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Morado-Aramburo O, Hasbun R. Solid organ transplant-related central nervous system infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:192-200. [PMID: 38602163 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Central nervous system (CNS) infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients may present atypical or nonspecific symptoms. Due to a wider range of infectious agents compared with immunocompetent hosts, diagnosis is challenging. This review categorizes CNS infections in SOT recipients by cause. RECENT FINDINGS New studies have reported new data on the epidemiology and the risk factors associated with each specific pathogen described in this review. Additionally, we included the treatment recommendations. SUMMARY The latest findings give us an insight into the different pathogens causing infectious neurologic complications in SOT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Morado-Aramburo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Rodríguez-Sabogal IA, Cabrera R, Marin D, Lopez L, Aguilar Y, Gomez G, Peña-Valencia K, Riaño W, Vélez L, Keynan Y, Rueda ZV. Does the Recovery of Respiratory Viruses Impact Pulmonary Function at Baseline and 1-, 6-, and 12-Month Follow-Up in People Living with HIV and Pneumonia? Viruses 2024; 16:344. [PMID: 38543710 PMCID: PMC10974101 DOI: 10.3390/v16030344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The frequency of respiratory viruses in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and their impact on lung function remain unclear. We aimed to determine the frequency of respiratory viruses in bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum samples in PLHIV and correlate their presence with lung function. A prospective cohort of adults hospitalized in Medellín between September 2016 and December 2018 included three groups: group 1 = people diagnosed with HIV and a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), group 2 = HIV, and group 3 = CAP. People were followed up with at months 1, 6, and 12. Clinical, microbiological, and spirometric data were collected. Respiratory viruses were detected by multiplex RT-PCR. Sixty-five patients were included. At least 1 respiratory virus was identified in 51.9%, 45.1%, and 57.1% of groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Among these, 89% of respiratory viruses were detected with another pathogen, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis (40.7%) and Pneumocystis jirovecii (22.2%). The most frequent respiratory virus was rhinovirus (24/65, 37%). On admission, 30.4% of group 1, 16.6% of group 2, and 50% of group 3 had airflow limitation, with alteration in forced expiratory volume at first second in both groups with pneumonia compared to HIV. Respiratory viruses are frequent in people diagnosed with HIV, generally coexisting with other pathogens. Pulmonary function on admission was affected in patients with pneumonia, improving significantly in the 1st, 6th, and 12th months after CAP onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Arturo Rodríguez-Sabogal
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (I.A.R.-S.); (W.R.); (L.V.)
- Infectious Diseases Section, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Ruth Cabrera
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia; (R.C.); (D.M.); (L.L.); (Y.A.)
- Grupo Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia
| | - Diana Marin
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia; (R.C.); (D.M.); (L.L.); (Y.A.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia;
| | - Lucelly Lopez
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia; (R.C.); (D.M.); (L.L.); (Y.A.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia;
| | - Yudy Aguilar
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia; (R.C.); (D.M.); (L.L.); (Y.A.)
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas—GRIPE, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Gomez
- Pulmonologist Section, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundacion, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
| | - Katherine Peña-Valencia
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia;
- Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
- Grupo Bacterias & Cancer, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Will Riaño
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (I.A.R.-S.); (W.R.); (L.V.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia;
| | - Lázaro Vélez
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (I.A.R.-S.); (W.R.); (L.V.)
- Infectious Diseases Section, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellin 050010, Colombia
- Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas—GRIPE, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia; (R.C.); (D.M.); (L.L.); (Y.A.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin 050031, Colombia;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Bongomin F, Kwizera R, Namusobya M, van Rhijn N, Andia-Biraro I, Kirenga BJ, Meya DB, Denning DW. Re-estimation of the burden of serious fungal diseases in Uganda. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2024; 11:20499361241228345. [PMID: 38328511 PMCID: PMC10848809 DOI: 10.1177/20499361241228345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It is of utmost importance to monitor any change in the epidemiology of fungal diseases that may arise from a change in the number of the at-risk population or the availability of local data. Objective We sought to update the 2015 publication on the incidence and prevalence of serious fungal diseases in Uganda. Methods Using the Leading International Fungal Education methodology, we reviewed published data on fungal diseases and drivers of fungal diseases in Uganda. Regional or global data were used where there were no Ugandan data. Results With a population of ~45 million, we estimate the annual burden of serious fungal diseases at 4,099,357 cases (about 9%). We estimated the burden of candidiasis as follows: recurrent Candida vaginitis (656,340 cases), oral candidiasis (29,057 cases), and esophageal candidiasis (74,686 cases) in HIV-infected people. Cryptococcal meningitis annual incidence is estimated at 5553 cases, Pneumocystis pneumonia at 4604 cases in adults and 2100 cases in children. For aspergillosis syndromes, invasive aspergillosis annual incidence (3607 cases), chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (26,765 annual cases and 63,574 5-year-period prevalent cases), and prevalence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis at 75,931 cases, and severe asthma with fungal sensitization at 100,228 cases. Tinea capitis is common with 3,047,989 prevalent cases. For other mycoses, we estimate the annual incidence of histoplasmosis to be 646 cases and mucormycosis at 9 cases. Conclusion Serious fungal diseases affect nearly 9% of Ugandans every year. Tuberculosis and HIV remain the most important predisposition to acute fungal infection necessitating accelerated preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic interventions for the management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Kwizera
- Infectious Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Martha Namusobya
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Norman van Rhijn
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Bruce J. Kirenga
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David B. Meya
- Infectious Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David W. Denning
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, CTF Building, The University of Manchester, Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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Lee WI, Lam L, Bacchi S, Jiang M, Inglis JM, Smith W, Hissaria P. Antibiotic prophylaxis in immunosuppressed patients - Missed opportunities from trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole allergy label. World Allergy Organ J 2024; 17:100856. [PMID: 38235260 PMCID: PMC10793173 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a broad spectrum antibiotic in use for more than 50 years. It has an important indication as first line agent in the prophylaxis of opportunistic infections, particularly Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), in immunosuppressed patients. For those who have a history of allergy or severe intolerance to TMP-SMX, pentamidine, dapsone or atovaquone may be substituted; however there is evidence that TMP-SMX offers superior coverage for PJP, toxoplasmosis, and nocardiosis. Compared to pentamidine, it has the added benefit of cost-effectiveness and self-administration as opposed to required hospital attendance for administration. Many patients who report a history of allergy or adverse reaction to TMP-SMX (or "sulfur allergy") will be found not to be allergic; and even those who are allergic may be able to be desensitized. The evaluation and, where appropriate, removal of TMP-SMX allergy label enables the use of TMP-SMX for prophylaxis against opportunistic infections. This is a cost-effective intervention to optimize antimicrobial prescribing and reduce the risk of opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-I Lee
- Department of Immunology, The Canberra Hospital, Yamba Drive, Garran, ACT, 2605, Australia
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lydia Lam
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen Bacchi
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Melinda Jiang
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Joshua M. Inglis
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- Flinders Medical Centre and University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - William Smith
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Pravin Hissaria
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology, Frome Rd, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
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AlFaleh FA, Ismael SS, Aguilar-Marcelino L, Silva FEM, Ashraf T, Abbas RZ, Qamar W. Use of nanoparticles, a modern means of drug delivery, against cryptosporidiosis. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:704-719. [PMID: 38370897 PMCID: PMC10868694 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a primary cause of waterborne epidemics, despite being previously considered only an opportunistic pathogen. The disease is associated with significant economic losses in humans and animals that are brought on by diarrhea, which frequently causes dehydration. Contact with diseased people or animals, as well as polluted water, is the major cause of infection. Different drugs are used to control the parasites. Nitazoxanide (NTZ), which is an anti-protozoan and anti-viral drug, can be used to control helminths, viruses, and protozoan parasites as a broad-spectrum antibiotic and has been approved by the food and drug authority (FDA). However, the problem is the development of resistance over a period of time in these parasites. Nanoparticles have received significant attention as possible anti-parasitic agents in recent years. By directing medications to specific cellular locations, targeted drug delivery minimizes the side effects of medications. Nanoparticles have demonstrated effectiveness against different Cryptosporidium species. Nanoparticles loaded with NTZ are found to be an effective remedy for C. parvum in young ones and decrease the oocyst count shed in the stools. Additionally, silver nanoparticles have proven to be effective against C. parvum by releasing silver ions that breach the cell wall of the oocyst, causing the escape of intracellular contents and the destruction of sporozoites within the oocyst. Implementing tiny particles for the purification of consuming water from Cryptosporidium is an economical and environmentally sustainable process. However, the use of nanoparticles in medicine requires more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faleh A. AlFaleh
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shameeran Salman Ismael
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
| | | | | | - Tayyaba Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Yu CW, Zhu XF, Huang C, Meng HD, Cao XG. Case report: A toxoplasmic encephalitis in an immunocompromised child detected through metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1247233. [PMID: 37841727 PMCID: PMC10569600 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1247233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There exist numerous pathogens that are capable of causing infections within the central nervous system (CNS); however, conventional detection and analysis methods prove to be challenging. Clinical diagnosis of CNS infections often depends on clinical characteristics, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, imaging, and molecular detection assays. Unfortunately, these methods can be both insensitive and time consuming, which can lead to missed diagnoses and catastrophic outcomes, especially in the case of infrequent diseases. Despite the application of appropriate prophylactic regimens and evidence-based antimicrobial agents, CNS infections continue to result in significant morbidity and mortality in hospital settings. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a novel tool that enables the identification of thousands of pathogens in a target-independent manner in a single run. The role of this innovative detection method in clinical pathogen diagnostics has matured over time. In this particular research, clinicians employed mNGS to investigate a suspected CNS infection in a child with leukemia, and unexpectedly detected Toxoplasma gondii. Case A 3-year-old child diagnosed with T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma was admitted to our hospital due to a 2-day history of fever and headache, along with 1 day of altered consciousness. Upon admission, the patient's Glasgow Coma Scale score was 14. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple abnormal signals. Due to the patient's atypical clinical symptoms and laboratory test results, determining the etiology and treatment plan was difficulty.Subsequently, the patient underwent next-generation sequencing examination of cerebrospinal fluid. The following day, the results indicated the presence of Toxoplasma gondii. The patient received treatment with a combination of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and azithromycin. After approximately 7 days, the patient's symptoms significantly improved, and they were discharged from the hospital with oral medication to continue at home. A follow-up polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing after about 6 weeks revealed the absence of Toxoplasma. Conclusion This case highlights the potential of mNGS as an effective method for detecting toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). Since mNGS can identify thousands of pathogens in a single run, it may be a promising detection method for investigating the causative pathogens of central nervous system infections with atypical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang-Wei Yu
