1
|
Khuntirat B, Yoon IK, Chittaganpitch M, Krueger WS, Supawat K, Blair PJ, Putnam SD, Gibbons RV, Buddhari D, Sawanpanyalert P, Heil GL, Friary JA, Gray GC. High rate of A(H1N1)pdm09 infections among rural Thai villagers, 2009-2010. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106751. [PMID: 25188434 PMCID: PMC4154756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 emerged in Thailand in 2009. A prospective longitudinal adult cohort and household transmission study of influenza-like illness (ILI) was ongoing in rural Thailand at the time of emergence. Symptomatic and subclinical A(H1N1)pdm09 infection rates in the cohort and among household members were evaluated. Methods A cohort of 800 Thai adults underwent active community-based surveillance for ILI from 2008–2010. Acute respiratory samples from ILI episodes were tested for A(H1N1)pdm09 by qRT-PCR; acute and 60-day convalescent blood samples were tested by A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI). Enrollment, 12-month and 24-month follow-up blood samples were tested for A(H1N1)pdm09 seroconversion by HI. Household members of influenza A-infected cohort subjects with ILI were enrolled in household transmission investigations in which day 0 and 60 blood samples and acute respiratory samples were tested by either qRT-PCR or HI for A(H1N1)pdm09. Seroconversion between annual blood samples without A(H1N1)pdm09-positive ILI was considered as subclinical infection. Results The 2-yr cumulative incidence of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in the cohort in 2009/2010 was 10.8% (84/781) with an annual incidence of 1.2% in 2009 and 9.7% in 2010; 83.3% of infections were subclinical (50% in 2009 and 85.9% in 2010). The 2-yr cumulative incidence was lowest (5%) in adults born ≤1957. The A(H1N1)pdm09 secondary attack rate among household contacts was 47.2% (17/36); 47.1% of these infections were subclinical. The highest A(H1N1)pdm09 secondary attack rate among household contacts (70.6%, 12/17) occurred among children born between 1990 and 2003. Conclusion Subclinical A(H1N1)pdm09 infections in Thai adults occurred frequently and accounted for a greater proportion of all A(H1N1)pdm09 infections than previously estimated. The role of subclinical infections in A(H1N1)pdm09 transmission has important implications in formulating strategies to predict and prevent the spread of A(H1N1)pdm09 and other influenza virus strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjawan Khuntirat
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - In-Kyu Yoon
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Whitney S. Krueger
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Krongkaew Supawat
- National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Shannon D. Putnam
- Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Gibbons
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Darunee Buddhari
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Gary L. Heil
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John A. Friary
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bandaranayake D, Huang QS, Bissielo A, Wood T, Mackereth G, Baker MG, Beasley R, Reid S, Roberts S, Hope V. Risk factors and immunity in a nationally representative population following the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13211. [PMID: 20976224 PMCID: PMC2954793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding immunity, incidence and risk factors of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic (2009 H1N1) through a national seroprevalence study is necessary for informing public health interventions and disease modelling. METHODS AND FINDINGS We collected 1687 serum samples and individual risk factor data between November-2009 to March-2010, three months after the end of the 2009 H1N1 wave in New Zealand. Participants were randomly sampled from selected general practices countrywide and hospitals in the Auckland region. Baseline immunity was measured from 521 sera collected during 2004 to April-2009. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres of ≥1:40 against 2009 H1N1 were considered seroprotective as well as seropositive. The overall community seroprevalence was 26.7% (CI:22.6-29.4). The seroprevalence varied across age and ethnicity. Children aged 5-19 years had the highest seroprevalence (46.7%;CI:38.3-55.0), a significant increase from the baseline (14%;CI:7.2-20.8). Older adults aged ≥60 had no significant difference in seroprevalence between the serosurvey (24.8%;CI:18.7-30.9) and baseline (22.6%;CI:15.3-30.0). Pacific peoples had the highest seroprevalence (49.5%;CI:35.1-64.0). There was no significant difference in seroprevalence between both primary (29.6%;CI:22.6-36.5) and secondary healthcare workers (25.3%;CI:20.8-29.8) and community participants. No significant regional variation was observed. Multivariate analysis indicated age as the most important risk factor followed by ethnicity. Previous seasonal influenza vaccination was associated with higher HI titres. Approximately 45.2% of seropositive individuals reported no symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Based on age and ethnicity standardisation to the New Zealand Population, about 29.5% of New Zealanders had antibody titers at a level consistent with immunity to 2009 H1N1. Around 18.3% of New Zealanders were infected with the virus during the first wave including about one child in every three. Older people were protected due to pre-existing immunity. Age was the most important factor associated with infection followed by ethnicity. Healthcare workers did not appear to have an increased risk of infection compared with the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don Bandaranayake
