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Arcot A, Xing X, Gao X, Font SA, Murray-Kolb LE. Iron status, development, and behavior in young children in the Pennsylvania foster care system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289951. [PMID: 37590213 PMCID: PMC10434919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children in foster care are classified as a highly vulnerable population and struggle with both physical and mental health problems. Medical conditions, like poor nutritional status, remain understudied in children in foster care. To our knowledge, few studies in children in U.S. foster care have quantified the prevalence of anemia, and no studies have examined the association between anemia status and relevant developmental and behavioral outcomes. OBJECTIVE/AIMS (1) To determine the prevalence of anemia among children in or adopted from Pennsylvania foster care, between the ages of six months to ten years and (2) To examine if a child's anemia status is associated with greater odds of relevant developmental and behavioral diagnoses. METHODS We conducted a secondary data analysis utilizing the Medicaid Analytic eXtract database between 2010-2015. Children six months-ten years were included in the analysis if they were in or had been adopted from Pennsylvania foster care. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals for the association between iron status and health outcomes. RESULTS A total of 50,311 children were included in our sample, of which 1,365 children (2.7%) were diagnosed with anemia. Children diagnosed with anemia had greater odds of delayed milestones (AOR: 2.38 [1.64-3.45]), specific delays in development (AOR: 1.59 [1.23-2.07]), adjustment disorder (AOR: 1.59 [1.06-2.39]), and irritability (AOR: 10.57 [3.36-33.25]), than children not diagnosed with anemia. CONCLUSION The prevalence of anemia among children between six months-ten years in or adopted from the Pennsylvania foster care system is within the national rate of U.S. childhood anemia. Odds of several relevant developmental and behavioral diagnoses were greater among children diagnosed with anemia than children who were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Arcot
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Xueyi Xing
- Evidence-to-Impact Collaborative, Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sarah A. Font
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Murray-Kolb
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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Gao G, You L, Zhang J, Chang YZ, Yu P. Brain Iron Metabolism, Redox Balance and Neurological Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1289. [PMID: 37372019 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and stroke, is increasing. An increasing number of studies have correlated these diseases with brain iron overload and the resulting oxidative damage. Brain iron deficiency has also been closely linked to neurodevelopment. These neurological disorders seriously affect the physical and mental health of patients and bring heavy economic burdens to families and society. Therefore, it is important to maintain brain iron homeostasis and to understand the mechanism of brain iron disorders affecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, resulting in neural damage, cell death and, ultimately, leading to the development of disease. Evidence has shown that many therapies targeting brain iron and ROS imbalances have good preventive and therapeutic effects on neurological diseases. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms, pathogenesis and treatment strategies of brain iron metabolism disorders in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofen Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Linhao You
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, No. 20 Nan'erhuan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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Hua M, Shi D, Xu W, Zhu L, Hao X, Zhu B, Shu Q, Lozoff B, Geng F, Shao J. Differentiation between fetal and postnatal iron deficiency in altering brain substrates of cognitive control in pre-adolescence. BMC Med 2023; 21:167. [PMID: 37143078 PMCID: PMC10161450 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early iron deficiency (ID) is a common risk factor for poorer neurodevelopment, limiting children's potential and contributing to global burden. However, it is unclear how early ID alters the substrate of brain functions supporting high-order cognitive abilities and whether the timing of early ID matters in terms of long-term brain development. This study aimed to examine the effects of ID during fetal or early postnatal periods on brain activities supporting proactive and reactive cognitive control in pre-adolescent children. METHODS Participants were part of a longitudinal cohort enrolled at birth in southeastern China between December 2008 and November 2011. Between July 2019 and October 2021, 115 children aged 8-11 years were invited to participate in this neuroimaging study. Final analyses included 71 children: 20 with fetal ID, 24 with ID at 9 months (postnatal ID), and 27 iron-sufficient at birth and 9 months. Participants performed a computer-based behavioral task in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner to measure proactive and reactive cognitive control. Outcome measures included accuracy, reaction times, and brain activity. Linear mixed modeling and the 3dlme command in Analysis of Functional NeuroImages (AFNI) were separately used to analyze behavioral performance and neuroimaging data. RESULTS Faster responses in proactive vs. reactive conditions indicated that all groups could use proactive or reactive cognitive control according to contextual demands. However, the fetal ID group was lower in general accuracy than the other 2 groups. Per the demands of cues and targets, the iron-sufficient group showed greater activation of wide brain regions in proactive vs. reactive conditions. In contrast, such condition differences were reversed in the postnatal ID group. Condition differences in brain activation, shown in postnatal ID and iron-sufficient groups, were not found in the fetal ID group. This group specifically showed greater activation of brain regions in the reward pathway in proactive vs. reactive conditions. CONCLUSIONS Early ID was associated with altered brain functions supporting proactive and reactive cognitive control in childhood. Alterations differed between fetal and postnatal ID groups. The findings imply that iron supplement alone is insufficient to prevent persisting brain alterations associated with early ID. Intervention strategies in addition to the iron supplement should consider ID timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Hua
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donglin Shi
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuyan Zhu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Hao
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingquan Zhu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fengji Geng
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
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Stark T, Iannotti FA, Di Martino S, Di Bartolomeo M, Ruda-Kucerova J, Piscitelli F, Wotjak CT, D’Addario C, Drago F, Di Marzo V, Micale V. Early Blockade of CB1 Receptors Ameliorates Schizophrenia-like Alterations in the Neurodevelopmental MAM Model of Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010108. [PMID: 35053256 PMCID: PMC8773886 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In agreement with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, prenatal exposure of Sprague-Dawley rats to the antimitotic agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) at gestational day 17 produces long-lasting behavioral alterations such as social withdrawal and cognitive impairment in adulthood, mimicking a schizophrenia-like phenotype. These abnormalities were preceded at neonatal age both by the delayed appearance of neonatal reflexes, an index of impaired brain maturation, and by higher 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) brain levels. Schizophrenia-like deficits were reversed by early treatment [from postnatal day (PND) 2 to PND 8] with the CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist AM251 (0.5 mg/kg/day). By contrast, early CB1 blockade affected the behavioral performance of control rats which was paralleled by enhanced 2-AG content in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These results suggest that prenatal MAM insult leads to premorbid anomalies at neonatal age via altered tone of the endocannabinoid system, which may be considered as an early marker preceding the development of schizophrenia-like alterations in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Stark
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (J.R.-K.)
