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Attia YA, Hassan RA, Addeo NF, Bovera F, Alhotan RA, Al-qurashi AD, Al-Baadani HH, Al-Banoby MA, Khafaga AF, Eisenreich W, Shehata AA, Basiouni S. Effects of Spirulina platensis and/or Allium sativum on Antioxidant Status, Immune Response, Gut Morphology, and Intestinal Lactobacilli and Coliforms of Heat-Stressed Broiler Chicken. Vet Sci 2023; 10:678. [PMID: 38133229 PMCID: PMC10747519 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the dietary addition of Spirulina platensis (SP) and/or garlic powder (GP) on heat-stressed broiler chickens. For this purpose, 600 Ross-308 broiler chicks were allocated at 22 days of age into five groups (G1-G5), each comprising six groups of 20 birds each. Chickens kept in G1 (negative control) were fed a basal diet and raised at 26 ± 1 °C. Chickens kept in G2 to G5 were exposed to periodic heat stress (35 ± 1 °C for 9 h/day) from 22 to 35 days old. Chickens in G2 (positive control) were provided a basal diet, while G3, G4, and G5 were fed a basal diet enriched with SP (1 g/kg diet), GP (200 mg/kg diet), or SP/GP (1 g SP/kg + 200 mg GP/kg diet), respectively. The assessment parameters included the chickens' performance, malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity, blood biochemistry, intestinal morphology, and modulation of lactobacilli and total coliforms in the intestinal microbiota. Our findings demonstrated that supplementing heat-stressed chickens with SP and/or GP significantly mitigated the negative effects on the European production efficiency index (EPEF), survival rate, cholesterol profile, and oxidative stress markers. Chickens supplemented with GP and/or SP exhibited significantly better EPEF and survivability rates. Heat stress had a significant impact on both the gut structure and gut microbiota. However, SP and/or GP supplementation improved the gut morphology, significantly increased the intestinal lactobacilli, and reduced the coliform contents. It was also found that the simultaneous feeding of SP and GP led to even higher recovery levels with improved lipid metabolites, immunity, and oxidative status. Overall, supplementing chickens with SP and/or GP can alleviate the negative effects of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Sustainable Agriculture Production Research Group, Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt
| | - Reda A. Hassan
- Department of Poultry Nutrition, Animal Production Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 3751310, Egypt;
| | - Nicola Francesco Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Rashed A. Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.A.); (H.H.A.-B.)
| | - Adel D. Al-qurashi
- Sustainable Agriculture Production Research Group, Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hani H. Al-Baadani
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.A.); (H.H.A.-B.)
| | | | - Asmaa F. Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Awad A. Shehata
- Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Anticancer potential of allicin: A review. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ndiokwelu UF, Ogunkanmi LA, Minari JB, Uzoma IC. Allium sativum aqueous extract does not have chemo-protective effect on etoposide induced therapy-related DNA damage leading to Acute Myeloid Leukemia in albino-wistar rats. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:673-682. [PMID: 34795722 PMCID: PMC8568208 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) is a well-recognized clinical syndrome occurring in a significant fraction of patients who have undergone previous chemotherapy for a solid tumour. OBJECTIVES We aim to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of fresh Allium sativum cloves on haematological parameters, bone marrow and DNA of etoposide treated albino wistar rats. Decoction method was used to prepare plant extracts and the rats were weighed and divided into experimental and control groups. Blood and bone marrow sample were analysed and DNA fragment analysis was carried out. RESULTS There was progressive increase in the weight of animals that received distilled water only for the duration of the experiment while those that received etoposide only showed a sharp decrease in weight by the end of week 3. There was no significant difference in the mean of the haematological parameters in the test and control groups except for platelet count. The bone marrow smears showed no prevention of erythroblast fragmentation by the extract, in the same vein, DNA damage was not abated. CONCLUSION Aqueous extract of fresh Allium sativum cloves may not be the option for the prevention of etoposide induced acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugochi F Ndiokwelu
- Molecular-Haematology Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
| | - Liasu A Ogunkanmi
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
| | - Joseph B Minari
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma C Uzoma
- Molecular-Haematology Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
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Sarvizadeh M, Hasanpour O, Naderi Ghale-Noie Z, Mollazadeh S, Rezaei M, Pourghadamyari H, Masoud Khooy M, Aschner M, Khan H, Rezaei N, Shojaie L, Mirzaei H. Allicin and Digestive System Cancers: From Chemical Structure to Its Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650256. [PMID: 33987085 PMCID: PMC8111078 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive system cancer tumors are one of the major causes of cancer-related fatalities; the vast majority of them are colorectal or gastric malignancies. Epidemiological evidence confirmed that allium-containing food, such as garlic, reduces the risk of developing malignancies. Among all compounds in garlic, allicin has been most researched, as it contains sulfur and produces many second degradation compounds, such as sulfur dioxide, diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), and diallyl disulfide (DADS) in the presence of enzymatic reactions in gastric juice. These substances have shown anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer efficacy, including gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, leukemia, and skin cancers. Herein, we summarize the therapeutic potential of allicin in the treatment of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshad Sarvizadeh
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Centre, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Hasanpour
- School of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei
- Department of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Pourghadamyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Layla Shojaie
- Department of Medicine, Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Rajendran G, Taylor JA, Woolbright BL. Natural products as a means of overcoming cisplatin chemoresistance in bladder cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:69-84. [PMID: 35582013 PMCID: PMC9019192 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin remains an integral part of the treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer. A large number of patients do not respond to cisplatin-based chemotherapy and efficacious salvage regimens are limited. Immunotherapy has offered a second line of treatment; however, only approximately 20% of patients respond, and molecular subtyping of tumors indicates there may be significant overlap in those patients that respond to cisplatin and those patients that respond to immunotherapy. As such, restoring sensitivity to cisplatin remains a major hurdle to improving patient care. One potential source of compounds for enhancing cisplatin is naturally derived bioactive products such as phytochemicals, flavonoids and others. These compounds can activate a diverse array of different pathways, many of which can directly promote or inhibit cisplatin sensitivity. The purpose of this review is to understand current drug development in the area of natural products and to assess how these compounds may enhance cisplatin treatment in bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshkumar Rajendran
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - John A Taylor
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Ferioli F, Giambanelli E, D'Alessandro V, D'Antuono LF. Comparison of two extraction methods (high pressure extraction vs. maceration) for the total and relative amount of hydrophilic and lipophilic organosulfur compounds in garlic cloves and stems. An application to the Italian ecotype "Aglio Rosso di Sulmona" (Sulmona Red Garlic). Food Chem 2019; 312:126086. [PMID: 31887623 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Garlic-based extracts have been surveyed as healthy promoting supplements in relation to their content of organosulfur compounds. The present study investigated the effect of high pressure extraction and maceration, and four extraction solvents (three hydroalcoholic mixtures and sunflower oil) on the total and relative amounts of the main organosulfur compounds of clove and stem extracts of the Italian ecotype "Aglio Rosso di Sulmona" (Sulmona Red Garlic). Organosulfur compounds were more abundant in cloves than in stem extracts. High pressure extraction led to higher recoveries of hydrophilic compounds than maceration whereas the highest amounts of lipophilic compounds were detected in macerates. A higher alliin-to-allicin conversion ratio was detected in clove, in comparison to stem extracts. Sunflower oil fostered allicin decay to compounds such as ajoenes, vinyldithiins and sulfides. The use of specific extraction methods may lead to standardised grade extracts, both from native raw materials and by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferioli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Food Science University Campus, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy.