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Q. Sue Huang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Ange Bissielo
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Tim Wood
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Michael G. Baker
- Wellington School of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Richard Beasley
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Sally Roberts
- Department of Microbiology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Virginia Hope
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, National Centre for Biosecurity and Infectious Disease, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rappuoli R, Del Giudice G. Influenza Vaccines Have a Short but Illustrious History of Dedicated Science Enabling the Rapid Global Production of A/Swine (H1N1) Vaccine in the Current Pandemic. INFLUENZA VACCINES FOR THE FUTURE 2010. [PMCID: PMC7123788 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rino Rappuoli
- Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
A multi-valent vaccine approach that elicits broad immunity within an influenza subtype. Vaccine 2009; 27:1192-200. [PMID: 19135117 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines directed toward individual strains of highly variable viruses like influenza lose efficacy when the circulating viruses no longer resemble the vaccine isolate. Historically, inclusion of more than one isolate per subtype of influenza has been limited by the need to include large doses of antigen with typical protein-based vaccine approaches and by concerns that an immunodominant response to one antigen will limit the response to closely related antigens. Here we provide proof of principle demonstrating that a multi-valent vaccine directed against multiple influenza A virus hemagglutinins (HAs) can elicit broad, neutralizing immunity against multiple strains within a single influenza subtype (H3). We employed a DNA vaccine to direct immunity toward the HA component alone, and a live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) to assess immunity against the whole virus. Delivery of either HA-DNA or LAIV yielded broad protective immunity across multiple antigenic clusters, including heterologous strains, that was similar to the combined immunity of each antigen assessed separately. Priming with HA-DNA followed by an LAIV boost strengthened and broadened the antibody response toward all three H3 HAs. This prime:boost multi-valent approach was thus able to elicit immunity against multiple strains within the H3 subtype without evidence of immune interference between closely related antigens. Although the trivalent vaccine described here is not a universal vaccine, since protection was limited to circulating viruses from about a two-decade period, these data suggest that full protection within a subtype is possible using this approach with multiple antigens from current and predicted future influenza strains.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Isolation of the causative virus of influenza in 1933, followed by the discovery of embryonated hen eggs as a substrate, quickly led to the formulation of vaccines. Virus-containing allantoic fluid was inactivated with formalin. The phenomenon of antigenic drift of the virus HA was soon recognized and, as WHO began to coordinate the world influenza surveillance, it became easier for manufacturers to select an up-to-date virus. Influenza vaccines remain unique in that the virus strain composition is reviewed yearly but modern attempts are being made to free manufacturers from this yolk by investigating internal virus proteins including M2e and NP as “universal” vaccines covering all virus sub types. Recent technical innovations have been the use of Vero and MDCK cells as the virus cell substrate, the testing of two new adjuvants and the exploration of new presentations to the nose or epidermal layers as DNA or antigen mixtures. The international investment into public health measures for a global human outbreak of avian H5N1 influenza is leading to enhanced production of conventional vaccine and to a new research searchlight on T cell epitope vaccines, viral live attenuated carriers of influenza proteins and even more innovative substrates to cultivate virus, including plant cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tonegawa K, Nobusawa E, Nakajima K, Kato T, Kutsuna T, Kuroda K, Shibata T, Harada Y, Nakamura A, Itoh M. Analysis of epitope recognition of antibodies induced by DNA immunization against hemagglutinin protein of influenza A virus. Vaccine 2003; 21:3118-25. [PMID: 12804838 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to find efficient DNA vaccine candidates, cDNA of influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene and several derived mutants were injected into mice using a gene gun. Mice