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Safaei S, Fadaee M, Farzam OR, Yari A, Poursaei E, Aslan C, Samemaleki S, Shanehbandi D, Baradaran B, Kazemi T. Exploring the dynamic interplay between exosomes and the immune tumor microenvironment: implications for breast cancer progression and therapeutic strategies. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:57. [PMID: 38553754 PMCID: PMC10981336 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer continues to pose a substantial worldwide health concern, demanding a thorough comprehension of the complex interaction between cancerous cells and the immune system. Recent studies have shown the significant function of exosomes in facilitating intercellular communication and their participation in the advancement of cancer. Tumor-derived exosomes have been identified as significant regulators in the context of breast cancer, playing a crucial role in modulating immune cell activity and contributing to the advancement of the illness. This study aims to investigate the many effects of tumor-derived exosomes on immune cells in the setting of breast cancer. Specifically, we will examine their role in influencing immune cell polarization, facilitating immunological evasion, and modifying the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we explore the nascent domain of exosomes produced from immune cells and their prospective involvement in the prevention of breast cancer. This paper focuses on new research that emphasizes the immunomodulatory characteristics of exosomes produced from immune cells. It also explores the possibility of these exosomes as therapeutic agents or biomarkers for the early identification and prevention of breast cancer. The exploration of the reciprocal connections between exosomes formed from tumors and immune cells, together with the rising significance of exosomes derived from immune cells, presents a potential avenue for the advancement of novel approaches in the field of breast cancer therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Gholghasht Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Fadaee
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Gholghasht Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Rahbar Farzam
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Gholghasht Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Yari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Gholghasht Ave, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Poursaei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Cynthia Aslan
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Samemaleki
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Gholghasht Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Gholghasht Ave, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Gholghasht Ave, Tabriz, Iran.
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Chatterjee A, Jayaprakasan M, Chakrabarty AK, Lakkaniga NR, Bhatt BN, Banerjee D, Narwaria A, Katiyar CK, Dubey SK. Comprehensive insights into rheumatoid arthritis: Pathophysiology, current therapies and herbal alternatives for effective disease management. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 38522945 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by immune response overexpression, causing pain and swelling in the synovial joints. This condition is caused by auto-reactive antibodies that attack self-antigens due to their incapacity to distinguish between self and foreign molecules. Dysregulated activity within numerous signalling and immunological pathways supports the disease's development and progression, elevating its complexity. While current treatments provide some alleviation, their effectiveness is accompanied by a variety of adverse effects that are inherent in conventional medications. As a result, there is a deep-rooted necessity to investigate alternate therapeutic strategies capable of neutralizing these disadvantages. Medicinal herbs display a variety of potent bioactive phytochemicals that are effective in the complementary management of disease, thus generating an enormous potency for the researchers to delve deep into the development of novel phytomedicine against autoimmune diseases, although additional evidence and understanding are required in terms of their efficacy and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. This literature-based review highlights the dysregulation of immune tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis, analyses the pathophysiology, elucidates relevant signalling pathways involved, evaluates present and future therapy options and underscores the therapeutic attributes of a diverse array of medicinal herbs in addressing this severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Monisha Jayaprakasan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | | | - Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
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Kalele K, Nyahatkar S, Mirgh D, Muthuswamy R, Adhikari MD, Anand K. Exosomes: A Cutting-Edge Theranostics Tool for Oral Cancer. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1400-1415. [PMID: 38394624 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cells. In cancer, they are key cellular messengers during cancer development and progression. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) promote cancer progression. In oral cancer, the major complication is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Exosomes show strong participation in several OSCC-related activities such as uncontrolled cell growth, immune suppression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug and therapeutic resistance. It is also a potential biomarker source for oral cancer. Some therapeutic exosome sources such as stem cells, plants (it is more effective compared to others), and engineered exosomes reduce oral cancer development. This therapeutic approach is effective because of its specificity, biocompatibility, and cell-free therapy (it reduced side effects in cancer treatment). This article highlights exosome-based theranostics signatures in oral cancer, clinical trials, challenges of exosome-based oral cancer research, and future improvements. In the future, exosomes may become an effective and affordable solution for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Kalele
- Neuron Institute of Applied Research, Rajapeth-Irwin Square Flyover, Amravati, Maharashtra 444601, India
| | - Sidhanti Nyahatkar
- VYWS Dental College & Hospital, WQMV+7X6, Tapovan-Wadali Road, Camp Rd, SRPF Colony, Amravati, Maharashtra 444602, India
| | - Divya Mirgh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Raman Muthuswamy
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manab Deb Adhikari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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4
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Schneider N, Hermann PC, Eiseler T, Seufferlein T. Emerging Roles of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Gastrointestinal Cancer Research and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:567. [PMID: 38339318 PMCID: PMC10854789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Discovered in the late eighties, sEVs are small extracellular nanovesicles (30-150 nm diameter) that gained increasing attention due to their profound roles in cancer, immunology, and therapeutic approaches. They were initially described as cellular waste bins; however, in recent years, sEVs have become known as important mediators of intercellular communication. They are secreted from cells in substantial amounts and exert their influence on recipient cells by signaling through cell surface receptors or transferring cargos, such as proteins, RNAs, miRNAs, or lipids. A key role of sEVs in cancer is immune modulation, as well as pro-invasive signaling and formation of pre-metastatic niches. sEVs are ideal biomarker platforms, and can be engineered as drug carriers or anti-cancer vaccines. Thus, sEVs further provide novel avenues for cancer diagnosis and treatment. This review will focus on the role of sEVs in GI-oncology and delineate their functions in cancer progression, diagnosis, and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Schneider
- Department for Internal Medicine 1, University Clinic Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.C.H.); (T.S.)
| | | | - Tim Eiseler
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (T.E.); Tel.: +49-731-500-44678 (N.S.); +49-731-500-44523 (T.E.)
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Ishina IA, Kurbatskaia IN, Mamedov AE, Shramova EI, Deyev SM, Nurbaeva KS, Rubtsov YP, Belogurov AA, Gabibov AG, Zakharova MY. Genetically engineered CD80-pMHC-harboring extracellular vesicles for antigen-specific CD4 + T-cell engagement. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1341685. [PMID: 38304104 PMCID: PMC10833362 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1341685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of low-frequency antigen-specific CD4+ T cells is crucial for effective immunomonitoring across various diseases. However, this task still encounters experimental challenges necessitating the implementation of enrichment procedures. While existing antigen-specific expansion technologies predominantly concentrate on the enrichment of CD8+ T cells, advancements in methods targeting CD4+ T cells have been limited. In this study, we report a technique that harnesses antigen-presenting extracellular vesicles (EVs) for stimulation and expansion of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. EVs are derived from a genetically modified HeLa cell line designed to emulate professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by expressing key costimulatory molecules CD80 and specific peptide-MHC-II complexes (pMHCs). Our results demonstrate the beneficial potent stimulatory capacity of EVs in activating both immortalized and isolated human CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Our technique successfully expands low-frequency influenza-specific CD4+ T cells from healthy individuals. In summary, the elaborated methodology represents a streamlined and efficient approach for the detection and expansion of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, presenting a valuable alternative to existing antigen-specific T-cell expansion protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Ishina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna N. Kurbatskaia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Azad E. Mamedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I. Shramova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey M. Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Biomarker Research Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yury P. Rubtsov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (NN Blokhin NMRCO), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Life Sciences, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Y. Zakharova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Hánělová K, Raudenská M, Masařík M, Balvan J. Protein cargo in extracellular vesicles as the key mediator in the progression of cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:25. [PMID: 38200509 PMCID: PMC10777590 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles of endosomal origin that are released by almost all cell types, even those that are pathologically altered. Exosomes widely participate in cell-to-cell communication via transferring cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins, and other metabolites, into recipient cells. Tumour-derived exosomes (TDEs) participate in many important molecular pathways and affect various hallmarks of cancer, including fibroblasts activation, modification of the tumour microenvironment (TME), modulation of immune responses, angiogenesis promotion, setting the pre-metastatic niche, enhancing metastatic potential, and affecting therapy sensitivity and resistance. The unique exosome biogenesis, composition, nontoxicity, and ability to target specific tumour cells bring up their use as promising drug carriers and cancer biomarkers. In this review, we focus on the role of exosomes, with an emphasis on their protein cargo, in the key mechanisms promoting cancer progression. We also briefly summarise the mechanism of exosome biogenesis, its structure, protein composition, and potential as a signalling hub in both normal and pathological conditions. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Hánělová
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenská
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masařík
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, CZ-252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Balvan
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic.