| | - Elisa Giambanelli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Vittorio D'Alessandro
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Food Science University Campus, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
| | - L Filippo D'Antuono
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Food Science University Campus, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
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Sayed AA, El-Desouky MA, Ibrahim KA. Garlic and allopurinol attenuate hepatic apoptosis induced by fipronil in male albino rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104400. [PMID: 31152858 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fipronil (FPN) can induce oxidative tissue damage and may be contemplated as an apoptosis inducer. Our aim is to investigate the possible hepatoprotective roles of garlic or allopurinol (ALP) against fipronil subacute toxicity. Thirty-six mature male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups; the first group was saved as control (C), the 2nd (G) was orally intubated with 500 mg/kg aqueous garlic extract, and the 3rd (A) received 150 mg/L allopurinol in their drinking water. The 4th group (F) was administered 13.277 mg/kg fipronil by gavage, while the 5th (G + F) and 6th (A + F) groups received the same doses of garlic and allopurinol, respectively two hours before fipronil intoxication. Our results revealed that FPN significantly increased the hepatic malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl levels, and the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and xanthine oxidase, but it decreased glutathione-S-transferase compared to the control group. Moreover, FPN exhibited significant up-regulation in the hepatic pro-apoptotic (Bax) and caspase-3 genes expression, down-regulation in the anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) mRNA gene expression and induced DNA fragmentation. Surprisingly, garlic or allopurinol co-treatment ameliorated the hepatic lipid peroxidation, antioxidants disruption, and apoptosis induced by FPN. In conclusion, garlic and allopurinol relieved the oxidative injury and reduced the fipronil-induced apoptosis probably by improving the tissue antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira A Sayed
- Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | | | - Khairy A Ibrahim
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt.
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Patanapongpibul M, Chen QH. Immune Modulation of Asian Folk Herbal Medicines and Related Chemical Components for Cancer Management. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3042-3067. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170705112644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Various exciting immunotherapies aiming to address immune deficiency induced
by tumor and treatment hold promise in improving the quality of life and survival
rate of cancer patients. It is thus becoming an important and rewarding arena to develop
some appropriate immune modulators for cancer prevention and/or treatment. Exploitation
of natural products-based immune modulators is of particular imperative because the
potential of numerous traditional herbal medicines and edible mushrooms in boosting
human immune system has long been verified by folklore practices. This review summarizes
the immune modulations of various herbal medicines and edible mushrooms, their
crude extracts, and/or key chemical components that have been, at least partly, associated
with their cancer management. This article also tabulates the origin of species, key
chemical components, and clinical studies of these herbal medicines and edible mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manee Patanapongpibul
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, United States
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, United States
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Uto-Kondo H, Hase A, Yamaguchi Y, Sakurai A, Akao M, Saito T, Kumagai H. S-Allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide, a garlic odor precursor, suppresses elevation in blood ethanol concentration by accelerating ethanol metabolism and preventing ethanol absorption from gut. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:724-731. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1447357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Alcoholic beverages are enjoyed together with meals worldwide, but their excessive intake is associated with an increased risk of various diseases. We investigated whether S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (ACSO), a sulfuric odor precursor of garlic, suppresses elevation in plasma ethanol concentration by accelerating ethanol metabolism and preventing ethanol absorption from the gut in rats. ACSO and garlic extract with a high ACSO content (Garlic-H) suppressed elevation in concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in plasma and promoted the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. However, ACSO and Garlic-H did not affect plasma acetate so much. Furthermore, we examined the change in plasma ethanol concentration by injecting ACSO or Garlic-H into the ligated stomach or jejunum together with ethanol solution. ACSO and Garlic-H suppressed the absorption of ethanol from the stomach and jejunum, but suppression in the jejunum was less than in the stomach. In conclusion, ACSO inhibits ethanol absorption and accelerates ethanol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Uto-Kondo
- Department of Bioscience in Daily Life, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Ayumu Hase
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Ayaka Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Akao
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | - Hitomi Kumagai
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
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Shi Z, Zhou H, Pan B, Lu L, Kang Y, Liu L, Wei Z, Feng S. Exploring the key genes and pathways in enchondromas using a gene expression microarray. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43967-43977. [PMID: 28410203 PMCID: PMC5546454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enchondromas are the most common primary benign osseous neoplasms that occur in the medullary bone; they can undergo malignant transformation into chondrosarcoma. However, enchondromas are always undetected in patients, and the molecular mechanism is unclear. To identify key genes and pathways associated with the occurrence and development of enchondromas, we downloaded the gene expression dataset GSE22855 and obtained the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by analyzing high-throughput gene expression in enchondromas. In total, 635 genes were identified as DEGs. Of these, 225 genes (35.43%) were up-regulated, and the remaining 410 genes (64.57%) were down-regulated. We identified the predominant gene ontology (GO) categories and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways that were significantly over-represented in the enchondromas samples compared with the control samples. Subsequently the top 10 core genes were identified from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The enrichment analyses of the genes mainly involved in two significant modules showed that the DEGs were principally related to ribosomes, protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, amoebiasis and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.Together, these data elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of enchondromas and provide promising candidates for therapeutic intervention and prognostic evaluation. However, further experimental studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongju Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hengxing Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bin Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yi Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhijian Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
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12
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Ried K, Eng P, Sali A. Screening for Circulating Tumour Cells Allows Early Detection of Cancer and Monitoring of Treatment Effectiveness: An Observational Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:2275-2285. [PMID: 28843267 PMCID: PMC5697492 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.8.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Circulating-Tumour-Cells (CTC) provide a blood biomarker for early carcinogenesis, cancer progression and treatment effectiveness. An increase in CTCs is associated with cancer progression, a CTC decrease with cancer containment or remission. Several technologies have been developed to identify CTC, including the validated Isolation-by-Size-of-Epithelial-Tumour (ISET, Rarecells) technology, combining blood filtration and microscopy using standard histo-pathological criteria. Methods: This observational study compared CTC count to cancer status and cancer risk, by monitoring treatment effectiveness in cancer patients and by screening for CTC in asymptomatic patients with risk factors, including family history of cancer. Results: Between Sept-2014 and Dec-2016 we undertook 600 CTC tests (542 patients), including 50% screening requests of patients without cancer diagnosis but with risk factors. CTC were detected in all cancer patients (n=277, 100%), and in half of the asymptomatic patients screened (50%, 132 out-of 265 patients). Follow-up tests including scans, scheduled within 1-10 months of positive CTC tests, found early cancerous lesions in 20% of screened patients. In 50% of male patients with CTC and normal PSA (prostate-specific-antigen) levels, PSMA-PET scans revealed increased uptake in the prostate, indicative of early prostate cancer. Other types of cancers detected by CTC screening and subsequent scans included early breast, ovarian, lung, or renal cancer. Patients with CTC were advised on integrative approaches including immune-stimulating and anti-carcinogenic nutritional therapies. CTC repeat tests were available in 10% of patients with detected CTC (40 out-of 409 patients, n=98 CTC tests) to assess treatment effectiveness, suggesting nutritional therapies to be beneficial in reducing CTC count. Conclusions: CTC screening provided a highly sensitive biomarker for the early detection of cancer, with higher CTC counts being associated with higher risk of malignancy. CTC monitoring over time indicated treatment effectiveness. Nutrients with anti-carcinogenic properties could reduce CTC count, and included curcumin, garlic, green tea, grape seed, modified citrus pectin, and medicinal mushroom extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ried
- National Institute of Integrative Medicine (NIIM), Melbourne, Australia.