immunized with HA1 DNA, with or without a membrane domain, showed a humoral immune response and the survival rate against homologous virus challenge was comparable to that of mice injected with HA DNA. In order to analyze epitopes recognized by antibodies induced by gene gun immunization, we used a binding assay employing the chimeric HA protein method. Serum antibodies of mice immunized with HA DNA recognized the HA1 domain but not the HA2 domain. In addition, antisera obtained from mice immunized with HA1 DNA reacted with each of the known antigenic sites on the HA1 domain, similar to the results obtained with HA DNA immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tonegawa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Bioregulation, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-chou, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bachy M, Boudet F, Bureau M, Girerd-Chambaz Y, Wils P, Scherman D, Meric C. Electric pulses increase the immunogenicity of an influenza DNA vaccine injected intramuscularly in the mouse. Vaccine 2001; 19:1688-93. [PMID: 11166892 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination by intramuscular injection of naked DNA is very efficient in the mouse, but immunogenicity of DNA vaccines needs to be improved in man. The aim of our study was to determine in BALB/c mice if suitable electric pulses delivered to the muscle after DNA injection--a procedure called electrotransfer--could improve the immunogenicity of suboptimal doses of a DNA vaccine expressing the influenza hemagglutinin protein. The results show a significant enhancement of the cellular and antibody responses following electrotransfer for the 1- and 10-microg DNA doses, respectively, but no effect on a lower dose. At the 10-microg dose, the IgG and hemagglutination inhibition mean titres were increased 25-fold and the inter-individual variability was markedly reduced.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Electric Stimulation/methods
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bachy
- Aventis Pasteur, Campus Mérieux, 1541 Avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ross TM, Xu Y, Bright RA, Robinson HL. C3d enhancement of antibodies to hemagglutinin accelerates protection against influenza virus challenge. Nat Immunol 2000; 1:127-31. [PMID: 11248804 PMCID: PMC1635154 DOI: 10.1038/77802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the C3d component of complement to enhance antibody responses and protective immunity to influenza virus challenges was evaluated using a DNA vaccine encoding a C3d fusion of the hemagglutinin (HA) from influenza virus. Plasmids were generated that encoded a transmembrane HA (tmHA), a secreted form of HA (sHA), or a sHA fused to three tandem copies of the murine homologue of the C3d (sHA-3C3d). Analysis of the titers, avidity maturation, and hemagglutinin-inhibition activity of raised antibody revealed that immunizations with sHA-3C3d DNA accelerated both the avidity maturation of antibody to HA and the appearance of hemagglutinin-inhibition activity. These accelerated antibody responses correlated to a more rapid appearance of protective immunity. They also correlated to complete protection from live virus challenge by a single vaccination at a dose ten times lower than the protective dose for non-C3d forms of HA.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Complement C3d/genetics
- Complement C3d/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Ross
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Observations in the early 1990s that plasmid DNA could directly transfect animal cells in vivo sparked exploration of the use of DNA plasmids to induce immune responses by direct injection into animals of DNA encoding antigenic proteins. This method, termed DNA immunization, now has been used to elicit protective antibody and cell-mediated immune responses in a wide variety of preclinical animal models for viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases. DNA vaccination is particularly useful for the induction of cytotoxic T cells. This review summarizes current knowledge on the vectors, immune responses, immunological mechanisms, safety considerations, and potential for further application of this novel method of immunization.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis
- Antibody Formation
- Antigen Presentation
- Autoimmunity
- Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Bacterial Infections/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Parasitic Diseases/immunology
- Parasitic Diseases/prevention & control
- Plasmids/genetics
- Safety
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
- Virus Diseases/immunology
- Virus Diseases/prevention & control
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Donnelly
- Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brey RN. Development of vaccines based on formulations containing nonionic block copolymers. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 6:297-311. [PMID: 7551222 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1823-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In summary, data indicate that nonionic block copolymers in several different delivery formats can effectively enhance antibody responses to a variety of viral, parasite, or bacterial antigens. Polymers have historically been evaluated as polymers alone in aqueous buffer, in oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. Several of those formulations can induce protective antibodies in preerythrocytic or erythrocytic malaria vaccine models or in pneumococcal vaccine models. In those models, protective immunity is associated with the development of IgG2a subclass antibodies. These results tend to indicate that copolymer adjuvant can influence isotype development, possibly by stimulating the appropriate T-cell subsets. Although there are some data suggesting that microfluidized vaccines containing the L121 nonionic block copolymer can induce CTL, equivalent experimental results with larger block polymers, which are effective in induction of greater proportions of IgG2a, have not yet been obtained. Several of the basic formulations with an appropriate copolymer may be suitable for clinical evaluation in conjunction with either current or future subunit antigens. Other formulations containing copolymers may also be suitable for mucosal administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R N Brey
- Vaxcel, Inc., Norcross, Georgia 30071, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ben Ahmeida ET, Jennings R, Tan L, Gregoriadis G, Potter CW. The subclass IgG responses of mice to influenza surface proteins formulated into liposomes. Antiviral Res 1993; 21:217-31. [PMID: 8215299 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(93)90029-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Unprimed mice and mice primed by prior infection with an H1N1 subtype of influenza virus were used to assess the total and subclass IgG serum antibody responses to influenza virus A/Sichuan/2/87 (H3N2) surface haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins incorporated into four different formulations of liposomes. Only one of these liposome preparations, DSPC(B), induced greater total IgG, and subclass IgG1 and IgG2a antibody levels, in sera from both primed and unprimed mice than the aqueous A/Sichuan surface preparations alone administered at equivalent levels of haemagglutinin protein. The same DSPC(B) liposome formulation of A/Sichuan antigens was also the only preparation found to elicit levels of IgG2b and IgG3 subclass antibodies above baseline values in these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E T Ben Ahmeida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Microbiology, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Palache AM, Beyer WE, Sprenger MJ, Masurel N, de Jonge S, Vardy A, Charpentier B, Noury J, van Beek WC, Borst RJ. Antibody response after influenza immunization with various vaccine doses: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre, dose-response study in elderly nursing-home residents and young volunteers. Vaccine 1993; 11:3-9. [PMID: 8427034 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90333-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The dose effect (0, 10, 20 and 60 micrograms) of influenza subunit vaccine on the antibody response was investigated in nursing-home residents and young controls. The vaccine antigens were: A/Taiwan/1/86 (H1N1), A/Sichuan/2/87 (H3N2) and B/Beijing/1/87. For the influenza B antigen, the post-GMT and the 'percentage protective titre' increased significantly both in the young controls and nursing-home residents. No dose effect was observed for the A/Taiwan, and a minor dose effect for A/Sichuan. All vaccine doses were well tolerated by both groups. We conclude from our data that higher vaccine doses may result in a better antibody response against some antigens but not against others. Therefore, in general, increasing the vaccine dose is no adequate method to improve the antibody response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Palache
- Department of Virology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Palache AM, Beyer WE, Lüchters G, Völker R, Sprenger MJ, Masurel N. Influenza vaccines: the effect of vaccine dose on antibody response in primed populations during the ongoing interpandemic period. A review of the literature. Vaccine 1993; 11:892-908. [PMID: 8212834 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Health authorities tend to favour an increase of the antigen dose in inactivated influenza vaccines from < or = 10 micrograms haemagglutinin (HA) per vaccine strain to 15 micrograms HA/strain. The increased dose is expected to yield a meaningful increase in the number of subjects to be protected after vaccination. To verify this expectation, we have reviewed 20 published reports (1978-1991) of serological studies in which anti-HA-IgG antibody after different doses was measured. In the review, stratification groups of previously primed subjects were formed and the antibody response was estimated for doses of 10 and 15 micrograms HA by linear k*2-chi 2 model. Despite a considerable heterogenicity of study populations, study designs, vaccine types and strains, and antibody assays, the results were consistent in revealing high protection rates (> or = 75%) for a 10 micrograms HA dose of influenza A vaccine components. For both response and protection rates, an increase of the antigenic load from 10 to 15 micrograms HA was not associated with a meaningful increase of seroresponse: in 38 out of 39 stratification groups, the increase of response and/or protection rate varied between -9% and +8%, with a median of 1.5%. These results do not justify the expectation that a vaccine dose of 15 micrograms HA per strain would be clinically superior to a dose of 10 micrograms HA. Only in a group of immune-compromised patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis were results in favour of a higher dose found, which may justify further evaluation in this special population.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Clinical Trials as Topic/methods
