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Li C, Dhital S, Gidley MJ. High amylose wheat foods: A new opportunity to improve human health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Unlocking the Potential of High-Amylose Starch for Gut Health: Not All Function the Same. FERMENTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High-amylose starch has unique functional properties and nutritional values in food applications. This type of starch is generally resistant to enzymatic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, and contains an increased fraction of resistant starch (RS), which is a type of dietary fiber. The digestion and fermentation of high-amylose starch in the gut are of current research interest, as the processes are related to its nutritional functionality. This review summarizes recent in vitro and in vivo studies on the digestion and fermentation of high-amylose starches from different botanical sources and those that have been obtained by modifications. The RS content and fermentation properties are compared among high-amylose starches. This review aims to provide a current understanding of the relationship between high-amylose starch structures and fermentation-related nutritional properties. The results of these studies suggest that both modifications and food processing of high-amylose starch result in distinct fermentation products and nutritional properties. The review provides insight into the potential future applications of diverse high-amylose starches as bioactive compounds to modulate colonic fermentation.
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Gondalia SV, Wymond B, Benassi-Evans B, Berbezy P, Bird AR, Belobrajdic DP. Substitution of Refined Conventional Wheat Flour with Wheat High in Resistant Starch Modulates the Intestinal Microbiota and Fecal Metabolites in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2022; 152:1426-1437. [PMID: 35102419 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant starch (RS) confers many health benefits, mostly through the microbial production of SCFAs, but foods containing appreciable RS are limited. High-amylose wheat (HAW) is high in RS and lowers the glycemic response of foods, but whether it can improve gastrointestinal health measures is unknown. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine whether daily consumption of HAW food products improved markers of gastrointestinal health in healthy men and women compared with similar foods made from conventional wheat. METHODS Eighty healthy adults (47 women and 33 men) were enrolled in a 4-arm parallel, randomized-controlled, double-blind trial. After a 2-wk low-dietary fiber run-in period, they were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups: low-amylose wheat (LAW)-refined (LAW-R), LAW-wholemeal (LAW-W), HAW-refined (HAW-R), and HAW-wholemeal (HAW-W) and consumed the assigned test bread (160 g/d) and biscuits (75 g/d) for 4 wk. Fecal biochemical markers were measured at baseline and 4 wk. Microbial abundance and diversity were quantified using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and perceived gut comfort by a semiquantitative questionnaire completed at baseline, 2 wk, and 4 wk. RESULTS HAW showed similar effects on fecal output and excretion of total SCFA compared with LAW, but changes were observed in secondary measures for the refined treatment groups. At 4 wk, the HAW-R group had 38% higher fecal butyrate excretion than the LAW-R group (P < 0.05), and higher fecal SCFA-producing bacteria, Roseburia inulinivorans (P < 0.001), than at baseline. In comparison with baseline, LAW-R increased fecal p-cresol concentration, and fecal abundance of a p-cresol-producing bacterium, Clostridium from the Peptostreptococcaceae family, but both were reduced by HAW-R. Amylose level did not affect measures of fecal consistency or adversely affecting digestive comfort. CONCLUSIONS Increasing RS intake of healthy adults by substituting refined conventional wheat with refined HAW modulates fecal metabolites and microbes associated with gastrointestinal health.This trial was registered at anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12618001060235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakuntla V Gondalia
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brooke Wymond
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bianca Benassi-Evans
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Anthony R Bird
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Damien P Belobrajdic
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Editing of the starch synthase IIa gene led to transcriptomic and metabolomic changes and high amylose starch in barley. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 285:119238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shen L, Li J, Li Y. Resistant starch formation in rice: Genetic regulation and beyond. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100329. [PMID: 35576157 PMCID: PMC9251435 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS), a healthy dietary fiber, is a particular type of starch that has attracted much research attention in recent years. RS has important roles in reducing glycemic index, postprandial blood glucose levels, and serum cholesterol levels, thereby improving and preventing many diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The formation of RS is influenced by intrinsic properties of starch (e.g., starch granule structure, starch crystal structure, and amylose-to-amylopectin ratio) and non-starch components (e.g., proteins, lipids, and sugars), as well as storage and processing conditions. Recent studies have revealed that several starch-synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) are crucial for the formation of RS during seed development. Several transcription factors and mRNA splicing factors have been shown to affect the expression or splicing of SSRGs that regulate RS content, suggesting their potential roles in RS formation. This review focuses mainly on recent research progress on the genetic regulation of RS content and discusses the emerging genetic and molecular mechanisms of RS formation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China.
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You H, Liang C, Zhang O, Xu H, Xu L, Chen Y, Xiang X. Variation of resistant starch content in different processing types and their starch granules properties in rice. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118742. [PMID: 34823776 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-nine lines from recombinant inbred lines were selected to investigate the effects of starch synthesis-related genes on resistant starch (RS) content in different proceeding types. RS in raw milled rice (RSm), hot cooked rice (RSc), and retrogradation rice (RSr) showed a wide variation among the lines, especially RSm arrived at 10.61%. Divergent variability of RSm, RSc and RSr indicated that there were different regulation mechanisms for them. Waxy wildtype allele (Wxa) could elevate RSm, RSc and RSr, but Soluble starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) only played a vital role in regulating RSm. Wxa-indica SSIIa could increase RSm, and Wxa-japonica SSIIa (SSIIaj) could elevate RSc and RSr. The mean diameter of Wxa-SSIIaj was significantly bigger than others. The bigger starch granules, the higher RSc and RSr. Starch granules morphology with high-RSm would have a higher percentage in polyhedral and angular shape. The results provide new information for rice breeding with high-RS content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui You
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Ouling Zhang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Haoyang Xu
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Xunchao Xiang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
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Bain M, van de Meene A, Costa R, Doblin MS. Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 ( CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:602850. [PMID: 33505412 PMCID: PMC7829222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bain
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rafael Costa
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L’Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L’Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Animal Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food (LIAF), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Baumgartner S, Bruckert E, Gallo A, Plat J. The position of functional foods and supplements with a serum LDL-C lowering effect in the spectrum ranging from universal to care-related CVD risk management. Atherosclerosis 2020; 311:116-123. [PMID: 32861515 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of data demonstrates a causal link between serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Any decrease in serum LDL-C concentrations is associated with a decreased CVD risk, and this benefit is similar to a comparable LDL-C reduction after drug treatment and dietary intervention. Moreover, life-long reductions in serum LDL-C levels have a large impact on CVD risk and a long-term dietary enrichment with functional foods or supplements with a proven LDL lowering efficacy is therefore a feasible and efficient approach to decrease future CVD risk. Functional foods with an LDL-C lowering effect can improve health and/or a reduce the risk of disease. However, it has not been mentioned specifically whether this concerns mainly universal prevention or whether this can also be applied to the hierarchy towards care related prevention. Therefore, we here describe the effects of a list of interesting functional food ingredients with proven benefit in LDL-C lowering. In addition, we pay particular attention to the emerging evidence that the addition of these functional ingredients and supplements is advisable as universal and selective prevention in the general population. Moreover, functional ingredients and supplements are also helpful in care related prevention, i.e. in patients with elevated LDL-C concentrations who are statin-intolerant or are not able to achieve their LDL-C target levels. Furthermore, we will highlight practical aspects regarding the use of functional foods with an LDL-C lowering effect, such as the increasing importance of shared decision making of medical doctors and dieticians with patients to ensure proper empowerment and better adherence to dietary approaches. In addition, we will address costs issues related to the use of these functional foods, which might be a barrier in some populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Baumgartner