- Scientific Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Serena Di Martino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.D.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Martina Di Bartolomeo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (J.R.-K.)
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Carsten T. Wotjak
- Central Nervous System Diseases Research (CNSDR), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Claudio D’Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.D.B.); (C.D.)
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.D.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (F.A.I.); (F.P.); (V.D.M.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de l’Université et Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Centre NUTRISS, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (S.D.M.); (F.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-4781199
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Franco B, Mota DS, Daubian-Nosé P, Rodrigues NDA, Simino LADP, de Fante T, Bezerra RMN, Manchado Gobatto FDB, Manconi M, Torsoni AS, Esteves AM. Iron deficiency in pregnancy: Influence on sleep, behavior, and molecular markers of adult male offspring. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3325-3338. [PMID: 34651324 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron restriction during pregnancy can lead to iron deficiency and changes in the dopaminergic system in the adulthood of offspring, and restless legs syndrome (RLS) is closely related to these changes. Objectives: Analyze whether iron restriction during pregnancy would cause changes in the behavior, sleep, and dopaminergic system of the male offspring. In addition, we aimed to assess whether exercise would be able to modulate these variables. The pregnant rats (Wistar) were divided into four groups with different concentrations of iron in the diet: standard (St), supplementation (Su), restriction since weaning (R1), and restriction only during pregnancy (R2). After birth, the offspring were assigned to their respective groups according to the dams diet (St, Su, R1, and R2) and distributed into sedentary (SD) and exercised (EX) (for 8 weeks of training), reaching eight groups of offspring (O): OSt SD, OSt EX, OSu SD, OSu EX, OR1 SD, OR1 EX, OR2 SD, and OR2 EX. Sleep, behavior, and analysis of key genes of dopaminergic system (D2, DAT) were performed after 8 weeks. The results for trained offspring that the mother received supplementation diet were the most expressive, with increased freezing and the OR1 SD group showed an increase in DAT protein content. These changes may have been due to the association between the dams diet during pregnancy and the practice of exercise by the offspring. The different concentrations of iron during pregnancy caused changes in the offspring, however, they were not associated with fetal programming in the context of RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Franco
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Diego Silva Mota
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Paulo Daubian-Nosé
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thaís de Fante
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Fúlvia de Barros Manchado Gobatto
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Mauro Manconi
- Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Maculano Esteves
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
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Xu M, Guo Y, Cheng J, Xue K, Yang M, Song X, Feng Y, Cheng J. Brain iron assessment in patients with First-episode schizophrenia using quantitative susceptibility mapping. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102736. [PMID: 34186296 PMCID: PMC8254125 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with first-episode schizophrenia had significantly decreased QSM values in the bilateral substantia nigra, left red nucleus and left thalamus. Patients with first-episode schizophrenia had significantly increased regional volumes in the bilateral putamen and bilateral substantia nigra. QSM provides superior sensitivity over R2* mapping in the evaluation of schizophrenia-related iron alterations. QSM values in regions that showed intergroup differences did not exhibited significant correlations with PANSS scores.
Purpose Decreased serum ferritin level was recently found in schizophrenia. Whether the brain iron concentration in schizophrenia exists abnormality is of research significance. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was used in this study to assess brain iron changes in the grey matter nuclei of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Methods The local ethics committee approved the study, and all subjects gave written informed consent. Thirty patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 30 age and gender-matched healthy controls were included in this study. QSM and effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) maps were reconstructed from a three-dimensional multi-echo gradient-echo sequence. The inter-group differences of regional QSM values, R2* values and volumes were calculated in the grey matter nuclei, including bilateral caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and thalamus. The diagnostic performance of QSM and R2* was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve. The correlations between regional iron variations and clinical PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) scores were assessed using partial correlation analysis. Results Compared to healthy controls, patients with first-episode schizophrenia had significantly decreased QSM values (less paramagnetic) in the bilateral substantia nigra, left red nucleus and left thalamus (p < 0.05, FDR correction). QSM proved more sensitive than R2* regarding inter-group differences. The highest diagnostic performance for first-episode schizophrenia was observed in QSM value of the left substantia nigra (area under the curve, AUC = 0.718, p = 0.004). Regional volumes of bilateral putamen and bilateral substantia nigra were increased (p < 0.05, FDR correction) in first-episode schizophrenia. However, both QSM and R2* values did not show significant correlations with PANSS scores (p > 0.05). Conclusion This study reveals decreased iron concentration in grey matter nuclei of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. QSM provides superior sensitivity over R2* in the evaluation of schizophrenia-related brain iron changes. It demonstrated that QSM may be a potential biomarker for further understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of first-episode schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yihao Guo
- MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junying Cheng
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kangkang Xue
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanqiu Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education & Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Effects of Iron Deficiency on Serum Metabolome, Hepatic Histology, and Function in Neonatal Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081353. [PMID: 32764239 PMCID: PMC7460156 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Iron deficiency is a serious nutrient deficiency in neonatal pigs during the suckling period in modern intensive farming systems and leads to impaired immune response, infection risks, and retardation of growth. The objective was to determine how iron deficiency in neonatal pigs alters the serum metabolomic profile using quantitative and qualitative analysis by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLCMS/MS). The current results revealed that iron deficiency led to a series of metabolic changes involved in tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, bile secretion, primary bile acid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, and upregulated activities of the urea cycle enzymes in the liver of neonatal piglets. Abstract Few studies focused on the effects of iron on characterizing alterations of metabolic processes in neonatal piglets. In the present study, 16 neonatal piglets were randomly assigned to two groups. In the first group piglets were given an intramuscularly injection of iron dextran at 150 mg as a positive control (CON) and the second group were not supplemented with iron as a negative control for iron deficiency (ID). At day 8, iron status, serum biochemical parameters, serum metabolome, hepatic histology, and hepatic expression of genes for the metabolism were analyzed. Results indicated that piglets without iron supplementation had significantly reduced iron values and increased blood urea nitrogen concentrations at day 8 (p < 0.05). Analysis of serum metabolome revealed that concentrations of serum lysine, leucine, tyrosine, methionine, and cholesterol were significantly decreased while concentrations of 3-Methyldioxyindole, chenodeoxycholate acid, indoleacetic acid, icosadienoic acid, phenylpyruvic acid, pantothenic acid, ursocholic acid, and cholic acid were significantly increased in iron deficient piglets (p < 0.05). Furthermore, expressions of cyp7a1 and the urea cycle enzyme (ornithinetranscarbamoylase and argininosuccinate synthetase) were significantly increased in iron deficient pigs (p < 0.05). The present experimental results indicated that neonatal piglets without iron supplementation drop to borderline anemia within 8 days after birth. Iron deficiency led to a series of metabolic changes involved in tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, bile secretion, primary bile acid biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, and upregulated activities of the urea cycle enzymes in the liver of neonatal piglets, suggesting early effects on metabolic health of neonatal piglets.