- Disease Outbreaks
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Evaluation Studies as Topic
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinins, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Active
- Immunocompromised Host
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Middle Aged
- Orthomyxoviridae/immunology
- Research Design
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Palache
- Department of Virology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Remarque EJ, van Beek WC, Ligthart GJ, Borst RJ, Nagelkerken L, Palache AM, Sprenger MJ, Masurel N. Improvement of the immunoglobulin subclass response to influenza vaccine in elderly nursing-home residents by the use of high-dose vaccines. Vaccine 1993; 11:649-54. [PMID: 8322488 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90311-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of age and antigen dose (10, 20, 60 micrograms) on the immunoglobulin (sub) class distribution following influenza vaccination, antibody responses in 79 elderly nursing home residents were compared with the responses in 100 young subjects. At a 10 micrograms dose the IgM, IgG3 and IgA1 responses were comparable in both age groups, whereas the IgG, IgG1 and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) responses were twofold lower in the elderly. A 20 micrograms dose increased the IgG, IgG1 and HI levels in the elderly to the levels in the young and the IgA1 to significantly higher levels. A 60 micrograms dose increased antibody levels in the young, but did not further increase the response in the elderly. The 20 micrograms dose might represent a higher level of protection in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Remarque
- Department of Pathology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Erturk M, Jennings R, Phillpotts RJ, Potter CW. Biochemical characterization of herpes simplex virus type-1-immunostimulating complexes (ISCMOs): a multi-glycoprotein structure. Vaccine 1991; 9:668-74. [PMID: 1659055 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(91)90193-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of an immunostimulating complex (ISCOM) preparation containing several HSV-1 glycoproteins, including the major glycoproteins B and D is described. The multi-glycoprotein HSV-1 ISCOM preparation was obtained from a gradient-purified aqueous HSV-1 antigen preparation following extraction from infected cells using a zwitterionic detergent. With polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to HSV-1 glycoproteins in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and radioimmunoprecipitation techniques, the HSV-1 ISCOM preparation was shown to contain glycoproteins B, C, D, E, H and I, although further, additional proteins were also present. The DNA content of HSV-1 ISCOMs was determined using a 3H-thymidine labelling method. The protein and DNA contents of the HSV-1 ISCOM preparation are discussed with reference to the potentialities of the preparation as a vaccine for use in human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Erturk
- Department of Virology, University of Sheffield Medical School, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hui GS, Tam LQ, Chang SP, Case SE, Hashiro C, Siddiqui WA, Shiba T, Kusumoto S, Kotani S. Synthetic low-toxicity muramyl dipeptide and monophosphoryl lipid A replace Freund complete adjuvant in inducing growth-inhibitory antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein, gp195. Infect Immun 1991; 59:1585-91. [PMID: 2019429 PMCID: PMC257888 DOI: 10.1128/iai.59.5.1585-1591.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein (gp195) is a protective antigen against lethal malaria. However, increasing evidence indicates that the efficacy of a malaria vaccine will require a strong adjuvant that is safe for human use. We compared the efficacies of two low-toxicity synthetic immunomodulators, B30-MDP (a lipophilic muramyl dipeptide derivative) and LA-15-PH (a synthetic equivalent of monophosphoryl lipid A), with that of Freund complete adjuvant (FCA) in eliciting an antibody response to gp195. Rabbits were immunized with native gp195 and B30-MDP, LA-15-PH, or the two in combination, with liposomes as the vehicle. Aluminum hydroxide and FCA were used as reference adjuvants. Results showed that adjuvant formulations based on B30-MDP alone or in combination with LA-15-PH induced high antibody titers to gp195, as compared with FCA. LA-15-PH alone was less effective. Aluminum hydroxide induced significantly lower antibody titers. The functional activity of the rabbit anti-gp195 antibodies induced by different adjuvants was evaluated in an in vitro parasite growth inhibition assay previously shown to correlate with anti-gp195 immunity in the Aotus monkey model. All rabbits immunized with B30-MDP-LA-15-PH and two of three rabbits immunized with B30-MDP alone produced sera that strongly inhibited parasite growth. The degree of growth inhibition was similar to that with FCA. The antibody titers of the rabbits receiving B30-MDP-LA-15-PH strongly correlated with the degree of in vitro growth inhibition. Our findings provided strong evidence that adjuvant formulations based on synthetic B30-MDP and LA-15-PH can replace FCA as adjuvants in stimulating protective immunity specific for gp195.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Hui