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Endocrinology Metabolism and Cardiovascular Prevention, E3M Institute and Cardiometabolic IHU (ICAN), Sorbonne University, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Endocrinology Metabolism and Cardiovascular Prevention, E3M Institute and Cardiometabolic IHU (ICAN), Sorbonne University, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Aoe S, Yamanaka C, Fuwa M, Tamiya T, Nakayama Y, Miyoshi T, Kitazono E. Effects of BARLEYmax and high-β-glucan barley line on short-chain fatty acids production and microbiota from the cecum to the distal colon in rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218118. [PMID: 31185060 PMCID: PMC6559638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether supplementation with the barley line BARLEYmax (Tantangara; BM), which contains three fermentable fibers (fructan, β-glucan, and resistant starch), modifies the microbiota in cecal and distal colonic digesta in addition to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production more favorably than supplementation with a high-β-glucan barley line (BG012; BG). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups that were fed an AIN-93G-based diet that contained 5% fiber provided by cellulose (control), BM or BG. Four weeks after starting the respective diets, the animals were sacrificed and digesta from the cecum, proximal colon and distal colon were collected and the SCFA concentrations were quantified. Microbiota in the cecal and distal colonic digesta were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The concentrations of acetate and n-butyrate in cecal digesta were significantly higher in the BM and BG groups than in the control group, whereas the concentration of total SCFAs in cecal digesta was significantly higher only in the BM group than in the control group. The concentrations of acetate and total SCFAs in the distal colonic digesta were significantly higher only in the BM group than in the control group. The abundance of Bacteroidetes in cecal digesta was significantly higher in the BM group than in the control group. In contrast, the abundance of Firmicutes in cecal digesta was significantly lower in the BM and BG groups than in the control group. These results indicated that BM increased the concentration of total SCFAs in the distal colonic digesta. These changes might have been caused by fructan and resistant starch in addition to β-glucan. In conclusion, fermentable fibers in BM reached the distal colon and modified the microbiota, leading to an increase in the concentration of total SCFAs in the distal colonic digesta, more effectively compared with the high-β-glucan barley line (BG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Aoe
- Studies in Human Life Sciences, Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women’s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute of Human Culture Studies, Otsuma Women’s University Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiemi Yamanaka
- The Institute of Human Culture Studies, Otsuma Women’s University Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Fuwa
- Studies in Human Life Sciences, Graduate School of Studies in Human Culture, Otsuma Women’s University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Chang Y, Liu H, Liu M, Liao X, Sahu SK, Fu Y, Song B, Cheng S, Kariba R, Muthemba S, Hendre PS, Mayes S, Ho WK, Yssel AEJ, Kendabie P, Wang S, Li L, Muchugi A, Jamnadass R, Lu H, Peng S, Van Deynze A, Simons A, Yana-Shapiro H, Van de Peer Y, Xu X, Yang H, Wang J, Liu X. The draft genomes of five agriculturally important African orphan crops. Gigascience 2019; 8:giy152. [PMID: 30535374 PMCID: PMC6405277 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expanding world population is expected to double the worldwide demand for food by 2050. Eighty-eight percent of countries currently face a serious burden of malnutrition, especially in Africa and south and southeast Asia. About 95% of the food energy needs of humans are fulfilled by just 30 species, of which wheat, maize, and rice provide the majority of calories. Therefore, to diversify and stabilize the global food supply, enhance agricultural productivity, and tackle malnutrition, greater use of neglected or underutilized local plants (so-called orphan crops, but also including a few plants of special significance to agriculture, agroforestry, and nutrition) could be a partial solution. RESULTS Here, we present draft genome information for five agriculturally, biologically, medicinally, and economically important underutilized plants native to Africa: Vigna subterranea, Lablab purpureus, Faidherbia albida, Sclerocarya birrea, and Moringa oleifera. Assembled genomes range in size from 217 to 654 Mb. In V. subterranea, L. purpureus, F. albida, S. birrea, and M. oleifera, we have predicted 31,707, 20,946, 28,979, 18,937, and 18,451 protein-coding genes, respectively. By further analyzing the expansion and contraction of selected gene families, we have characterized root nodule symbiosis genes, transcription factors, and starch biosynthesis-related genes in these genomes. CONCLUSIONS These genome data will be useful to identify and characterize agronomically important genes and understand their modes of action, enabling genomics-based, evolutionary studies, and breeding strategies to design faster, more focused, and predictable crop improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Huan Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Min Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xuezhu Liao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Bo Song
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shifeng Cheng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Robert Kariba
- African Orphan Crops Consortium, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Samuel Muthemba
- African Orphan Crops Consortium, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Prasad S Hendre
- African Orphan Crops Consortium, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Sean Mayes
- Plant and Crop Sciences, Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
- Crops For the Future, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wai Kuan Ho
- Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
- Crops For the Future, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anna E J Yssel
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Presidor Kendabie
- Plant and Crop Sciences, Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sibo Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Linzhou Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Alice Muchugi
- African Orphan Crops Consortium, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Ramni Jamnadass
- African Orphan Crops Consortium, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Haorong Lu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shufeng Peng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Allen Van Deynze
- African Orphan Crops Consortium, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anthony Simons
- African Orphan Crops Consortium, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Howard Yana-Shapiro
- African Orphan Crops Consortium, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Jinsha Road, Shenzhen 518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI-Fuyang, BGI-Shenzhen, Fuyang 236009, China
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Ramadoss BR, Gangola MP, Agasimani S, Jaiswal S, Venkatesan T, Sundaram GR, Chibbar RN. Starch granule size and amylopectin chain length influence starch in vitro enzymatic digestibility in selected rice mutants with similar amylose concentration. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 56:391-400. [PMID: 30728582 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In human diet, the products of starch digestion are a major energy source. Starch is stored as water insoluble granules composed of amylose and amylopectin. The susceptibility of starch granule to digestive enzymes is affected by starch granule size, shape, and composition. In this study, starch characteristics and in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis in three rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutants (RSML 184, RSML 278 and RSML 352) with similar amylose concentration (24.3-25.8%) was compared to parent ADT 43 (21.4%). The three mutants had reduced thousand grain weight and starch concentration but higher protein and dietary fiber concentrations. The mutant RSML 352 had small starch granules and reduced short glucan chains [Degree of polymerization (DP) 6-12] compared to the other two mutants (RSML 184 and RSML 278). The mutant RSML 352 had the highest hydrolytic index (HI) and least concentration of resistant starch (RS) compared to the other two mutants and parent rice ADT 43. The two rice mutants (RSML 184 and RSML 278) had reduced HI and increased RS concentration than the parent ADT 43. The results showed that starch granule size and amylopectin structure influence starch enzymatic digestibility and RS concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Raja Ramadoss