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Amina SJ, Azam T, Dagher F, Guo B. A review on the use of extracellular vesicles for the delivery of drugs and biological therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:45-70. [PMID: 38226932 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2305115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles, are effective tools for delivering small-molecule drugs and biological therapeutics into cells and tissues. Surface modifications with targeting ligands ensure precise delivery to specific cells, minimizing accumulation in healthy organs and reducing the side effects. This is a rapidly growing area in drug delivery research and this review aims to comprehensively discuss the recent advances in the field. AREA COVERED Recent studies have presented compelling evidence supporting the application of exosomes as efficient delivery vehicles that escape endosome trapping, achieving effective in vivo delivery in animal models. This review provides a systemic discussion on the exosome-based delivery technology, with topics covering exosome purification, surface modification, and targeted delivery of various cargos ranging from siRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins, to small molecule drugs. EXPERT OPINION Exosome-based gene and drug delivery has low toxicity and low immunogenicity. Surface modifications of the exosomes can effectively avoid endosome trapping and increase delivery efficiency. This exciting technology can be applied to improve the treatments for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Jabeen Amina
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tasmia Azam
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Dagher
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound structures released by cells and have become significant players in immune system functioning, primarily by facilitating cell-to-cell communication. Immune cells like neutrophils and dendritic cells release EVs containing bioactive molecules that modulate chemotaxis, activate immune cells, and induce inflammation. EVs also contribute to antigen presentation, lymphocyte activation, and immune tolerance. Moreover, EVs play pivotal roles in antimicrobial host defense. They deliver microbial antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs), triggering immune responses, or act as decoys to neutralize virulence factors and toxins. This review discusses host and microbial EVs' multifaceted roles in innate and adaptive immunity, highlighting their involvement in immune cell development, antigen presentation, and antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Kumari
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Skylar S. Wright
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Vijay A. Rathinam
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Tai Q, Yu H, Gao M, Zhang X. In Situ Capturing and Counting Device for the Specific Depletion and Purification of Cancer-Derived Exosomes. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13113-13122. [PMID: 37609888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
From metabolic waste to biological mediators, exosomes have emerged as the key player in a variety of pathological processes, particularly in oncogenesis. The exosome-mediated communication network involves nearly every step of cancer progression, promoting the proliferation and immune escape of cancer cells. Therefore, the removal of cancer-derived exosomes has profound clinical significance. Current methods for exosome separation and enrichment are either for large-scale samples or require complex pretreatment processes, lacking effective methods for trace-volume exosome capture in situ. Herein, we have developed an in situ exosome capturing and counting device based on the antibody-functionalized capillary. Specific antibodies targeting exosome biomarkers were immobilized to the inner wall of the capillary via biotin-streptavidin interaction for direct cancer exosome capturing. Subsequent exosome staining enabled imaging and enumeration. Acceptable linearity and reproducibility were achieved with our device, with the capturing and detective range between 3.3 × 104 and 3.3 × 108 particles, surpassing the nanoparticle tracking analysis by 2 orders of magnitude while requiring merely 30 μL sample. We demonstrated that MCF-7-derived exosomes induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of epithelial cells MCF-10A, and our method was able to completely or partially reverse the transition by complete depletion or specific depletion of cancer exosomes without any preprocessing. Moreover, both whole exosomes and cancer-specific exosomes alone from mimic blood samples were successfully captured and counted, without obvious non-specific adsorption. In all, our approach realized the in situ depletion and number-counting of cancer-derived exosomes directly from the complex humoral environment, having the potential to provide a comprehensive tumor therapeutic and prognosis evaluation tool by targeted hemodialysis and counting of tumor-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfei Tai
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mingxia Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Gail LM, Schell KJ, Łacina P, Strobl J, Bolton SJ, Steinbakk Ulriksen E, Bogunia-Kubik K, Greinix H, Crossland RE, Inngjerdingen M, Stary G. Complex interactions of cellular players in chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199422. [PMID: 37435079 PMCID: PMC10332803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease is a life-threatening inflammatory condition that affects many patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although we have made substantial progress in understanding disease pathogenesis and the role of specific immune cell subsets, treatment options are still limited. To date, we lack a global understanding of the interplay between the different cellular players involved, in the affected tissues and at different stages of disease development and progression. In this review we summarize our current knowledge on pathogenic and protective mechanisms elicited by the major involved immune subsets, being T cells, B cells, NK cells and antigen presenting cells, as well as the microbiome, with a special focus on intercellular communication of these cell types via extracellular vesicles as up-and-coming fields in chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease research. Lastly, we discuss the importance of understanding systemic and local aberrant cell communication during disease for defining better biomarkers and therapeutic targets, eventually enabling the design of personalized treatment schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marie Gail
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kimberly Julia Schell
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Łacina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Johanna Strobl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steven J. Bolton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hildegard Greinix
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rachel Emily Crossland
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Parthasarathy G, Hirsova P, Kostallari E, Sidhu GS, Ibrahim SH, Malhi H. Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatobiliary Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4631-4658. [PMID: 37358519 PMCID: PMC10798368 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles released by cells and are an important means of intercellular communication in physiological and pathological states. We provide an overview of recent advances in the understanding of EV biogenesis, cargo selection, recipient cell effects, and key considerations in isolation and characterization techniques. Studies on the physiological role of EVs have relied on cell-based model systems due to technical limitations of studying endogenous nanoparticles in vivo . Several recent studies have elucidated the mechanistic role of EVs in liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, cholestatic liver disease, alcohol-associated liver disease, acute liver injury, and liver cancers. Employing disease models and human samples, the biogenesis of lipotoxic EVs downstream of endoplasmic reticulum stress and microvesicles via intracellular activation stress signaling are discussed in detail. The diverse cargoes of EVs including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids can be enriched in a disease-specific manner. By carrying diverse cargo, EVs can directly confer pathogenic potential, for example, recruitment and activation of monocyte-derived macrophages in NASH and tumorigenicity and chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. We discuss the pathogenic role of EVs cargoes and the signaling pathways activated by EVs in recipient cells. We review the literature that EVs can serve as biomarkers in hepatobiliary diseases. Further, we describe novel approaches to engineer EVs to deliver regulatory signals to specific cell types, and thus use them as therapeutic shuttles in liver diseases. Lastly, we identify key lacunae and future directions in this promising field of discovery and development. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4631-4658, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guneet S. Sidhu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samar H. Ibrahim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Xu J, Liu H, Wang T, Wen Z, Chen H, Yang Z, Li L, Yu S, Gao S, Yang L, Li K, Li J, Li X, Liu L, Liao G, Chen Y, Liang Y. CCR7 Mediated Mimetic Dendritic Cell Vaccine Homing in Lymph Node for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207017. [PMID: 37092579 PMCID: PMC10265089 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been recognized as one of the most promising treatment strategies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). As a pioneering trend of immunotherapy, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have displayed the ability to prime an immune response, while the insufficient immunogenicity and low lymph node (LN) targeting efficiency, resulted in an unsubstantiated therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. Herein, a hybrid nanovaccine (Hy-M-Exo) is developed via fusing tumor-derived exosome (TEX) and dendritic cell membrane vesicle (DCMV). The hybrid nanovaccine inherited the key protein for lymphatic homing, CCR7, from DCMV and demonstrated an enhanced efficiency of LN targeting. Meanwhile, the reserved tumor antigens and endogenous danger signals in the hybrid nanovaccine activated antigen presenting cells (APCs) elicited a robust T-cell response. Moreover, the nanovaccine Hy-M-Exo displayed good therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of HNSCC. These results indicated that Hy-M-Exo is of high clinical value to serve as a feasible strategy for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Xu
- Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Institute of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- School of StomatologyXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou221004P. R. China
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou221004P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Institute of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
| | - Zhenfu Wen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Haolin Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Yang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Liyan Li
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Shan Yu
- Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Institute of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
| | - Siyong Gao
- Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Institute of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Institute of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
| | - Kan Li
- Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Institute of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Institute of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Institute of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
| | - Lixin Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Guiqing Liao
- Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Institute of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologyGuangzhou510030P. R. China
- Institute of StomatologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510030P. R. China
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13
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Ghorbaninezhad F, Alemohammad H, Najafzadeh B, Masoumi J, Shadbad MA, Shahpouri M, Saeedi H, Rahbarfarzam O, Baradaran B. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes: A new horizon in personalized cancer immunotherapy? Cancer Lett 2023; 562:216168. [PMID: 37031915 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) release nanometer-sized membrane vesicles known as dexosomes, containing different molecules, particularly proteins, for presenting antigens, i.e., major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I/II and CD86. Dexosomes can, directly and indirectly, stimulate antigen-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. Antigen-loaded dexosomes can lead to the development of potent anti-tumoral immune responses. Notably, developing dexosome-based cell-free vaccines could serve as a new vaccination platform in the era of immunotherapy for various cancers. Furthermore, combining dexosomes vaccination strategies with other treatment approaches can considerably increase tumor-specific T cell responses. Herein, we aimed to review how dexosomes interact with immune cells, e.g., CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Besides, we discussed the limitations of this approach and suggested potential strategies to improve its effectiveness for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ghorbaninezhad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Shahpouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Rahbarfarzam
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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14
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Tinè M, Padrin Y, Bonato M, Semenzato U, Bazzan E, Conti M, Saetta M, Turato G, Baraldo S. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) as Crucial Mediators of Cell-Cell Interaction in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054645. [PMID: 36902079 PMCID: PMC10003413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disorder worldwide and accounts for a huge health and economic burden. Its incidence is rapidly increasing but, in parallel, novel personalized approaches have emerged. Indeed, the improved knowledge of cells and molecules mediating asthma pathogenesis has led to the development of targeted therapies that significantly increased our ability to treat asthma patients, especially in severe stages of disease. In such complex scenarios, extracellular vesicles (EVs i.e., anucleated particles transporting nucleic acids, cytokines, and lipids) have gained the spotlight, being considered key sensors and mediators of the mechanisms controlling cell-to-cell interplay. We will herein first revise the existing evidence, mainly by mechanistic studies in vitro and in animal models, that EV content and release is strongly influenced by the specific triggers of asthma. Current studies indicate that EVs are released by potentially all cell subtypes in the asthmatic airways, particularly by bronchial epithelial cells (with different cargoes in the apical and basolateral side) and inflammatory cells. Such studies largely suggest a pro-inflammatory and pro-remodelling role of EVs, whereas a minority of reports indicate protective effects, particularly by mesenchymal cells. The co-existence of several confounding factors-including technical pitfalls and host and environmental confounders-is still a major challenge in human studies. Technical standardization in isolating EVs from different body fluids and careful selection of patients will provide the basis for obtaining reliable results and extend their application as effective biomarkers in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariaenrica Tinè
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Ylenia Padrin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Pulmonology Unit, Ospedale Cà Foncello, Azienda Unità Locale Socio-Sanitaria 2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Umberto Semenzato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Erica Bazzan
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Conti
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Marina Saetta
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Graziella Turato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Simonetta Baraldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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15
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Ye Z, Xiong Y, Peng W, Wei W, Huang L, Yue J, Zhang C, Lin G, Huang F, Zhang L, Zheng S, Yue J. Manipulation of PD-L1 Endosomal Trafficking Promotes Anticancer Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206411. [PMID: 36567273 PMCID: PMC9951344 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant regulation of PD-L1 in tumor cells remains poorly understood. Here, the authors systematically investigate the endosomal trafficking of plasma membrane PD-L1 in tumor cells. They show that plasma membrane PD-L1 is continuously internalized, and then trafficked from early endosomes to multivesicular bodies/late endosomes, recycling endosomes, lysosomes, and/or extracellular vesicles (EVs). This constitutive endocytic trafficking of PD-L1 is Rab5- and clathrin-dependent. Triazine compound 6J1 blocks the endosomal trafficking of PD-L1 and induces its accumulation in endocytic vesicles by activating Rab5. 6J1 also promotes exosomal PD-L1 secretion by activating Rab27. Together, these effects result in a decrease in the membrane level of PD-L1 in 6J1-treated tumor cells and enables tumor cells to be more susceptible to the tumor-killing activity of T cells in vitro. 6J1 also increases tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T cells and promotes chemokines secretion in the tumor microenvironment. Rab27 knockdown abolishes 6J1-induced PD-L1 secretion in EVs and revokes the exhausted tumor-infiltrating T cells in tumors, thereby improving the anticancer efficacy of 6J1. Furthermore, a combination of 6J1 and an anti-PD-1 antibody significantly improves the anticancer immune response. Therefore, manipulating PD-L1 endosomal trafficking provides a promising means to promote an anticancer immune response in addition to the immune checkpoint-blocking antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuodong Ye
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057China
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Yiding Xiong
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyThird Affiliated hospital at the Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Wang Peng
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057China
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Wenjie Wei
- Research Core FacilitiesSouth University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen518052China
| | - Lihong Huang
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057China
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Juliana Yue
- Department of BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUT84602USA
| | - Chunyuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyThird Affiliated hospital at the Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Liang Zhang
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057China
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
| | - Songguo Zheng
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyThird Affiliated hospital at the Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
| | - Jianbo Yue
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518057China
- Division of Natural and Applied SciencesSynear Molecular Biology LabDuke Kunshan UniversityKunshan215316China
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16
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Jangholi A, Müller Bark J, Kenny L, Vasani S, Rao S, Dolcetti R, Punyadeera C. Exosomes at the crossroad between therapeutic targets and therapy resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188784. [PMID: 36028150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are aggressive and clinically challenging tumours that require a multidisciplinary management approach. Despite significant therapy improvements, HNSCC patients have a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of about 65%. As recently recognised key players in cancer, exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a diameter of nearly 50-120 nm which transport information from one cell to another. Exosomes are actively involved in various aspects of tumour initiation, development, metastasis, immune regulation, therapy resistance, and therapeutic applications. However, current knowledge of the role of exosomes in the pathophysiological processes of HNSCC is still in its infancy, and additional studies are needed. In this review, we summarise and discuss the relevance of exosomes in mediating local immunosuppression and therapy resistance of HNSCC. We also review the most recent studies that have explored the therapeutic potential of exosomes as cancer vaccines, drug carriers or tools to reverse the drug resistance of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Jangholi
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia; The School of Environment and Science, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Juliana Müller Bark
- The School of Environment and Science, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lizbeth Kenny
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Cancer Care Services, Herston, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarju Vasani
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Cancer Care Services, Herston, Australia; Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- Gene Regulation and Translational Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- The School of Environment and Science, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MIHQ), Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
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17
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Abstract
The twenty-first century has witnessed major developments in the field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research, including significant steps towards defining standard criteria for the separation and detection of EVs. The recent recognition that EVs have the potential to function as biomarkers or as therapeutic tools has attracted even greater attention to their study. With this progress in mind, an updated comprehensive overview of the roles of EVs in the immune system is timely. This Review summarizes the roles of EVs in basic processes of innate and adaptive immunity, including inflammation, antigen presentation, and the development and activation of B cells and T cells. It also highlights key progress related to deciphering the roles of EVs in antimicrobial defence and in allergic, autoimmune and antitumour immune responses. It ends with a focus on the relevance of EVs to immunotherapy and vaccination, drawing attention to ongoing or recently completed clinical trials that aim to harness the therapeutic potential of EVs.