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96816
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gross PA, Quinnan GV, Weksler ME, Gaerlan PF, Denning CR. Immunization of elderly people with high doses of influenza vaccine. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36:209-12. [PMID: 3339228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb01802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Healthy ambulatory elderly were immunized with increasing doses of the 1984-1985 influenza vaccine formulation. Two types of vaccines, split-product vaccine (SPV) and whole virus vaccine (WVV), were used. Three different doses, 0.5 mL (the standard volume, 1X), or 1.0 mL (2X), and 1.5 mL (3X) of each of the two vaccines were compared. The size of each of the six groups was between 23 and 26 subjects. The mean ages in each of the groups ranged from 71 to 74 years. No difference in local or systemic reaction was noted among the six groups. A dose-response effect was observed for the SPV recipients to the influenza A/Chile/83 (H1N1) strain. The geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HI)titer (GMT) was 1:76 after the 3X dose vs 1:38 after the 1X dose (P less than 0.025). To the influenza A/Philippines/82 (H3N2) strain the GMT was 1:70 after the 3X dose vs 1:43 after the 1X dose. A similar trend was noted for the influenza B/USSR/83 strain. A (HI) titer of greater than or equal to 1:40 for all the strains was seen in greater than 70% of the split product vaccine recipients only after the 3X dose. For the WVV recipients, increasing doses did not result in increasing GMT for any of the three vaccine strains. In addition, HI titers greater than or equal to 1:40 were not uniformly seen in greater than 70% of the vaccine recipients at any of the three whole virus vaccine doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Gross
- Hackensack Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, NJ 07601
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lesourd BM, Vincent-Falquet JC, Deslandes D, Musset M, Moulias R. Influenza vaccination in the elderly: improved antibody response with Imuthiol (Na diethyldithiocarbamate) adjuvant therapy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1988; 10:135-43. [PMID: 2836324 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(88)90088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To improve influenza vaccine efficacy in hospitalized elderly, we compared the evolution of antibody level after vaccination in three patient groups. A sample of apparently primo vaccinated elderly were randomized to receive either Imuthiol (Na diethyldithiocarbamate: group 1) or a placebo (group P). They were compared to patients who had been vaccinated annually for several years (group C). All patients were immunized in the same week. Antibody responses increase within 15 days to reach a plateau in group P and C, while they continue to increase in the Imuthiol treated group, reaching higher antibody levels 30 days after vaccination. This higher antibody rise in group I is essentially due to higher antibody responses in patients with initially low antibody levels and who exhibited at least a four-fold antibody rise. This effect of Imuthiol on influenza antibody responses was observed in spite of a lower nutritional status in this group, a condition that induces lower antibody responses. The higher antibody responses observed in the Imuthiol treated group allow longer protection against influenza.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jennings R, Smith TL, Mellersh AR, Clark A, Spencer RC, Potter CW. Antibody response and persistence in volunteers following immunization with varying dosages of a trivalent surface antigen influenza virus vaccine. J Hyg (Lond) 1985; 94:87-95. [PMID: 3973383 PMCID: PMC2129390 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The serum antibody responses and 50% protective levels (PL50) of antibody were determined, using the SRH test, at one and twelve months post-vaccination in a group of student volunteers immunized with one of three dosages of a trivalent surface-antigen influenza virus vaccine, or with placebo. It was found that, for the H3, H1 and B haemagglutinin components present in the vaccine, a dose of 6 micrograms HA elicited high serum antibody responses at one month post-immunization. High mean antibody levels and a high incidence of volunteers with PL50 values of antibody against each of the HA components of the vaccine remained in the volunteer group twelve months later. The results are discussed in relation to the vaccine dosage used and the nature of the population immunized.
