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Dalto DB, Audet I, Matte JJ, Lapointe J. Effects of high levels of zinc oxide and dietary zinc/copper ratios on the metabolism of iron in weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad391. [PMID: 38006248 PMCID: PMC10718792 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study compares the use different levels of dietary zinc oxide and zinc/copper ratios on the metabolism of iron (Fe) in weaned pigs. Two experiments were conducted using 120 and 160 weanling piglets (7.96 ± 1.17 kg and 7.81 ± 0.25 kg body weight, respectively) that were randomly assigned to the experimental treatments. Experiment I: diets supplemented with 100, 1,000, and 3,000 mg/kg of zinc (Zn) as ZnO (LZn, MZn, HZn) and 130 mg/kg of copper (Cu) as CuSO4; experiment II: diets supplemented with 100 or 3,000 mg/kg of Zn as ZnO (LZn and HZn) in combination with 6 or 130 mg/kg of Cu as CuSO4 (LCu and HCu). In both experiments, diets had similar levels of supplemental Fe (100 mg/kg of Fe as FeSO4). Piglets were slaughtered at d21 (weaning), d23 (experiment I), d28 (experiment II), d35, and d42 to assess whole blood, serum, and liver Fe concentrations, hemoglobin concentration, and the relative expression of key genes associated with Fe metabolism in jejunum and liver. Whole blood Fe and hemoglobin concentrations (experiment I) as well as serum Fe concentrations (experiments I and II) were not affected by dietary treatments (P ≥ 0.11). Liver Fe concentrations (experiment II) and total liver Fe content (experiments I and II) were lower (P ≤ 0.05) in HZn compared to LZn groups at d42. In both experiments, the mRNA expression of jejunal DMT1 was lowest and that of jejunal FTH1 was highest at d42 (P ≤ 0.04) for HZn piglets. In experiment II only, jejunal FTH1 and FPN1 expression were greater (P ≤ 0.04) in HCu compared to LCu groups at d42. The highest expression of hepatic FTH1 and FPN1 at d35 and d42 (P ≤ 0.02) was detected in HZn piglets in both experiments. For hepatic HAMP, expression values were greater (P = 0.04) at d42 in HZn groups. In conclusion, high dietary ZnO levels impair Fe metabolism but the effects are not intense enough to impact circulating Fe and hemoglobin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel Bueno Dalto
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Audet
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Jean-Jacques Matte
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Jérôme Lapointe
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 0C8, Canada
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Shurson GC, Urriola PE, Hung YT. Too Much of a Good Thing: Rethinking Feed Formulation and Feeding Practices for Zinc in Swine Diets to Achieve One Health and Environmental Sustainability. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233374. [PMID: 36496895 PMCID: PMC9739216 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this review were to summarize current knowledge of Zn in swine nutrition, environmental concerns, potential contribution to antimicrobial resistance, and explore the use of alternative feeding strategies to reduce Zn excretion in manure while capturing improvements in productivity. Zinc is a required nutrient for pigs but is commonly supplemented at concentrations that greatly exceed estimated requirements. Feeding pharmacological concentrations of Zn from ZnO to pigs for 1 to 2 weeks post-weaning reduces post-weaning diarrhea and improves growth performance. Feeding elevated dietary levels of Zn to sows during the last 30 days of gestation can reduce the incidence of low-birth-weight pigs and pre-weaning mortality. Most of the dietary Zn consumed by pigs is not retained in the body and is subsequently excreted in manure, which led several countries to impose regulations restricting dietary Zn concentrations to reduce environmental impacts. Although restricting Zn supplementation in swine diets is a reasonable approach for reducing environmental pollution, it does not allow capturing health and productivity benefits from strategic use of elevated dietary Zn concentrations. Therefore, we propose feeding strategies that allow strategic use of high dietary concentrations of Zn while also reducing Zn excretion in manure compared with current feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C. Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro E. Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Zhen Y, Ge L, Chen Q, Xu J, Duan Z, Loor JJ, Wang M. Latent Benefits and Toxicity Risks Transmission Chain of High Dietary Copper along the Livestock-Environment-Plant-Human Health Axis and Microbial Homeostasis: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6943-6962. [PMID: 35666880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of high-concentration copper (Cu) in feed additives, fertilizers, pesticides, and nanoparticles (NPs) inevitably causes significant pollution in the ecological environment. This type of chain pollution begins with animal husbandry: first, Cu accumulation in animals poisons them; second, high Cu enters the soil and water sources with the feces and urine to cause toxicity, which may further lead to crop and plant pollution; third, this process ultimately endangers human health through consumption of livestock products, aquatic foods, plants, and even drinking water. High Cu potentially alters the antibiotic resistance of soil and water sources and further aggravates human disease risks. Thus, it is necessary to formulate reasonable Cu emission regulations because the benefits of Cu for livestock and plants cannot be ignored. The present review evaluates the potential hazards and benefits of high Cu in livestock, the environment, the plant industry, and human health. We also discuss aspects related to bacterial and fungal resistance and homeostasis and perspectives on the application of Cu-NPs and microbial high-Cu removal technology to reduce the spread of toxicity risks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zhen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Ling Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qiaoqing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Zhenyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian Nutrition Physiology Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
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Ren P, Chen J, Hancock D, Vazquez-Añón M. Interactive Effects of Copper Sources and a High Level of Phytase in Phosphorus-Deficient Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Tissue Mineral Concentrations, and Plasma Parameters in Nursery Pigs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4582-4592. [PMID: 33432510 PMCID: PMC8516757 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the interactive effects of copper sources and a high level of phytase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, tissue mineral concentrations, and plasma parameters in nursery pigs. Weaning piglets (N = 192; 6.06 ± 0.99 kg), blocked by body weight, were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, with 12 pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. A basal diet for each phase was formulated to meet nutrient requirements for nursery pigs with the exception that standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) P was reduced by 0.12% and Ca was adjusted to achieve Ca/STTD P = 2.15. The 4 dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with 2 Cu sources (125 mg/kg Cu from copper methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (Cu-MHAC) or copper sulfate (CuSO4)) and 2 phytase levels (0 or 1500 phytase units (FTU)/kg). Results showed that there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between Cu sources and phytase on ADG during days 0-41. When phytase was not present in the diets (P deficient), there was no difference between the two Cu sources in terms of ADG during days 0-41, whereas with phytase in the diets, Cu-MHAC tended to improve (P < 0.10) ADG during days 0-41 compared with CuSO4. Pigs fed Cu-MHAC had greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of neutral and acid detergent fiber and STTD of P than those fed CuSO4. Phytase increased (P < 0.05) growth performance, ATTD of Ca and P, and plasma inositol and growth hormone concentrations. In conclusion, Cu-MHAC may be more effective in improving growth rate than CuSO4 when phytase was supplemented at 1500 FTU/kg. Cu-MHAC enhanced fiber and P digestibility regardless of phytase, compared with CuSO4. Phytase addition in P-deficient diets was effective in improving growth performance, Ca and P digestibility, and plasma inositol and growth hormone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ren
- Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, MO, 63304, USA.