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18
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Xia J, Miao Y, Wang X, Huang X, Dai J. Recent progress of dendritic cell-derived exosomes (Dex) as an anti-cancer nanovaccine. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113250. [PMID: 35700679 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer vaccines such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccines and peptide vaccines have become appealing and attractive anticancer immunotherapy options in recent decades, some obstacles have hindered their successful application in the clinical setting. The difficulties associated with the high cost of DC preparation, storage of DC vaccines, tumor-mediated immunosuppressive environment, identification of specific tumor antigens, and high degradation of antigen peptides in vivo limit the clinical application and affect the outcomes of these cancer vaccines. Recently, nanocarriers have been considered as a new approach for vaccine delivery. As biogenic nanocarriers, exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by cells that carry various proteins, RNAs, and lipids. More importantly, DC-derived exosomes (Dex) express tumor antigens, MHC molecules, and co-stimulatory molecules on their surface, which trigger the release of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. With their membrane structure, Dex can avoid high degradation while ensuring favorable biocompatibility and biosafety in vivo. In addition, Dex can be stored in vitro for a longer period, which facilitates a significant reduction in production costs. Furthermore, they have shown better antitumor efficacy in preclinical studies compared with DC vaccines owing to their higher immunogenicity and stronger resistance to immunosuppressive effects. However, the clinical efficacy of Dex vaccines remains limited. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Dex as an anticancer nanovaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xia
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Yangbao Miao
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Xiaobing Huang
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Jingying Dai
- Department of Hematology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China.
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19
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Hu C, Jiang W, Lv M, Fan S, Lu Y, Wu Q, Pi J. Potentiality of Exosomal Proteins as Novel Cancer Biomarkers for Liquid Biopsy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:792046. [PMID: 35757760 PMCID: PMC9218252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.792046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy has been rapidly developed in recent years due to its advantages of non-invasiveness and real-time sampling in cancer prognosis and diagnosis. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles secreted by all types of cells and abundantly distributed in all types of body fluid, carrying diverse cargos including proteins, DNA, and RNA, which transmit regulatory signals to recipient cells. Among the cargos, exosomal proteins have always been used as immunoaffinity binding targets for exosome isolation. Increasing evidence about the function of tumor-derived exosomes and their proteins is found to be massively associated with tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis in recent years. Therefore, exosomal proteins and some nucleic acids, such as miRNA, can be used not only as targets for exosome isolation but also as potential diagnostic markers in cancer research, especially for liquid biopsy. This review will discuss the existing protein-based methods for exosome isolation and characterization that are more appropriate for clinical use based on current knowledge of the exosomal biogenesis and function. Additionally, the recent studies for the use of exosomal proteins as cancer biomarkers are also discussed and summarized, which might contribute to the development of exosomal proteins as novel diagnostic tools for liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Hu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Cellular Biology, Dakewe, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Cellular Biology, Dakewe, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjin Lv
- Department of Cellular Biology, Dakewe, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuhao Fan
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yujia Lu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Cellular Biology, Dakewe, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
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20
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Kim SB. Function and therapeutic development of exosomes for cancer therapy. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:295-308. [PMID: 35604532 PMCID: PMC9125016 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, 50–150 nm in diameter, released by most cells. Exosomes contain several intracellular components, including DNA, RNA, and proteins, which reflect the parent cell’s status and contribute to intercellular communication. Cancers are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Owing to a high survival rate, cancer treatment by immune modulation of the tumor microenvironment has recently received a lot of attention. Exosomes’ role in immunological control is also being studied extensively. Exosomes play a role in cancer-immune cell communication. Through intracellular communication, exosomes promote tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. In addition, innate immune cell-derived exosomes and adaptive immune cell exosomes have an anti-tumorigenic activity. Exosome-related tumor microenvironment drugs are being developed, including inhibitors of exosomal release, tumor-derived exosomes, and immune cell-derived exosome engineering, although there are still some obstacles to overcome. We describe in this review the significance of exosomes in the tumor microenvironment. We also summarize current studies on anticancer immune drug development and the challenges in developing exosome-related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Bum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 01795.
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21
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Rutman AK, Negi S, Saberi N, Khan K, Tchervenkov J, Paraskevas S. Extracellular Vesicles From Kidney Allografts Express miR-218-5p and Alter Th17/Treg Ratios. Front Immunol 2022; 13:784374. [PMID: 35281056 PMCID: PMC8906931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.784374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed graft function (DGF) in kidney transplantation is associated with ischemic injury and carries long term functional and immunological risks. Extracellular vesicles (EV) released from allografts may signal a degree of ischemic stress, and are thought to play an important role in the development of anti-donor immunity. Here, we show that kidney perfusate-derived extracellular vesicles (KP-EV) express donor-specific human leukocyte antigen. KP-EV from kidneys that experience DGF increase the T-helper 17 (Th17) to T-regulatory (Treg) ratio in third party peripheral blood mononuclear cells to a greater degree than those from kidneys with immediate function. We report miR-218-5p upregulation in KP-EV of kidney transplant recipients with DGF. Levels of miR-218-5p in KP-EV inversely correlated with recipient eGFR at multiple time points following transplantation. Additionally, the degree of increase in Th17/Treg ratio by KP-EV positively correlated with miR-218-5p expression in KP-EV samples. Taken together, these data provide evidence that KP-EV may contribute to modulating immune responses in transplant recipients. This could lead to novel intervention strategies to inhibit DGF in order to improve graft function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa K Rutman
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarita Negi
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nasim Saberi
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kashif Khan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Tchervenkov
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Steven Paraskevas
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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22
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Liu S, Wu X, Chandra S, Lyon C, Ning B, jiang L, Fan J, Hu TY. Extracellular vesicles: Emerging tools as therapeutic agent carriers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3822-3842. [PMID: 36213541 PMCID: PMC9532556 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and are present in all biological fluids of vertebrates, where they transfer DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites from donor to recipient cells in cell-to-cell communication. Some EV components can also indicate the type and biological status of their parent cells and serve as diagnostic targets for liquid biopsy. EVs can also natively carry or be modified to contain therapeutic agents (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and small molecules) by physical, chemical, or bioengineering strategies. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and stability, EVs are ideal nanocarriers for bioactive ingredients to induce signal transduction, immunoregulation, or other therapeutic effects, which can be targeted to specific cell types. Herein, we review EV classification, intercellular communication, isolation, and characterization strategies as they apply to EV therapeutics. This review focuses on recent advances in EV applications as therapeutic carriers from in vitro research towards in vivo animal models and early clinical applications, using representative examples in the fields of cancer chemotherapeutic drug, cancer vaccine, infectious disease vaccines, regenerative medicine and gene therapy. Finally, we discuss current challenges for EV therapeutics and their future development.
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23
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Exosomes for Regulation of Immune Responses and Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enveloped nanosized (30–150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin produced by almost all cell types and encompass a multitude of functioning biomolecules. Exosomes have been considered crucial players of cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes can modulate the immune system by delivering a plethora of signals that can either stimulate or suppress immune responses, which have potential applications as immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Here, we discuss the current knowledge about the active biomolecular components of exosomes that contribute to exosomal function in modulating different immune cells and also how these immune cell-derived exosomes play critical roles in immune responses. We further discuss the translational potential of engineered exosomes as immunotherapeutic agents with their advantages over conventional nanocarriers for drug delivery and ongoing clinical trials.
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Xu G, Shi X, Liu H, Shen C, Yang B, Zhang T, Chen X, Zhao D, Yang J, Hao Y, Cui H, Yuan X, Liu X, Zhang K, Zheng H. Functional Analysis and Proteomics Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles From Swine Plasma Infected by African Swine Fever Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:809135. [PMID: 35223542 PMCID: PMC8868017 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.809135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has brought excellent barriers to swine production in China and the world. Studies have shown that extracellular vesicles mediate the RNA and protein spread of pathogenic microorganisms and RNA and proteins. After infection by pathogenic microorganisms causes significant differences in the proteins contained within extracellular vesicles. Based on the above studies, the extracellular vesicles were extracted from ASF virus (ASFV)-infected swine plasma. And qPCR, western blot, and confocal experiment were carried out. The research shows that extracted extracellular vesicles significantly promote the replication of ASFV in susceptible and non-susceptible cells Proteomics analysis of the extracellular vesicle proteins revealed that ASFV infection could cause significant differences in the protein profile. This study demonstrates that extracellular vesicles play a critical role in ASFV replication and transmission and cause significant differences in the protein profile encapsulated in extracellular vesicles.