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Stone V, Maurmann RM, Dal Magro BM, Crestani MS, Hozer RM, Klein CP, Matté C. Gestational caloric restriction with micronutrients supplementation does not delay development and promotes feeding behavior benefits. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:770-780. [PMID: 31610769 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1676972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Caloric restriction (CR) has been proven to promote a series of health benefits from yeast to primates. Nowadays, increasing rates of obesity certainly encourage researchers to evaluate CR effects and establish it as a therapeutic approach. Maternal obesity is also a concern, and studies in the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) have shown the importance of interventions during pregnancy, especially those involving maternal nutrition. On the other hand, undernutrition during pregnancy leads to increased weight gain, disturbed feeding behavior and dysfunctional metabolism in adulthood.Methods: In this way, we utilized moderate CR (20% compared to control consumption) in pregnant Wistar rats as intervention, with malnutrition control by micronutrients supplementation. We assessed CR effects on offspring's developmental milestones, feeding behavior, exploratory behavior, and memory on adolescence (PND21) and adulthood (PND60).Results: We did not find alterations on litter size or birth weight, although CR pups were leaner at adult ages. Importantly, no delay in development was observed. Besides, female pups showed earlier suction reflex and male pups showed earlier response to the negative geotaxis. CR pups also showed less preference for palatable food (Froot Loops®) at adult age, which could be decisive on obesity tendency. Locomotor activity was increased by CR on PND60 and there was no effect on memory at all.Discussion: Our results on development and behavior demonstrate that gestational CR may be a helpful health strategy if malnutrition is well controlled, with potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Stone
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moura Maurmann
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Mariño Dal Magro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Scortegagna Crestani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Régis Matheus Hozer
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Peres Klein
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo (laboratório 23), CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Adisetiyo V, Gray KM, Jensen JH, Helpern JA. Brain iron levels in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder normalize as a function of psychostimulant treatment duration. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:101993. [PMID: 31479897 PMCID: PMC6726915 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain iron homeostasis is a dopamine-related mechanism that may be modified with long-term psychostimulant treatment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We previously reported that while medication-naïve youth with ADHD have reduced brain iron compared to controls and psychostimulant-medicated patients, no differences were detected between the latter groups. In this follow-up study, we examined whether the duration of psychostimulant treatment correlates with the degree of iron normalization. Brain iron was indexed with MRI using an advanced method called magnetic field correlation (MFC) imaging and the conventional R2* proton transverse relaxation rate method. MFC was acquired in 30 psychostimulant-medicated youth with comorbid-free ADHD and 29 age-matched controls (all males). R2* was acquired in a subset of these individuals. Region-of-interest analyses for MFC and R2* group differences and within-group correlations with age and years of psychostimulant treatment were conducted in the globus pallidus (GP), putamen (PUT), caudate nucleus (CN), thalamus (THL) and red nucleus. No significant MFC and R2* group differences were detected. However, while all regional MFC and R2* significantly increased with age in the control group, MFC and R2* increased in the GP, PUT, CN and THL with psychostimulant treatment duration in the ADHD group to a greater degree than with age. Our findings suggest that while youth with ADHD may have less prominent age-related brain iron increases than that seen in typical development, long-term use of psychostimulant medications may compensate through a normalizing effect on basal ganglia iron. Longitudinal studies following ADHD patients before and after long-term psychostimulant treatment are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitria Adisetiyo
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Neuroscience, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Kevin M Gray
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jens H Jensen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Neuroscience, Charleston, SC, USA; Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joseph A Helpern
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Neuroscience, Charleston, SC, USA; Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Charleston, SC, USA
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10
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Sen MK, Mahns DA, Coorssen JR, Shortland PJ. Behavioural phenotypes in the cuprizone model of central nervous system demyelination. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:23-46. [PMID: 31442519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The feeding of cuprizone (CPZ) to animals has been extensively used to model the processes of demyelination and remyelination, with many papers adopting a narrative linked to demyelinating conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS), the aetiology of which is unknown. However, no current animal model faithfully replicates the myriad of symptoms seen in the clinical condition of MS. CPZ ingestion causes mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis of oligodendrocytes leads to central nervous system demyelination and glial cell activation. Although there are a wide variety of behavioural tests available for characterizing the functional deficits in animal models of disease, including that of CPZ-induced deficits, they have focused on a narrow subset of outcomes such as motor performance, cognition, and anxiety. The literature has not been systematically reviewed in relation to these or other symptoms associated with clinical MS. This paper reviews these tests and makes recommendations as to which are the most important in order to better understand the role of this model in examining aspects of demyelinating diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monokesh K Sen
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Mahns
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Departments of Health Sciences and Biological Sciences, Faculties of Applied Health Sciences and Mathematics & Science, Brock University, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Peter J Shortland
- Science and Health, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia.