Collapse
|
20
|
Clark A, Potter CW, Jennings R, Nicholl JP, Langrick AF, Schild GC, Wood JM, Tyrrell DA. A comparison of live and inactivated influenza A (H1N1) virus vaccines. 2. Long-term immunity. J Hyg (Lond) 1983; 90:361-70. [PMID: 6863910 PMCID: PMC2134281 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400028990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Groups of volunteers were immunized with one of three influenza virus vaccines, and the resistance to challenge infection with attenuated influenza A (H1N1) virus was measured 8 months later. The vaccines were aqueous subunit influenza A/USSR/77 (H1N1) vaccine, aqueous subunit influenza B/Hong Kong/73 vaccine, or attenuated influenza virus A (H1N1) vaccine. The B virus vaccine was included as a control to assess the incidence of natural A virus infection during the study period. A proportion of the B virus vaccinees had pre-existing A (H1N1) virus antibody and were used to study the immunity conferred by natural infection to the live virus challenge. The serum antibody responses were measured at 1 and 8 months after immunization. The results showed that all the vaccines induced serum HI antibody in a proportion of the volunteers; however, after 1 month, higher titres of serum antibody were found in volunteers given inactivated A vaccine than in those given live attenuated A virus vaccine. Eight months post-immunization the titres of serum antibody in volunteers given inactivated vaccine had declined significantly, but there were no changes in the antibody titres of those given live virus vaccine. The incidence of infection by the challenge virus at 8 months post-immunization was directly related to the serum antibody titres 1 month post-immunization; no evidence was obtained to suggest that those given live virus vaccine had a more solid immunity than those given inactivated vaccine.
Collapse
|
21
|
Jennings R, Potter CW, Massey PM, Duerden BI, Martin J, Bevan AM. Responses of volunteers to inactivated influenza virus vaccines. J Hyg (Lond) 1981; 86:1-16. [PMID: 7007488 PMCID: PMC2134056 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400068698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Three different types of bivalent influenza virus vaccine, a whole virus, an aqueous-surface-antigen vaccine and an adsorbed-surface-antigen vaccine were tested at three dosage levels in volunteers primed with respect to only one of the haemagglutinin antigens present in the vaccines. The local and systemic reactions to all three vaccine types were mild in nature and, following first immunization, the aqueous-surface-antigen vaccine was the least reactogenic. The serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody response to the A/Victoria/75 component of the vaccines to which the volunteer population was primed, was greatest following immunization with the aqueous-surface-antigen vaccine; the greatest antibody response to the A/New Jersey/76 component of the vaccines was observed following immunization with whole virus vaccine.