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Jiang X, Zhu X, Liu N, Xu H, Zhao Z, Li S, Li S, Cai J, Cao J. Diallyl Trisulfide Inhibits Growth of NCI-H460 in Vitro and in Vivo, and Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Oxidative Injury in the Treatment of Lung Carcinoma in Xenograft Mice. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:167-178. [PMID: 28255269 PMCID: PMC5332871 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), an organosulfuric component of garlic oil, exhibits potential anticancer and chemopreventive effects. Cisplatin (DDP), a common chemotherapeutic agent, has provided great therapeutic contributions to treating solid tumors, but with serious side effects. Here, we verified the anti-tumor properties of DATS on lung cancer in vitro and in vivo, and evaluated synergistic effects of DATS combined with DDP on the NCI-H460 xenograft model. Significantly decreased cell viabilities, cell cycle G1 arrest, and apoptosis induction were observed in DATS treated NCI-H460 cells (p<0.05). And injection of DATS (30 or 40 mg/kg) to female Balb/c mice significantly inhibited the growth of human NCI-H460 cell tumor xenograft (p<0.001). Moreover, DATS in combination with DDP exhibited enhanced anti-tumor activity via induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis pathways were confirmed by modulation of p53, Bcl-2 family members; induction of active caspase-3/8/9 and activation of JNK- and p38-MAPK pathways. Interestedly, DATS+DDP administration exerted fewer side effects, such as suppressing the weight loss and ameliorating DDP-induced oxidative injury, especially in renal parenchyma. In addition, increased E-cadherin and decreased MMP-9 expression levels were observed in DATS-treated tumor tissues. These studies provide supports that DATS might be a potential candidate for combination with DDP in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hongya Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mucosal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 989 Xinluo Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, P.R. China.; Jiangsu Shengshi Kangde Biotech Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Siying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shanzhong Li
- Jiangsu Shengshi Kangde Biotech Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Cai
- Jiangsu Shengshi Kangde Biotech Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| | - Jimin Cao
- Jiangsu Shengshi Kangde Biotech Corporation, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
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Nakasone Y, Sato N, Azuma T, Hasumi K. Intake of black-vinegar-mash-garlic enhances salivary release of secretory IgA: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:63-67. [PMID: 27347407 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous studies have provided evidence that suggests the beneficial effects of garlic and black vinegar on human health, including benefits to immune function. The preliminary study indicated that the intake of black-vinegar-mash-garlic-containing food, created from aged garlic pickled in the mash of black vinegar, enhanced the release of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the saliva. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the food in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. The trial was conducted in subjects aged between 30 and 60 years whose rate of salivary sIgA release was moderately low. Subjects consumed 2.49 g of placebo or black-vinegar-mash-garlic-containing food (active food) daily for 8 weeks. The data obtained with 54 eligible subjects (n=28 and 26 for placebo and active, respectively) were analyzed for efficacy. The rates of salivary sIgA release in the active food group (35.9±84.6 and 47.9±123.4 µg/min at weeks 4 and 8 of intake; changes from pretrial value) were higher compared to the respective rates in the placebo food group (-12.3±72.1 and -3.2±85.9 µg/min, P=0.028 and 0.082, respectively). These findings indicate that intake of black-vinegar-mash-garlic-containing food enhanced the intraoral immune response. There was no adverse event associated with the intake of active food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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15
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Kim S, Park SL, Lee S, Lee SY, Ko S, Yoo M. UPLC/ESI-MS/MS analysis of compositional changes for organosulfur compounds in garlic (Allium sativum L.) during fermentation. Food Chem 2016; 211:555-9. [PMID: 27283666 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry (MS) for the quantification of 11 organosulfur compounds and analysis of their compositional changes in garlic during fermentation using 3 different microbe strains. The calibration curves of all 11 analytes exhibited good linearity (R⩾0.995), and the mean recoveries measured at three concentrations were greater than 81.63% with relative standard deviations of less than 12.79%. Investigation of the compositional changes revealed that the γ-glutamyl peptides content in fermented blanched garlic reduced, whereas the content of the compounds in biosynthesis of S-allyl-l-cysteines from γ-glutamyl peptides increased significantly. Our results also indicated that starter cultures can be used selectively in the production of fermented garlic to increase the amounts of the desired organosulfur compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Kim
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, 516 Backhyun-dong, Bundang-gu, Sungnam-si, Gyeonggi-Do 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Lim Park
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute, 516 Backhyun-dong, Bundang-gu, Sungnam-si, Gyeonggi-Do 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, 516 Backhyun-dong, Bundang-gu, Sungnam-si, Gyeonggi-Do 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Research Group of Gut Microbiome, Korea Food Research Institute, 516 Backhyun-dong, Bundang-gu, Sungnam-si, Gyeonggi-Do 463-746, Republic of Korea; University of science and technology (UST), Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Yoo
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, 516 Backhyun-dong, Bundang-gu, Sungnam-si, Gyeonggi-Do 463-746, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Fialová J, Roberts SC, Havlíček J. Consumption of garlic positively affects hedonic perception of axillary body odour. Appetite 2015; 97:8-15. [PMID: 26551789 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial health properties of garlic, as well as its most common adverse effect - distinctive breath odour - are well-known. In contrast, analogous research on the effect of garlic on axillary odour is currently missing. Here, in three studies varying in the amount and nature of garlic provided (raw garlic in study 1 and 2, garlic capsules in study 3), we tested the effect of garlic consumption on the quality of axillary odour. A balanced within-subject experimental design was used. In total, 42 male odour donors were allocated to either a "garlic" or "non-garlic" condition, after which they wore axillary pads for 12 h to collect body odour. One week later, the conditions were reversed. Odour samples were then judged for their pleasantness, attractiveness, masculinity and intensity by 82 women. We found no significant differences in ratings of any characteristics in study 1. However, the odour of donors after an increased garlic dosage was assessed as significantly more pleasant, attractive and less intense (study 2), and more attractive and less intense in study 3. Our results indicate that garlic consumption may have positive effects on perceived body odour hedonicity, perhaps due to its health effects (e.g., antioxidant properties, antimicrobial activity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Fialová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic.
| | - S Craig Roberts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Jan Havlíček
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, 250 67, Czech Republic.
