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Cargnin Faccin F, Perez DR. Pandemic preparedness through vaccine development for avian influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2347019. [PMID: 38807261 PMCID: PMC11141480 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2347019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses pose a significant threat to global health, impacting both humans and animals. Zoonotic transmission, particularly from swine and avian species, is the primary source of human influenza outbreaks. Notably, avian influenza viruses of the H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes are of pandemic concern through their global spread and sporadic human infections. Preventing and controlling these viruses is critical due to their high threat level. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for influenza prevention and control in humans, despite varying vaccine efficacy across strains. This review focuses specifically on pandemic preparedness for avian influenza viruses. We delve into vaccines tested in animal models and summarize clinical trials conducted on H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Jackson LA, Stapleton JT, Walter EB, Chen WH, Rouphael NG, Anderson EJ, Neuzil KM, Winokur PL, Smith MJ, Schmader KE, Swamy GK, Thompson AB, Mulligan MJ, Rostad CA, Cross K, Tsong R, Wegel A, Roberts PC. Immunogenicity and safety of varying dosages of a fifth-wave influenza A/H7N9 inactivated vaccine given with and without AS03 adjuvant in healthy adults. Vaccine 2024; 42:295-309. [PMID: 38105137 PMCID: PMC10790638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus were first reported in China in 2013 and continued to occur in annual waves. In the 2016/2017 fifth wave, Yangtze River Delta (YRD) lineage viruses, which differed antigenically from those of earlier waves, predominated. METHODS In this phase 2 double-blinded trial we randomized 720 adults ≥ 19 years of age to receive two injections of a YRD lineage inactivated A/Hong Kong/125/2017 fifth-wave H7N9 vaccine, given 21 days apart, at doses of 3.75, 7.5, and 15 µg of hemagglutinin (HA) with AS03A adjuvant and at doses of 15 and 45 µg of HA without adjuvant. RESULTS Two doses of adjuvanted vaccine were required to induce HA inhibition (HI) antibody titers ≥ 40 in most participants. After two doses of the 15 µg H7N9 formulation, given with or without AS03 adjuvant, the proportion achieving a HI titer ≥ 40 against the vaccine strain at 21 days after the second vaccination was 65 % (95 % CI, 57 %-73 %) and 0 % (95 % CI, 0 %-4%), respectively. Among those who received two doses of the 15 µg adjuvanted formulation the proportion with HI titer ≥ 40 at 21 days after the second vaccination was 76 % (95 % CI, 66 %-84 %) in those 19-64 years of age and 49 % (95 % CI, 37 %-62 %) in those ≥ 65 years of age. Responses to the adjuvanted vaccine formulations did not vary by HA content. Antibody responses declined over time and responses against drifted H7N9 strains were diminished. Overall, the vaccines were well tolerated but, as expected, adjuvanted vaccines were associated with more frequent solicited systemic and local adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AS03 adjuvant improved the immune responses to an inactivated fifth-wave H7N9 influenza vaccine, particularly in younger adults, but invoked lower responses to drifted H7N9 strains. These findings may inform future influenza pandemic preparedness strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadine G Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia L Winokur
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth E Schmader
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine and GRECC, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Geeta K Swamy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amelia B Thompson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul C Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Xu N, Wang X, Cai M, Tang X, Yang W, Lu X, Liu X, Hu S, Gu M, Hu J, Gao R, Liu K, Chen Y, Liu X, Wang X. Mutations in HA and PA affect the transmissibility of H7N9 avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109910. [PMID: 38016409 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Low pathogenic (LP) H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) emerged in 2013 and had spread widely over several months in China, experienced a noteworthy reduction in isolation rate in poultry and human since 2017. Here, we examined the transmission of H7N9 viruses to better understand viral spread and dissemination mechanisms. Three out of four viruses (2013-2016) could transmit in chickens through direct contact, and airborne transmission was confirmed in the JT157 (2016) virus. However, we did not detect the transmission of the two 2017 viruses, WF69 and AH395, through either direct or airborne exposure. Molecular analysis of genome sequence of two viruses identified eleven mutations located in viral proteins (except for matrix protein), such as PA (K362R and S364N) and HA (D167N, H7 numbering), etc. We explored the genetic determinants that contributed to the difference in transmissibility of the viruses in chickens by generating a series of reassortants in the JT157 background. We found that the replacement of HA gene in JT157 by that of WF69 abrogated the airborne transmission in recipient chickens, whereas the combination of HA and PA replacement led to the loss of airborne and direct contact transmission. Failure with contact transmission of the viruses has been associated with the emergence of the mutations D167N in HA and K362R and S364N in PA. Furthermore, the HA D167N mutation significantly reduced viral attachment to chicken lung and trachea tissues, while mutations K362R and S364N in PA reduced the nuclear transport efficiency and the PA protein expression levels in both cytoplasm and nucleus of CEF cells. The D167N substitution in HA reduced the H7N9 viral acid stability and avian-like receptor binding, while enhanced human-like receptor binding. Further analysis revealed these mutants grew poorly in vitro and in vivo. To conclude, H7N9 AIVs that contain mutations in the HA and PA protein reduced the viral transmissibility in chicken, and may pose a reduced threat for poultry but remain a heightened public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqing Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Cai