- 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Manu Pratap Gangola
- 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Somanath Agasimani
- 2University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka 560 065 India
| | - Sarita Jaiswal
- 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Thiruvengadam Venkatesan
- 3Department of Plant Genetic Resources, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Ganesh Ram Sundaram
- 3Department of Plant Genetic Resources, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 003 India
| | - Ravindra N Chibbar
- 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
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Lu HY, Zeng H, Zhang L, Porres JM, Cheng WH. Fecal fermentation products of common bean-derived fiber inhibit C/EBPα and PPARγ expression and lipid accumulation but stimulate PPARδ and UCP2 expression in the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 60:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Itoh Y, Crofts N, Abe M, Hosaka Y, Fujita N. Characterization of the endosperm starch and the pleiotropic effects of biosynthetic enzymes on their properties in novel mutant rice lines with high resistant starch and amylose content. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 258:52-60. [PMID: 28330563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is beneficial to human health. In order to reduce the current prevalence of diabetes and obesity, several transgenic and mutant crops containing high RS content are being developed. RS content of steamed rice with starch-branching enzyme (BE)IIb-deficient mutant endosperms is considerably high. To understand the mechanisms of RS synthesis and to increase RS content, we developed novel mutant rice lines by introducing the gene encoding starch synthase (SS)IIa and/or granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS)I from an indica rice cultivar into a japonica rice-based BEIIb-deficient mutant line, be2b. Introduction of SSIIa from an indica rice cultivar produced higher levels of amylopectin chains with degree of polymerization (DP) 11-18 than those in be2b; the extent of the change was slight due to the shortage of donor chains for SSIIa (DP 6-12) owing to BEIIb deficiency. The introduction of GBSSI from an indica rice cultivar significantly increased amylose content (by approximately 10%) in the endosperm starch. RS content of the new mutant lines was the same as or slightly higher than that of the be2b parent line. The relationship linking starch structure, RS content, and starch biosynthetic enzymes in the new mutant lines has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
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Critical roles of soluble starch synthase SSIIIa and granule-bound starch synthase Waxy in synthesizing resistant starch in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12844-12849. [PMID: 27791174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615104113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in human lifestyle and food consumption have resulted in a large increase in the incidence of type-2 diabetes, obesity, and colon disease, especially in Asia. These conditions are a growing threat to human health, but consumption of foods high in resistant starch (RS) can potentially reduce their incidence. Strategies to increase RS in rice are limited by a lack of knowledge of its molecular basis. Through map-based cloning of a RS locus in indica rice, we have identified a defective soluble starch synthase gene (SSIIIa) responsible for RS production and further showed that RS production is dependent on the high expression of the Waxya (Wxa ) allele, which is prevalent in indica varieties. The resulting RS has modified granule structure; high amylose, lipid, and amylose-lipid complex; and altered physicochemical properties. This discovery provides an opportunity to increase RS content of cooked rice, especially in the indica varieties, which predominates in southern Asia.
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Nutrient Intake Is Associated with Longevity Characterization by Metabolites and Element Profiles of Healthy Centenarians. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090564. [PMID: 27657115 PMCID: PMC5037549 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between diet and metabolites as well as element profiles in healthy centenarians are important but remain inconclusive. Therefore, to test the interesting hypothesis that there would be distinctive features of metabolites and element profiles in healthy centenarians, and that these would be associated with nutrient intake; the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), total bile acids and ammonia in feces, phenol, p-cresol, uric acid, urea, creatinine and ammonia in urine, and element profiles in fingernails were determined in 90 healthy elderly people, including centenarians from Bama county (China)—a famous longevous region—and elderly people aged 80–99 from the longevous region and a non-longevous region. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis was used for pattern recognition. As a result, the centenarians showed a distinct metabolic pattern. Seven characteristic components closely related to the centenarians were identified, including acetic acid, total SCFA, Mn, Co, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid. Their concentrations were significantly higher in the centenarians group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the dietary fiber intake was positively associated with butyric acid contents in feces (r = 0.896, p < 0.01), and negatively associated with phenol in urine (r = −0.326, p < 0.01). The results suggest that the specific metabolic pattern of centenarians may have an important and positive influence on the formation of the longevity phenomenon. Elevated dietary fiber intake should be a path toward health and longevity.
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Belobrajdic DP, Hino S, Kondo T, Jobling SA, Morell MK, Topping DL, Morita T, Bird AR. High wholegrain barley β-glucan lowers food intake but does not alter small intestinal macronutrient digestibility in ileorectostomised rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:678-85. [PMID: 27282074 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1194811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Using barley cultivars differing widely in β-glucan content, we aimed to determine their effects on small intestinal macronutrient digestion in 24 ileorectostomised rats. The rats were fed 1 of 4 experimental diets, each containing a different barley variety, for 11 d. The diets had a content of 0, 2.1, 2.6 and 4.3 g of β-glucan/100 g. Feed intake and faecal excretion of fat, protein, starch, and non-starch polysaccharides were determined in the final 5 d of the study and apparent macronutrient digestibility calculated. Higher dietary levels of β-glucan (2.6% and 4.3%) lowered feed intake (by 15 and 19%, respectively) but final body weight was only lowered by the 4.3% β-glucan diet relative to rats fed the 0% β-glucan diet (all ps < 0.05). Protein, lipid and starch digestibility was unrelated to the dietary β-glucan content. Higher dietary levels of barley β-glucan lower feed intake of ileorectostomised rats, which is independent of intestinal fermentation and unrelated to macronutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo Hino
- b Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- b Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
| | | | | | | | - Tatsuya Morita
- b Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture , Shizuoka University , Shizuoka , Japan
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Consistent Prebiotic Effect on Gut Microbiota With Altered FODMAP Intake in Patients with Crohn's Disease: A Randomised, Controlled Cross-Over Trial of Well-Defined Diets. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016; 7:e164. [PMID: 27077959 PMCID: PMC4855163 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Altering FODMAP (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols) intake has substantial effects on gut microbiota. This study aimed to investigate effects of altering FODMAP intake on markers of colonic health in patients with Crohn's disease. Methods: After evaluation of their habitual diet, 9 patients with clinically quiescent Crohn's disease were randomised to 21 days of provided low or typical (“Australian”) FODMAP diets with ≥21-day washout in between. Five-day fecal samples were collected at the end of each diet and analyzed for calprotectin, pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and bacterial abundance. Gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded daily. Results: Eight participants collected feces and were adherent to the diets. FODMAP intake differed across the three dietary periods with low<habitual<Australian diet. SCFA, pH and total bacterial abundance remained unaltered, but relative abundance was higher for butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa (P=0.008) and mucus-associated Akkermansia muciniphila (P=0.016), and lower for Ruminococcus torques (P=0.034) during the Australian compared with low FODMAP diet. Results during habitual diet were similar to the low FODMAP intervention, but significantly different to the Australian diet. The diets had no effects on calprotectin, but symptoms doubled in severity with the Australian diet (n=9; P<0.001). Conclusions: In clinically quiescent Crohn's disease, altering dietary FODMAP intake is associated with marked changes in fecal microbiota, most consistent with a prebiotic effect of increasing FODMAPs as shown in an irritable bowel/healthy cohort. This strategy might be favorable for gut health in Crohn's disease, but at the cost of inducing symptoms.