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11
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Markova V, Holm C, Pinborg AB, Thomsen LL, Moos T. Impairment of the Developing Human Brain in Iron Deficiency: Correlations to Findings in Experimental Animals and Prospects for Early Intervention Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030120. [PMID: 31416268 PMCID: PMC6789712 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the necessity of iron for a variety of cellular functions, the developing mammalian organism is vulnerable to iron deficiency, hence causing structural abnormalities and physiological malfunctioning in organs, which are particularly dependent on adequate iron stores, such as the brain. In early embryonic life, iron is already needed for proper development of the brain with the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neuro-progenitor cells. This is underpinned by the widespread expression of transferrin receptors in the developing brain, which, in later life, is restricted to cells of the blood–brain and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers and neuronal cells, hence ensuring a sustained iron supply to the brain, even in the fully developed brain. In embryonic human life, iron deficiency is thought to result in a lower brain weight, with the impaired formation of myelin. Studies of fully developed infants that have experienced iron deficiency during development reveal the chronic and irreversible impairment of cognitive, memory, and motor skills, indicating widespread effects on the human brain. This review highlights the major findings of recent decades on the effects of gestational and lactational iron deficiency on the developing human brain. The findings are correlated to findings of experimental animals ranging from rodents to domestic pigs and non-human primates. The results point towards significant effects of iron deficiency on the developing brain. Evidence would be stronger with more studies addressing the human brain in real-time and the development of blood biomarkers of cerebral disturbance in iron deficiency. Cerebral iron deficiency is expected to be curable with iron substitution therapy, as the brain, privileged by the cerebral vascular transferrin receptor expression, is expected to facilitate iron extraction from the circulation and enable transport further into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Markova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
- Pharmacosmos A/S, 4300 Holbæk, Denmark
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Holm
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anja Bisgaard Pinborg
- Fertility Clinic, Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Lykke Thomsen
- Pharmacosmos A/S, 4300 Holbæk, Denmark
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
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12
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Doom JR, Gahagan S, East PL, Encina P, Delva J, Lozoff B. Adolescent Internalizing, Externalizing, and Social Problems Following Iron Deficiency at 12-18 Months: The Role of Maternal Responsiveness. Child Dev 2019; 91:e545-e562. [PMID: 31155715 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study tested whether maternal responsiveness moderated or mediated pathways from iron deficiency (ID) at 12-18 months to adolescent behavior problems. Participants were part of a large Chilean cohort (N = 933). Iron status was assessed at 12 and 18 months. Maternal responsiveness was assessed at 9 months and 5 years. Parents reported their child's symptomology at 5 years, 10 years, and adolescence (11-17 years; M = 14.4). Structural equation modeling identified a previously unrecognized pathway by which child externalizing problems and negative maternal responsiveness at 5 years mediated associations between ID at 12-18 months and adolescent internalizing, externalizing, and social problems. Positive maternal responsiveness in infancy did not buffer those with ID anemia from developing 5-year internalizing problems.
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13
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Kim SW, Stewart R, Park WY, Jhon M, Lee JY, Kim SY, Kim JM, Amminger P, Chung YC, Yoon JS. Latent Iron Deficiency as a Marker of Negative Symptoms in Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111707. [PMID: 30412998 PMCID: PMC6266210 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency may alter dopaminergic transmission in the brain. This study investigated whether iron metabolism is associated with negative symptoms in patients with first-episode psychosis. The study enrolled 121 patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder, whose duration of treatment was 2 months or less. Negative symptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity (Dimensional) scale of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Prominent negative symptoms were defined as moderate or severe negative symptoms on the Dimensional scale of the DSM-5. Iron deficiency was defined as a serum ferritin ≤ 20 ng/mL. Patients with iron deficiency were significantly more likely to have prominent negative symptoms (45.2 vs. 22.2%; p = 0.014) and a higher PANSS negative symptoms score (p = 0.046) than those with normal ferritin levels. Patients with prominent negative symptoms had significantly lower ferritin levels (p = 0.025). The significance of these results remained after controlling for the duration of illness and other confounding variables. Our finding of an independent association between iron deficiency and negative symptoms in patients at the very early stage of illness implies that iron dysregulation has an effect on negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. The possibility of therapeutic intervention with iron should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health Center, Gwangju 61220, Korea.
| | - Robert Stewart
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Woo-Young Park
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health Center, Gwangju 61220, Korea.
| | - Min Jhon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health Center, Gwangju 61220, Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health Center, Gwangju 61220, Korea.
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Paul Amminger
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea.
| | - Jin-Sang Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
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Vieyra-Reyes P, Oros-Pantoja R, Torres-García E, Gutiérrez-Ruiz A, Pérez-Honorato J. 67Ga as a biosensor of iron needs in different organs: Study performed on male and female rats subjected to iron deficiency and exercise. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2017; 44:93-98. [PMID: 28965608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the iron needs in different organs and tissues using 67Ga as a biosensor in males and females rats subjected to iron deficiency (ID) and voluntary exercise (EX). 67Ga citrate was injected i.p. to female and male Wistar rats (n=5/sex/group). Groups: Control (sedentary conditions), Control+EX, ID and ID+EX. To determine the 67Ga uptake, samples from the following regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted 12h post-injection: blood, liver, gonads, bone marrow, heart, adrenal glands, skeletal muscle, stomach, kidney, eyeball, sciatic nerve, small intestine and peritoneum. The total 67Ga uptake was 412% higher in ID subjects than in control subjects, being 1011% higher in ID-males than ID-females. In ID-females, the ROIs with the greater 67Ga uptake were blood, kidney and bone marrow, while in ID-males they were sciatic nerve, eyeball and adrenals, which demonstrates that the biodistribution differed between sexes in sedentary conditions but when subjected to EX, the biodistribution was similar in each sex group although females had a greater 67Ga uptake. In ID+EX subjects, the ROIs that showed the highest uptake were sciatic nerve, eyeball and adrenal glands. Using 67Ga as a biosensor, it is possible to identify the needs of iron that each organ requires to perform their functions in normal physiological conditions. In addition, a higher or lower 67Ga uptake in a specific organ may indicate its malfunction or show damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vieyra-Reyes