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinen Tang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Shi Z, Wei L, Wang P, Wang S, Liu Z, Jiang Y, Wang J. Spatio-temporal spread and evolution of influenza A (H7N9) viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1002522. [PMID: 36187942 PMCID: PMC9520483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1002522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A (H7N9) virus has been seriously concerned for its potential to cause an influenza pandemic. To understand the spread and evolution process of the virus, a spatial and temporal Bayesian evolutionary analysis was conducted on 2,052 H7N9 viruses isolated during 2013 and 2018. It revealed that the H7N9 virus was probably emerged in a border area of Anhui Province in August 2012, approximately 6 months earlier than the first human case reported. Two major epicenters had been developed in the Yangtze River Delta and Peral River Delta regions by the end of 2013, and from where the viruses have also spread to other regions at an average speed of 6.57 km/d. At least 24 genotypes showing have been developed and each of them showed a distinct spatio-temporal distribution pattern. Furthermore, A random forest algorithm-based model has been developed to predict the occurrence risk of H7N9 virus. The model has a high overall forecasting precision (> 97%) and the monthly H7N9 occurrence risk for each county of China was predicted. These findings provide new insights for a comprehensive understanding of the origin, evolution, and occurrence risk of H7N9 virus. Moreover, our study also lays a theoretical basis for conducting risk-based surveillance and prevention of the disease.
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Moise L, Meyers LM, Jang H, Grizotte-Lake M, Boyle CM, McGonnigal B, Ge P, Ross TM, De Groot AS. Novel H7N9 influenza immunogen design enhances mobilization of seasonal influenza T cell memory in H3N2 pre-immune mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2082191. [PMID: 35704783 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2082191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies that improve influenza vaccine immunogenicity are critical for the development of vaccines for pandemic preparedness. Hemagglutinin (HA)-specific CD4+ T cell epitopes support protective B cell responses against seasonal influenza. However, in the case of avian H7N9, which poses a pandemic threat, HA elicits only weak neutralizing antibody responses in infection and vaccination without adjuvant. We hypothesized that an immune-engineered H7N9 HA incorporating a broadly reactive H3N2 HA-specific memory CD4+ T cell epitope that replaces a regulatory T cell-inducing epitope at the corresponding position in H7N9 HA could harness preexisting influenza T cell immunity to increase CD4+ T cells that are needed for protective antibody development. We designed and produced a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine that carries the epitope augmented H7N9 HA (OPT1) and immunized HLA-DR3 transgenic mice with established H3N2 immunity. OPT1-VLPs stimulated higher stem cell, central, and effector memory CD4+ T cell levels over wild type VLP immunization. In addition, activated, IL-21-producing follicular helper T cell frequencies were enhanced. This novel immunogen design strategy illustrates that site-specific modifications aimed to augment T cell epitope content enhance CD4+ T cell responses among critical subpopulations capable of aiding protective immune responses upon antigen re-encounter and that mobilization of immune memory can be used to overcome the poor immunogenicity of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Moise
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pan Ge
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anne S De Groot
- EpiVax, Inc., Providence, RI, USA.,Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Ortiz JR, Spearman PW, Goepfert PA, Cross K, Buddy Creech C, Chen WH, Parker S, Overton ET, Dickey M, Logan HL, Wegel A, Neuzil KM. Safety and immunogenicity of monovalent H7N9 influenza vaccine with AS03 adjuvant given sequentially or simultaneously with a seasonal influenza vaccine: A randomized clinical trial. Vaccine 2022; 40:3253-3262. [PMID: 35465983 PMCID: PMC9897630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A/H7N9 viruses have pandemic potential. METHODS We conducted an open-label, randomized, controlled trial of AS03-adjuvanted 2017 inactivated influenza A/H7N9 vaccine (H7N9 IIV) in healthy adults. Group 1 received H7N9 IIV and seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccine (IIV4) simultaneously, followed by H7N9 IIV three weeks later. Group 2 received IIV4 alone and then two doses of H7N9 IIV at three-week intervals. Group 3 received one dose of IIV4. We used hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) assays to measure geometric mean titers and seroprotection (≥1:40 titer) to vaccine strains and monitored for safety. RESULTS Among 149 subjects, seroprotection by HAI three weeks after H7N9 IIV dose 2 was 51% (95 %CI 37%-65%) for Group 1 and 40% (95 %CI 25%-56%) for Group 2. Seroprotection by MN at the same timepoint was 84% (95 %CI 72%-93%) for Group 1 and 74% (95 %CI 60%-86%) for Group 2. By 180 days after H7N9 IIV dose 2, seroprotection by HAI or MN was low for Groups 1 and 2. Responses measured by HAI and MN against each IIV4 strain three weeks after IIV4 vaccination were similar in all groups. Solicited local and systemic reactions were similar after a single vaccination, while those receiving simultaneous H7N9 and IIV4 had slightly more reactogenicity. There were no serious adverse events or medically-attended adverse events related to study product receipt. CONCLUSIONS Adjuvanted H7N9 IIV was modestly immunogenic whether administered simultaneously or sequentially with IIV4, though responses declined by 180 days. IIV4 was immunogenic regardless of schedule. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03318315.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Ortiz