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Butardo VM, Sreenivasulu N. Tailoring Grain Storage Reserves for a Healthier Rice Diet and its Comparative Status with Other Cereals. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 323:31-70. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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19
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Hogg AC, Martin JM, Manthey FA, Giroux MJ. Nutritional and Quality Traits of Pasta Made from SSIIa Null High-Amylose Durum Wheat. Cereal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-12-14-0246-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Hogg
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, 119 Plant Bioscience Building, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, U.S.A
| | - John M. Martin
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, 119 Plant Bioscience Building, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, U.S.A
| | - Frank A. Manthey
- Department of Plant Sciences, 166 Loftsgard Hall, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Giroux
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, 119 Plant Bioscience Building, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3150, U.S.A
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20
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Effects of two whole-grain barley varieties on caecal SCFA, gut microbiota and plasma inflammatory markers in rats consuming low- and high-fat diets. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1558-70. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage β-glucans are fermented by the colon microbiota that give rise to SCFA. Propionic and butyric acids have been found to play an important role in colonic health, as well as they may have extraintestinal metabolic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate how two whole-grain barley varieties differing in dietary fibre and β-glucan content affected caecal SCFA, gut microbiota and some plasma inflammatory markers in rats consuming low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets. Barley increased the caecal pool of SCFA in rats fed the LF and HF diets compared with those fed the control diet, and the effect was generally dependent on fibre content, an exception was butyric acid in the LF setting. Furthermore, whole-grain barley reduced plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, increased the caecal abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the Bacteroides fragilis group, but increased the number of Bifidobacterium only when dietary fat was consumed at a low level. Fat content influenced the effects of barley: rats fed the HF diets had a higher caecal pool of acetic and propionic acids, higher concentrations of amino acids and higher amounts of lipids in the portal plasma and liver than rats fed the LF diets; however, less amounts of butyric acid were generally formed. Interestingly, there was an increase in the caecal abundance of Akkermansia and the caecal pool of succinic acid, and a decrease in the proportion of Bifidobacterium and the Clostridium leptum group. In summary, whole-grain barley decreased HF diet-induced inflammation, which was possibly related to the formation of SCFA and changes in microbiota composition. High β-glucan content in the diet was associated with reduced plasma cholesterol levels.
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21
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Sun J, Wu D, Xu J, Rasmussen SK, Shu X. Characterisation of starch during germination and seedling development of a rice mutant with a high content of resistant starch. J Cereal Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Halmos EP, Christophersen CT, Bird AR, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG. Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment. Gut 2015; 64:93-100. [PMID: 25016597 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A low FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides And Polyols) diet reduces symptoms of IBS, but reduction of potential prebiotic and fermentative effects might adversely affect the colonic microenvironment. The effects of a low FODMAP diet with a typical Australian diet on biomarkers of colonic health were compared in a single-blinded, randomised, cross-over trial. DESIGN Twenty-seven IBS and six healthy subjects were randomly allocated one of two 21-day provided diets, differing only in FODMAP content (mean (95% CI) low 3.05 (1.86 to 4.25) g/day vs Australian 23.7 (16.9 to 30.6) g/day), and then crossed over to the other diet with ≥21-day washout period. Faeces passed over a 5-day run-in on their habitual diet and from day 17 to day 21 of the interventional diets were pooled, and pH, short-chain fatty acid concentrations and bacterial abundance and diversity were assessed. RESULTS Faecal indices were similar in IBS and healthy subjects during habitual diets. The low FODMAP diet was associated with higher faecal pH (7.37 (7.23 to 7.51) vs. 7.16 (7.02 to 7.30); p=0.001), similar short-chain fatty acid concentrations, greater microbial diversity and reduced total bacterial abundance (9.63 (9.53 to 9.73) vs. 9.83 (9.72 to 9.93) log10 copies/g; p<0.001) compared with the Australian diet. To indicate direction of change, in comparison with the habitual diet the low FODMAP diet reduced total bacterial abundance and the typical Australian diet increased relative abundance for butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa (median ratio 6.62; p<0.001) and mucus-associated Akkermansia muciniphila (19.3; p<0.001), and reduced Ruminococcus torques. CONCLUSIONS Diets differing in FODMAP content have marked effects on gut microbiota composition. The implications of long-term reduction of intake of FODMAPs require elucidation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12612001185853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma P Halmos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claus T Christophersen
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Food, Animal and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony R Bird
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Food, Animal and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Susan J Shepherd
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane G Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Belobrajdic DP, Jobling SA, Morell MK, Taketa S, Bird AR. Wholegrain barley β-glucan fermentation does not improve glucose tolerance in rats fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2014; 35:162-8. [PMID: 25622537 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fermentation of oat and barley β-glucans is believed to mediate in part their metabolic health benefits, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that barley β-glucan fermentation raises circulating incretin hormone levels and improves glucose control, independent of other grain components. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30) were fed a high-fat diet for 6 weeks and then randomly allocated to 1 of 3 dietary treatments for 2 weeks. The low- (LBG, 0% β-glucan) and high- (HBG, 3% β-glucan) β-glucan diets contained 25% wholegrain barley and similar levels of insoluble dietary fiber, available carbohydrate, and energy. A low-fiber diet (basal) was included for comparison. Immediately prior to the dietary intervention, gastric emptying rate (using the (13)C-octanoic breath test) and postprandial glycemic response of each diet were determined. At the end of the study, circulating gut hormone levels were determined; and a glucose tolerance test was performed. The rats were then killed, and indices of cecal fermentation were assessed. Diet did not affect live weight; however, the HBG diet, compared to basal and LBG, reduced food intake, tended to slow gastric emptying, increased cecal digesta mass and individual and total short-chain fatty acid pools, and lowered digesta pH. In contrast, circulating levels of glucose, insulin, gastric-inhibitory peptide, and glucagon-like peptide-1, and glucose tolerance were unaffected by diet. In conclusion, wholegrain barley β-glucan suppressed feed intake and increased cecal fermentation but did not improve postprandial glucose control or insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Belobrajdic
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food and Nutrition Flagship, Australia.
| | | | - Matthew K Morell
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food and Nutrition Flagship, Australia.
| | - Shin Taketa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Anthony R Bird
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food and Nutrition Flagship, Australia.