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17
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Charron CS, Dawson HD, Albaugh GP, Solverson PM, Vinyard BT, Solano-Aguilar GI, Molokin A, Novotny JA. A Single Meal Containing Raw, Crushed Garlic Influences Expression of Immunity- and Cancer-Related Genes in Whole Blood of Humans. J Nutr 2015; 145:2448-55. [PMID: 26423732 PMCID: PMC4620724 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.215392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that garlic intake is inversely associated with the progression of cancer and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE We designed a study to probe the mechanisms of garlic action in humans. METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover feeding trial in which 17 volunteers consumed a garlic-containing meal (100 g white bread, 15 g butter, and 5 g raw, crushed garlic) or a garlic-free control meal (100 g white bread and 15 g butter) after 10 d of consuming a controlled, garlic-free diet. Blood was collected before and 3 h after test meal consumption for gene expression analysis in whole blood. Illumina BeadArray was used to screen for genes of interest, followed by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) on selected genes. To augment human study findings, Mono Mac 6 cells were treated with a purified garlic extract (0.5 μL/mL), and mRNA was measured by qRT-PCR at 0, 3, 6, and 24 h. RESULTS The following 7 genes were found to be upregulated by garlic intake: aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A), proto-oncogene c-Jun (JUN), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activating protein with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif 1 (NFAM1), oncostatin M (OSM), and V-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog (REL). Fold-increases in mRNA transcripts ranged from 1.6 (HIF1A) to 3.0 (NFAM1) (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of 5 of the 7 genes that were upregulated in the human trial were also upregulated in cell culture at 3 and 6 h: AHR, HIF1A, JUN, OSM, and REL. Fold-increases in mRNA transcripts in cell culture ranged from 1.7 (HIF1A) to 12.1 (JUN) (P < 0.01). OSM protein was measured by ELISA and was significantly higher than the control at 3, 6, and 24 h (24 h: 19.5 ± 1.4 and 74.8 ± 1.4 pg/mL for control and garlic, respectively). OSM is a pleiotropic cytokine that inhibits several tumor cell lines in culture. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the bioactivity of garlic is multifaceted and includes activation of genes related to immunity, apoptosis, and xenobiotic metabolism in humans and Mono Mac 6 cells. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01293591.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bryan T Vinyard
- Biometrical Consulting Services, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
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18
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Schäfer G, Kaschula CH. The immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic organosulfur compounds in cancer chemoprevention. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2014; 14:233-40. [PMID: 24237225 PMCID: PMC3915757 DOI: 10.2174/18715206113136660370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been used for centuries as a prophylactic and therapeutic medicinal agent. Importantly, garlic has been suggested to have both cancer-preventive potential as well as significant enhancing effects on the immune system. While these observations are supported experimentally both in vitro and in vivo, the impact of garlic in assisting the immune system in the prevention of cancer still lacks experimental confirmation. Studies addressing the immunomodulatory effects of garlic reveal conflicting data as to pro- or anti-inflammatory responses depending on the particular experimental set-ups and the garlic preparation used (i.e. garlic extract versus chemically pure garlic compounds). Here we provide an overview of the chemistry of the major garlic organosulfur compounds, summarize the current understanding and propose a link between the immunomodulating activity of garlic and the prevention of cancer. We hypothesize that garlic rather elicits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative responses that aid in priming the organism towards eradication of an emerging tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine H Kaschula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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19
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The effects of herbs and fruits on leukaemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:494136. [PMID: 25250054 PMCID: PMC4163312 DOI: 10.1155/2014/494136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, herbal therapy is the first and basis form of treatment for most types of diseases. About 75-80% of the world's population prefers herbal therapy as a major treatment due to its better adequacy and satisfactoriness, which enhance human body's symmetry with minimal side effects. Fruits and plants have been presented from the past as promising tools in becoming a natural anticancer agents. Many of these plant extracts are currently used in cancer therapy and prevention. This review paper will particularly explore and emphasize on herbs and fruits used in the treatment of the leukaemia.
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20
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Mohi El-Din MM, Mostafa AM, Abd-Elkader A. Experimental studies on the effect of (Lambda-Cyhalothrin) insecticide on lungs and the ameliorating effect of plant extracts (Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) on asthma development in albino rats. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:243. [PMID: 24739272 PMCID: PMC3999737 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide for agricultural and public health applications. This study was to determine the pathological alterations of LTC in lungs, which has not previously been studied, and the ameliorating effects of plant extracts (ginseng and garlic) on the development of asthma in albino rats. Methods Four groups (gps) of albino rats, (n = 20, average body weight = 200 gm with an age of 4 months), were formed. Gp 1 was kept as control. Gp 2 was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with LTC at a dose of 1/6 LD50 that is 9.34 mg/kg body weight (w.t.) daily for 21 days (d). Gp 3 & 4 were injected (i.p.) with ginseng at the dose of 200 mg/kg b.wt and garlic (Allium sativum L.) at the dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt., respectively, one hour before being given LTC at a dose of 1/6 LD50 (9.34 mg/kg b.wt.) daily. Each groups were divided into two sacrificed, at 15 and 21 d p.i. Blood and lung samples were collected for hematological and histopathological examinations. Results Hematological findings showed that the animals in gps 2 and 3, which were treated for 21 days, showed a significant difference in RBC counts (P > .001), Hb (P > .007), PCV% (P > .004), (P > .008) in comparison with the control group. Signs of cough and nasal discharge were seen in gp 2, which became mild in gp 4. Grossly, the lungs showed congestion and consolidation in gp 2. Histopathologically, macroabscesses and interstitial alveolitis were seen in gp 2, which led to obstruction in the lumen of the bronchioles at 21 d p.i. Meanwhile, thickening in the interalveolar septa with mononuclear cells was seen in gps. 3 and 4 at 21d p.i. Conclusions The study shows 3 gps of rats injected with LHC alone or combined with garlic and ginseng extract, each group were divided into two sacrificed (15 and 21 d p.i.). Lambda cyhalothrin causes bronchial obstruction in the lungs of the rats (15 and 21 d p.i), which decreased into mild to moderate interstitial inflammation in the rats given garlic and ginseng, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouchira M Mohi El-Din
- Pathology and Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt.