| | - Juxing Chen
- Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, MO, 63304, USA
| | - Deana Hancock
- Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, MO, 63304, USA
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Espinosa CD, Stein HH. Digestibility and metabolism of copper in diets for pigs and influence of dietary copper on growth performance, intestinal health, and overall immune status: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:13. [PMID: 33431053 PMCID: PMC7798237 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current contribution reviews absorption and metabolism of copper (Cu), Cu deficiency, Cu toxicity, Cu bioavailability, and effects of pharmacological levels of Cu on growth performance and intestinal health of pigs. Copper is a micro mineral involved in metabolic reactions including cellular respiration, tissue pigmentation, hemoglobin formation, and connective tissue development. Copper is mostly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the duodenum, but some Cu is absorbed in the stomach. One way to evaluate the efficacy of sources of Cu is to measure relative bioavailability where responses include tissue concentrations of Cu, concentrations of metalloproteins, and enzymatic activity of animals fed test diets containing graded levels of Cu. The requirement for Cu by pigs is 5 to 10 mg/kg diet, however, Cu can be included at growth-promoting levels (i.e., 75 to 250 mg/kg diet) in diets for weanling and growing pigs to reduce post-weaning diarrhea and improve growth performance. The consistently observed improvement in growth performance upon Cu supplementation is likely a result of increases in lipase activity, growth hormone secretion, and expression of genes involved in post-absorptive metabolism of lipids. The growth-promoting effects of dietary Cu have also been attributed to its bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties because Cu may change bacterial populations in the intestine, and thereby reduce inflammation caused by pathogens. However, further research is needed to determine potential interactions between Cu and non-nutritive feed additives (e.g., enzymes, probiotics, phytobiotics), and the optimum quantity of Cu as well as the optimum duration of feeding supplemental Cu in diets for pigs should be further investigated. These gaps needs to be addressed to maximize inclusion of Cu in diets to improve growth performance while minimizing diseases and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans H. Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801 USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61801 USA
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Lin G, Guo Y, Liu B, Wang R, Su X, Yu D, He P. Optimal dietary copper requirements and relative bioavailability for weanling pigs fed either copper proteinate or tribasic copper chloride. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:54. [PMID: 32477516 PMCID: PMC7243316 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing Cu on growth performance, Cu metabolism and Cu-related enzyme activities of weanling pigs fed diets with two different Cu sources, and to estimate optimal Cu requirements and relative bioavailability from these two sources for pigs. Methods Weanling pigs were allocated to 14 treatments arranged factorially, including 6 added Cu levels (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg/kg), and 2 mineral sources (tribasic Cu chloride, TBCC and copper proteinate, CuPro), as well as one negative control (0 mg/kg added Cu level) and one maximum allowed level treatment (200 mg/kg TBCC) for the entire 38-d experiment. Growth performance, mineral status and enzyme activities were measured at the end of this study. Results Increasing levels of Cu showed linear and quadratic responses (P < 0.01) for final BW, ADG and FCR regardless of the sources. Supplementation with TBCC (> 80 mg/kg) and CuPro (> 20 mg/kg) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) diarrhea incidence of weanling pigs. There were linear and quadratic increases (P < 0.01) in bile, hepatic, and intestinal Cu concentrations, fecal Cu contents, and plasma enzyme activities (alkaline phosphatase, ceruloplasmin, Cu, Zn-Superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), and glutathione peroxidase), whereas plasma malondialdehyde decreased (P < 0.01) linearly and quadratically as dietary Cu level increased. Similarly, pigs fed CuPro absorbed and retained more Cu and excreted less Cu than those fed TBCC when supplemented 80 mg/kg and above. Optimal dietary Cu requirements for pigs from 28 to 66 d of age estimated based on fitted broken-line models (P < 0.05) of bile Cu, plasma Cu/Zn SOD and growth performance were 93-140 mg/kg from TBCC, and 63-98 mg/kg from CuPro accordingly. According to slope ratios from multiple linear regression, the bioavailability value of CuPro relative to TBCC (100%) was 156-263% (P < 0.01). Conclusion The findings indicated that Cu recommendation from current NRC (5-6 mg/kg) was not sufficient to meet the high requirement of weanling pigs. Cu from CuPro was significantly more bioavailable to weanling pigs than TBCC in stimulating growth and enzyme activities, decreasing diarrhea frequency and fecal Cu contents to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lin
- 1Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 10081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- 2College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Liu
- 3State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- 1Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 10081 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- 1Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 10081 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyou Yu
- 2College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in East China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Pingli He
- 4State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People's Republic of China
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Anchordoquy JM, Anchordoquy JP, Galarza EM, Farnetano NA, Giuliodori MJ, Nikoloff N, Fazzio LE, Furnus CC. Parenteral Zinc Supplementation Increases Pregnancy Rates in Beef Cows. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 192:175-182. [PMID: 30723881 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-1651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is required for normal reproductive performance in cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous injection of 400 mg Zn at the beginning of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) on preovulatory follicle and corpus luteum (CL) size, plasma estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations, and pregnancy rates in beef cows. Copper (Cu) concentration and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in plasma were also evaluated. Zinc supplementation at the beginning of the FTAI protocol (day 0) increased the area of preovulatory follicle (APF, day 9; P = 0.042) and plasma P4 concentration (day 16; P = 0.01), whereas plasma E2 concentration (day 9) and area of CL (ACL; day 16) were not modified by Zn supplementation in cows with adequate plasma Zn concentration. Zinc supplementation in Zn-deficient cows increased ACL with respect to controls (P = 0.048) but did not modify plasma E2 concentration. Pregnancy rate on day 41 after FTAI was higher in cows supplemented with Zn compared with controls (80.95% and 51.61%, respectively; P = 0.042). Plasma Zn and Cu concentrations on days 7, 9, and 16 were not affected by Zn supplementation. In conclusion, the results obtained in the present study determined that parenteral Zn supplementation at the beginning of the FTAI protocol increased preovulatory follicle size, plasma P4 concentration, and pregnancy rates in beef cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Anchordoquy