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25
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Quadri Z, Elsherbini A, Bieberich E. Extracellular vesicles in pharmacology: Novel approaches in diagnostics and therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:105980. [PMID: 34863822 PMCID: PMC8760625 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized lipid vesicles that are produced by all eukaryotic cells, and they typically range in size from 30 to 150 nm. Exosomes were discovered almost 40 years ago; however, the last two decades have attracted considerable attention due to exosomes' inherent abilities to shuttle nucleic acids, lipids and proteins between cells, along with their natural affinity to exosome target cells. From a pharmaceutical perspective, exosomes are regarded as naturally produced nanoparticle drug delivery vehicles. The application of exosomes as a means of drug delivery offers critical advantages compared to other nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. These advantages are due to the exosomes' intrinsic features, such as low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, stability, and their ability to overcome biological barriers. Herein, we outline the structure and origin of exosomes, as well as their biological functions. We also touch upon recent advances in exosome labeling, imaging and drug loading. Finally, we discuss exosomes in targeted drug delivery and clinical trial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainuddin Quadri
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Ahmed Elsherbini
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States.
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26
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Elashiry M, Elsayed R, Cutler CW. Exogenous and Endogenous Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes: Lessons Learned for Immunotherapy and Disease Pathogenesis. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010115. [PMID: 35011677 PMCID: PMC8750541 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune therapeutic exosomes, derived exogenously from dendritic cells (DCs), the 'directors' of the immune response, are receiving favorable safety and tolerance profiles in phase I and II clinical trials for a growing number of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. DC-derived exosomes (EXO), the focus of this review, can be custom tailored with immunoregulatory or immunostimulatory molecules for specific immune cell targeting. Moreover, the relative stability, small size and rapid uptake of EXO by recipient immune cells offer intriguing options for therapeutic purposes. This necessitates an in-depth understanding of mechanisms of EXO biogenesis, uptake and routing by recipient immune cells, as well as their in vivo biodistribution. Against this backdrop is recognition of endogenous exosomes, secreted by all cells, the molecular content of which is reflective of the metabolic state of these cells. In this regard, exosome biogenesis and secretion is regulated by cell stressors of chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis, including dysbiotic microbes, reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Such cell stressors can promote premature senescence in young cells through the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Pathological exosomes of the SASP amplify inflammatory signaling in stressed cells in an autocrine fashion or promote inflammatory signaling to normal neighboring cells in paracrine, without the requirement of cell-to-cell contact. In summary, we review relevant lessons learned from the use of exogenous DC exosomes for immune therapy, as well as the pathogenic potential of endogenous DC exosomes.
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Increasing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Extracellular Vesicles From the Antigen-Specific Antibody and Light Chain Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:790722. [PMID: 34901032 PMCID: PMC8652241 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their exceptional properties, extracellular vesicles (EVs) receive special attention as next generation biotherapeutics and vehicles for drug delivery. However, despite having many advantages over cell-based therapies, EVs usually exert lower therapeutic efficacy. This results from a number of hurdles that are faced by the EV-based approaches. Administered EVs could be rapidly cleared by the mononuclear phagocytes as well as can randomly distribute within various tissues, making tissue penetration and cell targeting insufficient. However, recent research findings imply that these limitations could be overcome with the use of antigen-specific antibodies and light chains. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-expressing EVs have been shown to form aggregates after co-incubation with antigen-specific antibodies, which greatly enhanced their biological efficacy. On the other hand, EVs could be coated with antibody light chains of chosen specificity to direct them towards desired target cell population. Both findings open up a promising perspective to achieve the highest efficacy of the EV-based approaches. Herein we discuss the opportunities for enhancing extracellular vesicle’s biological activity by using specific antibodies and light chains in the context of the challenges faced by such therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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28
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Transformable vesicles for cancer immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:113905. [PMID: 34331988 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy that utilizes the human immune system to fight cancer represents a revolutionary method for cancer treatment. Immunotherapeutic agents that trigger the immune response should be carefully delivered to the desired site to maximize immunotherapy effectiveness and minimize side effects. Vesicles offer the possibility of encapsulating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and thus serve as a promising delivery tool. As multiple irreconcilable requirements exist at different transport stages, developing vesicles transformable in response to given stimuli is of great significance. In this review, we first introduced various vesicle types used for immunotherapy. Furthermore, the typical stimuli that trigger vesicle transformation and the usually generated transformation styles were described. Focusing on three aspects of antigen-presenting cell (APC)/T cell activation, tumor microenvironment (TME) amelioration, and immunogenic cell death (ICD)-induced immunotherapy, we reviewed recently reported transformable vesicles for tumor treatment. Finally, we put forward possible directions for future research and clinical translation.
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29
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Porcheri C, Mitsiadis TA. New Scenarios in Pharmacological Treatments of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215515. [PMID: 34771677 PMCID: PMC8583200 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most frequent types of cancer with a lethal outcome in half of the diagnosed cases. Mostly, HNSCC develops in the oral cavity, and its development is associated with tobacco and areca nut/betel quid usage, alcohol consumption, and HPV infection. Oral squamous cell carcinoma, as other head and neck cancers, presents a high degree of intratumor heterogeneity, which makes their treatment difficult, and directly correlates with drug resistance. Since the classical treatments for HNSCC oftentimes do not resolve the clinical picture, there is great need for novel therapeutic approaches, models for drug testing, and new drug delivery systems.
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30
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Hong S, Ruan S, Greenberg Z, He M, McGill JL. Development of surface engineered antigenic exosomes as vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21358. [PMID: 34725399 PMCID: PMC8560785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the main pathogens associated with lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children worldwide. Exosomes secreted by antigen presenting cells (APCs) can elicit immune responses by carrying major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules complexed with antigenic peptides and other co-stimulating factors. Therefore, we developed novel immunomagnetic nanographene particles to sequentially isolate, surface engineer, and release intact dendritic cell (DC) exosomes for use as a potential vaccine platform against RSV. The H-2Db-restricted, immunodominant peptides from RSV (M187-195 and NS161-75) were introduced to MHC-I on DC-derived exosomes to express peptide/MHC-I (pMHC-I) complexes. A mouse model of RSV infection was used to define the immunogenicity of surface engineered exosomes for activating virus-specific immune responses. Ex vivo assays demonstrated that engineered exosomes carrying RSV-specific peptides can elicit interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by virus-specific CD8+ T cells isolated from RSV-infected C57BL/6 mice. In vivo assays demonstrated that subcutaneous administration of both M187-195 and NS161-75 engineered exosomes to mice, with or without additional adjuvant, appeared safe and well tolerated, however, did not prime antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Surface engineered exosomes are immunogenic and promising for further development as a vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Hong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shaobo Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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31
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Li JY, Li QQ, Sheng R. The role and therapeutic potential of exosomes in ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2021; 151:105194. [PMID: 34582960 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a disease caused by insufficient blood and oxygen supply to the brain, which is mainly due to intracranial arterial stenosis and middle cerebral artery occlusion. Exosomes play an important role in cerebral ischemia. Nucleic acid substances such as miRNA, circRNA, lncRNA in exosomes can play communication roles and improve cerebral ischemia by regulating the development and regeneration of the nervous system, remodeling of blood vessels and inhibiting neuroinflammation. Furthermore, exosomes modulate stroke through various mechanisms, including improving neural communication, promoting the development of neuronal cells and myelin synapses, neurovascular unit remodeling and maintaining homeostasis of the nervous system. At the same time, exosomes are also a good carrier of bioactive substances, which can be modified and targeted to the lesion site. Here, we review the roles of exosomes in cerebral ischemia, and discuss the possible mechanisms and potentials of modification of exosomes for targeting stroke, providing a new idea for the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi-Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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32
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081959. [PMID: 34440728 PMCID: PMC8393426 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, produced within multivesicular bodies, that are then released into the extracellular space through a merging of the multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. These vesicles are secreted by almost all cell types to aid in a vast array of cellular functions, including intercellular communication, cell differentiation and proliferation, angiogenesis, stress response, and immune signaling. This ability to contribute to several distinct processes is due to the complexity of exosomes, as they carry a multitude of signaling moieties, including proteins, lipids, cell surface receptors, enzymes, cytokines, transcription factors, and nucleic acids. The favorable biological properties of exosomes including biocompatibility, stability, low toxicity, and proficient exchange of molecular cargos make exosomes prime candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exploring the functions and molecular payloads of exosomes can facilitate tissue regeneration therapies and provide mechanistic insight into paracrine modulation of cellular activities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of exosome biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods. We also discuss emerging healing properties of exosomes and exosomal cargos, such as microRNAs, in brain injuries, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 amongst others. Overall, this review highlights the burgeoning roles and potential applications of exosomes in regenerative medicine.