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Li Q, Pan Z, Deng G, Long H, Li Z, Deng X, Liang J, Tang Y, Zeng X, Tashi N, Yu M. Effect of wide variation of the Waxy gene on starch properties in hull-less barley from Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11369-11385. [PMID: 25345815 DOI: 10.1021/jf5026746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) plays an important role in the synthesis of amylose and in the determination of starch properties in barley grains. Genomic DNAs for the Waxy gene encoding GBSS I protein were sequenced from 34 barley accessions or lines from Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China, to identify Waxy gene nucleotide variations and study the roles of polymorphic sites of the Waxy gene on expression levels of Waxy transcripts and GBSS I proteins and on resulting starch properties. A total of 116 DNA polymorphic sites were identified within the barley Waxy gene, which divided the studied accessions into 11 haplotypes. Among 33 nucleotide polymorphic sites in coding regions, 5 SNPs in three exons were found to play different roles on the expression level of the Waxy transcript and the GBSS I protein and on the amylose content and starch properties. One SNP G(3935)-to-T substitution in the 10th exon in the accession Z999 (HP II-2) caused a high expression level of the Waxy transcript and the GBSS I protein and the amylose free phenotype. The other SNP alteration was a C(2453)-to-T in the fifth exon in the accession Z1191 (HP I-5), which drastically reduced the expression level of the Waxy transcript and the GBSS I protein and, finally, produced the amylose free phenotype. Three SNPs in the seventh exon in the accession Z1337 (HP I-6) did not significantly change the level of Waxy transcript, the GBSS I protein, and starch properties, except obviously reducing the breakdown value of starch viscosity and extending the peak time. A total of 84 DNA polymorphic sites were found in the noncoding regions. A 403 bp deletion at 5'UTR in the accession Z1979 (HP I-3) had low transcript level, low GBSS I protein level, and low amylose content due to the deletion of cis-acting DNA regulatory elements. A 191 bp insertion and a 15 bp insertion in the first intron and second exons, respectively, may be closely related to a higher transcript level of the Waxy gene and significant differences in some starch properties of the Waxy I DNA group as compared to the Waxy II DNA group. This study indicates the specific variations of the Waxy gene have a great effect on amylose synthesis and starch properties of hull-less barley, which could be very useful to produce new barley with variable starch properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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25
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Asai H, Abe N, Matsushima R, Crofts N, Oitome NF, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Deficiencies in both starch synthase IIIa and branching enzyme IIb lead to a significant increase in amylose in SSIIa-inactive japonica rice seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5497-507. [PMID: 25071222 PMCID: PMC4157723 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Starch synthase (SS) IIIa has the second highest activity of the total soluble SS activity in developing rice endosperm. Branching enzyme (BE) IIb is the major BE isozyme, and is strongly expressed in developing rice endosperm. A mutant (ss3a/be2b) was generated from wild-type japonica rice which lacks SSIIa activity. The seed weight of ss3a/be2b was 74-94% of that of the wild type, whereas the be2b seed weight was 59-73% of that of the wild type. There were significantly fewer amylopectin short chains [degree of polymerization (DP) ≤13] in ss3a/be2b compared with the wild type. In contrast, the amount of long chains (DP ≥25) connecting clusters of amylopectin in ss3a/be2b was higher than in the wild type and lower than in be2b. The apparent amylose content of ss3a/be2b was 45%, which was >1.5 times greater than that of either ss3a or be2b. Both SSIIIa and BEIIb deficiencies led to higher activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), which partly explains the high amylose content in the ss3a/be2b endosperm. The percentage apparent amylose content of ss3a and ss3a/be2b at 10 days after flowering (DAF) was higher than that of the wild type and be2b. At 20 DAF, amylopectin biosynthesis in be2b and ss3a/be2b was not observed, whereas amylose biosynthesis in these lines was accelerated at 30 DAF. These data suggest that the high amylose content in the ss3a/be2b mutant results from higher amylose biosynthesis at two stages, up to 20 DAF and from 30 DAF to maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Asai
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
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Abstract
The gut microbiota plays important roles in proper gut function and can contribute to or help prevent disease. Whole grains, including oats, constitute important sources of nutrients for the gut microbiota and contribute to a healthy gut microbiome. In particular, whole grains provide NSP and resistant starch, unsaturated TAG and complex lipids, and phenolics. The composition of these constituents is unique in oats compared with other whole grains. Therefore, oats may contribute distinctive effects on gut health relative to other grains. Studies designed to determine these effects may uncover new human-health benefits of oat consumption.
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Howard TP, Fahy B, Leigh F, Howell P, Powell W, Greenland A, Trafford K, Smith AM. Use of advanced recombinant lines to study the impact and potential of mutations affecting starch synthesis in barley. J Cereal Sci 2014; 59:196-202. [PMID: 24748716 PMCID: PMC3990431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects on barley starch and grain properties of four starch synthesis mutations were studied during the introgression of the mutations from diverse backgrounds into an elite variety. The lys5f (ADPglucose transporter), wax (granule-bound starch synthase), isa1 (debranching enzyme isoamylase 1) and sex6 (starch synthase IIa) mutations were introgressed into NFC Tipple to give mutant and wild-type BC2F4 families with different genomic contributions of the donor parent. Comparison of starch and grain properties between the donor parents, the BC2F4 families and NFC Tipple allowed the effects of the mutations to be distinguished from genetic background effects. The wax and sex6 mutations had marked effects on starch properties regardless of genetic background. The sex6 mutation conditioned low grain weight and starch content, but the wax mutation did not. The lys5 mutation conditioned low grain weight and starch content, but exceptionally high β-glucan contents. The isa1 mutation promotes synthesis of soluble α-glucan (phytoglycogen). Its introgression into NFC Tipple increased grain weight and total α-glucan content relative to the donor parent, but reduced the ratio of phytoglycogen to starch. This study shows that introgression of mutations into a common, commercial background provides new insights that could not be gained from the donor parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Howard
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Fahy
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Leigh
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 OLE, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Howell
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 OLE, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne Powell
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 OLE, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Greenland
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 OLE, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Trafford
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Smith
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Agasimani S, Selvakumar G, Joel AJ, Ganesh Ram S. A simple and rapid single kernel screening method to estimate amylose content in rice grains. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:569-573. [PMID: 23553988 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In rice breeding programmes large number of grain samples are routinely analysed for amylose content (AC) through a tedious spectrophotometric method that also involves high reagent costs. OBJECTIVE Here, we propose a rapid and economic screening technique for assessment of AC based on the amylose-iodine complex formation in the cut grains of rice, which we refer to as the cut grain dip (CGD) method. METHODS The CGD method involves cutting the rice kernels in the middle with a pair of scissors and dipping the cut end in an optimised iodide:iodine (KI-I) solution termed the rapid amylose detection solution (RADS). RESULTS It was found that the time taken for deep blue colouration by the cut end of the grains after dipping in RADS was proportional to the AC. The CGD method was further validated in a large set of rice mutants with varied AC. CONCLUSION The proposed method can be used to screen samples for AC rapidly, with a single rice caryopsis, without any costly equipment and can be especially suitable for screening of mutants and segregants with altered AC in large breeding populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanath Agasimani
- AICRP on Soybean, Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-, 580 005, Karnataka, India