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J P Anchordoquy
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E M Galarza
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N A Farnetano
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M J Giuliodori
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Nikoloff
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L E Fazzio
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Mineral, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - C C Furnus
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 118 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Burrough ER, De Mille C, Gabler NK. Zinc overload in weaned pigs: tissue accumulation, pathology, and growth impacts. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:537-545. [PMID: 31170897 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719852144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is commonly fed to pigs at pharmacologic concentrations (2,000-3,000 ppm) for the first 3 wk post-weaning to increase growth and reduce enteric bacterial disease. The safety of this high-dose treatment is assumed based upon lower bioavailability of ZnO compared to other common forms of Zn in feed; however, limited data are available regarding the specific serum and tissue concentrations of Zn expected in animals experiencing overload following feeding of excessive ZnO. Fifty-five 3-wk-old pigs were divided into 5 groups receiving various concentrations of ZnO (0-6,000 ppm) for 3 wk. Pigs receiving 6,000 ppm ZnO had higher mean pancreatic Zn concentrations (p < 0.001) compared to other treatments, and higher pancreatic Zn concentrations were associated with pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis (p < 0.0001). Hepatic Zn concentrations were highest for pigs receiving 6,000 ppm ZnO (mean ± SEM; 729 ± 264 ppm) and significantly higher than all other groups (p < 0.0001), with controls having concentrations <60 ppm. Similarly, serum Zn was highest in pigs receiving 6,000 ppm ZnO (4.81 ± 2.31 ppm) and significantly higher than all groups (controls, <1 ppm). Additionally, as pigs became overloaded with Zn, there were significant reductions in serum Cu and both serum and hepatic Se. Hepatic and serum Zn concentrations >500 ppm and >2 ppm, respectively, are indicative of Zn overload, and dietary trace mineral analysis is warranted if expected inclusion rates are ≤3,000 ppm ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Burrough
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Burrough), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Animal Science (De Mille, Gabler), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Carson De Mille
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Burrough), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Animal Science (De Mille, Gabler), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Burrough), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Animal Science (De Mille, Gabler), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Hill GM, Shannon MC. Copper and Zinc Nutritional Issues for Agricultural Animal Production. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 188:148-159. [PMID: 30612303 PMCID: PMC6373331 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1578-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Livestock have presented unique requirements and toxicity issues depending on the species for the various concentrations of Cu and Zn and their interactions with other nutrients especially Fe, Se, Mo, and S. Soil concentrations of these elements and their availability to crops influence the health of the crop and the amount found in vegetative tissues and seeds. Hence, many livestock issues are a result of the soils in the area where production is occurring (Loneragan et al. 1981). While water can provide minerals to animals, the amount consumed and availability are highly variable. Many discoveries about Cu were a result of low Cu concentrations and its availability due to interactions with other nutrients in the soils. Anemia, bone disorders, cardiovascular abnormalities, defective wool and hair, and infertility are signs/symptoms of Cu deficiency. Toxicity due to excess Cu is more likely to occur in sheep than other farm species. Swine are tolerant of high concentrations of dietary Cu, and it is often used as a growth stimulant in production. There are many species and physiological stages where the animal's Cu requirement is not known. Grazing animals can exhibit Zn deficiency when soils and forages contain limited concentrations of Zn. Pastures have been observed to be Zn-deficient in many parts of the world. However, non-ruminant animals usually receive adequate Zn when fed corn and soybean meal diets if there is not excessive Ca and Fe in their diets, but this is not true for rapidly growing young animals. Characteristics of a Zn deficiency include loss of appetite, reduced growth and reproduction, and impaired health of bone and skin tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Myers Hill
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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Liao P, Shu X, Tang M, Tan B, Yin Y. Effect of dietary copper source (inorganic vs. chelated) on immune response, mineral status, and fecal mineral excretion in nursery piglets. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1416068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xugang Shu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Mawangdui District of Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bie Tan
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Liao P, Li M, Li Y, Tan X, Zhao F, Shu X, Yin Y. Effects of dietary supplementation with cupreous N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) chelate and copper sulfate on growth performance, serum biochemical profile and immune response, tissue mineral levels and fecal excretion of mineral in weaning piglets. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1339668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangwen Tan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, University of South China, Hengyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Furen Zhao