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, TaiHe County People’s Hospital, Fuyan, China
| | - Xiong-Feng Zhu
- Department of Emergency Emergency Internal Medicine Department, The Third People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, China
| | - Chongjian Huang
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Dong Meng
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital of AnhuiMedical University (The First People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Cao
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, China
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Arnab P, Croxford R, Scott J, Perumal S, Mohammed Z, Wiesner L, Cohen K, Wasserman S. Severe efavirenz associated neurotoxicity: A retrospective cohort study. S Afr J Infect Dis 2023; 38:522. [PMID: 37780199 PMCID: PMC10397354 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v38i1.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Efavirenz (EFV) is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Severe neurotoxicity has been reported but the clinical phenotype and risk factors are poorly defined. Objectives To characterise clinical presentations, risk factors and outcomes to help clinicians recognise severe neurotoxicity earlier. Method The authors retrospectively identified adults with supratherapeutic EFV concentrations (> 4 mg/L) obtained during routine clinical care in Cape Town, South Africa. Clinical and laboratory data at the time of EFV quantification were extracted from medical records. Logistic regression was performed to identify associations with neuropsychiatric symptoms, and with severe neurotoxicity. Results Eighty one patients were included; 62 with neuropsychiatric manifestations (most frequently ataxia [n = 20] and psychomotor slowing [n = 24]); and 19 with hepatotoxicity. Overall, 28 (34.6%) were male, 49 (60.5%) had concomitant isoniazid exposure, and median EFV concentration was 12.1 mg/L (interquartile range [IQR]: 6.6-20.0). Neuropsychiatric symptoms were associated with longer duration of EFV therapy, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.3/180-day increment (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-1.7); higher EFV concentrations, aOR 1.2/1 mg/L increase (95% CI: 1.0-1.4) and isoniazid exposure, aOR 8.2 (95% CI: 2.5-26.7). Severe neuropsychiatric symptoms occurred in 47 (75%) patients at a median of 5.9 months (IQR: 2.1-40.8) after EFV initiation. Severe symptoms odds were 1.2-fold higher (95% CI: 1.1-1.4) per 1 mg/L increase in EFV concentration. Symptoms resolved completely within 1 month in 25 (76%) patients with severe neurotoxicity who discontinued EFV. Conclusion A concentration-effect relationship for severe neurotoxicity exists, which occurred late and resolved in most patients after EFV discontinuation. Contribution The authors highlighted clinical heterogeneity and morbidity of EFV-associated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Arnab
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roland Croxford
- Department of Health, DP Marais Hospital, Western Cape Government, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janet Scott
- Department of Health, DP Marais Hospital, Western Cape Government, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sameshan Perumal
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zahraa Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Cohen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Gao X, Zhang W, Sun J, Adeloye D, Jin H, Rudan I, Song P, Jin M. Lifetime prevalence and adherence rate of cervical cancer screening among women living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int AIDS Soc 2023; 26:e26090. [PMID: 37247380 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.26090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women living with HIV (WLWH) are more likely to develop cervical cancer. Screening and available healthcare can effectively reduce its incidence and mortality rates. We aimed to summarize the lifetime prevalence and adherence rate of cervical cancer screening among WLWH across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and high-income countries (HICs). METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and Embase for studies published between database inception and 2 September 2022, without language or geographical restrictions. Those reporting the lifetime prevalence and/or adherence rate of cervical cancer screening among WLWH were included. Pooled estimates across LMICs and HICs were obtained using DerSimonian-Laird random-effects models. When the number of eligible studies was greater than 10, we further conducted stratified analyses by the World Health Organization (WHO) region, setting (rural vs. urban), investigation year, screening method, type of cervical cancer screening programme, age and education level. RESULTS Among the 63 included articles, 26 provided data on lifetime prevalence, 24 on adherence rate and 13 on both. The pooled lifetime prevalence in LMICs was 30.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.0-41.3), compared to 92.4% in HICs (95% CI: 89.6-94.6). The pooled adherence rate was 20.1% in LMICs (95% CI: 16.4-24.3) and 59.5% in HICs (95% CI: 51.2-67.2). DISCUSSION There was a large gap in cervical cancer screening among WLWH between LMICs and HICs. Further analysis found that those in LMICs had higher lifetime prevalence in subgroups with urban settings, with older age and with higher education levels; and those in HICs had higher adherence in subgroups with younger age and with higher education levels. CONCLUSIONS Cervical cancer screening among WLWH falls considerably short of the WHO's goal. There should be continuous efforts to further increase screening among these women, especially those residing in the rural areas of LMICs and with lower education levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Gao
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanting Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Davies Adeloye
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Huyi Jin
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peige Song
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingjuan Jin
- Department of Public Health, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Ugwu DI, Conradie J. Metal complexes derived from bidentate ligands: Synthesis, catalytic and biological applications. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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10
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Phang DSK, Ettikan JV, Abd Aziz H, Vendargon FM, Sonny Teo KS. A Rare Complication of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO). Cureus 2023; 15:e35693. [PMID: 37012964 PMCID: PMC10066721 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrobulbar optic neuritis is a rare complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). We report a case of a 27-year-old man who presented with a progressive left blurring of vision for one week. A history of vesicular rashes in the left trigeminal nerve area preceded his condition. On examination, we noted that his left eye visual acuity was hand movement, and his optic nerve function was reduced. Findings from examining the anterior segment and intraocular pressure were unremarkable. The fundus examination results were normal. A blood investigation was positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). MRI showed hyperintense features of the intraorbital segment of the optic nerve in the T2-weighted image. An abnormal high signal on a T2 weighted image may be present, which may be a clue for varicella zoster associated complications, such as HZO-related optic neuritis. Therefore, a diagnosis of retrobulbar optic neuritis was made, and antiviral treatment was initiated. He received two weeks of IV acyclovir and switched to the oral route for one month. After the completion of the treatment, his visual acuity remained the same.
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Hirai J, Mori N, Kato H, Asai N, Hagihara M, Mikamo H. A Case of Severe Pneumocystis Pneumonia in an HIV-Negative Patient Successfully Treated with Oral Atovaquone. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:1561-1566. [PMID: 36969941 PMCID: PMC10032339 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s406904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, atovaquone is not recommended for treating severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) due to insufficient evidence in clinical studies. This report describes a case of severe PCP in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative immunosuppressed patient who was successfully treated with oral atovaquone and corticosteroids. A 63-year-old Japanese woman complained of fever and dyspnea for 3 days. She had been treated with oral prednisolone (30 mg/day) for interstitial pneumonia for 3 months without PCP prophylaxis. Although we could not confirm P. jirovecii from the respiratory specimen, a diagnosis of PCP was indicated by marked elevation of serum beta-D-glucan levels and bilateral ground-glass opacities in the lung fields. Based on the arterial blood gas test results (alveolar-arterial oxygen difference >45 mmHg), the disease status of PCP was defined as severe. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) is the first-line drug for treating severe PCP. However, given the patient's history of SXT-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis, she was administered atovaquone instead of SXT. Her clinical symptoms and respiratory condition gradually improved, with a 3-week treatment showing a good clinical course. Previous clinical studies on atovaquone have only been conducted in HIV-positive patients with mild or moderate PCP. Accordingly, the clinical efficacy of atovaquone for severe PCP cases or PCP in HIV-negative patients remains unclear. There is a rising incidence of PCP among HIV-negative patients, given the increasing number of patients receiving immunosuppressive medications; moreover, atovaquone has less severe side effects than SXT. Therefore, there is a need for further clinical investigation to confirm the efficacy of atovaquone in cases of severe PCP, especially among HIV-negative patients. In addition, it also remains unclear whether corticosteroids are beneficial for severe PCP in non-HIV patients. Thus, the use of corticosteroids in cases of severe PCP in non-HIV patients should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirai
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Correspondence: Jun Hirai, Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1, Yazako-karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan, Tel +81-561-62-3311, Fax +81-561-76-2673, Email
| | - Nobuaki Mori
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideo Kato
- Department of Pharmacy, Mie University Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Asai
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mao Hagihara
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology and Biomedical Sciences, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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12
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Pneumocystis pneumonia in COVID-19 patients: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13618. [PMID: 36789388 PMCID: PMC9911155 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The admitted patients of intensive care units with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) meet the challenges of subsequent infections. Opportunistic fungal infections such as Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) are among the important factors in the context of COVID-19 patients affecting illness severity and mortality. We reviewed the literature on COVID-19 patients with PCP to identify features of this infection. Although studies confirmed at least the presence of one immunosuppressive condition in half of PCP patients, this disease can also occur in immunocompetent patients who developed the immunosuppressive condition during Covid-19 treatment. The major risk factors associated with COVID-19 patients with PCP can be considered low lymphocyte counts and corticosteroid therapy. Diagnostic and treatment options are complicated by the overlapping clinical and radiologic characteristics of PCP and COVID-19 pneumonia. Therefore, physicians should comprehensively evaluate high-risk patients for PCP prophylaxis.