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Chanvrier H, Appelqvist IA, Li Z, Morell MK, Lillford PJ. Processing high amylose wheat varieties with a capillary rheometer: Structure and thermomechanical properties of products. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Belobrajdic DP, King RA, Christophersen CT, Bird AR. Dietary resistant starch dose-dependently reduces adiposity in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant male rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:93. [PMID: 23098187 PMCID: PMC3541085 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Animal studies show that diets containing resistant starch (RS) at levels not achievable in the human diet result in lower body weight and/or adiposity in rodents. We aimed to determine whether RS dose-dependently reduces adiposity in obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=120) were fed a moderate-fat, high-energy diet for 4 wk. Rats that gained the most weight (40%) were classified as obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) rats were the 40% that gained the least weight. OP and OR rats were randomly allocated to one of six groups (n=8 for each phenotype). One group was killed for baseline measurements, the other five groups were allocated to AIN-93 based diets that contained 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% RS (as high amylose maize starch) for 4 wk. These diets were matched for total carbohydrate content. At 0, 4 and 7 wk from the start of the study insulin sensitivity was calculated by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and adiposity was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). At 8 wk, rats were euthanized and fat pad weights, intestinal digesta short chain fatty acid (SCFA) pools and plasma gut hormone levels were determined. RESULTS Obesity prone rats gained less weight with 4, 12 and 16% RS compared to 0% RS, but the effect in OR animals was significant only at 16% RS. Irrespective of phenotype, diets containing ≥8% RS reduced adiposity compared to 0% RS. Energy intake decreased by 9.8 kJ/d for every 4% increase in RS. All diets containing RS increased total SCFA pools in the caecum and lowered plasma GIP concentrations compared to the 0% RS, whereas plasma GLP-1 and PYY were increased when the diet contained at least 8% RS. Insulin sensitivity was not affected by RS. CONCLUSION RS in amounts that could be potentially consumed by humans were effective in reducing adiposity and weight gain in OP and OR rats, due in part to a reduction in energy intake, and changes in gut hormones and large bowel carbohydrate fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Belobrajdic
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food Futures Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Roger A King
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food Futures Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claus T Christophersen
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food Futures Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony R Bird
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Food Futures Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- CSIRO Animal Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
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Shu X, Backes G, Rasmussen SK. Genome-wide association study of resistant starch (RS) phenotypes in a barley variety collection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10302-11. [PMID: 22998083 DOI: 10.1021/jf3031875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Barley is primarily grown for feed and malt, but in some regions of the world it is also considered to be a staple food. Some barley types such as high-amylose barley have also gained importance as health-promoting foods. Starch that is not readily digested in the upper mammalian gastrointestinal system, or resistant starch (RS), is considered to be valuable because it prevents some diet-related diseases such as colon cancer. RS was quantified in a diverse collection of 209 spring barley varieties released in Europe during the past 100 years. The RS content varied from <1% to >15% in the collection, with 13 varieties having high RS content (>11%) and 15 varieties below 1%. Combined with genome-wide association scanning (GWAS), SNP markers and candidate genes controlling the RS content in grains were identified. This identified 40 SNP markers with a LOD score above 2, located on chromosomes 2H, 3H, 5H, and 6H, respectively. Among these SNPs, 10 genes with a known role in starch biosynthesis were associated on the basis of synteny conservation to the rice genome. The β-glucan content was quantified in 61 varieties selected to represent extreme as well as medium RS values. The β-glucan amount in the 15 varieties with RS <1% ranged from 1.7 to 3.2%, ranged from 1.76 to 2.54% in the 13 varieties with RS >11%, and ranged from 1.95 to 2.82% for those with 1%< RS < 11%. No statistically significant correlation between RS content and β-glucan content was found. This association analysis of commercial varieties revealed a large variation in RS content and identified a number of SNP markers that can be explored for selection and further dissection of the pathway and control of RS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Copenhagen University, 1876 Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yang R, Sun C, Bai J, Luo Z, Shi B, Zhang J, Yan W, Piao Z. A putative gene sbe3-rs for resistant starch mutated from SBE3 for starch branching enzyme in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS One 2012; 7:e43026. [PMID: 22937009 PMCID: PMC3427327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods high in resistant starch (RS) are beneficial to prevent various diseases including diabetes, colon cancers, diarrhea and chronic renal or hepatic diseases. Elevated RS in rice is important for public health since rice is a staple food for half of the world population. A japonica mutant 'Jiangtangdao 1' (RS = 11.67%) was crossed with an indica cultivar 'Miyang 23' (RS = 0.41%). The mutant sbe3-rs that explained 60.4% of RS variation was mapped between RM6611 and RM13366 on chromosome 2 (LOD = 36) using 178 F(2) plants genotyped with 106 genome-wide polymorphic SSR markers. Using 656 plants from four F(3:4) families, sbe3-rs was fine mapped to a 573.3 Kb region between InDel 2 and InDel 6 using one STS, five SSRs and seven InDel markers. SBE3 which codes for starch branching enzyme was identified as a candidate gene within the putative region. Nine pairs of primers covering 22 exons were designed to sequence genomic DNA of the wild type for SBE3 and the mutant for sbe3-rs comparatively. Sequence analysis identified a missense mutation site where Leu-599 of the wild was changed to Pro-599 of the mutant in the SBE3 coding region. Because the point mutation resulted in the loss of a restriction enzyme site, sbe3-rs was not digested by a CAPS marker for SpeI site while SBE3 was. Co-segregation of the digestion pattern with RS content among 178 F(2) plants further supported sbe3-rs responsible for RS in rice. As a result, the CAPS marker could be used in marker-assisted breeding to develop rice cultivars with elevated RS which is otherwise difficult to accurately assess in crops. Transgenic technology should be employed for a definitive conclusion of the sbe3-rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Yang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlong Sun
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchu, China
| | - Jianjiang Bai
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixiang Luo
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anhui, China
| | - Biao Shi
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wengui Yan
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Services, Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Zhongze Piao
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Fructan extracts from wheat stem and barley grain stimulate large bowel fermentation in rats. Nutr Res 2012; 32:599-606. [PMID: 22935343 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of inulin-type fructans for bowel health are well established, but less so for other fructan sources. In vitro data suggest that fructans extracted from cereals are readily fermented and produce favorable short-chain fatty acid profiles; however, whether this occurs in vivo is unknown. We hypothesized that in rats, fructans extracted from wheat stem and barley grain would have similar effects on fermentation as oligofructose (OF). Fifty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 dietary treatments that contained either 2% or 5% fructan, provided by a barley grain fructan extract (BGFE), a wheat stem fructan extract, or OF or no added fructan (control). The duration of the feeding study was 14 days. Rats fed diets containing 5% fructan had higher cecal digesta weights; larger acetate, propionate, and total short-chain fatty acid pools; and lower pHs in comparison with the control group. In addition, only the 5% OF and 5% BGFE groups increased cecal butyrate pools, and 5% BGFE was the only group in which colonic digesta pH was lower than that of the control. Diets containing 2% fructan did not affect any of these fermentation end points. Whereas bifidobacteria numbers in cecal digesta of 2% and 5% OF were higher than that in the control group, they were not different from those in rats fed diets containing BGFE and wheat stem fructan extract. Barley grain and wheat stem fructans produced similar large bowel fermentation patterns to OF when fed to rats at 5% of the diet.