- The Third High School of Shaodong, Shaodong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xugang Shu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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Mineral status in canine medial coronoid process disease: a cohort study using analysis of hair by mass spectrometry. Vet Rec 2017; 180:448. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Nilsson A, Mardinoglu A, Nielsen J. Predicting growth of the healthy infant using a genome scale metabolic model. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2017; 3:3. [PMID: 28649430 PMCID: PMC5460126 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-017-0004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 165 million children globally have stunted growth, and extensive growth data are available. Genome scale metabolic models allow the simulation of molecular flux over each metabolic enzyme, and are well adapted to analyze biological systems. We used a human genome scale metabolic model to simulate the mechanisms of growth and integrate data about breast-milk intake and composition with the infant's biomass and energy expenditure of major organs. The model predicted daily metabolic fluxes from birth to age 6 months, and accurately reproduced standard growth curves and changes in body composition. The model corroborates the finding that essential amino and fatty acids do not limit growth, but that energy is the main growth limiting factor. Disruptions to the supply and demand of energy markedly affected the predicted growth, indicating that elevated energy expenditure may be detrimental. The model was used to simulate the metabolic effect of mineral deficiencies, and showed the greatest growth reduction for deficiencies in copper, iron, and magnesium ions which affect energy production through oxidative phosphorylation. The model and simulation method were integrated to a platform and shared with the research community. The growth model constitutes another step towards the complete representation of human metabolism, and may further help improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avlant Nilsson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE41296 Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE41296 Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE41296 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, DK2970 Denmark
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15
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Zhao J, Shirley RB, Dibner JJ, Wedekind KJ, Yan F, Fisher P, Hampton TR, Evans JL, Vazquez-Añon M. Superior growth performance in broiler chicks fed chelated compared to inorganic zinc in presence of elevated dietary copper. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:13. [PMID: 26933492 PMCID: PMC4772281 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this study was to compare the antagonism of elevated dietary Cu (250 mg/kg) from CuSO4 on three different Zn sources (ZnSO4 · H2O; [Zn bis(−2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid)], Zn(HMTBa)2, a chelated Zn methionine hydroxy analogue; and Zn-Methionine), as measured using multiple indices of animal performance in ROSS 308 broilers. Methods Three experiments were conducted in broiler chicks fed a semi-purified diet. All birds were fed a Zn-deficient diet (8.5 mg/kg diet) for 1 wk, and then provided with the experimental diets for 2 wks. Results Experiment 1 was a 2 × 2 factorial design with two levels of Cu (8 vs. 250 mg/kg diet from CuSO4) and two Zn sources at 30 mg/kg [ZnSO4 · H2O vs. Zn(HMTBa)2]. Elevated Cu impaired growth performance only in birds fed ZnSO4. Compared to ZnSO4 · H2O, Zn(HMTBa)2 improved feed intake (12 %; P < 0.001) and weight gain (12 %, P < 0.001) and the benefits were more pronounced in the presence of 250 mg/kg diet Cu. Experiment 2 was a dose titration of ZnSO4 · H2O and Zn(HMTBa)2 at 30, 45, 60, and 75 mg/kg diet in the presence of 250 mg/kg CuSO4. Feed:gain was decreased and tibia Zn was increased with increasing Zn levels from 30 to 75 mg/kg. Birds fed Zn(HMTBa)2 consumed more food and gained more weight compared to birds fed ZnSO4, especially at lower supplementation levels (30 and 45 mg/kg; interaction P < 0,05). Experiment 3 compared two organic Zn sources (Zn(HMTBa)2 vs. Zn-Methionine) at 30 mg/kg with or without 250 mg/kg CuSO4. No interactions were observed between Zn sources and Cu levels on performance or tissue mineral concentrations. High dietary Cu decreased weight gain (P < 0.01). Tibia Cu and liver Cu were significantly increased with 250 mg/kg dietary Cu supplementation (P < 0.01). No difference was observed between the two Zn sources. Conclusions Dietary 250 mg/kg Cu significantly impaired feed intake and weight gain in birds fed ZnSO4 · H2O, but had less impact in birds fed Zn(HMTBa)2. No difference was observed between the two organic zinc sources. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chelated organic Zn is better utilized than inorganic zinc in the presence of elevated Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhao
- Research and Development, Novus International, 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, MO 63304 USA
| | - Robert B Shirley
- Research and Development, Novus International, 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, MO 63304 USA ; Current affiliation: Poultry Technical Services, Adisseo USA, Alpharetta, GA 30022 USA
| | - Julia J Dibner
- Research and Development, Novus International, 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, MO 63304 USA
| | - Karen J Wedekind
- Research and Development, Novus International, 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, MO 63304 USA
| | - Frances Yan
- Research and Development, Novus International, 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, MO 63304 USA
| | - Paula Fisher
- Research and Development, Novus International, 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, MO 63304 USA
| | - Thomas R Hampton
- Research and Development, Novus International, 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, MO 63304 USA
| | - Joseph L Evans
- Research and Development, Novus International, 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, MO 63304 USA
| | - Mercedes Vazquez-Añon
- Research and Development, Novus International, 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, MO 63304 USA