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Oros-Pantoja
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Eugenio Torres-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Agustín Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Pérez-Honorato
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan S/N esquina Jesús Carranza, Colonia Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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15
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Safety evaluation of supratherapeutic dose of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek e xtracts on fertility and neurobehavioral status of male and pregnant rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:160-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Otero GA, Fernández T, Pliego-Rivero FB, Mendieta GG. Iron therapy substantially restores qEEG maturational lag among iron-deficient anemic infants. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:363-372. [PMID: 29063783 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1391529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) to assess the impact of iron-deficiency anemia on central nervous system maturation in the first year of life. METHOD Twenty-five infants (3-12 months old) presenting ferropenic anemia (IDA) and 25 healthy controls (CTL1), matched by age/gender with the former, were studied in two stages. Electroencephalogram during spontaneous sleep was recorded from all participants; the fast Fourier transform was calculated to obtain absolute power (AP) and relative power (RP) qEEG measures. In the first stage, a qEEG comparison between CTL1 and IDA was performed. Second stage consisted in comparing qEEG of the IDA infants before and after supplementation with iron (IDA-IS group), and comparing qEEG of the IDA-IS group with another control age-matched group (CTL2). Non-parametric multivariate permutation tests (NPT) were applied to assess differences between CTL1 and IDA groups, as well as IDA vs. IDA-IS, and IDA-IS vs. CTL2. RESULTS More power in slow frequency bands and less power in fast frequency bands in 64% of IDA babies were observed. NPT evinced higher alpha AP and RP (P < 0.001), less theta AP, and less delta and theta RP in CTL1 than in IDA. After iron-restoration therapy, alpha AP and RP increased while theta AP and theta and delta RP decreased, reaching almost normal values. DISCUSSION This work reveals CNS developmental delay through the study of qEEG (less rapid and more slow frequencies) which recovered significantly with iron supplementation. It is concluded that IDA constitutes a high risk factor for a lag of CNS maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria A Otero
- a Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México , Toluca , México
| | - Thalía Fernández
- b Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro , México
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Helicobacter pylori infection and low dietary iron alter behavior, induce iron deficiency anemia, and modulate hippocampal gene expression in female C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173108. [PMID: 28355210 PMCID: PMC5371292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori), a bacterial pathogen, is a causative agent of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease and is a strong risk factor for development of gastric cancer. Environmental conditions, such as poor dietary iron resulting in iron deficiency anemia (IDA), enhance H.pylori virulence and increases risk for gastric cancer. IDA affects billions of people worldwide, and there is considerable overlap between regions of high IDA and high H.pylori prevalence. The primary aims of our study were to evaluate the effect of H.pylori infection on behavior, iron metabolism, red blood cell indices, and behavioral outcomes following comorbid H. pylori infection and dietary iron deficiency in a mouse model. C57BL/6 female mice (n = 40) were used; half were placed on a moderately iron deficient (ID) diet immediately post-weaning, and the other half were maintained on an iron replete (IR) diet. Half were dosed with H.pylori SS1 at 5 weeks of age, and the remaining mice were sham-dosed. There were 4 study groups: a control group (-Hp, IR diet) as well as 3 experimental groups (-Hp, ID diet; +Hp, IR diet; +Hp,ID diet). All mice were tested in an open field apparatus at 8 weeks postinfection. Independent of dietary iron status, H.pylori -infected mice performed fewer exploratory behaviors in the open field chamber than uninfected mice (p<0.001). Hippocampal gene expression of myelination markers and dopamine receptor 1 was significantly downregulated in mice on an ID diet (both p<0.05), independent of infection status. At 12 months postinfection, hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration were significantly lower in +Hp, ID diet mice compared to all other study groups. H.pylori infection caused IDA in mice maintained on a marginal iron diet. The mouse model developed in this study is a useful model to study the neurologic, behavioral, and hematologic impact of the common human co-morbidity of H. pylori infection and IDA.
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18
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An iron-deficient diet during development induces oxidative stress in relation to age and gender in Wistar rats. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 73:99-110. [PMID: 27778230 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a trace element and a structural part of antioxidant enzymes, and its requirements vary according to age and gender. We hypothesized that iron deficiency (ID) leads to an increase in free radicals which mainly affect the brain, and the severity of damage would therefore be dependent on age and gender. Two groups of Wistar rats were evaluated evolutionarily: 100 rats (50 males; 50 females) with ID diet and 100 rats (50 males; 50 females) with standard diet. Both groups were offspring from mothers who were previously under the same dietary intervention. The ages studied roughly correspond to stages of human development: birth (0 postnatal day "PND" in rats), childhood (21 PND), early adolescence (42 PND), late adolescence (56 PND), and adulthood (70 PND). The following biomarkers in the brain, blood, and liver were analyzed: lipid peroxidation products (LPO), protein carbonyl content and activity of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. It was demonstrated that ID subjects are born with high levels of LPO in the brain and low antioxidant activity, the damage being more severe in males. After birth, antioxidant defense focuses on the central level (brain) in ID females and on the peripheral level (blood and liver) in ID males. In two critical stages of development, birth and late adolescence, antioxidant protection is insufficient to counteract oxidative damage in ID subjects. Moreover, we observed that the variability of results in the literature on oxidative stress and ID comes from gender and age of the subjects under study. With this, we can establish patterns and exact moments to carry out studies or treatments.