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Effect of dietary fibre of barley variety 'Rihane' on azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci development and on colonic microbiota diversity in rats. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:2034-42. [PMID: 22414704 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested an important role for dietary fibre (DF) of cereals in the prevention of colon cancer. The objective of the present study was to explain the effects of the DF of barley Rihane (BR) on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colonic bacterial diversity in rats. Following an acclimatisation period, rats were divided into four groups and fed a control (C) diet or experimental diet containing 30 % of BR. DF content in the experimental diet was twice that of the C diet (total DF was 8·69 % in the C diet and 15·24 % in the BR diet). At 7 and 8 weeks of age, rats received two successive subcutaneous injections of AOM at 20 mg/kg body weight. At 12 weeks after the first injection, ten animals from each group were killed. The BR diet decreased colonic pH (P < 0·05) compared with the C diet. The total number of ACF observed decreased considerably in the BR/AOM group compared with the C/AOM group (P < 0·05). Comparison of similarity coefficients showed variability of colonic microbiota species between the different groups. In addition, we showed inter-individual variability within the same group. This similarity was affected by BR and AOM. The present results show that bifidobacteria numbers were lower in rats fed the BR diet compared with those fed the C diet. However, the number of enterobacteria in colonic content was increased (P < 0·05) in the BR group compared with the C group. The results from the present study show that the DF of BR reduced the incidence of AOM-induced ACF and increased microbiota biodiversity.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Morell
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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36
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Jenkins CL, Lewis D, Bushell R, Belobrajdic DP, Bird AR. Chain length of cereal fructans isolated from wheat stem and barley grain modulates in vitro fermentation. J Cereal Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gray D, Abdel-Aal ESM, Seetharaman K, Kakuda Y. Differences in Carbohydrate Composition and Digestion In Vitro of Selected Barley Cultivars as Influenced by Pearling and Cooking. Cereal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-86-6-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gray
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Centre, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, N1G 5C9, ON, Canada
| | - El-Sayed M. Abdel-Aal
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Centre, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, N1G 5C9, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author. Phone: (519) 780-8031. Fax: (519) 829-2600. E-mail:
| | | | - Yukio Kakuda
- University of Guelph, Department of Food Science, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Topping DL, Bajka BH, Bird AR, Clarke JM, Cobiac L, Conlon MA, Morell MK, Toden S. Resistant starches as a vehicle for delivering health benefits to the human large bowel. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600802106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Topping
- Preventitive Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- CSIRO Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Balazs H. Bajka
- Preventitive Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony R. Bird
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie M. Clarke
- Preventitive Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lynne Cobiac
- Preventitive Health National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | | | | | - Shusuke Toden
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia
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39
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King R, Noakes M, Bird A, Morell M, Topping D. An extruded breakfast cereal made from a high amylose barley cultivar has a low glycemic index and lower plasma insulin response than one made from a standard barley. J Cereal Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Clarke B, Liang R, Morell MK, Bird AR, Jenkins CLD, Li Z. Gene expression in a starch synthase IIa mutant of barley: changes in the level of gene transcription and grain composition. Funct Integr Genomics 2008; 8:211-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-007-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Konik-Rose C, Thistleton J, Chanvrier H, Tan I, Halley P, Gidley M, Kosar-Hashemi B, Wang H, Larroque O, Ikea J, McMaugh S, Regina A, Rahman S, Morell M, Li Z. Effects of starch synthase IIa gene dosage on grain, protein and starch in endosperm of wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2007; 115:1053-65. [PMID: 17721773 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-007-0631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Starch synthases (SS) are responsible for elongating the alpha-1,4 glucan chains of starch. A doubled haploid population was generated by crossing a line of wheat, which lacks functional ssIIa genes on each genome (abd), and an Australian wheat cultivar, Sunco, with wild type ssIIa alleles on each genome (ABD). Evidence has been presented previously indicating that the SGP-1 (starch granule protein-1) proteins present in the starch granule in wheat are products of the ssIIa genes. Analysis of 100 progeny lines demonstrated co-segregation of the ssIIa alleles from the three genomes with the SGP-1 proteins, providing further evidence that the SGP-1 proteins are the products of the ssIIa genes. From the progeny lines, 40 doubled haploid lines representing the eight possible genotypes for SSIIa (ABD, aBD, AbD, ABd, abD, aBd, Abd, abd) were characterized for their grain weight, protein content, total starch content and starch properties. For some properties (chain length distribution, pasting properties, swelling power, and gelatinization properties), a progressive change was observed across the four classes of genotypes (wild type, single nulls, double nulls and triple nulls). However, for other grain properties (seed weight and protein content) and starch properties (total starch content, granule morphology and crystallinity, granule size distribution, amylose content, amylose-lipid dissociation properties), a statistically significant change only occurred for the triple nulls, indicating that all three genes had to be missing or inactive for a change to occur. These results illustrate the importance of SSIIa in controlling grain and starch properties and the importance of amylopectin fine structure in controlling starch granule properties in wheat.
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Rahman S, Bird A, Regina A, Li Z, Philippe Ral J, McMaugh S, Topping D, Morell M. Resistant starch in cereals: Exploiting genetic engineering and genetic variation. J Cereal Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Wholegrain foods made from a novel high-amylose barley variety (Himalaya 292) improve indices of bowel health in human subjects. Br J Nutr 2007; 99:1032-40. [PMID: 17919346 DOI: 10.1017/s000711450783902x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Himalaya 292 (Hordeum vulgare var. Himalaya 292) is a novel hull-less barley variety lacking activity of a key enzyme of starch synthesis giving a grain containing less total starch, more amylose and higher total dietary fibre. Animal trials have shown that Himalaya 292 contains more resistant starch and has greater positive impact on biomarkers of large-bowel health than comparable wholegrain cereal products. The present study compared the effects of foods made from wholegrain Himalaya 292 with those made from wholegrain wheat on faecal biomarkers of bowel health in human subjects. Seventeen male and female volunteers aged 31-66 years consumed similar quantities of Himalaya 292, whole-wheat or refined cereal foods daily for 4 weeks in a randomised cross-over design. Total dietary fibre intakes from weighed food records were 45, 32 and 21 g/d for the Himalaya 292, whole-wheat and refined cereal periods, respectively. Compared with the refined cereal foods, consumption of Himalaya 292 foods resulted in 33 % higher faecal weight, a lowering of faecal pH from 7.24 to 6.98, a 42 % higher faecal concentration and a 91 % higher excretion of butyrate, a 57 % higher faecal total SCFA excretion and a 33 % lower faecal p-cresol concentration. pH and butyrate concentration and excretion were also significantly different compared with wholemeal wheat. It is concluded that consumption of a diet that included foods made from Himalaya 292 supplied more fibre and improved indices of bowel health compared with refined cereal foods and, for some indices, similar wholemeal wheat foods at equivalent levels of intake.