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Paul W Spearman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan Parker
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Edgar T Overton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michelle Dickey
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Heather L Logan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Romero Rodriguez D, Silva W, Savachkin A, Das T, Daza J. Resilience as a measure of preparedness for pandemic influenza outbreaks. Health Syst (Basingstoke) 2022; 13:1-10. [PMID: 38370318 PMCID: PMC10868421 DOI: 10.1080/20476965.2022.2062462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global crisis generated by COVID-19 has heightened awareness of pandemic outbreaks. From a public health preparedness standpoint, it is essential to assess the impact of a pandemic and also the resilience of the affected communities, which is the ability to withstand and recover quickly after a pandemic outbreak. The infection attack rate has been the common metric to assess community response to a pandemic outbreak, while it focuses on the number of infected it does not capture other dimensions such as the recovery time. The aim of this research is to develop community resilience measures and demonstrate their estimation using a simulated pandemic outbreak in a region in the USA. Three scenarios are analysed with different combinations of virus transmissibility rates and non-pharmaceutical interventions. I The inclusion of the resilience framework in the pandemics outbreak analysis will enable decision makers to capture the multi dimensional nature of community response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Silva
- Industrial & Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Alex Savachkin
- Industrial & Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Tapas Das
- Industrial & Management Systems Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Julio Daza
- Industrial Engineering Department Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Bogota, Colombia
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Chen X, Wang W, Qin Y, Zou J, Yu H. Global epidemiology of human infections with variant influenza viruses, 1959-2021: A descriptive study. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:1315-1323. [PMID: 35231106 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although human case numbers of variant influenza viruses have increased worldwide, the epidemiology of human cases and human-to-human transmissibility of different variant viruses remain uncertain. METHODS We used descriptive statistics to summarize the epidemiologic characteristics of variant virus infections. The hospitalization rate, case-fatality and hospitalization-fatality risks were used to assess disease severity. Transmissibility of variant viruses between humans was determined by the effective reproductive number (Re) and probability of infection following exposure to human cases. RESULTS We identified 707 cases of variant viruses from 1959-2021, and their spatiotemporal/demographic characteristics changed across subtypes. The clinical severity of cases of variant viruses was generally mild; cases older than 18 years with underlying conditions were associated with hospitalization. Of 69 clusters of human infections with variant viruses (median cluster size: 2), the upper limit of Re was 0.09 (H1N1v, H1N2v and H3N2v: 0.20 vs. 0.18 vs. 0.05), while it was not significantly different from the pooled estimates for avian influenza A(H7N9) and A(H5N1) viruses (0.10). Moreover, contacts of H5N1 cases (15.7%) had a significantly higher probability of infection than contacts of individuals with H7N9 (4.2%) and variant virus infections (4.2-7.2%). CONCLUSIONS The epidemiology of cases of variant viruses varied across time periods, geographical regions and subtypes during 1959-2021. The transmissibility of different variant viruses between humans remains limited. However, given the continuous evolution of viruses and the rapidly evolving epidemiology of cases of variant viruses, improving the surveillance systems for human variant virus infections is needed worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Zou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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Wu XX, Tang SJ, Yao SH, Zhou YQ, Xiao LL, Cheng LF, Liu FM, Wu NP, Yao HP, Li LJ. The viral distribution and pathological characteristics of BALB/c mice infected with highly pathogenic Influenza H7N9 virus. Virol J 2021; 18:237. [PMID: 34844617 PMCID: PMC8628282 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The highly pathogenic Influenza H7N9 virus is believed to cause multiple organ infections. However, there have been few systematic animal experiments demonstrating the virus distribution after H7N9 virus infection. The present study was carried out to investigate the viral distribution and pathological changes in the main organs of mice after experimental infection with highly pathogenic H7N9 virus. Methods Infection of mice with A/Guangdong/GZ8H002/2017(H7N9) virus was achieved via nasal inoculation. Mice were killed at 2, 3, and 7 days post infection. The other mice were used to observe their illness status and weight changes. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and viral isolation were used to analyse the characteristics of viral invasion. The pathological changes of the main organs were observed using haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. Results The weight of H7N9 virus-infected mice increased slightly in the first two days. However, the weight of the mice decreased sharply in the following days, by up to 20%. All the mice had died by the 8th day post infection and showed multiple organ injury. The emergence of viremia in mice was synchronous with lung infection. On the third day post infection, except in the brain, the virus could be isolated from all organs (lung, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen). On the seventh day post infection, the virus could be detected in all six organs. Brain infection was detected in all mice, and the viral titre in the heart, kidney, and spleen infection was high. Conclusion Acute diffuse lung injury was the initial pathogenesis in highly pathogenic H7N9 virus infection. In addition to lung infection and viremia, the highly pathogenic H7N9 virus could cause multiple organ infection and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song-Jia Tang
- Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Hao Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Qin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan-Lan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin-Fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fu-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qing Chun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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11
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Qu LX, Shi Y, Chen KY, Lu YH, Ren H. The distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in Shanghai, China: a time-spatial study. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:974. [PMID: 34536999 PMCID: PMC8449884 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shanghai, as a pilot city of China to achieve the goal of eliminating hepatitis C, its strategy of allocating medical resources is a pressing problem to be solved. This study aims to infer the time-spatial clustering patterns of HCV-infected cases, and grasp the dynamic genotype distribution of HCV, thereby inform elimination strategies of HCV with efficacy and efficiency. METHODS Reported HCV cases including their demographic information in Shanghai city from 2005 to 2018 were released from the National Infectious Disease Reporting Information System, population data at community scale, geographical layers of hospitals, communities and districts were gathered from former research. Blood samples of HCV-infected individuals were collected during 2014-2018 from 24 sentinel hospitals, HCV-antibody test, qualitative nucleic acid test and NS5B/5'UTR gene amplification were performed accordingly to determine the genotypes of the specimen. Furthermore, global and local spatial self-correlation analysis of both acute and chronic HCV infections were conducted at community scale year by year, then time-spatial clusters of acute and chronic HCV infections and HCV genotype distribution of specimen collected from sentinel hospitals by districts were mapped by using Arcmap10.1. RESULTS A total of 2631 acute HCV cases and 15,063 chronic HCV cases were reported in Shanghai from 2005 to 2018, with a peak in 2010 and 2017, respectively. The mean age of chronic HCV patients was 49.70 ± 14.55 years, 3.34 ± 0.32 years older than the acute (t = 10.55, P-value < 0.01). The spatial distribution of acute HCV infection formed one primary cluster (Relative Risk = 2.71), and the chronic formed one primary cluster and three secondary clusters with Relative Risk ranged from 1.94 to 14.42, meanwhile, an overlap of 34 communities between acute and chronic HCV clusters were found with time period spans varied from 6 to 12 years. Genotype 1 (N = 257, 49.71%) was the most prevalent HCV genotype in Shanghai, genotype 3 infections have increased in recent years. Baoshan district presented cluster of acute HCV and the highest proportion of genotype 2, Pudong new area was the cluster of chronic HCV and occupied the highest proportion of genotype 3. CONCLUSIONS Despite the low prevalence of HCV infection, it is still needed to push forward the elimination process in Shanghai, as there is a certain amount of HCV infected people waiting to be treated. The time-spatial clustering patterns and the dynamic of HCV genotype distribution together indicated a changing constitution of different transmission routes of HCV infection, thus, a focused strategy may be needed for high-risk population related to genotype 3 infection like drug users, in addition to an enforcement of the existing measures of preventing the iatrogenic and hematogenic transmission of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Xiao Qu
- Department of Viral Hepatitis Control and prevention, Division of TB and HIV/AIDS Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Viral Hepatitis Control and prevention, Division of TB and HIV/AIDS Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Department of Viral Hepatitis Control and prevention, Division of TB and HIV/AIDS Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Department of Epidemiology, Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Han Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Viral Hepatitis Control and prevention, Division of TB and HIV/AIDS Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Abstract