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Nazimek K, Bustos-Morán E, Blas-Rus N, Nowak B, Totoń-Żurańska J, Seweryn MT, Wołkow P, Woźnicka O, Szatanek R, Siedlar M, Askenase PW, Sánchez-Madrid F, Bryniarski K. Antibodies Enhance the Suppressive Activity of Extracellular Vesicles in Mouse Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080734. [PMID: 34451831 PMCID: PMC8398949 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that mouse delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) can be antigen-specifically downregulated by suppressor T cell-derived miRNA-150 carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) that target antigen-presenting macrophages. However, the exact mechanism of the suppressive action of miRNA-150-targeted macrophages on effector T cells remained unclear, and our current studies aimed to investigate it. By employing the DTH mouse model, we showed that effector T cells were inhibited by macrophage-released EVs in a miRNA-150-dependent manner. This effect was enhanced by the pre-incubation of EVs with antigen-specific antibodies. Their specific binding to MHC class II-expressing EVs was proved in flow cytometry and ELISA-based experiments. Furthermore, by the use of nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy, we found that the incubation of macrophage-released EVs with antigen-specific antibodies resulted in EVs’ aggregation, which significantly enhanced their suppressive activity in vivo. Nowadays, it is increasingly evident that EVs play an exceptional role in intercellular communication and selective cargo transfer, and thus are considered promising candidates for therapeutic usage. However, EVs appear to be less effective than their parental cells. In this context, our current studies provide evidence that antigen-specific antibodies can be easily used for increasing EVs’ biological activity, which has great therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (K.N.); (B.N.)
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (N.B.-R.); (F.S.-M.)
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 208011, USA;
| | - Eugenio Bustos-Morán
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (N.B.-R.); (F.S.-M.)
| | - Noelia Blas-Rus
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (N.B.-R.); (F.S.-M.)
| | - Bernadeta Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (K.N.); (B.N.)
| | - Justyna Totoń-Żurańska
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (J.T.-Ż.); (M.T.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Michał T. Seweryn
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (J.T.-Ż.); (M.T.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Paweł Wołkow
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (J.T.-Ż.); (M.T.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Olga Woźnicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Philip W. Askenase
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 208011, USA;
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (N.B.-R.); (F.S.-M.)
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (K.N.); (B.N.)
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 208011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-632-58-65
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Santos P, Almeida F. Exosome-Based Vaccines: History, Current State, and Clinical Trials. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711565. [PMID: 34335627 PMCID: PMC8317489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by most cell types as part of an intracellular communication system in crucial processes such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and immune response. However, EVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as cancer and numerous infectious diseases. An important feature of EVs is their ability to deliver a wide range of molecules to nearby targets or over long distances, which allows the mediation of different biological functions. This delivery mechanism can be utilized for the development of therapeutic strategies, such as vaccination. Here, we have highlighted several studies from a historical perspective, with respect to current investigations on EV-based vaccines. For example, vaccines based on exosomes derived from dendritic cells proved to be simpler in terms of management and cost-effectiveness than dendritic cell vaccines. Recent evidence suggests that EVs derived from cancer cells can be leveraged for therapeutics to induce strong anti-tumor immune responses. Moreover, EV-based vaccines have shown exciting and promising results against different types of infectious diseases. We have also summarized the results obtained from completed clinical trials conducted on the usage of exosome-based vaccines in the treatment of cancer, and more recently, coronavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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35
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Mastoridis S, Londoño MC, Kurt A, Kodela E, Crespo E, Mason J, Bestard O, Martínez-Llordella M, Sánchez-Fueyo A. Impact of donor extracellular vesicle release on recipient cell "cross-dressing" following clinical liver and kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:2387-2398. [PMID: 32515541 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In several murine models of transplantation, the "cross-dressing" of recipient antigen presenting cells (APCs) with intact donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) derived from allograft-released small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) has been recently described as a key mechanism in eliciting and sustaining alloimmune responses. Investigation of these processes in clinical organ transplantation has, however, been hampered by the lack of sensitivity of conventional instruments and assays. We have employed advanced imaging flow cytometry (iFCM) to explore the kinetics of allograft sEV release and the extent to which donor sEVs might induce cross-dressing following liver and kidney transplantation. We report for the first time that recipient APC cross-dressing can be transiently detected in the circulation shortly after liver, but not kidney, transplantation in association with the release of HLA-bearing allograft-derived sEVs. In liver transplant recipients the majority of circulating cells exhibiting donor HLA are indeed cross-dressed cells and not passenger leukocytes. In keeping with experimental animal data, the downstream functional consequences of the transfer of circulating sEVs harvested from human transplant recipients varies depending on the type of transplant and time posttransplant. sEVs released shortly after liver, but not kidney, transplantation exhibit immunoinhibitory effects that could influence liver allograft immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Mastoridis
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María-Carlota Londoño
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ada Kurt
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisavet Kodela
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Crespo
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Mason
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oriol Bestard
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Martínez-Llordella
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Fueyo
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Prunevieille A, Babiker-Mohamed MH, Aslami C, Gonzalez-Nolasco B, Mooney N, Benichou G. T cell antigenicity and immunogenicity of allogeneic exosomes. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:2583-2589. [PMID: 33794063 PMCID: PMC10601455 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are regularly released by allogeneic cells after transplantation. Recipient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capture these vesicles and subsequently display donor MHC molecules on their surface. Recent evidence suggests that activation of alloreactive T cells by the so-called cross-dressed APCs plays an important role in initiating the alloresponse associated with allograft rejection. On the other hand, whether allogeneic exosomes can bind to T cells on their own and activate them remains unclear. In this study, we showed that allogeneic exosomes can bind to T cells but do not stimulate them in vitro unless they are cultured with APCs. On the other hand, allogeneic exosomes activate T cells in vivo and sensitize mice to alloantigens but only when delivered in an inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Prunevieille
- Transplant Research Center, Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immuntherapies, UMR976, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed H. Babiker-Mohamed
- Transplant Research Center, Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Colleen Aslami
- Transplant Research Center, Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bruno Gonzalez-Nolasco
- Transplant Research Center, Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nuala Mooney
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Human Immunology, Pathophysiology and Immuntherapies, UMR976, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Benichou
- Transplant Research Center, Department of Surgery, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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37
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Grieco GE, Fignani D, Formichi C, Nigi L, Licata G, Maccora C, Brusco N, Sebastiani G, Dotta F. Extracellular Vesicles in Immune System Regulation and Type 1 Diabetes: Cell-to-Cell Communication Mediators, Disease Biomarkers, and Promising Therapeutic Tools. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682948. [PMID: 34177928 PMCID: PMC8219977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells of origin through complex molecular mechanisms and released into extracellular environment. Hence, the presence of EVs has been described in multiple biological fluids and in most cases their molecular cargo, which includes non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), messenger RNAs (mRNA), and proteins, has been reported to modulate distinct biological processes. EVs release and their molecular cargo have been demonstrated to be altered in multiple diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Notably, numerous evidence showed a relevant crosstalk between immune system and interacting cells through specific EVs release. The crosstalk between insulin-producing pancreatic β cells and immune system through EVs bidirectional trafficking has yet started to be deciphered, thus uncovering an intricate communication network underlying type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. EVs can also be found in blood plasma or serum. Indeed, the assessment of circulating EVs cargo has been shown as a promising advance in the detection of reliable biomarkers of disease progression. Of note, multiple studies showed several specific cargo alterations of EVs collected from plasma/serum of subjects affected by autoimmune diseases, including T1D subjects. In this review, we discuss the recent literature reporting evidence of EVs role in autoimmune diseases, specifically focusing on the bidirectional crosstalk between pancreatic β cells and immune system in T1D and highlight the relevant promising role of circulating EVs as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Fignani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Formichi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Nigi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Giada Licata
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Maccora
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Brusco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.,Tuscany Centre for Precision Medicine (CReMeP), Siena, Italy
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Mehanny M, Lehr CM, Fuhrmann G. Extracellular vesicles as antigen carriers for novel vaccination avenues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:164-180. [PMID: 33775707 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antigen delivery has always been a challenge in scientific practice of vaccine formulation. Yet, mammalian extracellular vesicles (EVs) or bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) provide an innovative avenue for safe and effective delivery of antigenic material. They include intrinsically loaded antigens from EV-secreting cells or extrinsically loaded antigens onto pre-formed vesicles. Interestingly, many studies shed light on potential novel anti-cancer vaccination immunotherapy for therapeutic applications from mammalian cell host-derived EVs, as well as conventional vaccination for prophylactic applications using bacterial cell-derived MVs against infectious diseases. Here, we discuss the rationale, status quo and potential for both vaccine applications using EVs.