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Amos-Kroohs RM, Davenport LL, Gutierrez A, Hufgard JR, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Developmental manganese exposure in combination with developmental stress and iron deficiency: Effects on behavior and monoamines. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 56:55-67. [PMID: 27302314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element but neurotoxic at higher exposures, however, Mn exposure seldom occurs in isolation. It often co-occurs in populations with inadequate dietary iron (Fe) and limited resources that result in stress. Subclinical FeD affects up to 15% of U.S. children and exacerbates Mn toxicity by increasing Mn bioavailability. Therefore, we investigated Mn overexposure (MnOE) in rats in combination with Fe deficiency (FeD) and developmental stress, for which we used barren cage rearing. For barren cage rearing (BAR), rats were housed in cages with a wire grid floor or standard bedding material (STD) from embryonic day (E)7 through postnatal day (P)28. For FeD, dams were fed a 90% Fe-deficient NIH-07 diet from E15 through P28. Within each litter, different offspring were treated with 100mg/kg Mn (MnOE) or vehicle (VEH) by gavage every other day from P4-28. Behavior was assessed at two ages and consisted of: open-field, anxiety tests, acoustic startle response (ASR) with prepulse inhibition (PPI), sociability, sucrose preference, tapered beam crossing, and the Porsolt's forced swim test. MnOE had main effects of decreasing activity, ASR, social preference, and social novelty. BAR and FeD transiently modified MnOE effects. BAR groups weighed less and showed decreased anxiety in the elevated zero maze, had increased ASR and decreased PPI, and exhibited reduced sucrose preference compared with the STD groups. FeD animals also weighed less and had increased slips on the tapered beam. Most of the monoamine effects were dopaminergic and occurred in the MnOE groups. The results showed that Mn is a pervasive developmental neurotoxin, the effects of which are modulated by FeD and/or BAR cage rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Amos-Kroohs
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Laurie L Davenport
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 3223 Eden Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45220, United States
| | - Arnold Gutierrez
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Jillian R Hufgard
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
| | - Michael T Williams
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
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Jiang H, Wang J, Rogers J, Xie J. Brain Iron Metabolism Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3078-3101. [PMID: 27039308 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of iron metabolism, which includes its uptake, storage, and release, plays a key role in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Understanding how iron accumulates in the substantia nigra (SN) and why it specifically targets dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is particularly warranted for PD, as this knowledge may provide new therapeutic avenues for a more targeted neurotherapeutic strategy for this disease. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction describing brain iron metabolism and its regulation. We then provide a detailed description of how iron accumulates specifically in the SN and why DAergic neurons are especially vulnerable to iron in PD. Furthermore, we focus on the possible mechanisms involved in iron-induced cell death of DAergic neurons in the SN. Finally, we present evidence in support that iron chelation represents a plausable therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jack Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatric Neurosciences and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Nielsen PR, Meyer U, Mortensen PB. Individual and combined effects of maternal anemia and prenatal infection on risk for schizophrenia in offspring. Schizophr Res 2016; 172:35-40. [PMID: 26899344 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal iron deficiency and infection during pregnancy have individually been associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in the offspring, but possible interactions between the two remain unidentified thus far. Therefore, we determined the individual and combined effects of maternal infection during pregnancy and prepartum anemia on schizophrenia risk in the offspring. METHODS We conducted a population-based study with individual record linkage of the Danish Civil Registration System, the Danish Hospital Register, and the Central Danish Psychiatric Register. In a cohort of Danish singleton births 1,403,183 born between 1977 and 2002, 6729 developed schizophrenia between 1987 and 2012. Cohort members were considered as having a maternal history of anemia if the mother had received a diagnosis of anemia at any time during the pregnancy. Maternal infection was defined based on infections requiring hospital admission during pregnancy. RESULTS Maternal anemia and infection were both associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in unadjusted analyses (1.45-fold increase for anemia, 95% CI: 1.14-1.82; 1.32-fold increase for infection, 95% CI: 1.17-1.48). The effect of maternal infection remained significant (1.16-fold increase, 95% CI: 1.03-1.31) after adjustment for possible confounding factors. Combined exposure to anemia and an infection increased the effect size to a 2.49-fold increased schizophrenia risk (95% CI: 1.29-4.27). The interaction analysis, however, failed to provide evidence for multiplicative interactions between the two factors. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that maternal anemia and infection have additive but not interactive effects, and therefore, they may represent two independent risk factors of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Nielsen
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 4, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 4, Aarhus V, Denmark.
| | - Urs Meyer
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 4, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 4, Aarhus V, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 4, Aarhus V, Denmark
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Jougleux JL, Rioux FM, Church MW, Fiset S, Jacques H, Surette ME. Dietary LC-PUFA in iron-deficient anaemic pregnant and lactating guinea pigs induce minor defects in the offsprings' auditory brainstem responses. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 19:447-460. [PMID: 25138699 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously demonstrated that a mild pre-natal/early post-natal iron-deficient anaemic (IDA) diet devoid of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) affected development, neurophysiology, and cerebral lipid biochemistry of the guinea pigs' progeny. Impacts of dietary LC-PUFA on altered cerebral development resulting from pre-natal IDA are unknown. To address this health issue, impacts of mild gestational IDA in the presence of dietary LC-PUFA on the offsprings' neural maturation were studied in guinea pigs using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and assessments of brain fatty acids (FAs). METHODS Female guinea pigs (n = 10/group) were fed an iron sufficient (IS) or IDA diet (146 and 12.7 mg iron/kg, respectively) with physiological amounts of LC-PUFA, during the gestation and lactation periods. From post-natal day (PNd) 9 onwards, the IS + PUFA diet was given to both groups of weaned offspring. Cerebral tissue and offsprings' ABR were collected on PNd24. RESULTS There was no difference in peripheral and brainstem transmission times (BTTs) between IS + PUFA and IDA + PUFA siblings (n = 10/group); the neural synchrony was also similar in both groups. Despite the absence of differences in auditory thresholds, IDA + PUFA siblings demonstrated a sensorineural hearing loss in the extreme range of frequencies (32, 4, and 2 kHz), as well as modified brain FA profiles compared to the IS + PUFA siblings. DISCUSSION The present study reveals that siblings born from dams exposed to a moderate IDA diet including balanced physiological LC-PUFA levels during pregnancy and lactation demonstrate minor impairments of ABR compared to the control siblings, particularly on the auditory acuity, but not on neural synchrony, auditory nerve velocity and BTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Jougleux
- a Département des Sciences des Aliments et de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - France M Rioux
- b Programme de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé , Université d'Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Michael W Church
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Sylvain Fiset
- d Secteur Administration et Sciences Humaines, Université de Moncton, Campus Edmundston , Edmundston , NB , Canada