In early 2013, human infections caused by a novel H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) were first reported in China; these infections caused severe disease and death. The virus was initially low pathogenic to poultry, enabling it to spread widely in different provinces, especially in live poultry markets. Importantly, the H7N9 low pathogenic AIVs (LPAIVs) evolved into highly pathogenic AIVs (HPAIVs) in the beginning of 2017, causing a greater threat to human health and devastating losses to the poultry industry. Fortunately, nationwide vaccination of chickens with an H5/H7 bivalent inactivated avian influenza vaccine since September 2017 has successfully controlled H7N9 avian influenza infections in poultry and, importantly, has also prevented human infections. In this review, we summarize the biological properties of the H7N9 viruses, specifically their genetic evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis, receptor binding, transmission, drug resistance, and antigenic variation, as well as the prevention and control measures. The information obtained from investigating and managing the H7N9 viruses could improve our ability to understand other novel AIVs and formulate effective measures to control their threat to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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13
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He D, Gu J, Gu M, Wu H, Li J, Zhan T, Chen Y, Xu N, Ge Z, Wang G, Hao X, Wang X, Hu J, Hu Z, Hu S, Liu X, Liu X. Genetic and antigenic diversity of H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104993. [PMID: 34242774 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) H7N9 that emerged in 2013 in eastern China is a novel zoonotic agent mainly circulating in poultry without clinical signs but causing severe disease with high fatality in humans in more than 5 waves. Since the emergence of highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 variants in 2016, it has induced heavy losses in the poultry industry leading to the implementation of an intensive nationwide vaccination program at the end of wave 5 (September 2017). To characterize the ongoing evolution of H7N9 AIV, we conducted analyses of H7N9 glycoprotein genes obtained from 2013 to 2019. Bayesian analyses revealed a decreasing population size of HP H7N9 variants post wave 5. Phylogenetic topologies revealed that two novel small subclades were formed and carried several fixed amino acid mutations that were along HA and NA phylogenetic trees since wave 5. Some of the mutations were located at antigenic sites or receptor binding sites. The antigenic analysis may reveal a significant antigenic drift evaluated by hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assay and the antigenicity of H7N9 AIV might evolute in large leaps in wave 7. Molecular simulations found that the mutations (V135T, S145P, and L226Q) around the HA receptor pocket increased the affinity to α2,3-linked sialic acid (SIA) while decreased to α2,6-linked SIA. Altered affinity may suggest that HP H7N9 variations aggravate the pathogenicity to poultry but lessen the threat to public health. Selection analyses showed that the HP H7N9 AIV experienced an increasing selection pressure since wave 5, and the national implementation of vaccination might intensify the role of natural selection during the evolution waves 6 and 7. In summary, our data provide important insights about the genetic and antigenic diversity of circulating HP H7N9 viruses from 2017 to 2019. Enhanced surveillance is urgently warranted to understand the current situation of HP H7N9 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchang He
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jinyuan Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huiguang Wu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Tiansong Zhan
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Naiqing Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhichuang Ge
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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14
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Reassortment with dominant chicken H9N2 influenza virus contributed to the fifth H7N9 virus human epidemic. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01578-20. [PMID: 33731452 PMCID: PMC8139711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 Avian influenza virus (AIV) is regarded as a principal donor of viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses that can result in zoonotic reassortants. Whether H9N2 virus can maintain sustained evolutionary impact on such reassortants is unclear. Since 2013, avian H7N9 virus had caused five sequential human epidemics in China; the fifth wave in 2016-2017 was by far the largest but the mechanistic explanation behind the scale of infection is not clear. Here, we found that, just prior to the fifth H7N9 virus epidemic, H9N2 viruses had phylogenetically mutated into new sub-clades, changed antigenicity and increased its prevalence in chickens vaccinated with existing H9N2 vaccines. In turn, the new H9N2 virus sub-clades of PB2 and PA genes, housing mammalian adaptive mutations, were reassorted into co-circulating H7N9 virus to create a novel dominant H7N9 virus genotype that was responsible for the fifth H7N9 virus epidemic. H9N2-derived PB2 and PA genes in H7N9 virus conferred enhanced polymerase activity in human cells at 33°C and 37°C, and increased viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of infected mice which could account for the sharp increase in human cases of H7N9 virus infection in the 2016-2017 epidemic. The role of H9N2 virus in the continual mutation of H7N9 virus highlights the public health significance of H9N2 virus in the generation of variant reassortants of increasing zoonotic potential.IMPORTANCEAvian H9N2 influenza virus, although primarily restricted to chicken populations, is a major threat to human public health by acting as a donor of variant viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses. We established that the high prevalence of evolving H9N2 virus in vaccinated flocks played a key role, as donor of new sub-clade PB2 and PA genes in the generation of a dominant H7N9 virus genotype (G72) with enhanced infectivity in humans during the 2016-2017 N7N9 virus epidemic. Our findings emphasize that the ongoing evolution of prevalent H9N2 virus in chickens is an important source, via reassortment, of mammalian adaptive genes for other influenza virus subtypes. Thus, close monitoring of prevalence and variants of H9N2 virus in chicken flocks is necessary in the detection of zoonotic mutations.