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Zhang H, Li Y, Wang T. Antioxidant capacity and concentration of redox-active trace mineral in fully weaned intra-uterine growth retardation piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:48. [PMID: 26587234 PMCID: PMC4652383 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The redox status of intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) piglets post-weaning has been poorly studied. Methods Newborns from twenty-four sows were weighted, weaned at 21 d and fed a starter diet until sampling. Sampling was done at 14 d post-weaning. A piglet was defined as IUGR when its birth weight was 2 SD below the mean birth weight of the total population. At weaning, eighteen piglets with nearly equal body weight from each category (i.e. IUGR or normal birth weight (NBW) piglets) were selected and then allocated to two treatments, consisted of six replicates with each pen having three piglets. Results Compared with NBW group, IUGR significantly decreased average daily gain (P < 0.001), average daily feed intake (P = 0.003), and feed efficiency (P < 0.001) of piglets during the first two weeks post-weaning. IUGR decreased the activities of total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.019), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD, P = 0.023), and ceruloplasmin (P = 0.044) but increased the levels of malondialdehyde (P = 0.040) and protein carbonyl (P = 0.010) in plasma. Similarly, the decreased activities of T-SOD (P = 0.005), copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD, P = 0.002), and catalase (P = 0.049) was observed in the liver of IUGR piglets than these of NBW piglets. IUGR decreased hepatic Cu/Zn-SOD activity (P = 0.023) per unit of Cu/Zn-SOD protein in piglets when compared with NBW piglets. In addition, IUGR piglets exhibited the decreases in accumulation of copper in both plasma (P = 0.001) and liver (P = 0.014), as well as the concentrations of iron (P = 0.002) and zinc (P = 0.048) in liver. Compared with NBW, IUGR down-regulated mRNA expression of Cu/Zn-SOD (P = 0.021) in the liver of piglets. Conclusions The results indicated that IUGR impaired antioxidant capacity and resulted in oxidative damage in fully weaned piglets, which might be associated with the decreased levels of redox-active trace minerals. This study highlights the importance of redox status in IUGR offspring and provides a rationale for alleviating oxidative damage by dietary interventions aiming to supplement trace minerals and to restore redox balance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, 210095 China
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17
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Janczyk P, Büsing K, Dobenecker B, Nöckler K, Zeyner A. Effect of high dietary zinc oxide on the caecal and faecal short-chain fatty acids and tissue zinc and copper concentration in pigs is reversible after withdrawal of the high zinc oxide from the diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 99 Suppl S1:13-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Janczyk
- Unit for Molecular Diagnostics, Genetics and Pathogen Characterisation; Department of Biological Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment; Berlin Germany
| | - K. Büsing
- Chair of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; University of Rostock; Rostock Germany
| | - B. Dobenecker
- Animal Nutrition and Dietetics; Department of Veterinary Science; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Oberschleißheim Germany
| | - K. Nöckler
- Unit for Molecular Diagnostics, Genetics and Pathogen Characterisation; Department of Biological Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Zeyner
- Group Animal Nutrition; Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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18
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Scientific Opinion on the potential reduction of the currently authorised maximum zinc content in complete feed. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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19
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Hill GM, Link JE. Transporters in the absorption and utilization of zinc and copper. J Anim Sci 2008; 87:E85-9. [PMID: 18820153 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the discovery and elucidation of transporters, mammals were thought to cotransport Cu or Zn as an anionic complex, such as binding with an AA as a chelate or a receptor such as transferrin. In 1995, the first mammalian Zn transporter (ZnT) gene, ZnT1, was identified. However, 2 protein families are now thought to be involved in Zn transport. The ZnT family reduces intracellular Zn by aiding in efflux from the cell or promoting the influx into intracellular vesicles. The mechanism of ZnT transport against a Zn concentration gradient is unknown; however, only ZnT1 appears to be located at the plasma membrane. It has been shown to respond in tissues in a variety of ways to Zn reduction and supplementation. In our laboratory, we have found ZnT1 and metallothionein to work in concert during pharmacological Zn supplementation. The second protein family, Zip proteins, provides Zn transport from extracellular fluid or intracellular vesicles into the cytoplasm and has not been identified in a livestock species. Like Zn, no good indicator of status has been identified for Cu. However, the recent identification of Cu transporters and chaperones gives researchers the opportunity to understand the regulation of Cu trafficking where the proteins are modified by posttranslational mechanisms. Two Cu transporters, Ctr1 and Ctr3, mediate high-affinity Cu uptake. A small cytoplasmic protein, MURR1, has been identified in human hepatic tissue, but its role in Cu metabolism is unknown. The discovery of Cu chaperones that are involved in facilitating Cu absorption into proteins may provide an excellent status indicator. It has been shown that the Cu chaperone for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (CCS) is increased in tissue of Cu-deficient rats, induced when moderately high Zn diets are fed. We have recently found CCS in the young pig. Other Cu chaperone proteins that have been identified are COX17 and Atox1. As with CCS, they are involved in making Cu available to apo-enzymes inside the cell. It is essential that these new molecular findings be used to evaluate the bioavailability of and nutritional need for Cu and Zn in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Hill
- Animal Science Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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20
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Frantz NZ, Andrews GA, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD, Derouchey JM, Dritz SS. Effect of dietary nutrients on osteochondrosis lesions and cartilage properties in pigs. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:617-24. [PMID: 18447792 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.5.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate dietary ingredients involved in cartilage and bone metabolism and their influence on osteochondrosis lesions in swine. ANIMALS 80 crossbred gilts (mean initial weight, 39 kg). PROCEDURES Pigs (10 pigs/treatment) were fed a corn-soybean meal basal (control) diet or the basal diet supplemented with additional minerals (copper and manganese or silicon), amino acids (proline and glycine; a combination of leucine, isoleucine, and valine; or methionine and threonine), or fatty acids (provided by fish oil) for 84 days. Pigs were then slaughtered and the distal portion of the left femur was collected for determination of osteochondrosis lesions at the femoral condyle. After evaluation of external joint surfaces, the distal portion of the femur was sectioned to evaluate lesions in the growth plate and articular cartilage. Additionally, a cartilage specimen was obtained from the patella for analysis. RESULTS Pigs fed diets containing high amounts of methionine and threonine or the diet containing all additional ingredients had significantly lower total severity scores, compared with scores for pigs fed the control diet or a diet supplemented with fish oil. Pigs fed diets containing additional proline and glycine, copper and manganese, methionine and threonine, or all additional ingredients had significantly lower overall scores, compared with scores for pigs fed the control diet or a diet supplemented with fish oil. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dietary manipulation decreased the severity of osteochondrosis lesions, compared with results for pigs fed a control diet. However, additional research on optimal concentrations and combinations of dietary components is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Z Frantz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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21