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13
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Wu X, Chen W, Holmberg-Douglas N, Bida GT, Tu X, Ma X, Wu Z, Nicewicz DA, Li Z. 11C, 12C and 13C-Cyanation of Electron-Rich Arenes via Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Chem 2023; 9:343-362. [PMID: 36777049 PMCID: PMC9913897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As a non-invasive imaging technology, positron emission tomography (PET) plays a crucial role in personalized medicine, including early diagnosis, patient screening, and treatment monitoring. The advancement of PET research depends on the discovery of new PET agents, which requires the development of simple and efficient radiolabeling methods in many cases. As bioisosteres for halogen and carbonyl moieties, nitriles are important functional groups in pharmaceutical and agrochemical compounds. Here, we disclose a mild organophotoredox-catalyzed method for efficient cyanation of a broad spectrum of electron-rich arenes, including abundant and readily available veratroles and pyrogallol trimethyl ethers. Notably, the transformations not only are compatible with various affordable 12C and 13C-cyanide sources, but also could be applied to carbon-11 synthons to incorporate [11C]nitriles into arenes. The aryl [11C]nitriles can be further derivatized to [11C]carboxylic acids, [11C]amides, and [11C]alkyl amines. The newly developed reaction can serve as a powerful tool for generating new PET agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Natalie Holmberg-Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gerald Thomas Bida
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Xianshuang Tu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Xinrui Ma
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Zhanhong Wu
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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14
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Uusküla A, Feelemyer J, Des Jarlais DC. HIV treatment, antiretroviral adherence and AIDS mortality in people who inject drugs: a scoping review. Eur J Public Health 2023:7022042. [PMID: 36723859 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who inject drugs (PWID) are a key population for the prevention and care of HIV infection. METHODS This scoping review covers recent (post-2010) systematic reviews on engagement of PWID in sequential stages of HIV care from uptake, to achieving viral suppression, and to avoiding AIDS-related mortality. RESULTS We found that data on engagement of PWID into antiretroviral therapy (ART) were particularly scarce, but generally indicated very low engagement in ART. Studies of adherence and achieving viral suppression showed varying results, with PWID sometimes doing as well as other patient groups. The severity of social, medical and psychiatric disability in this population poses significant treatment challenges and leads to a marked gap in AIDS mortality between PWID and other population groups. CONCLUSIONS Given the multi-level barriers, it will be difficult to reach current targets (UNAIDS fast-track targets of 95-95-95) for ART for PWID in many locations. We suggest giving priority to reducing the likelihood that HIV seropositive PWID will transmit HIV to others and reducing morbidity and mortality from HIV infection and from other comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Uusküla
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Don C Des Jarlais
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Xu L, Chen X, Yang X, Jiang H, Wang J, Chen S, Xu J. Disseminated Talaromyces marneffei infection after renal transplantation: A case report and literature review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1115268. [PMID: 36816584 PMCID: PMC9932035 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1115268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported a 31-year-old man who received renal transplantation for more than 2 years. He was admitted to our hospital on 9 March 2022 due to intermittent diarrhea accompanied by leukopenia for more than 1 month. The patient successively developed high fever, cough, anemia, weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, and liver function impairment. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a slight inflammation in the lower lobes of both lungs, enlargement of the lymph nodes in the retroperitoneal and the root of mesenteric areas, and hepatosplenomegaly. Talaromyces marneffei was detected by metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the pathogen was subsequently verified by blood culture. After endoscopic hemostatic therapy and antifungal therapy with voriconazole and amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate complex, the patient was successfully discharged. Oral voriconazole was given regularly after discharge. Diarrhea, fever, enlargement of the lymph nodes, and endoscopic evidence of erosion may indicate intestinal T. marneffei infection. Although the mortality of T. marneffei infection after renal transplantation is very high, timely and effective antifungal therapy with amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate complex is still expected to improve its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiuxiu Chen
- The Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xuying Yang
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Hugobiotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Jiang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaowen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Xu,
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16
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Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis jirovecii Infection in an Immunocompromised Patient With Concomitant Cytomegalovirus Reactivation: A Case Report and Literature Review. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Zaongo SD, Ouyang J, Isnard S, Zhou X, Harypursat V, Cui H, Routy JP, Chen Y. Candida albicans can foster gut dysbiosis and systemic inflammation during HIV infection. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2167171. [PMID: 36722096 PMCID: PMC9897780 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2167171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a ubiquitous fungal commensal component of the human microbiota, and under certain circumstances, such as during an immunocompromised state, it may initiate different types of infection. Moreover, C. albicans continuously and reciprocally interacts with the host immune system as well as with other elements of the gut microbiota, thus contributing significantly to both gut homeostasis and host immunity. People living with HIV (PLWH), including those receiving antiretroviral therapy, are characterized by a depletion of CD4 + T-cells and dysbiosis in their gut. C. albicans colonization is frequent in PLWH, causing both a high prevalence and high morbidity. Gut barrier damage and elevated levels of microbial translocation are also fairly common in this population. Herein, we take a closer look at the reciprocity among C. albicans, gut microbiota, HIV, and the host immune system, thus throwing some light on this complex interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China,Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada,Canadian HIV Trials Network, Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China,Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China,Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China,CONTACT Yaokai Chen Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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18
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Kai-su P, Hong L, Dong-yan Z, Yan-qing Z, Andrianopoulos A, Latgé JP, Cun-wei C. Study on the mechanisms of action of berberine combined with fluconazole against fluconazole-resistant strains of Talaromyces marneffei. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1033211. [PMID: 36452929 PMCID: PMC9704026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1033211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei (T. marneffei) is a thermally dimorphic fungus that can cause opportunistic systemic mycoses. Our previous study demonstrated that concomitant use of berberine (BBR) and fluconazole (FLC) showed a synergistic action against FLC-resistant T. marneffei (B4) in vitro. In this paper, we tried to figure out the antifungal mechanisms of BBR and FLC in T. marneffei FLC-resistant. In the microdilution test, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FLC was 256 μg/ml before FLC and BBR combination, and was 8 μg/ml after combination, the partial inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of B4 was 0.28. After the treatments of BBR and FLC, the studies revealed that (i) increase reactive oxygen species (ROS), (ii) reduce ergosterol content, (iii) destroy the integrity of cell wall and membrane, (iv) decrease the expression of genes AtrF, MDR1, PMFCZ, and Cyp51B however ABC1 and MFS change are not obvious. These results confirmed that BBR has antifungal effect on T. marneffei, and the combination with FLC can restore the susceptibility of FLC-resistant strains to FLC, and the reduction of ergosterol content and the down-regulation of gene expression of AtrF, Mdr1, PMFCZ, and Cyp51B are the mechanisms of the antifungal effect after the combination, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of BBR in the treatment of Talaromycosis and opens up new ideas for treatment of Talaromycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Kai-su
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Luo Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Changsha First Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Dong-yan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Zheng Yan-qing
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
- Fourth People’s Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - Alex Andrianopoulos
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH and School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - Cao Cun-wei
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Mycosis Research and Prevention, Nanning, China
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19
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Alsayed AR, Al-Dulaimi A, Alkhatib M, Al Maqbali M, Al-Najjar MAA, Al-Rshaidat MMD. A comprehensive clinical guide for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a missing therapeutic target in HIV-uninfected patients. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:1167-1190. [PMID: 36440485 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2152332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic, human-specific fungus that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). PCP symptoms are nonspecific. A patient with P. jirovecii and another lung infection faces a diagnostic challenge. It may be difficult to determine which of these agents is responsible for the clinical symptoms, preventing effective treatment. Diagnostic and treatment efforts have been made more difficult by the rising frequency with which coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and PCP co-occur. AREAS COVERED Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of clinical and pharmacological recommendations along with a literature review of PCP in immunocompromised patients focusing on HIV-uninfected patients. EXPERT OPINION PCP may be masked by identifying co-existing pathogens that are not necessarily responsible for the observed infection. Patients with severe form COVID-19 should be examined for underlying immunodeficiency, and co-infections must be considered as co-infection with P. jirovecii may worsen COVID-19's severity and fatality. PCP should be investigated in patients with PCP risk factors who come with pneumonia and suggestive radiographic symptoms but have not previously received PCP prophylaxis. PCP prophylaxis should be explored in individuals with various conditions that impair the immune system, depending on their PCP risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdullah Al-Dulaimi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alkhatib