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21
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Wang CJ, Wang C, Han J, Wang YK, Tang L, Shen DW, Zhao Y, Xu RH, Zhang H. Effect of combined treatment with recombinant interleukin-2 and allicin on pancreatic cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6579-85. [PMID: 24135803 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combined treatment with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and allicin on pancreatic cancer and explore the potential immunological mechanism. A total of 60 C57/BL6 nude mice pancreatic cancer xenograft models were randomized into four groups of 15 mice per group: control group, allicin treatment group, rIL-2 treatment group, combined treatment with allicin and rIL-2 group. Mice in each group were treated with saline, rIL-2, allicin, or combination of rIL-2 and allicin by weekly i.v injection for four weeks. After four weeks of treatment, eyeballs of the mice were extracted and blood was drawn, percentages of CD4+T, CD8+T and NK cell were analyzed by FACS, IFN-γ level was detected by ELISA. One mouse in each group was sacrificed to measure the weight and volume of the tumor and prepared to the paraffin section of tumor tissue. Apoptosis of the tumor cells was analyzed by TUNEL and FACS. Other mice continued to receive treatment, survival period were compared between each group. We observed a significant suppression of xenograft growth and a significant prolonged survival time in the combined treatment with allicin and rIL-2 group (P < 0.05). The most amount of apoptotic cells were observed in the combined therapy group (P < 0.05). The percentages of CD4+T, CD8+T and NK cell and serum IFN-γ level increased significantly in the combined treatment group compared with other groups (P < 0.05). Combined treatment with allicin and rIL-2 resulted in suppression of tumor growth and prolonged survival time possibly through activation of CD4+T, CD8+T and NK cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Jun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.150 Jimo Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200120, China
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22
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Teiten MH, Gaascht F, Dicato M, Diederich M. Anticancer bioactivity of compounds from medicinal plants used in European medieval traditions. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Modem S, Dicarlo SE, Reddy TR. Fresh Garlic Extract Induces Growth Arrest and Morphological Differentiation of MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:177-86. [PMID: 23050048 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912458581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables is often associated with a reduced risk of developing cancer, particularly breast cancer. Considering that 1 in 8 women in the United States will develop breast cancer in the course of her lifetime, dietary manipulation could have a major impact on the incidence of breast cancer. We report here that fresh extracts of garlic (not boiled) arrested the growth and altered the morphology of MCF7 breast cancer cells. Deregulated levels of E-cadherin, cytokeratin8/18, and β-catenin correlated with the altered phenotype. We propose that early down-regulation of cyclin D1, reduced phosphorylation of ERK1, and increased phosphorylation of eIF2-α triggered the phenotypical changes. Reduced expression of hsp27 and sam68 and elevated levels of Rb and p21 further contributed to the sustained growth reduction. These findings provide a better understanding of the cellular responses to dietary supplements and provide potential options to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhasini Modem
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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24
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Lee DY, Li H, Lim HJ, Lee HJ, Jeon R, Ryu JH. Anti-inflammatory activity of sulfur-containing compounds from garlic. J Med Food 2012; 15:992-9. [PMID: 23057778 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified four anti-inflammatory sulfur-containing compounds from garlic, and their chemical structures were identified as Z- and E-ajoene and oxidized sulfonyl derivatives of ajoene. The sulfur compounds inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. Western blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that these sulfur compounds attenuated the LPS-induced expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins and mRNA. Moreover, these sulfur-containing compounds suppressed the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity and the degradation of inhibitory-κBα in LPS-activated macrophages. Furthermore, we observed that they markedly inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylations of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) at 20 μM. These data demonstrate that the sulfur compounds from garlic, (Z, E)-ajoene and their sulfonyl analogs, can suppress the LPS-induced production of NO/PGE(2) and the expression of iNOS/COX-2 genes by inhibiting the NF-κB activation and the phosphorylations of p38 and ERK. Taken together, these data show that Z- and E-ajoene and their sulfonyl analogs from garlic might have anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Yeon Lee
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Yoo M, Lee S, Kim S, Shin D. Validation of HPLC method for determination of E- and Z-Ajoene in oil-macerated garlic juice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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26
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In vitro efficacy of diallyl sulfides against the periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2397-407. [PMID: 22330917 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00020-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antibacterial effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS) against the Gram-negative periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, the key etiologic agent of the severe form of localized aggressive periodontitis and other nonoral infections, were studied. A. actinomycetemcomitans was treated with garlic extract, allicin, or DAS, and the anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans effects of the treatment were evaluated. Garlic extract, allicin, and DAS significantly inhibited the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans (greater than 3 log; P < 0.01) compared to control cells. Heat inactivation of the garlic extracts significantly reduced the protein concentration; however, the antimicrobial effect was retained. Purified proteins from garlic extract did not exhibit antimicrobial activity. Allicin lost all its antimicrobial effect when it was subjected to heat treatment, whereas DAS demonstrated an antimicrobial effect similar to that of the garlic extract, suggesting that the antimicrobial activity of garlic extract is mainly due to DAS. An A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm-killing assay performed with DAS showed a significant reduction in biofilm cell numbers, as evidenced by both confocal microscopy and culture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of DAS-treated A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms showed alterations of colony architecture indicating severe stress. Flow cytometry analysis of OBA9 cells did not demonstrate apoptosis or cell cycle arrest at therapeutic concentrations of DAS (0.01 and 0.1 μg/ml). DAS-treated A. actinomycetemcomitans cells demonstrated complete inhibition of glutathione (GSH) S-transferase (GST) activity. However, OBA9 cells, when exposed to DAS at similar concentrations, showed no significant differences in GST activity, suggesting that DAS-induced GST inhibition might be involved in A. actinomycetemcomitans cell death. These findings demonstrate that DAS exhibits significant antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans and that this property might be utilized for exploring its therapeutic potential in treatment of A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated oral and nonoral infections.
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Zamani A, Hoseinipanah M, Madadi H, Arjipour M. Effect of garlic consumption on the argyrophilic nucleolar organiser regions (AgNORs) in splenocytes and thymocytes of rats. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2011.581271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Pathobiology and chemoprevention of bladder cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:528353. [PMID: 21941546 PMCID: PMC3175393 DOI: 10.1155/2011/528353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the pathogenesis of bladder cancer has improved considerably over the past decade. Translating these novel pathobiological discoveries into therapies, prevention, or strategies to manage patients who are suspected to have or who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer is the ultimate goal. In particular, the chemoprevention of bladder cancer development is important, since urothelial cancer frequently recurs, even if the primary cancer is completely removed. The numerous alterations of both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that have been implicated in bladder carcinogenesis represent novel targets for therapy and prevention. In addition, knowledge about these genetic alterations will help provide a better understanding of the biological significance of preneoplastic lesions of bladder cancer. Animal models for investigating bladder cancer development and prevention can also be developed based on these alterations. This paper summarizes the results of recent preclinical and clinical chemoprevention studies and discusses screening for bladder cancer.
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Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L. fam. Alliaceae) is one of the best-researched, best-selling herbal remedies and is also commonly used for treating various health problems. Garlic is widely known for its biological properties and plays an important role as an antioxidant. The purpose of this review is to gather and summarize all dermatologic-oriented in vitro and in-vivo experiments and clinical trials on garlic preparations. Extensive literatures search was carried out and twenty three studies were included. The results suggest that oral administration of garlic is effective on immunologic properties, cutaneous microcirculation, protection against UVB and cancer treatment. Additionally, topical application of garlic extract can potentially be effective on psoriasis, alopecia areata, keloid scar, wound healing, cutaneous corn, viral and fungal infection, leishmaniasis, skin aging and rejuvenation. Clinical effectiveness of oral and topical garlic extract is not sufficiently and meticulously explored as so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Pazyar
- Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Department of Dermatology, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Feily
- Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Department of Dermatology, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ghazanfari T, Yaraee R, Rahmati B, Hakimzadeh H, Shams J, Jalali-Nadoushan MR. In vitro cytotoxic effect of garlic extract on malignant and nonmalignant cell lines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 33:603-8. [PMID: 21428708 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.551832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death in the world and despite many years of research, the treatment of cancer is still a problem. Epidemiological observations and laboratory studies have indicated anticarcinogenic potential of garlic, which has been traditionally used for various human diseases around the world. In this study the cytotoxicity of garlic extract against three malignant cancer cell lines including gastric (AGS), breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29) and a nonmalignant cell line (L929) were evaluated by the MTT assay. The results of this study reveal MCF-7 and AGS cells were sensitive to garlic extract. Despite a many reports on inhibitory effects of garlic on cancer cell line, our data showed these effects are tumor specific and dose dependent. Further studies on animal models and humans are needed to clarify the important molecules and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba Ghazanfari
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University Tehran, IR, Iran.