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Extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation and tumor progression. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:560-570. [PMID: 33753940 PMCID: PMC9389600 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles have emerged as prominent regulators of the immune response during tumor progression. EVs contain a diverse repertoire of molecular cargo that plays a critical role in immunomodulation. Here, we identify the role of EVs as mediators of communication between cancer and immune cells. This expanded role of EVs may shed light on the mechanisms behind tumor progression and provide translational diagnostic and prognostic tools for immunologists.
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40
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Rezaei R, Baghaei K, Hashemi SM, Zali MR, Ghanbarian H, Amani D. Tumor-Derived Exosomes Enriched by miRNA-124 Promote Anti-tumor Immune Response in CT-26 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:619939. [PMID: 33987190 PMCID: PMC8110712 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.619939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have been introduced as a new alternative delivery system for the transmission of small molecules. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) not only contain tumor-associated antigens to stimulate antitumor immune responses but also act as natural carriers of microRNAs. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of miR-124-3p-enriched TEX (TEXomiR) as cell-free vaccine in the induction of antitumor immune responses in a mouse model of colorectal cancer. Briefly, the exosomes were isolated from cultured CT-26 cell line, and modified calcium chloride method was used to deliver miR-124-3p mimic into the exosomes. We used a CT-26-induced BALB/c mouse model of colorectal cancer and analyzed the effect of TEXomiR on survival, tumor size, spleen and tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes, and splenocyte proliferation. Furthermore, intra-tumor regulatory T cells, cytotoxic activity of the splenocytes, and cytokine secretion was also evaluated to describe the anti-tumor immune response. When the tumor size reached 100 mm3, the mice were injected with TEXomiR, TEX, and/or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) subcutaneously three times with 3-day interval, and then tumor size was monitored every 2 days. The in vitro results indicated that TEXs could efficiently deliver functional miR-124-3p mimic. The in vivo evaluation in tumor-bearing mice showed that treatment with TEXomiR can elicit a stronger anti-tumor immune response than unloaded TEX and PBS. Significant tumor growth inhibition and increased median survival time was achieved in tumor-bearing mice treated with TEXomiR. A significant decrease in CD4/CD8 and Treg/CD8 ratio in tumor tissue was demonstrated. Moreover, increased cytotoxicity and proliferation of splenocytes in the TEXomiR group compared to the TEX and PBS groups were identified. Taken together, our data demonstrated that tumor-derived exosomes efficiently deliver miR-124-3p mimic, and TEXomiR promotes anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbarian
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davar Amani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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41
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Exosomal integrins and their influence on pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2021; 507:124-134. [PMID: 33741423 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most lethal and untreatable types of cancer so far, pancreatic cancer is not benefitting from advancements in research. Despite all the efforts, this malignancy is still very difficult to diagnose in time, resistant to treatments, and prone to relapses. The appearance of metastasis-notoriously difficult to fight and a signal of unfortunate prognosis-is the event most dreaded by every cancer patient, especially by those with pancreatic cancer. Strategies for early detection and treatment of metastases are limited, and new action plans are desperately awaited. Recently, the importance of cell-secreted vesicles, or exosomes, in cell-cell communication and, particularly, their key role in promoting pathological conditions, such as infectious diseases and cancer, have attracted the attention of the scientific community. The discovery of some exosome membrane components, such as adhesion receptors and integrins, and their ability to influence cancer cell functions and metastasis progression, has added some important understanding of the metastatic process and will hopefully open the door to the development of new tools for identifying and targeting metastases. The aim of this review is to discuss the role played by integrins in exosomal-mediated pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis.
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42
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Pi YN, Xia BR, Jin MZ, Jin WL, Lou G. Exosomes: Powerful weapon for cancer nano-immunoengineering. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114487. [PMID: 33647264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) that targets the tumor immune microenvironment is regarded as a revolutionary advancement in the fight against cancer. The success and failure of CIT are due to the complexity of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Cancer nanomedicine is a potential adjuvant therapeutic strategy for immune-based combination therapy. Exosomes are natural nanomaterials that play a pivotal role in mediating intercellular communications and package delivery in the tumor microenvironment. They affect the immune response or the effectiveness of immunotherapy. In particular, exosomal PD-L1 promotes cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapy. Exosomes possess high bioavailability, biological stability, targeting specificity, low toxicity, and immune characteristics, which indicate their potential for cancer therapy. They can be engineered to act as effective cancer therapeutic tools that activate anti-tumor immune response and start immune surveillance. In the current review, we introduce the role of exosomes in a tumor immune microenvironment, highlight the application of engineered exosomes to CIT, and discuss the challenges and prospects for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Pi
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Bai-Rong Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China
| | - Ming-Zhu Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Ge Lou
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, PR China.
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43
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Martinelli C. Smart Nanocarriers for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:546-557. [PMID: 32560615 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200619181425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is considered one of the most threatening diseases worldwide. Although many therapeutic approaches have been developed and optimized for ameliorating patient's conditions and life expectancy, however, it frequently remains an incurable pathology. Notably, conventional treatments may reveal inefficient in the presence of metastasis development, multidrug resistance and inability to achieve targeted drug delivery. In the last decades, nanomedicine has gained a prominent role, due to many properties ascribable to nanomaterials. It is worth mentioning their small size, their ability to be loaded with small drugs and bioactive molecules and the possibility to be functionalized for tumor targeting. Natural vehicles have been exploited, such as exosomes, and designed, such as liposomes. Biomimetic nanomaterials have been engineered, by modification with biological membrane coating. Several nanoparticles have already entered clinical trials and some liposomal formulations have been approved for therapeutic applications. In this review, natural and synthetic nanocarriers functionalized for actively targeting cancer cells will be described, focusing on their advantages with respect to conventional treatments. Recent innovations related to biomimetic nanoparticles camouflaged with membranes isolated from different types of cells will be reported, together with their promising applications. Finally, a short overview on the latest advances in carrier-free nanomaterials will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Martinelli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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44
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Wang L, Sun Z, Wang H. Extracellular vesicles and the regulation of tumor immunity: Current progress and future directions. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:760-769. [PMID: 33594754 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As nano-level information carriers, extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain proteins, DNA or RNA, which maintain the transmembrane transport of biomolecules and the homeostasis of normal cells. EVs can be released by most cell types and absorbed by specific recipient cells, subsequently affecting phenotypic expression. EVs are believed to play an important role in cellular communication, especially in immune cells. During tumor development, EVs of different origins have different effects on the survival and growth of tumor cells. Some tumor cell-derived EVs can mediate tumor immunosuppressive responses by inhibiting the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and by negatively regulating the expression of T cell receptors, causing tumor cells to escape immune surveillance and proliferate. EVs have therefore become a key component of tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In contrast, EVs derived from DCs mediate antitumor immune activation by inducing the killing and inhibitory effects of the immune system. This makes it an antigen component of the antitumor response. Integrating the interaction and connection of EVs to immunosuppression and immune response is significant for the application of EVs in clinical practice. Here, we reviewed the research progress on the role of EVs in the immune regulation of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wang
- Departments of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Basic Department, Jiangxi Health Vocational College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhichao Sun
- Departments of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Academy of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Departments of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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45
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Samuel M, Gabrielsson S. Personalized medicine and back-allogeneic exosomes for cancer immunotherapy. J Intern Med 2021; 289:138-146. [PMID: 31359504 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes, have been explored for cancer immunotherapy. The initial studies made use of autologous B-cell or dendritic cell-derived exosomes, with the idea that MHC-peptide complexes on the exosomal surface would stimulate an MHC-restricted cancer-specific immune response. This was also verified in mouse systems, whilst the effects in human clinical systems were more modest. Several studies have explored the mechanisms for exosomal T-cell activation, and a picture emerges where the antigen-presenting cells, possibly both B cells and dendritic cells of the recipient, are needed to induce a potent T-cell response to exosomes. Therefore, the exosomes function more as an adjuvant-like delivery system of antigens, and we need to further understand the exact components that trigger the most broad and potent immune responses. Here, we describe the grounds for using allogeneic exosomes for cancer therapy, something that would greatly improve the feasibility of new exosome-based immunotherapeutic approaches to cure cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Samuel
