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Imani Burgess
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric A Gehrie
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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