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15
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Li Z, Zhao Y, Li Y, Chen X. Adjuvantation of Influenza Vaccines to Induce Cross-Protective Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020075. [PMID: 33494477 PMCID: PMC7911902 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza poses a huge threat to global public health. Influenza vaccines are the most effective and cost-effective means to control influenza. Current influenza vaccines mainly induce neutralizing antibodies against highly variable globular head of hemagglutinin and lack cross-protection. Vaccine adjuvants have been approved to enhance seasonal influenza vaccine efficacy in the elderly and spare influenza vaccine doses. Clinical studies found that MF59 and AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccines could induce cross-protective immunity against non-vaccine viral strains. In addition to MF59 and AS03 adjuvants, experimental adjuvants, such as Toll-like receptor agonists, saponin-based adjuvants, cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin-based mucosal adjuvants, and physical adjuvants, are also able to broaden influenza vaccine-induced immune responses against non-vaccine strains. This review focuses on introducing the various types of adjuvants capable of assisting current influenza vaccines to induce cross-protective immunity in preclinical and clinical studies. Mechanisms of licensed MF59 and AS03 adjuvants to induce cross-protective immunity are also introduced. Vaccine adjuvants hold a great promise to adjuvant influenza vaccines to induce cross-protective immunity.
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16
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Fernandez-Montero JV, Soriano V, Barreiro P, de Mendoza C, Artacho MÁ. Coronavirus and other airborne agents with pandemic potential. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2020; 17:41-48. [PMID: 32995685 PMCID: PMC7513873 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has caused a pandemic, which is the most severe infectious disease outbreak in many decades. Other infective agents such as influenza as well as other neglected viruses such as Lassa virus, Nipah virus or poxviruses are also a cause for concern owing to their attack rate and potential for global spread. Drug-resistant bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are already a significant public health issue in many countries, and it is expected that they will be expanding in the near future. Finally, airborne bioterrorism agents have high morbidity and mortality rates and should be looked with concern in the current international unrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Vicente Fernandez-Montero
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, Scotland, United Kingdom
- University of Glasgow School of Medicine, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Soriano
- UNIR Health Sciences School and Medical Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Barreiro
- Internal Medicine Laboratory Puerta de Hierro Research Institute, University Hospital Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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One hundred years after the 1918 pandemic: new concepts for preparing for influenza pandemics. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2020; 32:365-371. [PMID: 31116135 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the 100 years since the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, the most deadly event in human history, we have made substantial progress yet we remain vulnerable to influenza pandemics This article provides a brief overview of important advances in preparing for an influenza pandemic, viewed largely from the perspective of the healthcare system. RECENT FINDINGS We have gained insights into influenza pathogenicity, the animal reservoir and have improved global surveillance for new strains and tools for assessing the pandemic risk posed by novel strains. Public health has refined plans for severity assessment, distribution of countermeasures and nonpharmaceutical approaches. Modest improvements in vaccine technology include cell culture-based vaccines, adjuvanted vaccine and recombinant technology. Conventional infection control tools will be critical in healthcare settings. New evidence suggests that influenza virus may be present in aerosols; the contribution of airborne transmission and role of N95 respirators remains unknown. Baloxavir and pimodivir are new antivirals that may improve treatment, especially for severely ill patients. Optimal use and the risk of resistance require further study. SUMMARY Despite the progress in pandemic preparedness, gaps remain including important scientific questions, adequate resources and most importantly, the ability to rapidly deliver highly effective vaccines.