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Hasman H, Kempf I, Chidaine B, Cariolet R, Ersbøll AK, Houe H, Bruun Hansen HC, Aarestrup FM. Copper resistance in Enterococcus faecium, mediated by the tcrB gene, is selected by supplementation of pig feed with copper sulfate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:5784-9. [PMID: 16957194 PMCID: PMC1563648 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02979-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tcr gene cluster mediates in vitro copper resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Here we describe the selection of tcr-mediated copper resistance in E. faecium in an animal feeding experiment with young pigs fed 175 mg copper/kg feed (ppm), which is the concentration commonly used for piglets in European pig production. tcr-mediated copper resistance was not selected for in a control group fed low levels of copper (6 ppm). We also show coselection of macrolide- and glycopeptide-resistant E. faecium in the animal group fed the high level of copper. Finally, we identify the tcr genes in the enterococcal species E. mundtii, E. casseliflavus, and E. gallinarum for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hasman
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Bülowsvej 27, 1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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23
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Buff CE, Bollinger DW, Ellersieck MR, Brommelsiek WA, Veum TL. Comparison of growth performance and zinc absorption, retention, and excretion in weanling pigs fed diets supplemented with zinc-polysaccharide or zinc oxide1. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:2380-6. [PMID: 16160050 DOI: 10.2527/2005.83102380x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty weanling crossbred pigs averaging 6.2 kg of initial BW and 21 d of age were used in a 5-wk experiment to evaluate lower dietary concentrations of an organic source of Zn as a Zn-polysaccharide (Zn-PS) compared with 2,000 ppm of inorganic Zn as ZnO, with growth performance, plasma concentrations of Zn and Cu, and Zn and Cu balance as the criteria. The pigs were fed individually in metabolism crates, and Zn and Cu balance were measured on individual pigs (10 replications per treatment) from d 22 to 26. The basal Phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and Phase 2 (d 14 to 35) diets contained 125 or 100 ppm added Zn as Zn sulfate, respectively, and met all nutrient requirements. Treatments were the basal Phase 1 and 2 diets supplemented with 0, 150, 300, or 450 ppm of Zn as Zn-PS or 2,000 ppm Zn as ZnO. Blood samples were collected from all pigs on d 7, 14, and 28. For pigs fed increasing Zn as Zn-PS, there were no linear or quadratic responses (P > or = 0.16) in ADG, ADFI, or G:F for Phases 1 or 2 or overall. For single degree of freedom treatment comparisons, Phase 1 ADG and G:F were greater (P < or = 0.05) for pigs fed 2,000 ppm Zn as ZnO than for pigs fed the control diet or the diet containing 150 ppm Zn as Zn-PS. For Phase 2 and overall, ADG and G:F for pigs fed the diets containing 300 or 450 ppm of Zn as Zn-PS did not differ (P > or = 0.29) from pigs fed the diet containing ZnO. Pigs fed the diet containing ZnO also had a greater Phase 2 (P < or = 0.10) and overall (P < or = 0.05) ADG and G:F than pigs fed the control diet. There were no differences (P > or = 0.46) in ADFI for any planned comparison. There were linear increases (P < 0.001) in the Zn excreted (mg/d) with increasing dietary Zn-PS. Pigs fed the diet containing ZnO absorbed, retained, and excreted more Zn (P < 0.001) than pigs fed the control diet or any of the diets containing Zn-PS. In conclusion, Phase 2 and overall growth performance by pigs fed diets containing 300 or 450 ppm Zn as Zn-PS did not differ from that of pigs fed 2,000 ppm Zn as ZnO; however, feeding 300 ppm Zn as Zn-PS decreased Zn excretion by 76% compared with feeding 2,000 ppm Zn as ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Buff
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211-5300, USA
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Martínez MM, Hill GM, Link JE, Raney NE, Tempelman RJ, Ernst CW. Pharmacological zinc and phytase supplementation enhance metallothionein mRNA abundance and protein concentration in newly weaned pigs. J Nutr 2004; 134:538-44. [PMID: 14988443 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.3.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The swine industry feeds pharmacological zinc (Zn) to newly weaned pigs to improve health. Because most swine diets are plant-based with a high phytic acid content, we hypothesized that adding phytase to diets could reduce the amount of Zn required to obtain beneficial responses. The role of metallothionein (MT) in Zn homeostasis could be important in this positive response. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary Zn and phytase on relative MT mRNA abundance and protein concentration in newly weaned pigs. Diets containing adequate (150 mg Zn/kg) or pharmacological concentrations of Zn (1000 or 2000 mg Zn/kg), as zinc oxide, with or without phytase [0, 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg, Natuphos, BASF] were fed in a 3 x 2 factorial design. Plasma and tissue minerals were measured in pigs killed after 14 d of dietary intervention. Hepatic and renal relative MT mRNA abundance and protein were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed 1000 mg Zn/kg with phytase, or 2000 mg Zn/kg with or without phytase vs. the remaining treatments. Intestinal mucosa MT mRNA abundance and protein were greater (P < 0.05) in pigs fed 2000 mg Zn/kg with phytase than in pigs fed 2000 mg Zn/kg alone or 1000 mg Zn/kg with phytase. Pigs fed 1000 mg Zn/kg plus phytase or 2000 mg Zn/kg with or without phytase had higher plasma, hepatic, and renal Zn than those fed the adequate Zn diets or 1000 mg Zn/kg. We conclude that feeding 1000 mg Zn/kg with phytase enhances MT mRNA abundance and protein and Zn absorption to the same degree as 2000 mg Zn/kg with and without phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Martínez
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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25