| | - Hélène Jacques
- a Département des Sciences des Aliments et de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Marc E Surette
- e Département de Chimie et Biochimie , Université de Moncton , Moncton , NB , Canada
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Armony-Sivan R, Zhu B, Clark KM, Richards B, Ji C, Kaciroti N, Shao J, Lozoff B. Iron deficiency (ID) at both birth and 9 months predicts right frontal EEG asymmetry in infancy. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 58:462-70. [PMID: 26668100 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study considered effects of timing and duration of iron deficiency (ID) on frontal EEG asymmetry in infancy. In healthy term Chinese infants, EEG was recorded at 9 months in three experimental conditions: baseline, peek-a-boo, and stranger approach. Eighty infants provided data for all conditions. Prenatal ID was defined as low cord ferritin or high ZPP/H. Postnatal ID was defined as ≥ two abnormal iron measures at 9 months. Study groups were pre- and postnatal ID, prenatal ID only, postnatal ID only, and not ID. GLM repeated measure analysis showed a main effect for iron group. The pre- and postnatal ID group had negative asymmetry scores, reflecting right frontal EEG asymmetry (mean ± SE: -.18 ± .07) versus prenatal ID only (.00 ± .04), postnatal ID only (.03 ± .04), and not ID (.02 ± .04). Thus, ID at both birth and 9 months was associated with right frontal EEG asymmetry, a neural correlate of behavioral withdrawal and negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Armony-Sivan
- Department of Psychology, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel.,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls, 10th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5406
| | - Bingquan Zhu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Katy M Clark
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls, 10th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5406
| | - Blair Richards
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls, 10th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5406
| | - Chai Ji
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls, 10th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5406
| | - Jie Shao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls, 10th Floor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5406. .,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Labouesse MA, Langhans W, Meyer U. Long-term pathological consequences of prenatal infection: beyond brain disorders. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1-R12. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00087.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal immunological adversities such as maternal infection have been widely acknowledged to contribute to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental brain disorders. In recent years, epidemiological and experimental evidence has accumulated to suggest that prenatal exposure to immune challenges can also negatively affect various physiological and metabolic functions beyond those typically associated with primary defects in CNS development. These peripheral changes include excessive accumulation of adipose tissue and increased body weight, impaired glycemic regulation and insulin resistance, altered myeloid lineage development, increased gut permeability, hyperpurinergia, and changes in microbiota composition. Experimental work in animal models further suggests that at least some of these peripheral abnormalities could directly contribute to CNS dysfunctions, so that normalization of peripheral pathologies could lead to an amelioration of behavioral deficits. Hence, seemingly unrelated central and peripheral effects of prenatal infection could represent interrelated pathological entities that emerge in response to a common developmental stressor. Targeting peripheral abnormalities may thus represent a valuable strategy to improve the wide spectrum of behavioral abnormalities that can emerge in subjects with prenatal infection histories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Urs Meyer
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Hyacinthe C, De Deurwaerdere P, Thiollier T, Li Q, Bezard E, Ghorayeb I. Blood withdrawal affects iron store dynamics in primates with consequences on monoaminergic system function. Neuroscience 2015; 290:621-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Golub MS, Hogrefe CE. Fetal iron deficiency and genotype influence emotionality in infant rhesus monkeys. J Nutr 2015; 145:647-53. [PMID: 25733484 PMCID: PMC4336538 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.201798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia during the third trimester of fetal development affects one-third of the pregnancies in the United States and has been associated with postnatal behavioral outcomes. This study examines how fetal iron deficiency (ID) interacts with the fetal monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype. MAOA metabolizes monoamine neurotransmitters. MAOA polymorphisms in humans affect temperament and modify the influence of early adverse environments on later behavior. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to advance translation of developmental ID research in animal models by taking into account genetic factors that influence outcomes in human populations. METHODS Male infant rhesus monkeys 3-4 mo old born to mothers fed an ID (10 ppm iron) diet were compared with controls (100 ppm iron). Infant monkeys with high- or low-transcription rate MAOA polymorphisms were equally distributed between diet groups. Behavioral responses to a series of structured experiences were recorded during a 25-h separation of the infants from their mothers. RESULTS Infant monkeys with low-transcription MAOA polymorphisms more clearly demonstrated the following ID effects suggested in earlier studies: a 4% smaller head circumference, a 39% lower cortisol response to social separation, a 129% longer engagement with novel visual stimuli, and 33% lesser withdrawal in response to a human intruder. The high MAOA genotype ID monkeys demonstrated other ID effects: less withdrawal and emotionality after social separation and lower "fearful" ratings. CONCLUSION MAOA × ID interactions support the role of monoamine neurotransmitters in prenatal ID effects in rhesus monkeys and the potential involvement of common human polymorphisms in determining the pattern of neurobehavioral effects produced by inadequate prenatal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Casey E Hogrefe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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27
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Effects of developmental exposure to manganese and/or low iron diet: Changes to metal transporters, sucrose preference, elevated zero-maze, open-field, and locomotion in response to fenfluramine, amphetamine, and MK-801. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1046-1056. [PMID: 26295019 PMCID: PMC4538693 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese overexposure (MnOE) can be neurotoxic. In humans this can occur through occupational exposure, air or water contamination, well water, soy milk, and some baby formulas. In children MnOE has been associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits. The effects of MnOE may be modified by factors such as iron status. We hypothesized that developmental MnOE would be exacerbated by iron deficiency. A diet with a 90% decrease in iron (FeD) was given to gravid female rats starting on embryonic day 15 and continued through postnatal day (P)28. Mn (100 mg/kg) or vehicle (VEH) was administered by gavage every other day from P4-28. Metal transporters and receptors (divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1), transferrin (Tf), transferrin receptor (TfR), and zip8 (zrt8)) were quantified in brain at P28. These markers were increased but the changes were specific: MnOE increased TfR and decreased Tf in hippocampus, whereas FeD increased TfR in neostriatum and increased TfR and DMT1 in the hippocampus, and the combination increased TfR in neostriatum (zip8 was unaffected). Identically treated animals were tested behaviorally at P29 or P60. The combination of FeD+MnOE increased head dips in an elevated zero-maze, reversed deficits in sucrose preference induced by MnOE alone, and increased spontaneous locomotion in an open-field. Rats were also evaluated for changes in locomotor activity after challenge with (±)-fenfluramine (FEN, a 5-HT agonist: 5 mg/kg), MK-801 (MK801, an NMDA antagonist: 0.2 mg/kg), or (+)amphetamine (AMPH, a dopamine agonist: 1 mg/kg). Compared with VEH animals, MnOE animals were more hyperactive after fenfluramine, amphetamine, or MK-801, regardless of FeD exposure. The results indicate persistent effects of developmental MnOE on brain and behavior but few interactions with dietary iron deficiency.