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Mohammed Al Maqbali
- Department of Nursing Midwifery and Health, Northumbria University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Mohammad A A Al-Najjar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Kingdom of Jordan
| | - Mamoon M D Al-Rshaidat
- Laboratory for Molecular and Microbial Ecology (LaMME), Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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20
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Du KF, Huang XJ, Chen C, Kong WJ, Xie LY, Dong HW, Wei WB. High Blood Cytomegalovirus Load Suggests Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in HIV/AIDS Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2022; 30:1559-1563. [PMID: 34125650 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1905857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the cut off value of blood CMV load to indicate CMV retinitis and its relationships with ocular features. METHODS Patients were divided into non-CMV and CMV retinitis groups. A logistic regression model was applied to estimate the association of each variable with CMV retinitis. Spearman correlation was used to estimate the correlation between the blood and aqueous CMV load. RESULTS Blood CMV load higher than 4log10 (OR, 6.897; CI: 2.813-16.910; P < .001) was the major predictor of CMV retinitis. Blood CMV load wasn't different between the initial and early stage (P = .066). No correlation was observed between the blood and aqueous CMV load (P = .083, r = 0.228). CONCLUSIONS Blood CMV load higher than 4log10 is an important predictor for CMV retinitis in HIV/AIDS patients, but it couldn't indicate the ocular features. Ophthalmologic screening is still necessary.Abbreviations: CMV: Cytomegalovirus; CMVR: Cytomegalovirus retinitis; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; EOD: End-organ diseases; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; OR: Odds Ratio; CI: 95% Confidence Interval; IQR: Interquartile range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Fang Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Jun Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lian-Yong Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wei Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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21
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Sanchez-Covarrubias AP, Crane J, Montgomerie EK, Potter JE, Duthely LM, Bahadue F, Jeudin PP. Examining 5-Year Cervical Cytology Progression Among Minority Women Living With HIV and Baseline Negative Cytology. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2022; 26:304-309. [PMID: 36126202 PMCID: PMC9508966 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women living with HIV (WLWH) have increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, precancers, and invasive cervical cancers. This study aims to determine the rate of cervical cytologic progression and related factors in minority WLWH across 5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used our HIV clinic database, complemented with a retrospective chart review to identify WLWH with a baseline negative cervical cytology between 2009 and 2012 and 5-year follow-up. Data included race/ethnicity, age, years living with HIV, AIDS status, viral load, history of smoking, drug use, and HPV status. Multivariate logistic regression tested progression of negative cytology to low-grade/high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL/HGSIL). RESULTS Among 162 WLWH, 42% were African American, 30% non-Hispanic African Caribbean, and 26% Hispanic. At baseline, 21% had detectable viral load (>200 cp/mL), mean age was 44.8 (±11 years), and mean years living with HIV was 9.6 (±6.9). After 5 years, 19% of the cohort progressed to LGSIL/HGSIL. Human papillomavirus was detected consistently among women with cytologic changes (30% vs 7%, p < .01). Significant factors that predicted higher likelihood of progression to LGSIL/HGSIL were detection of HPV (adjusted odds ratios = 5.11 [1.31-19.93]; p = .02), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-defined AIDS status (adjusted odds ratios = 4.28 [1.04-17.63]; p = .04). Of the women who maintained negative cytology at 1 to 2 years (n = 102), 5 women (5%) progressed during the following 3 years before the recommended follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Human papillomavirus detection and AIDS status were significant factors predicting progression to LGSIL/HGSIL among minority WLWH. Providers screening WLWH for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia should carefully decide screening intervals for minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P. Sanchez-Covarrubias
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL
| | - Joshua Crane
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC
| | | | - JoNell E. Potter
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL
- Division of Research and Special Projects, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Lunthita M. Duthely
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL
- Division of Research and Special Projects, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Felicia Bahadue
- Division of Research and Special Projects, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Patricia P. Jeudin
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL
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22
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Fefferman NH, Price CA, Stringham OC. Considering humans as habitat reveals evidence of successional disease ecology among human pathogens. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001770. [PMID: 36094962 PMCID: PMC9467372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization that ecological principles play an important role in infectious disease dynamics has led to a renaissance in epidemiological theory. Ideas from ecological succession theory have begun to inform an understanding of the relationship between the individual microbiome and health but have not yet been applied to investigate broader, population-level epidemiological dynamics. We consider human hosts as habitat and apply ideas from succession to immune memory and multi-pathogen dynamics in populations. We demonstrate that ecologically meaningful life history characteristics of pathogens and parasites, rather than epidemiological features alone, are likely to play a meaningful role in determining the age at which people have the greatest probability of being infected. Our results indicate the potential importance of microbiome succession in determining disease incidence and highlight the need to explore how pathogen life history traits and host ecology influence successional dynamics. We conclude by exploring some of the implications that inclusion of successional theory might have for understanding the ecology of diseases and their hosts. This study explores the analogy between ecological succession in terrestrial ecosystems and infections in a human-host landscape over time, showing how the ecosystem of long-term multi-pathogen dynamics within and among hosts may be a critical missing consideration in understanding epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina H. Fefferman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- National Institute of Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles A. Price
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Oliver C. Stringham
- Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Pre-clinic study of radiopharmaceutical for Covid-19 inactivation: Dose distribution with Monte Carlo Simulation. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110364. [PMID: 35839712 PMCID: PMC9263601 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulation method and Nuclear Medicine MIRD method were used to evaluate the effect of radiopharmaceuticals on Covid-19 disease. The mean absorbed organ dose in the target organ and gamma radiation emitter attenuation properties such as linear attenuation coefficients, energy absorption build-up factors (EABF), exposure build-up factors (EBF), and relative dose distributions (RDD) were examined. The results showed that radiopharmaceuticals containing gamma radiation emitters which are densely ionizing charged particles induced membrane damage and produced protein damage.
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Etiology of meningitis among adults in three quaternary hospitals in Mozambique, 2016–2017: The role of HIV. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267949. [PMID: 35544535 PMCID: PMC9094547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Meningitis remains an important cause of morbi-mortality in adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Data on the etiological investigation of meningitis in adults in Mozambique is limited and most studies were conducted in southern Mozambique. Identification of the etiology of meningitis in adults are crucial to guide prevention and treatments strategies. In this study, we determine the burden of fungal and bacterial meningitis among adults at the three largest hospitals in Mozambique.
Method
We performed analysis of data from the routine sentinel surveillance system for meningitis in Mozambique from January 2016 to December 2017. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from eligible adults (≥18 years old) who met World Health Organization (WHO) case definition criteria for Meningitis. All samples were tested by cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) lateral flow assay (LFA), culture and triplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay and all patients were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the national algorithm for HIV testing.
Results
Retrospective analysis of 1501 CSF samples from adults clinically suspected of meningitis revealed that 10.5% (158/1501) were positive for bacterial and fungal meningitis. Of these 158 confirmed cases, the proportion of Cryptococcal meningitis and pneumococcal meningitis was38.6% (95% CI: 31.0% to 46.7%) and 36.7% (95% CI: 29.2% to 44.7%), respectively. The other bacterial agents of meningitis identified include Neisseria meningitidis (8.9%; 14/158), Escherichia coli (6.3%; 10/158), Haemophilus influenzae (5.1%; 8/158) and S. aureus (4.4%; 7/158), which represent (24.7%; 39/158) of the total confirmed cases.
Conclusion
Altogether, our findings show a high burden of Cryptococcal meningitis among adults in Mozambique, especially in people living with HIV, followed by pneumococcal meningitis. Our findings suggest that rollout of CrAg Lateral Flow Assay in the health system in Mozambique for early detection of cryptococcus neoformans is necessary to improve overall patient care.
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Challenges in Serologic Diagnostics of Neglected Human Systemic Mycoses: An Overview on Characterization of New Targets. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050569. [PMID: 35631090 PMCID: PMC9143782 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic mycoses have been viewed as neglected diseases and they are responsible for deaths and disabilities around the world. Rapid, low-cost, simple, highly-specific and sensitive diagnostic tests are critical components of patient care, disease control and active surveillance. However, the diagnosis of fungal infections represents a great challenge because of the decline in the expertise needed for identifying fungi, and a reduced number of instruments and assays specific to fungal identification. Unfortunately, time of diagnosis is one of the most important risk factors for mortality rates from many of the systemic mycoses. In addition, phenotypic and biochemical identification methods are often time-consuming, which has created an increasing demand for new methods of fungal identification. In this review, we discuss the current context of the diagnosis of the main systemic mycoses and propose alternative approaches for the identification of new targets for fungal pathogens, which can help in the development of new diagnostic tests.