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18
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Zhu Y, Wang R, Yu L, Sun H, Tian S, Li P, Jin M, Chen H, Ma W, Zhou H. Human TRA2A determines influenza A virus host adaptation by regulating viral mRNA splicing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz5764. [PMID: 32596447 PMCID: PMC7304988 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz5764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Several avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) have adapted to mammalian species, including humans. To date, the mechanisms enabling these host shifts remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that a host factor, human TRA2A (huTRA2A), inhibits avian IAV replication, but benefits human IAV replication by altered regulation of viral messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing. huTRA2A depresses mRNA splicing by binding to the intronic splicing silencer motif in the M mRNA of representative avian YS/H5N1 or in the NS mRNA of representative human PR8/H1N1 virus, leading to completely opposite effects on replication of the human and avian viruses in vitro and in vivo. We also confirm that the M-334 site and NS-234/236 sites are critical for TRA2A binding, mRNA splicing, viral replication, and pathogenicity. Our results reveal the underlying mechanisms of adaptation of avian influenza virus to human hosts, and suggest rational strategies to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Luyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
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Chen Y, Cheng J, Xu Z, Hu W, Lu J. Live poultry market closure and avian influenza A (H7N9) infection in cities of China, 2013-2017: an ecological study. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:369. [PMID: 32448137 PMCID: PMC7245998 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have proven that the closure of live poultry markets (LPMs) was an effective intervention to reduce human risk of avian influenza A (H7N9) infection, but evidence is limited on the impact of scale and duration of LPMs closure on the transmission of H7N9. Method Five cities (i.e., Shanghai, Suzhou, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Hangzhou) with the largest number of H7N9 cases in mainland China from 2013 to 2017 were selected in this study. Data on laboratory-confirmed H7N9 human cases in those five cities were obtained from the Chinese National Influenza Centre. The detailed information of LPMs closure (i.e., area and duration) was obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture. We used a generalized linear model with a Poisson link to estimate the effect of LPMs closure, reported as relative risk reduction (RRR). We used classification and regression trees (CARTs) model to select and quantify the dominant factor of H7N9 infection. Results All five cities implemented the LPMs closure, and the risk of H7N9 infection decreased significantly after LPMs closure with RRR ranging from 0.80 to 0.93. Respectively, a long-term LPMs closure for 10–13 weeks elicited a sustained and highly significant risk reduction of H7N9 infection (RRR = 0.98). Short-time LPMs closure with 2 weeks in every epidemic did not reduce the risk of H7N9 infection (p > 0.05). Partially closed LPMs in some suburbs contributed only 35% for reduction rate (RRR = 0.35). Shenzhen implemented partial closure for first 3 epidemics (p > 0.05) and all closure in the latest 2 epidemic waves (RRR = 0.64). Conclusion Our findings suggest that LPMs all closure in whole city can be a highly effective measure comparing with partial closure (i.e. only urban closure, suburb and rural remain open). Extend the duration of closure and consider permanently closing the LPMs will help improve the control effect. The effect of LPMs closure seems greater than that of meteorology on H7N9 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, One Health Center of Excellence for Research &Training, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jian Cheng
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, One Health Center of Excellence for Research &Training, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Bisset AT, Hoyne GF. Evolution and Adaptation of the Avian H7N9 Virus into the Human Host. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050778. [PMID: 32455845 PMCID: PMC7285376 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses arise from animal reservoirs, and have the potential to cause pandemics. In 2013, low pathogenic novel avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses emerged in China, resulting from the reassortment of avian-origin viruses. Following evolutionary changes, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses emerged in late 2016. Changes in pathogenicity and virulence of H7N9 viruses have been linked to potential mutations in the viral glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), as well as the viral polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2). Recognizing that effective viral transmission of the influenza A virus (IAV) between humans requires efficient attachment to the upper respiratory tract and replication through the viral polymerase complex, experimental evidence demonstrates the potential H7N9 has for increased binding affinity and replication, following specific amino acid substitutions in HA and PB2. Additionally, the deletion of extended amino acid sequences in the NA stalk length was shown to produce a significant increase in pathogenicity in mice. Research shows that significant changes in transmissibility, pathogenicity and virulence are possible after one or a few amino acid substitutions. This review aims to summarise key findings from that research. To date, all strains of H7N9 viruses remain restricted to avian reservoirs, with no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission, although mutations in specific viral proteins reveal the efficacy with which these viruses could evolve into a highly virulent and infectious, human-to-human transmitted virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Bisset
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle WA 6160, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gerard F. Hoyne
- School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle WA 6160, Australia;
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle WA 6160, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
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21