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31
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Yoo M, Lee S, Lee S, Seog H, Shin D. Validation of high performance liquid chromatography methods for determination of bioactive sulfur compounds in garlic bulbs. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Neal DR, Loukas M, Doberzstyn T, Summers JL. Cell damage and death by autoschizis in human bladder (RT4) carcinoma cells resulting from treatment with ascorbate and menadione. Ultrastruct Pathol 2010; 34:140-60. [PMID: 20455663 DOI: 10.3109/01913121003662304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A human bladder carcinoma cell line RT4 was sham-treated with buffer or treated with ascorbate (VC) alone, menadione alone (VK(3)), or a combination of ascorbate:menadione (VC+VK(3)) for 1, 2, and 4 h. Cytotoxic damage was found to be treatment-dependent in this sequence: VC+VK(3)>VC>VK(3)>sham. The combined treatment induced the greatest oxidative stress, with early tumor cell injury affecting the cytoskeletal architecture and contributing to the self-excisions of pieces of cytoplasm freed from organelles. Additional damage, including a reduction in cell size, organelle alterations, nuclear damage, and nucleic acid degradation as well as compromised lysosome integrity, is caused by reactivation of DNases and the redox cycling of VC or VC+VK(3). In addition, cell death caused by VC+VK(3) treatment as well as by prolonged VC treatment is consistent with cell demise by autoschizis, not apoptosis. This report confirms and complements previous observations about this new mode of tumor cell death. It supports the contention that a combination of VC+VK(3), also named Apatone, could be co-administered as a nontoxic adjuvant with radiation and/or chemotherapies to kill bladder tumor cells and other cancer cells without any supplementary risk or side effects for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. Georges' University School of Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Grossman HB, Stenzl A, Moyad MA, Droller MJ. Bladder Cancer: Chemoprevention, complementary approaches and budgetary considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010:213-33. [DOI: 10.1080/03008880802284258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mark A. Moyad
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Evaluation of native and exotic Brazilian plants for anticancer activity. J Nat Med 2010; 64:231-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hosono-Fukao T, Hosono T, Seki T, Ariga T. Diallyl trisulfide protects rats from carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. J Nutr 2009; 139:2252-6. [PMID: 19812219 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.109611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alk(en)yl sulfides have been found to be responsible for the anticancer, antithrombotic, and antioxidant effects of garlic. We sought to identify the most potent structure of sulfides that exhibits a hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced acute liver injury in rats. Rats were pretreated with diallyl trisulfide (DATS) i.g. at a dose of 500 micromol/kg body weight for 5 d. On d 6, CCl(4) was administered i.g. at a dose of 2.5 mL/kg body weight. Twenty-four hours after CCl(4) administration, rats were killed and plasma and liver samples collected. DATS pretreatment significantly suppressed the CCl(4)-induced elevation of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities (P < 0.05). Histological observations supported the hepatoprotective effects. Western blot and spectrophotometric analyses indicated that DATS suppressed cytochrome P450 2E1 activity and its protein level and elevated those of glutathione S-transferase. Dipropyl trisulfide (DPTS), which is a saturated alkyl chain analogue of DATS, did not affect CCl(4)-induced liver toxicity or drug-metabolizing enzymes. These results suggest that hepatoprotective activity of trisulfides is due to their regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Furthermore, the effects of 6 kinds of alk(en)yl trisulfides, including DATS and DPTS, on phase II enzyme activity were examined in rats. Alk(en)yl trisulfides were administered i.g. (500 micromol/kg body weight) to rats for 5 d. Only the allyl group-containing DATS and allyl methyl trisulfide enhanced these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hosono-Fukao
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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Chen CH, Su SJ, Chang KL, Huang MW, Kuo SY. The garlic ingredient diallyl sulfide induces Ca2+ mobilization in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2344-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Butt MS, Sultan MT, Butt MS, Iqbal J. Garlic: nature's protection against physiological threats. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:538-51. [PMID: 19484634 DOI: 10.1080/10408390802145344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently reliance on natural products is gaining popularity to combat various physiological threats including oxidative stress, cardiovascular complexities, cancer insurgence, and immune dysfunction. The use of traditional remedies may encounter more frequently due to an array of scientific evidence in their favor. Garlic (Allium sativum) holds a unique position in history and was recognized for its therapeutic potential. Recent advancements in the field of immunonutrition, physiology, and pharmacology further explored its importance as a functional food against various pathologies. Extensive research work has been carried out on the health promoting properties of garlic, often referred to its sulfur containing metabolites i.e. allicin and its derivatives. Garlic in its preparations are effective against health risks and even used as dietary supplements such as age garlic extract (AGE) and garlic oil etc. Its components/formulations can scavenge free radicals and protect membranes from damage and maintains cell integrity. It also provides cardiovascular protection mediated by lowering of cholesterol, blood pressure, anti-platelet activities, and thromboxane formation thus providing protection against atherosclerosis and associated disorders. Besides this, it possesses antimutagenic and antiproliferative properties that are interesting in chemopreventive interventions. Several mechanisms have been reviewed in this context like activation of detoxification phase-I and II enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and reducing DNA damage etc. Garlic could be useful in preventing the suppression of immune response associated with increased risk of malignancy as it stimulates the proliferation of lymphocytes, macrophage phagocytosis, stimulates the release of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, and enhances natural killer cells. In this paper much emphasis has been placed on garlic's ability to ameliorate oxidative stress, core role in cardiovascular cure, chemopreventive strategies, and indeed its prospective as immune booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Sadiq Butt
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Unsal A, Eroglu M, Avci A, Cimentepe E, Guven C, Derya Balbay M, Durak I. Protective role of natural antioxidant supplementation on testicular tissue after testicular torsion and detorsion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 40:17-22. [PMID: 16452050 DOI: 10.1080/00365590500407514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of garlic extract (GE), which is known for its antioxidant activity, on a testicular torsion/detorsion model in animals and to help understand how to prevent both ischemic and reperfusion injuries after testicular torsion and detorsion. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six groups of rats (n=7 in each group) were used. The animals in the control group (Group I) did not receive any treatment. The animals in the sham group (Group II) underwent scrotal incision and testicular fixation only. The animals in Groups III-VI underwent 720 degrees of left testicular torsion for 2 h; subsequent detorsion was performed for 2h in Groups IV and VI only. Animals in Groups V and VI were treated exactly the same as those in Groups III and IV, respectively except that they were pretreated with oral GE for 5 days at a dosage of 5 ml/kg. Both testicles in all rats were removed and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and enzymatic activities of xanthine oxidase (XO) were studied, in addition to a histological evaluation after hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS Testicular MDA levels and XO activities were higher in Group III compared to Group II (p<0.05). Pretreatment with GE prevented these increases. Detorsion caused more damage and resulted in a further increase in MDA levels but MDA levels were not increased in animals pretreated with GE. Histologically, torsion caused some separation between germinative cells in the seminiferous tubules, which became much more prominent in Group IV and was attenuated by GE pretreatment. There were no significant changes in any of the above-mentioned enzymatic activities or histopathologic changes in the contralateral testicle in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS We believe that both testicular torsion and detorsion result in testicular tissue damage by means of lipid peroxidation, which is evident by an increase in the tissue levels of MDA. Dietary supplementation with GE seems to attenuate the generation of toxic free radicals, as evidenced indirectly by low tissue MDA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Unsal
- Department of Urology, Fatih University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Rodrigues TG, Fernandes A, Sousa JPB, Bastos JK, Sforcin JM. In vitro and in vivo effects of clove on pro-inflammatory cytokines production by macrophages. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:319-26. [PMID: 19296372 DOI: 10.1080/14786410802242679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological properties of clove have been reported, but little is known about its effect on the immune system. This work was aimed to investigate the effect in vivo of a water-soluble part of hydroalcoholic extract of clove on pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and IL-6) production by macrophages of BALB/c mice. The action of the essential oil of clove on the production of these cytokines macrophages was also investigated in vitro. The chemical compositions of the extract and of the oil were also investigated. Treatment of mice with water extract of clove was found to inhibit macrophages to produce both IL-1beta and IL-6. The essential oil of clove also inhibited the production of these cytokines in vitro. Eugenol was found to be the major component of the clove extract and essential oil, and probably is the causative agent of cytokine inhibition. Taken together, these data suggest an anti-inflammatory action of this spice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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40