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Mesfun MG, Fuchs A, Holtfreter MC, Tufa TB, Orth HM, Luedde T, Feldt T. The implementation of the Kinyoun staining technique in a resource-limited setting is feasible and reveals a high prevalence of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in HIV patients. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:130-135. [PMID: 35562040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In resource-limited settings, intestinal Cryptosporidia or coccidian infections are common causes of chronic diarrhoea, but usually remain undiagnosed by routine stool investigation. Here, the addition of the Kinyoun staining technique after stool concentration was evaluated as an easy and inexpensive method for diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infection in HIV-infected patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study investigated HIV-infected patients with diarrhoea and randomly selected HIV-infected patients without diarrhoea as controls. Stool samples were examined by wet mount microscopy and Kinyoun staining after stool concentration. Clinical, sociodemographic and behavioural data were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-squared test and multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS In total, 163 participants were included (62.0% female, mean age 38.2 [SD ±10.7] years). Diarrhoea was present in 52.1% (85/163). The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 18.4% (30/163). Cryptosporidia infections were more frequent among patients with diarrhoea (12.9% [11/85] vs. 1.3% [1/78], p=0.005) and in patients with CD4+ cell count <200 cells/µL (25.9% [7/27] vs. 3.7% [5/136], p=0.001). Risk factors for intestinal parasitic infections were diarrhoea and the habit of regularly eating uncooked food. Kinyoun staining was necessary for detection of cryptosporidiosis. CONCLUSION In our cohort, the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was high, especially after additional utilization of Kinyoun staining for detection of Cryptosporidia or intestinal coccidia. Considering its clinical relevance particularly in individuals at risk, the implementation of this technique should be considered in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Million Getachew Mesfun
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia.
| | - Andre Fuchs
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia; Internal Medicine III - Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martha Charlotte Holtfreter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tafese Beyene Tufa
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Hans Martin Orth
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Feldt
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Han X, Liu H, Wang Y, Wang P, Wang X, Yi Y, Li X. A nomogram for predicting paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected individuals in China. AIDS Res Ther 2022; 19:20. [PMID: 35473805 PMCID: PMC9044738 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-022-00444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (CM-IRIS) is the second most common complication in HIV-infected individuals with cryptococcal meningitis, with a reported mortality rate ranging from 8 to 30%. Given the devastating consequences of CM-IRIS related intracranial neuroinflammation and its challenging in diagnosis, we conducted a study to explore the risk factors and the occurrence of paradoxical CM-IRIS in HIV-infected patients, which is of great value for prevention and clinical management. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study to identify the indicators associated with paradoxical CM-IRIS among 86 HIV-infected patients with CM using univariate and multivariate cox analysis. A nomogram was constructed using selected variables to evaluate the occurrence of paradoxical CM-IRIS at 6 months and 12 months after ART initiation. The discrimination and calibration of the nomogram were assessed by concordance index (C-index) and calibration plots. Decision curves analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate clinical effectiveness of the nomogram. Subsequently, to help clinicians recognize patients at high risk faster, patients were divided into high-risk and low-risk groups according to the best cutoff point identified by X-tile. Results Of 86 AIDS patients with CM, 22.1% experienced paradoxical CM-IRIS at a median of 32 days after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. The occurrence of paradoxical CM-IRIS was associated with age, ART initiation within 4 weeks of antifungal treatment, a four-fold increase in CD4 T cell counts, C-reactive protein levels, and hemoglobin levels independently. These five variables were further used to construct a predictive nomogram. The C-index (0.876) showed the favorable discriminative ability of the nomogram. The calibration plot revealed a high consistency between the predicted and actual observations. DCA showed that the nomogram was clinically useful. Risk stratification based on the total score of the nomogram showed well-differentiated in the high-risk and low-risk groups. Clinicians should pay attention to patients with total points high than 273. Conclusions We identified the predictive factors of paradoxical CM-IRIS and constructed a nomogram to evaluate the occurrence of paradoxical CM-IRIS in 6 months and 12 months. The nomogram represents satisfactory performance and might be applied clinically to the screening and management of high-risk patients.
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Accuracy of Pneumocystis jirovecii Plasma Cell-Free DNA PCR for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Pneumocystis Pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0010122. [PMID: 35387472 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00101-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii is a serious infection in immunocompromised hosts which requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. The recommended specimen for diagnosis of PCP is bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, which is invasive and may not be possible in unstable patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of noninvasive P. jirovecii plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) PCR using recently optimized preanalytical and analytical methods. Adult patients undergoing clinical testing for PCP with direct fluorescent antibody stain (DFA), respiratory PCR, and/or β-d-glucan were included in this study. Sensitivity and specificity P. jirovecii plasma cfDNA PCR was determined in PCP suspects categorized as proven and probable. A total of 149 patients were included in this study, of which 10 had proven and 27 had probable PCP. Most patients (95.9%, 143/149) were immunocompromised, including hematological malignancies (30.1%), bone marrow transplant (11.2%), solid organ transplantation (47.6%), and HIV/AIDS (4.2%). P. jirovecii plasma cfDNA PCR showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% (10/10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 69.2 to 100) and 93.4% (127/136; 95% CI, 87.8 to 96.9), and 48.6% (18/37; 95% CI, 31.9 to 65.6) and 99.1% (108/109; 95% CI, 94.9 to 100) in proven and proven/probable cases, respectively. P. jirovecii cell-free DNA PCR was similar in sensitivity but with substantially improved specificity over β-d-glucan (sensitivity, 60.0% [18/30; 95% CI, 40.6 to 77.3]); specificity, 66.7% [22/33; 95% CI, 48.2 to 82.0]) in patients with proven/probable PCP. Plasma cfDNA PCR offers a noninvasive testing option for early and accurate diagnosis of PCP, particularly in patients who cannot tolerate bronchoscopy.
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Qiao L, Cui X, Jia L, Gao Y, Wang W, Wei F, Zhang Z, Chen D, Ma Y, Zhang Y. Peripheral immune phenotypes and T cell receptor repertoire in pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-1 infected patients. Clin Immunol 2022; 237:108985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Oka S. AIDS at 40 th: The progress of HIV treatment in Japan. Glob Health Med 2022; 4:1-8. [PMID: 35291198 PMCID: PMC8884036 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2021.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Forty years have passed since the first five AIDS cases in Los Angeles were reported in 1981. Looking back at the history, these 40 years could be divided into 3 phases. During the first 15 years, when there was little efficacious therapy against HIV, clinical research was directed to develop diagnosis and treatment for opportunistic infections, mainly Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. When combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) became available in 1996, taking cART had been troublesome to most patients following 10 years because some of them had severe side effects, diet restrictions, high pill burdens, drug interactions, etc. It was not easy for patients to keep high adherence and, therefore, the virus easily obtained drug resistance. Although the prognosis has been dramatically improved, patients had been still living with hard times during the second phase. Along with advancement of anti-retroviral drugs that have allowed simple treatment possible, their life expectancy has further improved and is reaching almost nearly the general population in the following 15 years. However, some patients have recently faced an additional load to treat life-related comorbidities and non-AIDS defining malignancies. The problem is that these diseases start to occur in the 40s- or 50s-year-old generations and that means HIV-infected persons are suffering from pre-mature aging. AIDS no longer signifies death. However, we still have a lot to improve for their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Oka
- Address correspondence to:Shinichi Oka, AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan. E-mail:
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Williams M, Rao S, Braff J, Buch JS, Chandrashekar R, Lappin MR. Associations between presence of Bartonella species deoxyribonucleic acid and complete blood cell count and serum biochemical changes in client-owned cats. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:532-540. [PMID: 35132685 PMCID: PMC8965275 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Bartonella species is common in cats but reported effects of bacteremia on laboratory variables differ. Objectives Evaluate for associations between Bartonella bacteremia and CBC and serum biochemical changes in sick and healthy cats throughout the United States. Animals A total of 3964 client‐owned cats. Methods Retrospective cohort study using submissions to a commercial laboratory between 2011 and 2017. Serum biochemistry and CBC abnormalities (categorized as above or below reference intervals), age, and location (high‐ or low‐risk state for Ctenocephalides felis) in presumed healthy and sick cats were evaluated for associations with presence of Bartonella spp. DNA, detected by PCR. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Bartonella spp. DNA was amplified from 127 (3.2%) of 3964 cats; 126 (99.2%) of 127 were from high flea risk states and 121 (95.3%) of 127 were presumed sick. Fever of unknown origin was the most common PCR panel requested. In the multivariable analysis, neutrophilia, decreased ALP activity, clinical status (presumed sick), and young age (≤2 years) each were positively associated whereas neutropenia and hyperproteinemia both were negatively associated with Bartonella spp. bacteremia. Presence of Bartonella spp. DNA had no association with test results for other infectious disease agents. Conclusions and Clinical Importance In both healthy and sick cats, active Bartonella infections had minimal association with clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities. However, based on these results, in areas considered high risk for C. felis, active infection with Bartonella spp. is a reasonable differential diagnosis for cats presented with unexplained fever and neutrophilia, particularly if the cat is young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Gallo-Francisco PH, Brocchi M, Giorgio S. Leishmania and its relationships with bacteria. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:199-218. [PMID: 35040703 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and neglected disease, which represents an important public health problem worldwide. Different species of Leishmania are associated with different manifestations, and a practical problem that can worsen the condition of hosts infected with Leishmania is the secondary infection caused by bacteria. This review aims to examine the importance and prevalence of bacteria co-infection during leishmaniasis and the nature of this ecological relationship. In the cases discussed in this review, the facilitation phenomenon, defined as any interaction where the action of one organism has a beneficial effect on an organism of another species, was considered in the Leishmania-bacteria interaction, as well as the effects on one another and their consequences for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Gallo-Francisco
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Immunology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil
| | - Selma Giorgio
- Department of Animal Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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Stroke among highly active antiretroviral therapy-naive people living with the human immunodeficiency virus in China: a retrospective study of the characteristics, risk factors, and prognosis. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:4. [PMID: 34983408 PMCID: PMC8725276 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to clarify the characteristics, risk factors, and prognosis of stroke among HAART-naive people living with HIV (PLWH) in China. METHODS We selected HAART-naive PLWH admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2019. Demographic and clinical data were obtained by searching an anonymous electronic case system. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the characteristics and predictors of stroke among all HAART-naive PLWH and evaluate the risk factors of mortality in HAART-naive PLWH with stroke. RESULTS Stroke was diagnosed in 105 cases (3.7%) of 2867 HAART-naive PLWH. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that age of 30-55 years (OR 1.903, 95% CI 1.005-3.603, p = 0.048), age of ≥ 55 years (OR 4.104, 95% CI 1.928-8.737, p < 0.001), and CD4 count of < 200 cells/µL (OR 2.005, 95% CI 1.008-3.985, p = 0.047) were associated with increased odds of stroke. Diabetes (OR 3.268, 95% CI 1.744-6.125, p < 0.001), hypertension (OR 2.301, 95% CI 1.425-3.717, p = 0.001), syphilis (OR 2.003, 95% CI 1.300-3.089, p = 0.002), and complicated AIDS-defining CNS diseases (OR 7.719, 95% CI 4.348-13.703, p < 0.001) were risk factors for stroke. Of the 105 stroke patients, 12 (11.4%) died during hospitalisation, and the risk factors for mortality among patients with stroke were age of > 65 years (AHR: 8.783, 95% CI 1.522-50.668, p = 0.015), complicated severe pneumonia (AHR: 3.940, 95% CI 1.106-14.029, p = 0.034), and AIDS-defining CNS diseases (AHR: 19.766, 95% CI 3.586-108.961, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS For HAART-naive people living with HIV (PLWH), stroke occurred in various age groups, and early screening for stroke, timely intervention for risk factors among patients in various age groups, and controlling the CD4 count are extremely important in reducing the burden of stroke.