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Wang Q, Xu K, Xie W, Yang L, Chen H, Shi N, Bao C, Huang H, Zhang X, Liao Y, Jin H. Seroprevalence of H7N9 infection among humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2020; 14:587-595. [PMID: 32157809 PMCID: PMC7431636 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In spring 2013, a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in mainland China. The burden of H7N9 infection was estimated based on systematic review and meta-analysis. The systematic search for available literature was conducted using Chinese and English databases. We calculated the pooled seroprevalence of H7N9 infection and its 95% confidence interval by using Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Out of 16 890 records found using Chinese and English databases, 54 articles were included in the meta-analysis. These included studies of a total of 64 107 individuals. The pooled seroprevalence of H7N9 infection among humans was 0.122% (95% CI: 0.023, 0.275). In high-risk populations, the highest pooled seroprevalence was observed among close contacts (1.075%, 95% CI: 0.000, 4.357). The seroprevalence among general population was (0.077%, 95% CI: 0.011, 0.180). Our study discovered that asymptomatic infection of H7N9 virus did occur, even if the seroprevalence among humans was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Naiyang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Haodi Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yilan Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Shi N, Huang J, Zhang X, Bao C, Yue N, Wang Q, Cui T, Zheng M, Huo X, Jin H. Interventions in Live Poultry Markets for the Control of Avian Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:553-560. [PMID: 31323094 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This review aimed to provide constructive suggestions for the control and management of avian influenza through quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the impact of different live poultry market (LPM) interventions. METHODS Both English and Chinese language databases were searched for articles that were published on or before 9 November 2018. After extraction and assessment of the included literature, Stata14.0 was applied to perform a meta-analysis to explore the impacts of LPM interventions. RESULTS A total of 19 studies were identified. In total, 224 human, 3550 poultry, and 13 773 environment samples were collected before the intervention; 181 people, 4519 poultry, and 9562 environments were sampled after LPM interventions. Avian influenza virus (AIV) detection rates in the LPM environment (odds ratio [OR], 0.393; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.262-0.589) and the incidence of AIV infection (OR, 0.045; 95% CI, 0.025-0.079) were significantly lower after LPM interventions, while interventions were not significantly effective in reducing AIV detection in poultry samples (OR, 0.803; 95% CI, 0.403-1.597). CONCLUSIONS LPM interventions can reduce AIV human infections and the detection rate of AIV in market environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinxin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Yue
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyun Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Huo
- Jiangsu Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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23
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24
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Wang Y, Dong T, Qi G, Qu L, Liang W, Qi B, Zhang Z, Shang L, Gao H, Du X, Lu B, Guo Y, Liu Z, Yu H, Cui Q, Wang X, Li Y, Guo W, Qu Z. Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viral Infections and Identification of Adenovirus in Hospitalized Adults in Harbin, China 2014 to 2017. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2919. [PMID: 30542337 PMCID: PMC6277751 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Respiratory infections pose a great challenge in global health, and the prevalence of viral infection in adult patients has been poorly understood in northeast China. Harbin is one of the major cities in northeast China, and more than half of any given year in Harbin is occupied by winter. To reveal the viral etiology and seasonality in adult patients from Harbin, a 4-year consecutive survey was conducted in Harbin, China. Methods: From January 2014 to December 2017, specimens were obtained from adult patients admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University with lower respiratory tract infections. Sputum samples were examined by direct immunofluorescence assays to detect seven common respiratory viruses, including influenza virus (type A and B), parainfluenza virus (type 1 to 3), respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. Adenovirus positive samples were seeded onto A549 cells to isolate viral strains. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on the highly variable region of adenoviral hexon gene. Results: A total of 1,300 hospitalized adult patients with lower respiratory tract infections were enrolled, in which 189 patients (14.5%) were detected as having at least one viral infection. The co-infection rate in this study was 25.9% (49/189). The dominant viral pathogen from 2014 to 2017 was parainfluenza virus, with a detection rate of 7.2%, followed by influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. Based on the climate seasons determined by daily average temperature, the highest overall viral detection rate was detected in spring (22.0%, 52/236), followed by winter (13.4%, 109/813), autumn (11.4%, 13/114) and summer (10.9%, 15/137). Adenovirus type 3 strains with slight variations were isolated from positive cases, which were closely related to the GB strain from the United States, as well as the Harbin04B strain isolated locally. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that common respiratory viruses were partially responsible for hospitalized lower respiratory tract infections in adult patients from Harbin, China, with parainfluenza virus as the dominant viral pathogen. Climate seasons could be rational indicators for the seasonality analysis of airborne viral infections. Future surveillance on viral mutations would be necessary to reveal the evolutionary history of respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tuo Dong
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiyun Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lixin Qu
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Binbin Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiqiao Du
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Ear Nose Throat, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huisong Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiyuan Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhangyi Qu
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Natural Focus Disease Control, Institute of Environment-Associated Disease, Sino-Russia Joint Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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25
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The Pandemic Threat of Emerging H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090461. [PMID: 30154345 PMCID: PMC6164301 DOI: 10.3390/v10090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1918 H1N1 Spanish Influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in modern history. Unlike more recent pandemics, most of the 1918 H1N1 virus' genome was derived directly from an avian influenza virus. Recent avian-origin H5 A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (GsGd) and Asian H7N9 viruses have caused several hundred human infections with high mortality rates. While these viruses have not spread beyond infected individuals, if they evolve the ability to transmit efficiently from person-to-person, specifically via the airborne route, they will initiate a pandemic. Therefore, this review examines H5 GsGd and Asian H7N9 viruses that have caused recent zoonotic infections with a focus on viral properties that support airborne transmission. Several GsGd H5 and Asian H7N9 viruses display molecular changes that potentiate transmission and/or exhibit ability for limited transmission between ferrets. However, the hemagglutinin of these viruses is unstable; this likely represents the most significant obstacle to the emergence of a virus capable of efficient airborne transmission. Given the global disease burden of an influenza pandemic, continued surveillance and pandemic preparedness efforts against H5 GsGd and Asian lineage H7N9 viruses are warranted.
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