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Hodge G, Davis S, Rice M, Tapp H, Saxon B, Revesz T. Garlic compounds selectively kill childhood pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in vitro without reducing T-cell function: Potential therapeutic use in the treatment of ALL. Biologics 2008; 2:143-9. [PMID: 19707437 PMCID: PMC2727784 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drugs used for remission induction therapy for childhood precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are nonselective for malignant cells. Several garlic compounds have been shown to induce apoptosis of cancer cells and to alter lymphocyte function. To investigate the effect of garlic on the apoptosis of ALL cells and lymphocyte immune function, cells from newly diagnosed childhood ALL patients were cultured with several commonly used chemotherapeutic agents and several garlic compounds. Apoptosis, lymphocyte proliferation and T-cell cytokine production were determined using multiparameter flow cytometry. At concentrations of garlic compounds that did not result in significant increases in Annexin V and 7-AAD staining of normal lymphocytes, there was a significant increase in apoptosis of ALL cells with no alteration of T-cell proliferation as determined by CD25/CD69 upregulation or interferonγ, interleukin-2 or tumor necrosis factor-α intracellular cytokine production. In contrast, the presence of chemotherapeutic agents resulted in nonselective increases in both lymphocyte and ALL apoptosis and a decrease in T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. In conclusion, we show selective apoptosis of malignant cells by garlic compounds that do not alter T-cell immune function and indicate the potential therapeutic benefit of garlic compounds in the treatment of childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hodge
- Haematology/Oncology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
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41
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Effects of garlic and black grape extracts on the activity of adenosine deaminase from cancerous and noncancerous human urinary bladder tissues. Med Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-007-9027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Bhattacharyya M, Girish GV, Karmohapatra SK, Samad SA, Sinha AK. Systemic production of IFN-alpha by garlic (Allium sativum) in humans. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 27:377-82. [PMID: 17523869 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of foods on the production of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is currently unknown. Garlic (Allium sativum) used as a folk medicine is reported to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) production. We investigated the systemic increase of NO due to the ingestion of garlic on the plasma IFN-alpha level in normal volunteers. Normal volunteers (10 groups, 10 in each group) ate 2 g fresh garlic, and plasma NO and IFN-alpha levels were determined after 2 and 4 h. The participants were also asked to eat garlic for various periods of time, and plasma NO and IFN-alpha were similarly assayed. Ingestion of 2 g fresh, but not boiled, garlic was found to increase the basal plasma level of NO from 2.7 +/- 0.1 microM to 8.76 +/- 0.21 microM at 2 and 4 h, respectively. The basal plasma IFN-alpha level increased from 9.51 +/- 0.26 nM to 46.3 +/- 1.2 nM in normal volunteers (n = 10) at the same time. The chronic eating of garlic was found to maintain IFN-alpha at high levels for at least 7 days. The exposure of neutrophils to garlic in vivo or in vitro, which also stimulated synthesis of NO in these cells, was found to stimulate IFN-alpha synthesis as measured by the stimulation of IFN-alpha mRNA synthesis. Thus, consumption of garlic resulted in stimulated synthesis of NO and, in turn, IFN-alpha in humans, which could be beneficial in viral or proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mau Bhattacharyya
- Sinha Institute of Medical Science & Technology, 288 Kendua Main Road, Garia, Calcutta 700 084, India
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43
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Golijanin DJ, Kakiashvili D, Madeb RR, Messing EM, Lerner SP. Chemoprevention of bladder cancer. World J Urol 2007; 24:445-72. [PMID: 17048030 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-006-0123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dragan J Golijanin
- Urology Department, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, P.O. Box 656, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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44
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Macan H, Uykimpang R, Alconcel M, Takasu J, Razon R, Amagase H, Niihara Y. Aged garlic extract may be safe for patients on warfarin therapy. J Nutr 2006; 136:793S-795S. [PMID: 16484565 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.3.793s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic has been known to have antiplatelet properties. Because of the lack of major clinical data regarding the safety of concomitant use of garlic supplements and anticoagulants, we decided to evaluate the safety of using garlic extract along with oral anticoagulation therapy. During this project we tested aged garlic extract (AGE), a commercial garlic preparation, with warfarin (Coumadin). Sixty-six (66) patients were screened for a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Fifty-two (52) patients were randomized for the project. Forty-eight patients (30 men and 18 women, with a mean age of 56+/-10 years) completed the study. Eighteen patients (14 before randomization, 4 after randomization) were dropped from the study. The study medication (AGE or placebo) was administered at a dose of 5 mL twice a day for 12 wk. Potential bleeding and thromboembolic episodes were monitored. There was no evidence of increased hemorrhage in either the placebo or the AGE group. Adverse events included headache, fatigue, colds, and dizziness. However, no significant difference was found in the incidence of these minor adverse events between the groups. Thus, the adverse events are unlikely to be attributable to AGE. The results suggest that AGE is relatively safe and poses no serious hemorrhagic risk for closely monitored patients on warfarin oral anticoagulation therapy. Although the risk-benefit ratio of AGE use needs to be considered carefully when warfarin therapy is necessary, its positive effects may be beneficial to people with a high-risk background or who are taking cardiovascular medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Macan
- Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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45
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Zeybek A, Cikler E, Sağlam B, Ercan F, Cetinel S, Sener G. Aqueous Garlic Extract Inhibits Protamine Sulfate-Induced Bladder Damage. Urol Int 2006; 76:173-9. [PMID: 16493222 DOI: 10.1159/000090884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This morphological and biochemical study aims to investigate the antioxidant effects of chronic administration of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) on protamine sulfate (PS)-induced bladder injury. Wistar albino female rats were catheterized and intravesically infused with phosphate-buffered solution (control group) or PS (PS group) dissolved in phosphate-buffered solution. In the PS + AGE group after the PS instillation, AGE (1 ml/kg, i.p., corresponding to 250 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 3 days. Bladder morphology was investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Tissue samples were also obtained to determine bladder malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione levels. In the PS group, ulcerated areas, an irregular mucus layer, inflammatory cell infiltration and an increased number of mast cells were observed. In the PS + AGE group a relatively normal urothelial topography, glycosaminoglycan layer and a decreased number of mucosal mast cells and inflammatory cells were observed. Increased MDA levels as a result of PS induction led us to propose that free radicals may have a critical role in this injury. The significant decrease in MDA and increase in glutathione levels in the PS + AGE group was in accordance with morphological findings. Based on the results, AGE treatment significantly prevented PS-induced degenerative morphological and biochemical changes of urinary bladder mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zeybek
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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46
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Velasco-Velázquez MA, Maldonado PD, Barrera D, Torres V, Zentella-Dehesa A, Pedraza-Chaverrí J. Aged garlic extract induces proliferation and ameliorates gentamicin-induced toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells. Phytother Res 2006; 20:76-8. [PMID: 16397848 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity limits the use of this antibiotic. It has been shown that aged garlic extract (AGE) and S-allylcysteine (SAC), the most abundant organosulfur compound in AGE, ameliorate GM-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The present communication evaluated the effect of AGE and SAC on proliferation and on GM-induced toxicity and genotoxicity of porcine kidney epithelial cell line (LLC-PK1 cells). The cells were preincubated with different concentrations of AGE or SAC for 12 h before incubation with 8 mm GM for an additional 72 h. At the end of this time, cell viability, genotoxicity and proliferation were evaluated. AGE stimulated cell proliferation and protected LLC-PK1 cells from GM-mediated toxicity and genotoxicity. SAC partially prevented only GM-induced genotoxicity. These results suggest that the stimulation of cell proliferation could possibly be one of the mechanisms involved in the in vitro protective effect of AGE in GM-induced toxicity of LLC-PK1 cells.