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Jones AJ, Mathad JS, Dooley KE, Eke AC. Evidence for Implementation: Management of TB in HIV and Pregnancy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:455-470. [PMID: 36308580 PMCID: PMC9617238 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pregnant people living with HIV (PLWH) are at especially high risk for progression from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to active tuberculosis (TB) disease. Among pregnant PLWH, concurrent TB increases the risk of complications such as preeclampsia, intrauterine fetal-growth restriction, low birth weight, preterm-delivery, perinatal transmission of HIV, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. The grave impact of superimposed TB disease on maternal morbidity and mortality among PLWH necessitates clear guidelines for concomitant therapy and an understanding of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between antitubercular (anti-TB) agents and antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnancy. RECENT FINDINGS This review discusses the currently available evidence on the use of anti-TB agents in pregnant PLWH on ART. Pharmacokinetic and safety studies of anti-TB agents during pregnancy and postpartum are limited, and available data on second-line and newer anti-TB agents used in pregnancy suggest that several research gaps exist. DDIs between ART and anti-TB agents can decrease plasma concentration of ART, with the potential for perinatal transmission of HIV. Current recommendations for the treatment of LTBI, drug-susceptible TB, and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) are derived from observational studies and case reports in pregnant PLWH. While the use of isoniazid, rifamycins, and ethambutol in pregnancy and their DDIs with various ARTs are well-characterized, there is limited data on the use of pyrazinamide and several new and second-line antitubercular drugs in pregnant PLWH. Further research into treatment outcomes, PK, and safety data for anti-TB agent use during pregnancy and postpartum is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Jones
- grid.414316.50000 0004 0444 1241Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Christiana Care Health Services, 4755 Ogletown Stanton Road, Newark, DE 19713 USA
| | - Jyoti S. Mathad
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XCenter for Global Health, Department of Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 402 E 67th Street, 2nd floor, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Kelly E. Dooley
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Ahizechukwu C. Eke
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Phipps 228, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
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Rafati-Sajedi H, Majidi-Shad B, Jafari-Shakib R, Atrkar-Roshan Z, Mahmoudi MR, Rezvani SM. Serological Evaluation of Toxoplasmosis and Related Risk Factors Among HIV +/AIDS Patients in Northern Iran. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1417-1423. [PMID: 34021879 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Toxoplasma gondii is an important opportunistic intracellular protozoan parasite that can cause severe sequelae and even death in immunodeficient patients. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among HIV+/AIDS patients of the study area. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out on 121 registered HIV+/AIDS patients of behavioral diseases consultation center (BDCC) in Guilan province, north of Iran. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by ELISA technique in the serum samples. IgG avidity was measured for IgG- plus IgM-positive cases. Also, the relationship between T. gondii infection and related demographic and clinical characteristics were investigated. RESULTS Anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 60.3 and 4.9% of patients, respectively. One case of acute toxoplasmosis (0.83%) was detected using an IgG avidity test. A significant correlation was observed between toxoplasmosis with age and marital status in these patients. The mean CD4+count of HIV+/AIDS patients was 549 ± 27 cells/µl. Viral load in 69.7% of the HIV patients was less than1000 copies/ml. CONCLUSION None of the T. gondii IgM-positive HIV patients received anti-Toxoplasma prophylaxis. This finding highlights the importance of T. gondii infection surveillance in HIV patients. Regarding the high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the study population, educational efforts are recommended to prevent reactivation or acquiring primary infection and developing severe cases of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised HIV+/AIDS patients.
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Lantz TL, Noble BN, McPherson ML, Tjia J, Colangeli HN, Ferris RE, Bearden DT, Furuno JP. Frequency and Characteristics of Patients Prescribed Antibiotics on Admission to Hospice Care. J Palliat Med 2021; 25:584-590. [PMID: 34818067 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2021.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little is known about antibiotic prescribing on hospice admission despite known risks and limited evidence for potential benefits. Objective: To describe the frequency and characteristics of patients prescribed antibiotics on hospice admission. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: Adult (age ≥18 years) decedents of a national, for-profit hospice chain across 19 U.S. states who died between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019. Measures: The primary outcome was having an antibiotic prescription on hospice admission. Patient characteristics of interest were demographics, hospice referral location, hospice care location, census region, primary diagnosis, and infectious diagnoses on admission. We used multivariable logistic regression to quantify associations between study variables. Results: Among 66,006 hospice decedents, 6080 (9.2%) had an antibiotic prescription on hospice admission. Fluoroquinolones (22%) were the most frequently prescribed antibiotic class. Patients more likely to have an antibiotic prescription on hospice admission included those referred to hospice care from the hospital (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.29) compared with an assisted living facility, those receiving hospice care in a private home (aOR 3.85, 95% CI 3.50-4.24), nursing home (aOR 3.65, 95% CI 3.24-4.11), assisted living facility (aOR 4.04, 95% CI 3.51-4.64), or hospital (aOR 2.43, 95% CI 2.18-2.71) compared with inpatient hospice, and those with a primary diagnosis of liver disease (aOR 2.23, 95% CI 1.82-2.74) or human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (aOR 3.89, 95% CI 2.27-6.66) compared with those without these diagnoses. Conclusions: Approximately 9% of hospice patients had an antibiotic prescription on hospice admission. Patients referred to hospice from a hospital, those receiving care in a noninpatient hospice facility, and those with liver disease or HIV/AIDS were more likely to have an antibiotic prescription. These results may inform future antimicrobial stewardship interventions among patients transitioning to hospice care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler L Lantz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brie N Noble
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mary Lynn McPherson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Tjia
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hailey N Colangeli
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ryan E Ferris
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David T Bearden
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Services, Oregon Health and Science University Hospitals and Clinics, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jon P Furuno
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Lau A, Jain MK, Chow JYS, Kitchell E, Lazarte S, Nijhawan A. Toxoplasmosis Encephalitis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis at a U.S. Safety-Net Hospital in the Late cART Era. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2021; 20:23259582211043863. [PMID: 34663116 PMCID: PMC8529305 DOI: 10.1177/23259582211043863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decreasing incidence of toxoplasmosis encephalitis(TE) among people
living with HIV(PLWH) in the late antiretroviral era, U.S. safety-net hospitals
still see significant numbers of admissions for TE. Little is known about this
population, their healthcare utilization and long-term outcomes. We conducted an
8-year retrospective review of PLWH with TE at a safety-net hospital.
Demographics, clinical characteristics, treatments, readmissions, and outcomes
were collected. We used chi-squared test to evaluate 6-month all-cause
readmission and demographic/clinical characteristics. Of 38 patients identified,
79% and 40% had a new diagnosis of TE and HIV respectively. 59% had 6-month
all-cause readmission. Social factors were associated with readmission
(uninsured (p = 0.036), Spanish as primary language (p = 0.017), non-adherence
(p = 0.030)) and not markers of clinical severity (ICU admission, steroid-use,
concomitant infections, therapeutic adverse events). Despite high readmission
rates, at follow-up, 60% had a complete response, 30% had a partial response.