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The influence of dietary microbial phytase and copper on copper status in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shaw DT, Rozeboom DW, Hill GM, Booren AM, Link JE. Impact of vitamin and mineral supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion on finishing pig growth performance, fecal mineral concentration, carcass characteristics, and the nutrient content and oxidative stability of pork. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:2920-30. [PMID: 12462260 DOI: 10.2527/2002.80112920x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine if supplement withdrawal (omission of dietary vitamin and trace mineral premixes and a two-thirds reduction in dietary inorganic phosphorus) for 28 d preslaughter and the feeding of wheat middlings (dietary concentrations of 5, 15, and 30% from weaning to 16, 16 to 28, and 28 kg to slaughter, respectively) affect growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fecal mineral concentrations ofthe pig, as well as the nutrient content and oxidative stability of the longissimus dorsi muscle. Crossbred pigs (n = 64) were blocked by weight and assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design (with or without supplement withdrawal, and with or without wheat middlings). Supplement withdrawal and wheat middling inclusion did not influence average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, gain/feed, or carcass traits, except for a decrease (P < 0.01) in the ADG of pigs from 28 to 65 kg when fed wheat middlings. Supplement withdrawal decreased (P < 0.01) fecal Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations. In diets containing full vitamin and mineral supplementation, wheat middling inclusion decreased (P < 0.01) fecal Ca, Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations and increased (P < 0.01) fecal Mn. Supplement withdrawal decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of riboflavin, niacin, and P in the longissimus dorsi muscle, but did not affect longissimus dorsi thiamin, vitamin E, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Ca concentrations. Inclusion of wheat middlings increased (P < 0.04) longissimus dorsi thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and vitamin E concentrations and decreased (P < 0.04) Cu concentrations. However, wheat middling inclusion did not affect (P > 0.05) longissimus dorsi Ca, P, Fe, and Zn concentrations. Dietary treatment did not affect either Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase activity in the longissimus dorsi. The results from this study indicate that supplement withdrawal and dietary wheat middling inclusion alter pork nutrient content and fecal mineral concentration, but not the oxidative stability of pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Shaw
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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27
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Cerveza PJ, Mehrbod F, Cotton SJ, Lomeli N, Linder MC, Fonda EG, Wickler SJ. Milk ceruloplasmin and its expression by mammary gland and liver in pigs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 373:451-61. [PMID: 10620372 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of ceruloplasmin and copper in milk and blood plasma, the nature of milk ceruloplasmin, and the effects of lactation and gestation on these parameters, as well as the expression of ceruloplasmin mRNA by the mammary gland, were examined in pigs. As seen previously in humans, ceruloplasmin and copper concentrations in sow milk were much higher a few days after birth than 1 month later, averaging 26.5 and 6.6 mg ceruloplasmin/L (by immunoassay) and 1.67 and 0.34 mg total Cu/L, on days 3 and 33 postpartum, respectively. Values for ceruloplasmin oxidase activity (measured with p-phenylene diamine) were 7.8 and 1.3 nmol/min/L, respectively. Daily milk ceruloplasmin production went from 61 to 22 mg/day and daily copper output from 38 to 12 mg/day. In contrast, there was little or no variation in serum ceruloplasmin concentration during lactation or gestation, although total plasma copper was high at the end of gestation. Milk ceruloplasmin was of the same apparent size as serum ceruloplasmin, as determined by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, and ceruloplasmin mRNAs of liver and mammary gland were indistinguishable by Northern analysis and RT-PCR of the various exons. Expression of total RNA and ceruloplasmin mRNA, as detected in biopsies of mammary gland, increased markedly upon onset of lactation and then declined during the next month in conjunction with a drop in milk ceruloplasmin production. The results indicate that milk ceruloplasmin, while being the same protein as in plasma, is not derived from the plasma but is produced by the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Cerveza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Molecular Biology and Nutrition, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834-6866, USA
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Reeves PG. Copper status of adult male rats is not affected by feeding an AIN-93G-based diet containing high concentrations of zinc. J Nutr Biochem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cao J, Chavez ER. The effects of low dietary copper intake during pregnancy on physiological fluids and reproductive performance of first-litter gilts. J Trace Elem Med Biol 1995; 9:18-27. [PMID: 8846153 DOI: 10.1016/s0946-672x(11)80004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven pairs of first littermate gilts were used to study the influence of low copper supply and pregnancy on physiological fluids and reproductive performance of first-litter gilts. They were fed semi-purified diets containing either 2.13 or 12.25 micrograms/kg of Cu from 30 days of gestation through two weeks of lactation. Low-Cu gilts had lower plasma Cu in early- and mid- gestation and farrowed piglets with lower plasma Cu and higher plasma Zn concentrations (p < 0.05). Plasma Fe and Mn concentrations were not affected by Cu supply (p > 0.05). Plasma Cu and Fe levels of newborn piglets were lower than those of their dams (p < 0.05) but this was not true for plasma Zn and Mn (p > 0.05). Low-Cu gilts had lower Cu and higher Zn content in colostrum and also lower Cu in milk than control gilts (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in Fe and Mn levels in colostrum and milk between the two treatments (p > 0.05). Colostrum was richer in Cu and Zn than milk (p < 0.05) but not in Fe and Mn (p > 0.05). The low-Cu diet did not affect (p > 0.05) weight changes during pregnancy. The duration of parturition was shorter for low-Cu than for control gilts (3.19h vs. 5.71h, p < 0.05). Control gilts farrowed larger litters than low-Cu gilts (9.71 vs. 7.57 piglets, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in live litter weights at birth, one wk. or two wks. of age (p > 0.05). The results indicated that a low-Cu diet and pregnancy had some effect on plasma, colostrum and milk mineral concentrations, as well as on litter size of gilts. An interaction between Cu and Zn was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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Klevay LM, Pond WG, Medeiros DM. Decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoprotein A-I in plasma and ultrastructural pathology in cardiac muscle of young pigs fed a