- From the, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Gabrielsson
- From the, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Giarraputo A, Barison I, Fedrigo M, Burrello J, Castellani C, Tona F, Bottio T, Gerosa G, Barile L, Angelini A. A Changing Paradigm in Heart Transplantation: An Integrative Approach for Invasive and Non-Invasive Allograft Rejection Monitoring. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020201. [PMID: 33535640 PMCID: PMC7912846 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac allograft rejection following heart transplantation is challenging to diagnose. Tissue biopsies are the gold standard in monitoring the different types of rejection. The last decade has seen an increased emphasis on identifying non-invasive methods to improve rejection diagnosis and overcome tissue biopsy invasiveness. Liquid biopsy, as an efficient non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic oncological monitoring tool, seems to be applicable in heart transplant follow-ups. Moreover, molecular techniques applied on blood can be translated to tissue samples to provide novel perspectives on tissue and reveal new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of the new methodologies in cardiac allograft rejection monitoring and investigate the future perspectives on invasive and non-invasive rejection biomarkers identification. We reviewed literature from the most used scientific databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. We extracted 192 papers and, after a selection and exclusion process, we included in the review 81 papers. The described limitations notwithstanding, this review show how molecular biology techniques and omics science could be deployed complementarily to the histopathological rejection diagnosis on tissue biopsies, thus representing an integrated approach for heart transplant patients monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Giarraputo
- Cardiovascular Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.G.); (I.B.); (M.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Ilaria Barison
- Cardiovascular Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.G.); (I.B.); (M.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Marny Fedrigo
- Cardiovascular Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.G.); (I.B.); (M.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Jacopo Burrello
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Theranostics, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; (J.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Chiara Castellani
- Cardiovascular Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.G.); (I.B.); (M.F.); (C.C.)
| | - Francesco Tona
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (F.T.); (T.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Tomaso Bottio
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (F.T.); (T.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Gino Gerosa
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (F.T.); (T.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Lucio Barile
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Theranostics, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; (J.B.); (L.B.)
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Angelini
- Cardiovascular Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.G.); (I.B.); (M.F.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-821-1699
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47
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Tarasov VV, Svistunov AA, Chubarev VN, Dostdar SA, Sokolov AV, Brzecka A, Sukocheva O, Neganova ME, Klochkov SG, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. Extracellular vesicles in cancer nanomedicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 69:212-225. [PMID: 31421263 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, a lot of nanotechnological optitions are available for targeted drug delivery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane structures that cells use for storage, transport, communication, and signaling. Recent research has focused on EVs as natural nanoparticles for drug delivery. This review sheds light on the application of EVs in cancer therapy, such as targeted chemotherapy, gene therapy, and vaccine development. Aspects of biogenesis, isolation, targeting, and loading of EVs are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Tarasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Svistunov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Samira A Dostdar
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V Sokolov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Sukocheva
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | | | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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48
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López-Pacheco C, Bedoya-López A, Olguín-Alor R, Soldevila G. Analysis of Tumor-Derived Exosomes by Nanoscale Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2174:171-191. [PMID: 32813250 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0759-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study of tumor exosomes has gained relevance in the last decades due to their potential use for therapeutic and diagnostic application. Although there is extensive knowledge of exosome biology, some biological samples like tumor-derived exosomes have been difficult to characterize due to their complexity and heterogeneity. This distinctive feature makes difficult the identification of specific exosome subpopulations with a shared molecular signature that could allow for targeting of exosomes with therapeutic and diagnostic potential use in cancer patients. Nanoscale flow cytometry has lately emerged as an alternative tool that can be adapted to the study of nanoparticles, such as exosomes. However, the physicochemical properties of these particles are an important issue to consider as nanoparticles need the application of specific settings which differ from those used in conventional flow cytometry of cells. Therefore, in the last few years, one of the main aims has been the optimization of technical and experimental protocols to improve exosome analysis. In this chapter, we discuss several aspects of cytometric systems with a special emphasis in technical considerations of samples and equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia López-Pacheco
- Departamento de Inmunología and Laboratorio Nacional de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Bedoya-López
- Departamento de Inmunología and Laboratorio Nacional de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roxana Olguín-Alor
- Departamento de Inmunología and Laboratorio Nacional de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Soldevila
- Departamento de Inmunología and Laboratorio Nacional de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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49
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Mattke J, Vasu S, Darden CM, Kumano K, Lawrence MC, Naziruddin B. Role of Exosomes in Islet Transplantation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:681600. [PMID: 34447351 PMCID: PMC8382876 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.681600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are known for their ability to transport nucleic acid, lipid, and protein molecules, which allows for communication between cells and tissues. The cargo of the exosomes can have a variety of effects on a wide range of targets to mediate biological function. Pancreatic islet transplantation is a minimally invasive cell replacement therapy to prevent or reverse diabetes mellitus and is currently performed in patients with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes or chronic pancreatitis. Exosomes have become a focus in the field of islet transplantation for the study of diagnostic markers of islet cell viability and function. A growing list of miRNAs identified from exosomes collected during the process of isolating islets can be used as diagnostic biomarkers of islet stress and damage, leading to a better understanding of critical steps of the isolation procedure that can be improved to increase islet yield and quality. Exosomes have also been implicated as a possible contributor to islet graft rejection following transplantation, as they carry donor major histocompatibility complex molecules, which are then processed by recipient antigen-presenting cells and sensed by the recipient immune cells. Exosomes may find their way into the therapeutic realm of islet transplantation, as exosomes isolated from mesenchymal stem cells have shown promising results in early studies that have seen increased viability and functionality of isolated and grafted islets in vitro as well as in vivo. With the study of exosomes still in its infancy, continued research on the role of exosomes in islet transplantation will be paramount to understanding beta cell regeneration and improving long-term graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Mattke
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Srividya Vasu
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Carly M. Darden
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Kenjiro Kumano
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michael C. Lawrence
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Baylor Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Bashoo Naziruddin,
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Droste M, Thakur BK, Eliceiri BP. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and the Immune System-Lessons From Immune-Competent Mouse-Tumor Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606859. [PMID: 33391275 PMCID: PMC7772428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) are important regulators of the immune response in cancer; however, most research so far has been carried out using cell culture systems. Immune-competent murine tumor models currently provide the best platform to assess proposed roles of TEVs using in vivo animal models and therefore are important for examining interactions between TEVs and the immune system. In this review, we present the current knowledge on TEVs using in vivo tumor-bearing animal models, with a focus on the role of TEVs in mediating crosstalk between tumor cells and both adaptive and innate immune cells. In particular, we address the question how animal models can clarify the reported heterogeneity of TEV effects in both anti-tumor responses and evasion of immune surveillance. The potential of TEVs in mediating direct antigen-presenting functions supports their potential as cancer vaccine therapeutics, therefore, we provide an overview of key findings of TEV trials that have the potential as novel immunotherapies, and shed light on challenges in the path toward the first in-human trials. We also highlight the important updates on the methods that continue to enhance the rigor and reproducibility of EV studies, particularly in functional animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Droste
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Burns, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics II (Pediatric Nephrology), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant K Thakur
- Cancer Exosomes Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Brian P Eliceiri
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care and Burns, UC San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States
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