Improving TE outcomes requires focus on culturally competent, coordinated
care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Lau
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mamta Khandelwal Jain
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy Yan-Shun Chow
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ellen Kitchell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Susana Lazarte
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ank Nijhawan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Five-year point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in a Japanese university hospital. Infect Prev Pract 2021; 3:100151. [PMID: 34647007 PMCID: PMC8498696 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2021.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodic point prevalence surveys (PPSs) provide a method for assessing changes in healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial use over time. Following the introduction of an antimicrobial stewardship programme at Nagoya University Hospital (Aichi, Japan) a five-year PPS study was performed to highlight any epidemiological changes. Methods One-day PPSs were performed annually in July at Nagoya University Hospital. Data on patient characteristics, medical devices, active HAIs and antimicrobial use were collected using a standard data-collection form. Results A total of 4339 patients were included. Over the five-year study period the median patient age was 62 years, median duration of hospital admission was nine days, 9% of patients had an HAI and 35.2% received at least one antimicrobial. Overall there were 406 HAIs (95% confidence interval, 369-447) with surgical site infection, pneumonia and febrile neutropenia occurring most frequently. Enterobacterales were the most common pathogens (N = 78, 28.6%) and 32.1% were third-generation cephalosporin-resistant. Meropenem was the most frequently prescribed antimicrobial for HAIs. Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis changed drastically, with shorter durations and a marked reduction in oral cephalosporin use. However, antimicrobials for medical prophylaxis gradually increased. Conclusions This five-year PPS study shows consistent data for patient background, HAIs and causative pathogens and highlights changes in antimicrobial use during the era of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. To describe the epidemiology of Japanese hospitals by PPS, multicentre PPSs including in community hospitals should be performed annually.
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Yan J, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Shi J, Liu S, Qi J, Wang M. Case Report: Tropheryma whipplei Hide in an AIDS Patient With Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Front Public Health 2021; 9:663093. [PMID: 34485213 PMCID: PMC8414578 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.663093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients. However, coinfection with Tropheryma whipplei is infrequent in AIDS patients with PCP. Case Presentation: We report a 28-year-old male AIDS patient coinfected with T. whipplei and Pneumocystis jirovecii diagnosed in the bronchoalveolar lavage. After sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and meropenem treatment, the patient showed clinical improvement in 2 weeks. Conclusion: Clinicians need to be alert to the occurrence of T. whipplei infection in AIDS patients with PCP and timely diagnosis and antibacterial treatments are essential. This case may help clinicians for timely diagnosis of the coinfection of T. whipplei and P. jirovecii in AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department II of Infectious Diseases, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binhai Zhang
- Department II of Infectious Diseases, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdong Zhang
- Department II of Infectious Diseases, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinchuan Shi
- Department II of Infectious Diseases, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shourong Liu
- Department II of Infectious Diseases, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjiang Qi
- Department II of Infectious Diseases, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyan Wang
- Department II of Infectious Diseases, Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Not all bad: Drug-induced interstitial pneumonia in DLBCL patients is potentially fatal but could be linked to better survival. Leuk Res 2021; 111:106688. [PMID: 34450501 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial pneumonitis (IP), a fatal complication of DLBCL treatment, can bring great challenges to clinicians. We retrospectively investigated clinical characteristics and risk factors of previous IP patients, and analyzed their survival data. METHODS 556 DLBCL patients receiving CHOP-like regimens were enrolled between 2013 and 2018 in Sichuan Cancer Hospital. FINDINGS The IP incidences were 4.9 % (27/556), 1.1 % (2/186), 5.2 % (10/191) and 8.4 % (15/179) in CHOP, R-CHOP and R-CDOP groups respectively (P = 0.005). When IP was diagnosed, monocyte and IL-6 were significantly higher while CD4 and CD4/CD8 significantly lower compared to baseline. 81.5 % (22/27) of IP patients were pathogen-negative with good response to glucocorticoid monotherapy. Only one patient died while the others recovered from IP and subsequently underwent previous chemotherapy. 19.2 % (5/26) of IP patients experienced IP recurrence, likely due to the reason of lower initial dose or faster withdrawal speed of glucocorticoid. Multivariate analysis identified male, in addition to G-CSF, rituximab and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin as risk factors. The 3-year PFS and OS were 74.1 % and 46.9 % respectively for patients with IP. INTERPRETATION We suggest that IL-6, monocyte and CD4 should be monitored closely, especially in R-CHOP/R-CDOP group. Sufficient initial dose and slow decrease of glucocorticoid based on radiographic remissions were critical strategies to reduce IP recurrence. We speculate that drug-induced immune imbalance could be trigger of developing IP, causing a lower intensity cytokine storm, resulting in a potential immunotherapy. This complication might bring benefit in patients' survival through a mechanism similar to PD-1.
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Anand P. Neurologic Infections in Patients on Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressive Therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 27:1066-1104. [PMID: 34623105 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both broadly immunosuppressive medications and selective immunomodulatory agents that act on particular components of the immune system are increasingly used in the treatment of neurologic and non-neurologic diseases. These therapies predispose patients to particular infections, some of which may affect the nervous system. Therefore, familiarity with the clinical and radiologic features of neurologic infections associated with specific immunomodulatory therapies is of importance for the practicing neurologist. This article reviews these neuroinfectious conditions, as well as other neurologic complications unique to transplant recipients and other patients who are immunocompromised. RECENT FINDINGS Diagnosis of infectious pathogens in patients who are immunocompromised may be particularly challenging because a decreased immune response can lead to atypical imaging or laboratory findings. Next-generation sequencing and other novel diagnostic modalities may improve the rate of early identification of neurologic infections in patients who are immunocompromised and ultimately ameliorate outcomes in this vulnerable population. SUMMARY A broad range of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections of the nervous system can complicate solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantation as well as other forms of immunocompromise. In addition to neurologic infections, such patients are at risk of neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory complications related to immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies. Early recognition of infectious and noninfectious complications of immunocompromise is essential to guide appropriate treatment, which can include antimicrobial therapy and, in some cases, withdrawal of the predisposing medication with a transition to an alternative regimen.
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Alqahtani SM, A. Alsagaby S, Mir SA, Alaidarous M, Bin Dukhyil A, Alshehri B, Banawas S, Alturaiki W, Alharbi NK, Azad TA, Al Abdulmonem W. Seroprevalence of Viral Hepatitis B and C among Blood Donors in the Northern Region of Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9080934. [PMID: 34442071 PMCID: PMC8394786 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9080934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B and C viral infections, which are the most common cause of liver infection worldwide, are major health issues around the globe. People with chronic hepatitis infections remain at risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma, while also being a risk to other diseases. These infections are highly contagious in nature, and the prevention of hepatitis B and C transmission during blood transfusion is a major challenge for healthcare workers. Although epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B and C infections in blood donors in Saudi Arabia have been previously investigated in multiple studies, due to targeted cohorts and the vast geographical distribution of Saudi Arabia, there are a lot of missing data points, which necessitates further investigations. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viral infections among blood donors in the northern region of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS To determine the given objectives, a retrospective study was performed which included data gathered from serological as well as nucleic acid test (NAT) screening of blood donors. Clinical data of 3733 blood donors were collected for a period of 2 years (from January 2019 to December 2020) at the blood bank of King Khalid General Hospital and the associated blood banks and donation camps in the region. Statistical analysis of the clinical data was performed using SPSS. RESULTS The blood samples of 3733 donors were analyzed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among the blood donors in the northern region of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Among the total of 3733 blood donors, 3645 (97.65%) were men and 88 (2.36%) were women. Most of the donors were younger than 27 years of age (n = 1494). The most frequent blood group in our study was O-positive (n = 1534), and the least frequent was AB-negative (n = 29). After statistically analyzing the clinical data, we observed that 7 (0.19%), 203 (5.44%) and 260 (6.96%) donor blood samples were positive for the HBV serological markers HBsAgs, HBsAbs and HBcAbs, respectively, and 12 (0.32%) blood samples reacted positively to anti-HCV antibodies. Moreover, 10 (0.27%) and 1 (0.027%) samples were NAT-HBV positive and NAT-HCV positive, respectively. CONCLUSION In the current study, low prevalence rates of HBV and HCV were observed in the blood donors. Statistical correlations indicated that both serological tests and NATs are highly effective in screening potential blood donors for HBV and HCV, which, in turn, prevents potential transfusion-transmitted hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mohammed Alqahtani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.D.); (B.A.); (S.B.); (W.A.)
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.D.); (B.A.); (S.B.); (W.A.)
| | - Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.D.); (B.A.); (S.B.); (W.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-(0)16-404-2838
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.D.); (B.A.); (S.B.); (W.A.)
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.D.); (B.A.); (S.B.); (W.A.)
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.D.); (B.A.); (S.B.); (W.A.)
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.D.); (B.A.); (S.B.); (W.A.)