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47
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Tsai CW, Yang JJ, Chen HW, Sheen LY, Lii CK. Garlic organosulfur compounds upregulate the expression of the pi class of glutathione S-transferase in rat primary hepatocytes. J Nutr 2005; 135:2560-5. [PMID: 16251611 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.11.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemopreventive property of garlic is related in part to its induction of phase II detoxification enzymes. In the present study, we investigated the modulatory effect of 3 garlic organosulfur compounds, i.e., diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS), and diallyl trisulfide (DATS), which differ in their number of sulfur atoms, on the gene expression of the pi class of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP). Hepatocytes isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured with 50-200 micromol/L of DAS, DADS, or DATS for 24 h. DADS and DATS increased GST activity toward ethacrynic acid by 40 and 66%, respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, both garlic allyl sulfides dose dependently induced GSTP mRNA and protein expression. DATS increased the protein level more than DADS (P < 0.05). In contrast, DAS did not affect the activity or the protein or mRNA levels of this phase II drug-metabolizing enzyme. In Clone 9 liver cells, the pTA-luciferase reporter assay showed that luciferase activity in DADS- and DATS-treated cells was 2.8- and 3.9-fold higher than that in control cells, respectively (P < 0.05). Again, luciferase activity was not affected by treatment with DAS. Deletion of -2.7 to -2.6 kb in the GSTP promoter region, which contains the GSTP enhancer (GPE) I element, abolished the upregulation of GSTP transcription by DADS and DATS. Deletion of GPE II, however, did not affect the induction of reporter activity. In conclusion, the effectiveness of 3 garlic allyl sulfides on GSTP expression was related to the number of sulfur atoms in the molecules, and GPE I was responsible for this upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Tsai
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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48
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Macpherson LJ, Geierstanger BH, Viswanath V, Bandell M, Eid SR, Hwang S, Patapoutian A. The pungency of garlic: activation of TRPA1 and TRPV1 in response to allicin. Curr Biol 2005; 15:929-34. [PMID: 15916949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Garlic's pungent flavor has made it a popular ingredient in cuisines around the world and throughout history. Garlic's health benefits have been elevated from folklore to clinical study. Although there is some controversy as to the efficacy of garlic, garlic products are one of the most popular herbal supplements in the U.S. Chemically complex, garlic contains different assortments of sulfur compounds depending on whether the cloves are intact, crushed, cooked, or raw. Raw garlic, when cut and placed on the tongue or lips, elicits painful burning and prickling sensations through unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that raw but not baked garlic activates TRPA1 and TRPV1, two temperature-activated ion channels that belong to the transient receptor potential (TRP) family. These thermoTRPs are present in the pain-sensing neurons that innervate the mouth. We further show that allicin, an unstable component of fresh garlic, is the chemical responsible for TRPA1 and TRPV1 activation and is therefore likely to cause garlic's pungency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey J Macpherson
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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49
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Davis SR. An overview of the antifungal properties of allicin and its breakdown products - the possibility of a safe and effective antifungal prophylactic. Mycoses 2005; 48:95-100. [PMID: 15743425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reports about the safe and successful intravenous (i.v.) use of garlic derivatives in China against invasive fungal infections have been made, but little has been done to seriously investigate the in vivo use of these derivatives in the West. Laboratories have demonstrated impressive in vitro MICs using allitridium, one of these derivatives, against a range of medically important fungi. In addition, it has been demonstrated that allitridium shows in vitro synergy with amphotericin B, one of the main i.v. antifungal agents. Some of the breakdown products of allicin, the main parent antifungal compound in garlic, have been investigated for their general antimicrobial, anticancer and anticholesterol properties, and it appears that there is a common mode of action that underlies these activities. It appears that these small molecules have the ability to cross cell membranes and combine with sulfur-containing molecular groups in amino acids and proteins, thus interfering with cell metabolism. It has been suggested that the reason human cells are not poisoned by allicin derivatives is that they contain glutathione, a sulfur-containing amino acid that combines with the allicin derivative, thus preventing cell damage. In addition to their biochemical mechanism, these derivatives appear to stimulate cellular immunity, an important ability lacking in conventional antifungal chemotherapy. These derivatives appear to be safe, cheap, wide-spectrum and immunostimulatory, as well as possibly synergistic with conventional antifungal therapy, making them ideal candidates for investigation into their use as prophylactic antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Davis
- Mycology Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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50
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Wu CC, Lii CK, Tsai SJ, Sheen LY. Diallyl trisulfide modulates cell viability and the antioxidation and detoxification systems of rat primary hepatocytes. J Nutr 2004; 134:724-8. [PMID: 15051817 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.4.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of various concentrations of diallyl trisulfide (DATS) and incubation times on cell viability, glutathione (GSH) content, and GSH-related enzyme activity in rat primary hepatocytes. Isolated and cultured primary rat hepatocytes were used as an experimental model. Cells were treated with 0 (control), 0.025, 0.05, or 0.25 mmol/L DATS for 0, 4, 8, or 24 h. After 24 h of treatment, some cells were incubated in fresh medium without DATS for an additional 24 h (48-h incubations). Based on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and morphological examination, hepatocytes treated with 0.025 mmol/L DATS did not differ from the control cells at 4, 8, 24, and 48 h of incubation. However, LDH leakage was higher than in the control cells (P < 0.05) when the hepatocytes were treated with 0.05 or 0.25 mmol/L DATS for 4 h or more. The intracellular GSH levels of hepatocytes treated with 0.025 or 0.05 mmol/L DATS were higher than those of the control cells (P < 0.05), whereas those treated with 0.25 mmol/L DATS did not differ. The activity of glutathione reductase (GRd) was higher than in the control cells at 24 h (P < 0.05) when the hepatocytes were treated with 0.025 mmol/L DATS. When the hepatocytes were treated with 0.025 mmol/L DATS, the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) was higher than in the control cells at 48 h (P < 0.05). In hepatocytes treated with 0.05 mmol/L DATS, the activity of GST and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was higher than in the control cells (P < 0.05) at 24 and 48 h of incubation. The results indicate that 0.025 or 0.05 mmol/L DATS could enhance antioxidation and detoxification capabilities by increasing the intracellular GSH level and the activity of GPx, GRd, or GST in rat primary hepatocytes. However, 0.05 or 0.25 mmol/L DATS might adversely affect the viability of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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