diet high in zinc. Nutr Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Larsen T, Sandström B. Effect of calcium, copper, and zinc levels in a rapeseed meal diet on mineral and trace element utilization in the rat. Biol Trace Elem Res 1992; 35:167-84. [PMID: 1280982 DOI: 10.1007/bf02783728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mineral and trace element interactions were studied in a balance trial with rats. Calcium, copper, and zinc were supplied to a rapeseed meal diet in a factorial design. Animals were fed ad libitum, and absorption, excretion, and retention of the elements were evaluated either as fractions of total intake or in relation to nitrogen retention to account for differences in food intake and lean body mass increment. The intrinsic content of minerals and trace elements was sufficient to support growth at a rate that could be expected from the rapeseed protein quality. However, when calcium was included in the diet, the intrinsic dietary level of zinc appeared to be limiting, despite the fact that the zinc level was twice the recommended level. Additional zinc supply reversed growth impairment. This calcium-zinc interaction is believed to be owing to the formation of phytate complexes. Calcium addition influenced the calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and iron--but not the copper--balances. The addition of calcium reduced the availability of the intrinsic zinc, whereas no effect was seen in the zinc-fortified groups. The availability of intrinsic copper was in a similar way significantly impaired by addition of dietary zinc, whereas copper-supplied groups were unaffected by zinc addition. Intrinsic iron availability was also dependent upon zinc addition, although in a more ambiguous way. Thus, addition of extrinsic minerals to a diet high in phytate can result in significant impairments of growth and mineral utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Larsen
- National Institute of Animal Science, Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Foulum, Tjele, Denmark
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Aulerich RJ, Bursian SJ, Poppenga RH, Braselton WE, Mullaney TP. Toleration of high concentrations of dietary zinc by mink. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991; 3:232-7. [PMID: 1911995 DOI: 10.1177/104063879100300309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult and kit male and female natural dark ranch mink (Mustela vison) were fed a conventional diet supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 ppm zinc, as ZnSO4.7H2O, for 144 days. No marked adverse effects were observed in feed consumption, body weight gains, hematologic parameters, fur quality, or survival. Zinc concentrations in liver, kidney, and pancreas of the mink increased in direct proportion to the zinc content of the diet. Histopathologic examination of the livers, kidneys, and pancreata revealed no lesions indicative of zinc toxicosis. The results indicate that mink can tolerate at least 1,500 ppm dietary zinc, as ZnSO4.7H2O, for several months without apparent adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Aulerich
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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Graham TW, Holmberg CA, Keen CL, Thurmond MC, Clegg MS. A pathologic and toxicologic evaluation of veal calves fed large amounts of zinc. Vet Pathol 1988; 25:484-91. [PMID: 3212892 DOI: 10.1177/030098588802500612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissues were examined from 26 male Holstein veal calves given large amounts of dietary zinc. All calves had been fed 706 micrograms zinc/g of milk replacer for 28 days before the first death occurred. Calves died naturally (14, group A) or were euthanatized (12, group B) after 23 days of feeding a lower concentration of zinc (150 micrograms/g). Average amounts of zinc in liver (wet weight) were 345.72 micrograms/g (group A) and 344.84 micrograms/g (group B). Mean kidney zinc concentrations were 219.0 micrograms/g (group A) and 252.38 micrograms/g (group B). Tissue manganese, copper, and iron levels were normal. Changes at necropsy included pneumonia, fluid digesta, and petechiae and infarcts in liver, kidney, and heart (as a result of bacterial infections). Histological changes that were directly attributed to dietary zinc intake were: marked atrophy and necrosis of pancreatic acinar tissue (group A); multifocal fibrosis of pancreatic acini (group B); multifocal renal cortical fibrosis with necrosis in convoluted tubules and loops of Henle, and with intratubular mineralization (groups A and B). Hepatic midzonal mineralization and fibrosis of the adrenal zona glomerulosa were seen in group B calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Graham
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Tulare
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Ong CN, Ong HY, Chua LH. Determination of copper and zinc in serum and whole blood by ion chromatography. Anal Biochem 1988; 173:64-9. [PMID: 3189803 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An ion chromatography (IC) method for the determination of copper and zinc in serum and whole blood is described. The sample treatment consists of diluting (2:3 for serum and 1:3 for whole blood) with 50% trichloroacetic acid, centrifuging, and dispensing the liquid directly into the chromatograph. The standard additions technique is used to establish the calibration. The close agreement between IC and spectrophotometric data on copper and zinc in serum and whole blood suggests that ion chromatography may be applied to complex biological matrices with minimal sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Ong
- Department of Community Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Hospital, Kent Ridge
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Acosta PB, Stepnick-Gropper S. Problems related to diet management of maternal phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 1986; 9 Suppl 2:183-201. [PMID: 2877116 DOI: 10.1007/bf01799703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Provision of nutritionally complete elemental diets for pregnant women with PKU requires greater knowledge of 'conditionally' essential nutrient requirements than is presently available as well as application of known information. Formulation of elemental products needs to be improved to enhance aroma and taste and to decrease osmolality. Designers of the metal and vitamin components should keep in mind that a major portion (70-80%) of most of these nutrients must be obtained from the elemental products. Thus deletion of suspected essential minerals or vitamins could cause serious deficiencies. On the other hand, knowledge of appropriate ratios that make for improved trace metal absorption should be applied. Clinical nutritionists need to assist patients in selection of foods that are low in binding substances and provide 'conditionally' essential nutrients in adequate amounts. Closer cooperation between clinical nutritionists, nutrition scientists and food technologists should result in improved elemental products for care of pregnant women with PKU.
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