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Wael Alturaiki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; (S.M.A.); (S.A.A.); (M.A.); (A.B.D.); (B.A.); (S.B.); (W.A.)
| | - Naif Khalaf Alharbi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Infectious Disease Research, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif Anwar Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
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Challenges in Cancer Prevention in HIV. INDIAN JOURNAL OF GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40944-021-00532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Demirbuğa A, Kaba O, Törün SH, Yıldız EP, Yücel E, Somer A. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiency. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY IMMUNOLOGY AND PULMONOLOGY 2021; 34:109-111. [PMID: 34142853 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2020.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is caused by John Cunningham virus (JCV). It occurs almost exclusively in immunosuppressed individuals, for example, patients with AIDS and hematological and lymphoreticular malignancies. In this article, we present a review of the literature and 2 case reports with PML. The first report examines a 15-year-old male (who presented with dedicator of cytokinesis 8 deficiency) who was diagnosed as having PML based on characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions and a positive PCR for JCV in cerebrospinal fluid. He was transferred for bone marrow transplantation after stabilization with therapy of maraviroc and cidofovir. The second report examines a 6-year-old male who presented with encephalitis and was also diagnosed with AIDS. He was diagnosed with PML and started treatment with cidofovir. His clinical status and MRI findings deteriorated rapidly. In immunosuppressive patients who developed encephalopathy, JCV ought to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuman Demirbuğa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Kaba
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Hançerli Törün
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edibe Pembegül Yıldız
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Yücel
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayper Somer
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Belay AS, Manaye GA, Kebede KM, Abateneh DD. Predictors of Current CD4+ T-Cell Count Among Women of Reproductive Age on Antiretroviral Therapy in Public Hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2021; 13:667-679. [PMID: 34168505 PMCID: PMC8216731 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s294367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background HIV/AIDS is one of the major global public health problems. CD4 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of different immune cells. CD4 cell counts determine the need for screening and prophylactic interventions against common opportunistic infections in those with advanced HIV disease. Thus, this study aimed to assess the predictors of current CD4+ T-cell count among women of reproductive age on antiretroviral therapy in public hospitals, southwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2018. A total of 422 participants in the three public hospitals were selected using a systematic random sampling method. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the important predictors of current CD4+ T-cell count at p-values of <0.05. Results A total of 422 women with a median age of 37.00 years participated in this study. More than one in ten (12.8%) respondents experienced immunological failure. An increased current CD4+ T-cell count was observed among patients with a tertiary level of education [β = 56.45, 95% CI (3.5, 109.4)], baseline WHO clinical stage II [β = 44.06, 95% CI (5.3, 82.9)], initial regimen of AZT+3TC+EFV [β = 167.23, 95% CI (100.4, 234.1)], with increased baseline CD4+ T-cell count [β = 0.35, 95% CI (0.2, 0.5)], and with increased time duration on ART [β = 14.36, 95% CI (6.304, 22.4)]. On the other hand, the current CD4+ T-cell count was lowered among patients with poor baseline adherence, opportunistic infection, and viral load of ≥1000 by 181.06 cells/mm3, 101.62 cells/mm3, and 137.53 cells/mm3 compared to good baseline adherence, no opportunistic infection and undetectable viral load, respectively. Conclusion The immunological failure was relatively low. Maintaining adherence, early identification and treatment of opportunistic infections, and minimizing viral load to undetectable levels may further decrease immunological failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemayehu Sayih Belay
- Mizan Tepi University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Gizachew Ayele Manaye
- Mizan Tepi University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Kindie Mitiku Kebede
- Mizan Tepi University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Dejene Derseh Abateneh
- Kotebe Metropolitan University, Menelik II College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Bunmaprasert T, Munpinit M, Sugandhavesa N, Liawrungrueang W. Talaromycosis marneffei of the Cervical Spine: An Unusual Infection. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 2021; 5:01979360-202106000-00009. [PMID: 34106903 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-21-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Talaromyces marneffei infection (TMI) causing vertebral osteomyelitis of the cervical spine is extremely rare. TMI in an HIV-uninfected patient is also unusual. This report presents the successful treatment of an HIV-uninfected TMI patient who underwent C6 and T1 vertebrectomies, bone grafting, and anterior cervical plating accompanied by antifungal therapy. A 63-year-old woman was diagnosed with adult-onset immune deficiency. She suddenly developed progressive neck pain without neurologic deficit. The plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging showed inflammation and abscess formation along the prevertebral area from C3-4 to T2-3 with vertebral body destruction. Intraoperative pus culture and tissue specimens were determined to be T marneffei. The patient was treated intravenously with amphotericin B deoxycholate for 4 weeks (0.6 mg/kg/d) and oral itraconazole (400 mg/d) for 12 months. Over a 2 consecutive year follow-up period, she achieved a full recovery with an absence of neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torphong Bunmaprasert
- From the Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Moderate levels of 5-fluorocytosine cause the emergence of high frequency resistance in cryptococci. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3418. [PMID: 34103502 PMCID: PMC8187385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal agent 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) is used for the treatment of several mycoses, but is unsuitable for monotherapy due to the rapid development of resistance. Here, we show that cryptococci develop resistance to 5-FC at a high frequency when exposed to concentrations several fold above the minimal inhibitory concentration. The genomes of resistant clones contain alterations in genes relevant as well as irrelevant for 5-FC resistance, suggesting that 5-FC may be mutagenic at moderate concentrations. Mutations in FCY2 (encoding a known permease for 5-FC uptake), FCY1, FUR1, UXS1 (encoding an enzyme that converts UDP-glucuronic acid to UDP-xylose) and URA6 contribute to 5-FC resistance. The uxs1 mutants accumulate UDP-glucuronic acid, which appears to down-regulate expression of permease FCY2 and reduce cellular uptake of the drug. Additional mutations in genes known to be required for UDP-glucuronic acid synthesis (UGD1) or a transcriptional factor NRG1 suppress UDP-glucuronic acid accumulation and 5-FC resistance in the uxs1 mutants. Pathogenic fungi rapidly develop resistance to the antifungal agent 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). Here, Chang et al. explore the mechanisms by which Cryptococcus develops 5-FC resistance at a high frequency, including mutations in several genes and altered levels of key metabolites.
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Singleton JA, Lau ET, Nissen LM. Exploring Australian pharmacists’ perceptions and attitudes towards dispensing HIV medicines in the community setting. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith A. Singleton
- Faculty of Health School of Clinical Sciences Queensland University of Technology(QUT) Brisbane Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
| | - Esther T.L. Lau
- Faculty of Health School of Clinical Sciences Queensland University of Technology(QUT) Brisbane Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
| | - Lisa M. Nissen
- Faculty of Health School of Clinical Sciences Queensland University of Technology(QUT) Brisbane Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI) Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia
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Successful Treatment of Cryptococcal Meningitis and Cryptococcoma with Isavuconazole in a Patient Living with HIV. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060425. [PMID: 34071211 PMCID: PMC8228186 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the successful use of isavuconazole for treatment of an HIV-positive patient with cryptococcal meningitis following induction therapy with liposomal amphotericin B and flucytosine. Because the Cryptococcus neoformans isolate from cerebrospinal fluid had a borderline minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 mg/L, initial consolidation therapy was given with a daily dose of fluconazole 1200 mg based on area under the curve to minimum inhibitory concentration modelling data. Toxicity, and the radiological emergence of a cryptococcoma in the setting of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, prompted a therapeutic switch to isavuconazole. Subsequent imaging after 19 weeks of isavuconazole shows a significant reduction in cryptococcoma size from 11 mm to complete resolution. The patient remains well after 210 days of therapy with a view to completion of treatment after 1 year.
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Xu R, Zhang JY, Tu B, Xu Z, Huang HH, Huang L, Jiao YM, Yang T, Zhang C, Qin EQ, Jiang TJ, Xie YB, Li YY, Jin L, Zhou CB, Shi M, Guo M, Ai HS, Zhang L, Wang FS. HLA-mismatched allogeneic adoptive immune therapy in severely immunosuppressed AIDS patients. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:174. [PMID: 33958574 PMCID: PMC8102474 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00550-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Severely immunosuppressed AIDS patients with recurrent opportunistic infections (OIs) represent an unmet medical need even in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here we report the development of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched allogeneic adaptive immune therapy (AAIT) for severely immunosuppressed AIDS patients. Twelve severely immunosuppressed AIDS patients with severe OIs were enrolled in this single-arm study. Qualified donors received subcutaneous recombinant granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor twice daily for 4-5 days to stimulate hematopoiesis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from these donors via leukapheresis and transfused into the coupled patients. Clinical, immunological, and virological parameters were monitored during a 12-month follow-up period. We found AAIT combined with ART was safe and well-tolerated at the examined doses and transfusion regimen in all 12 patients. Improvements in clinical symptoms were evident throughout the study period. All patients exhibited a steady increase of peripheral CD4+ T cells from a median 10.5 to 207.5 cells/μl. Rapid increase in peripheral CD8+ T-cell count from a median 416.5 to 1206.5 cells/μl was found in the first 90 days since initiation of AAIT. In addition, their inflammatory cytokine levels and HIV RNA viral load decreased. A short-term microchimerism with donor cells was found. There were no adverse events associated with graft-versus-host disease throughout the study period. Overall, AAIT treatment was safe, and might help severely immunosuppressed AIDS patients to achieve a better immune restoration. A further clinical trial with control is necessary to confirm the efficacy of AAIT medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - En-Qiang Qin
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Jun Jiang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Bo Xie
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Bao Zhou
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Guo
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Sheng Ai
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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