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Shu X, Jia L, Gao J, Song Y, Zhao H, Nakamura Y, Wu D. The Influences of Chain Length of Amylopectin on Resistant Starch in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). STARCH-STARKE 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/star.200700640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Bird AR, Jackson M, King RA, Davies DA, Usher S, Topping DL. A novel high-amylose barley cultivar (Hordeum vulgare var. Himalaya 292) lowers plasma cholesterol and alters indices of large-bowel fermentation in pigs. Br J Nutr 2007; 92:607-15. [PMID: 15522129 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hordeum vulgare var. Himalaya 292 is a new barley cultivar with altered starch synthesis and less total starch but more amylose, resistant starch (RS) and total and soluble NSP including β-glucan. To determine its nutritional potential, young pigs were fed diets containing stabilised wholegrain flours from either Himalaya 292, Namoi (a commercial barley), wheat bran or oat bran at equivalent dietary NSP concentrations for 21 d. Serum total cholesterol was significantly lowered by the Himalaya 292 diet relative to wheat bran, indicating that Himalaya 292 retained its hypocholesterolaemic potential. In all groups SCFA concentrations were highest in the proximal colon and decreased towards the rectum. Digesta pH was lowest in the proximal colon and highest in the distal colon. Large-bowel and faecal pH were significantly lower in the pigs fed the barley and oat diets, indicating greater bacterial fermentation. Caecal and proximal colonic pH was lowest and SCFA pools highest in the pigs fed Himalaya 292. Total and individual SCFA were lowest in the mid- and distal colon of the pigs fed Himalaya 292 or oat bran. These data suggest the presence of more RS in Himalaya 292 and suggest that its fermentation was rapid relative to transit. Differences in faecal and large-bowel anaerobic, aerobic, coliform and lactic acid bacteria were relatively small, indicating a lack of a specific prebiotic action. These data support the potential of this novel barley cultivar to improve health through plasma cholesterol reduction and increased large-bowel SCFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Bird
- CSIRO Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia.
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46
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Toden S, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA. Differential effects of dietary whey, casein and soya on colonic DNA damage and large bowel SCFA in rats fed diets low and high in resistant starch. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:535-43. [PMID: 17313716 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507336817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Feeding higher levels of dietary animal protein (as casein or red meat) increases colonic DNA damage and thins the colonic mucus barrier in rats. Feeding resistant starch (RS) reverses these changes and increases large bowel SCFA. The present study examined whether high dietary dairy (casein or whey) or plant (soya) proteins had similar adverse effects and whether dietary RS was protective. Adult male rats were fed diets containing 15 or 25 % casein, whey or soya protein with or without 48 % high amylose starch (as a source of RS) for 4 weeks. DNA damage was measured in isolated colonocytes using the comet assay. Higher dietary casein and soya (but not whey) increased colonocyte DNA damage. DNA damage was highest with soya when fed at 15 or 25 % protein without RS. Dietary RS attenuated protein-induced colonocyte DNA damage in all groups but it remained significantly higher in rats fed 25 % soya compared with those fed 15 % protein. Dietary protein level did not affect colonic mucus thickness overall but the barrier was thinner in rats fed high dietary casein. This effect was reversed by feeding RS. Caecal total SCFA and butyrate pools were higher in rats fed RS compared with digestible starch. Caecal and faecal SCFA were unrelated to genetic damage but correlated with mucus thickness. The present data confirm that higher dietary protein affected colonocyte DNA and colonic mucus thickness adversely but that proteins differ in their effects on these indices of colon health. The data show also that these changes were reversed by RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Toden
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, CSIRO Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia
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Keogh JB, Lau CWH, Noakes M, Bowen J, Clifton PM. Effects of meals with high soluble fibre, high amylose barley variant on glucose, insulin, satiety and thermic effect of food in healthy lean women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 61:597-604. [PMID: 17164830 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of barley flour (barley cultivar, Hordeum Vulgare var Himalaya 292) incorporated into breakfast and lunch compared with otherwise identical meals containing white wheat flour on the thermic effect of food (TEF), subsequent food intake and metabolic parameters. DESIGN Randomized single blinded crossover study. SETTING Outpatient setting. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fourteen healthy women consumed a test breakfast at 0700 h. Energy expenditure, respiratory quotient (RQ), appetite ratings using a visual analogue scale (VAS), insulin and glucose levels were measured before and after a test lunch at 1330 h. Food intake was recorded for the remainder of the day. RESULTS The TEF was 5% for both test lunches and meal type did not affect any variable measured by the VAS. There was an increase in post-prandial RQ above baseline (0.80) independent of treatment (0.88 and 0.90 for barley and wheat-containing meals, respectively, P<0.001). Mean area under the glycaemic response curve (AUC) for wheat-containing meals was 4.68+/-1.67 mmol/l/h, 22% higher than for the barley-containing meals (3.67+/-1.91 mmol/l/h), P=0.05. AUC of insulin in response to wheat-containing meals (78.1+/-35.3 mIU/l/h) was 32% greater than barley-containing meals (52.8+/-24.7 mU/l/h), P<0.02. Ad libitum food intake over the next 10 h was reduced by 23% (9.6 vs 11.0 MJ, P<0.05) after the wheat-containing meals compared to the barley-containing glycaemic index meals. CONCLUSION Inclusion of an ingredient containing increased soluble fibre and amylose did not reduce spontaneous food intake but rather was associated with higher subsequent energy intakes despite its reduced glycaemic and insulinemic effects. SPONSORSHIP CSIRO, Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Keogh
- Human Nutrition, CSIRO, Adelaide, Australia
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Regina A, Bird A, Topping D, Bowden S, Freeman J, Barsby T, Kosar-Hashemi B, Li Z, Rahman S, Morell M. High-amylose wheat generated by RNA interference improves indices of large-bowel health in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:3546-51. [PMID: 16537443 PMCID: PMC1450120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510737103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods high in resistant starch have the potential to improve human health and lower the risk of serious noninfectious diseases. RNA interference was used to down-regulate the two different isoforms of starch-branching enzyme (SBE) II (SBEIIa and SBEIIb) in wheat endosperm to raise its amylose content. Suppression of SBEIIb expression alone had no effect on amylose content; however, suppression of both SBEIIa and SBEIIb expression resulted in starch containing >70% amylose. When the >70% amylose wheat grain was fed to rats in a diet as a wholemeal, several indices of large-bowel function, including short-chain fatty acids, were improved relative to standard wholemeal wheat. These results indicate that this high-amylose wheat has a significant potential to improve human health through its resistant starch content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Regina
- *Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, P.O. Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anthony Bird
- *Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, P.O. Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Human Nutrition, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC 5000, SA, Australia; and
| | - David Topping
- *Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, P.O. Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Human Nutrition, P.O. Box 10041, Adelaide BC 5000, SA, Australia; and
| | - Sarah Bowden
- Biogemma UK Limited, 200 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, United Kingdom
| | - Judy Freeman
- Biogemma UK Limited, 200 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Barsby
- Biogemma UK Limited, 200 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, United Kingdom
| | - Behjat Kosar-Hashemi
- *Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, P.O. Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Zhongyi Li
- *Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, P.O. Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- *Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, P.O. Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew Morell
- *Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Food Futures National Research Flagship, P.O. Box 93, North Ryde 1670, NSW, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, G.P.O. Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Mann G, Leyne E, Li Z, Morell MK. Effects of a Novel Barley, Himalaya 292, on Rheological and Breadmaking Properties of Wheat and Barley Doughs. Cereal Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1094/cc-82-0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Mann
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO BOX 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Corresponding author. Phone: +61 2 6246 5380. Fax: +61 2 6246 5000. E-mail:
| | - E. Leyne
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO BOX 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Z. Li
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO BOX 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M. K. Morell
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO BOX 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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