Collapse
|
22
|
Potter CW, Clark A, Jennings R, Schild GC, Wood JM, McWilliams PK. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of inactivated influenza A (H1N1) virus vaccine in unprimed children. Report to the Medical Research Council Committee on influenza and other respiratory virus vaccines. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 1980; 8:35-48. [PMID: 6995458 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-1157(80)80045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
23
|
Sarateanu DE, Ehrengut W, Pressler K, Peukert M, Schenk KD. Serological response to whole, split and subunit influenza vaccines of persons with and without immunological experience towards influenza A/U.S.S.R. 90/77 virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1980; 3:225-36. [PMID: 7471712 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(80)90061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
24
|
Eastwood LM, Jennings R, Milner RD, Potter CW. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine in children. J Clin Pathol 1979; 32:534-7. [PMID: 469010 PMCID: PMC1145733 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.32.6.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An influenza virus vaccine containing the purified surface haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of A/Victoria/75 and B/Hong Kong/73 viruses adsorbed to an aluminium hydroxide gel was assessed for reactogenicity and immunogenicity in children aged 4 to 11 years, since there is no influenza virus vaccine available for this age group. Significant serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody responses to the A/Victoria/75 and B/Hong Kong/73 haemagglutinin antigens present in the vaccine were observed in 47% and 35%, respectively, of the children vaccinated, with a single dose. The vaccine induced no significant local or systemic reactions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Jennings R, Fenton RJ, McEntegart MG, Potter CW. A contribution of cellular immunity to protection against influenza in man. Med Microbiol Immunol 1978; 166:51-62. [PMID: 723791 DOI: 10.1007/bf02121134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The degree of lymphocyte transformations and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) in the presence of inactivated A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) influenza virus vaccine was measured in blood samples collected from 56 medical student volunteers. At the same time the volunteers were skin tested, using the same vaccine. Using the antigenically similar WRL 105 (H3N2), recombinant influenza virus, the level of haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies in serum, and neutralizing antibodies in nasal washings collected from the volunteers, were also determined. Each volunteer was then inoculated with live, attenuated WRL 105 influenza virus vaccine and infections demonstrated by virus isolations and serology. Correlations between the ability to infect the volunteers and the various parameters of humoral and cellular immunity were then determined. The results showed a good correlation between the level of serum HI antibody and infection. Thus 16 of 20 volunteers with serum HI antibody titres of 1:10, but only 6 of 20 volunteers with antibody levels of 1:30, showed evidence of infection. No direct correlation was observed between any of the other parameters measured and infection by WRL 105 virus. However, when the LMI and serum HI antibody levels were considered together, a contribution of cellular immunity, as measured by the LMI test, could be found. Of 19 volunteers with low serum HI antibody and low LMI levels, 16 were infected, whereas of 13 volunteers with low HI antibody, but with high LMI levels, only 6 showed evidence of infection with WRL 105 influenza virus.
Collapse
|
26
|
Potter CW, Jennings R, Nicholson K, Tyrrell DA, Dickinson KG. Immunity to attenuated influenza virus WRL 105 infection induced by heterologous, inactivated influenza A virus vaccines. J Hyg (Lond) 1977; 79:321-32. [PMID: 270523 PMCID: PMC2129958 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400053158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Groups of student volunteers were immunized with one of five different inactivated influenza virus vaccines. The concentration of virus in the various vaccines differed by both the international unitage test and by the concentration of haemagglutinin, as measured by the single radial diffusion test; the results of the two methods of standardization showed no correlation. The serum HI response to immunization was variable; volunteers given A/England/72 showed a 16.6-fold increase in homologous serum antibody titre whilst volunteers given A/Hong Kong/68 vaccine showed a 4.2-fold increase. The variable response of volunteers to immunization could not be explained by the varied concentration of virus in the vaccines, as measured by either test, the titres of serum HI antibody present before immunization, or a combination of these two factors.The ability to infect volunteers with WRL 105 virus 4 weeks after immunization with heterologous, inactivated virus vaccine was directly related to the degree of cross-reactivity between the haemagglutinins of this vaccine virus and WRL 105 virus. Thus, the greatest number of infections by the challenge virus were seen in volunteers given A/Hong Kong/68 vaccine, less were observed in volunteers given A/England/72 vaccine, and least were found in groups given A/Port Chalmers/73 or A/Scotland/74 vaccine. However, compared with the incidence of infection in volunteers given B/Hong Kong/73 vaccine, all the heterologous influenza A vaccine gave some immunity to challenge infection.
Collapse
|
27
|
Fenton RJ, Jennings R, Potter CW. The serological response of experimental animals to inactivated whole and split influenza virus vaccines. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 1977; 5:217-29. [PMID: 893466 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-1157(77)80006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|