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Schmidt RJ, Tancredi DJ, Krakowiak P, Hansen RL, Ozonoff S. Maternal intake of supplemental iron and risk of autism spectrum disorder. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:890-900. [PMID: 25249546 PMCID: PMC4207718 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency affects 40%-50% of pregnancies. Iron is critical for early neurodevelopmental processes that are dysregulated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We examined maternal iron intake in relation to ASD risk in California-born children enrolled in a population-based case-control study (the Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) Study) from 2003 to 2009 with a diagnosis of ASD (n = 520) or typical development (n = 346) that was clinically confirmed using standardized assessments. Mean maternal daily iron intake was quantified on the basis of frequency, dose, and brands of supplements and cereals consumed each month from 3 months before pregnancy through the end of pregnancy and during breastfeeding (the index period), as reported in parental interviews. Mothers of cases were less likely to report taking iron-specific supplements during the index period (adjusted odds ratio = 0.63, 95% confidence interval: 0.44, 0.91), and they had a lower mean daily iron intake (51.7 (standard deviation, 34.0) mg/day) than mothers of controls (57.1 (standard deviation, 36.6) mg/day; P = 0.03). The highest quintile of iron intake during the index period was associated with reduced ASD risk compared with the lowest (adjusted odds ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.29, 0.82), especially during breastfeeding. Low iron intake significantly interacted with advanced maternal age and metabolic conditions; combined exposures were associated with a 5-fold increased ASD risk. Further studies of this link between maternal supplemental iron and ASD are needed to inform ASD prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Schmidt
- Correspondence to Dr. Rebecca J. Schmidt, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 123 MS1C, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8638 (e-mail: )
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Baumgartner J, Smuts CM, Zimmermann MB. Providing male rats deficient in iron and n-3 fatty acids with iron and alpha-linolenic acid alone affects brain serotonin and cognition differently from combined provision. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:97. [PMID: 24928171 PMCID: PMC4068877 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently showed that a combined deficiency of iron (ID) and n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAD) in rats disrupts brain monoamine metabolism and produces greater memory deficits than ID or n-3 FAD alone. Providing these double-deficient rats with either iron (Fe) or preformed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) alone affected brain monoamine pathways differently from combined repletion and even exacerbated cognitive deficits associated with double-deficiency. Iron is a co-factor of the enzymes responsible for the conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to EPA and DHA, thus, the provision of ALA with Fe might be more effective in restoring brain EPA and DHA and improving cognition in double-deficient rats than ALA alone. Methods In this study we examined whether providing double-deficient rats with ALA and Fe, alone or in combination, can correct deficits in monoamine metabolism and cognition associated with double-deficiency. Using a 2 × 2 design, male rats with concurrent ID and n-3 FAD were fed an Fe + ALA, Fe + n-3 FAD, ID + ALA, or ID + n-3 FAD diet for 5 weeks (postnatal day 56–91). Biochemical measures, and spatial working and reference memory (using the Morris water maze) were compared to age-matched controls. Results In the hippocampus, we found a significant Fe × ALA interaction on DHA: Compared to the group receiving ALA alone, DHA was significantly higher in the Fe + ALA group. In the brain, we found significant antagonistic Fe × ALA interactions on serotonin concentrations. Provision of ALA alone impaired working memory compared with age-matched controls, while in the reference memory task ALA provided with Fe significantly improved performance. Conclusion These results indicate that providing either iron or ALA alone to double-deficient rats affects serotonin pathways and cognitive performance differently from combined provision. This may be partly explained by the enhancing effect of Fe on the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Baumgartner
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Breton AB, Fox JA, Brownson MP, McEchron MD. Postnatal nutritional iron deficiency impairs dopaminergic-mediated synaptic plasticity in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 18:241-7. [PMID: 24678581 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Developmental iron deficiency (ID) has been shown to put children at risk for compromised learning and memory capacity, and it has also been shown to impair hippocampus-dependent forms of memory as well as hippocampal synaptic transmission. Catecholamines are known to play a pivotal role in memory consolidation, and studies have demonstrated that perinatal ID alters dopaminergic systems in various brain areas. It is not known, however, whether perinatal ID impairs dopaminergic synaptic plasticity in learning and memory structures such as the hippocampus. The objective of the present study was to examine dopaminergic-mediated synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus of mice subjected to an ID or control (CN) diet. METHODS The present study used electrophysiological brain slice methods to examine dopaminergic-mediated synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus of mice subjected to an ID or CN diet from postnatal day (P) P0 through P20. Hippocampal brain slices were prepared in young (P26-30) and adult animals (P60-64). Synaptic efficacy was measured in CA1 neurons by examining population spike amplitude. Slices were treated with the dopaminergic agonist SKF-38393. RESULTS Slices obtained from young and adult CN mice exhibited a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy as the result of SKF-38393 perfusion while the young and adult ID slices showed little or no increase. DISCUSSION The present study demonstrates that postnatal ID produces long-lasting impairments in dopaminergic-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. These impairments may play a role in the learning and memory deficits known to result from ID.
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Jougleux JL, Rioux FM, Church MW, Fiset S, Surette ME. Mild iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy and lactation in guinea pigs alters amplitudes and auditory nerve velocity, but not brainstem transmission times in the offspring's auditory brainstem response. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 17:37-47. [PMID: 23602121 DOI: 10.1179/1476830513y.0000000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is well known that postnatal/early childhood iron deficiency (ID) anaemia (IDA) adversely affects infants' cognitive development and neurophysiology. However, the effects of IDA during gestation and lactation on the offspring are largely unknown. To address this health issue, the impact of mild IDA during gestation and lactation on the offsprings' neural maturation was studied in the guinea pig, using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) latencies and amplitudes. METHODS Female guinea pigs (n = 10/group) were fed an iron sufficient (ISD) or deficient diet (IDD) (144 and 11.7 mg iron/kg) during the gestation and lactation periods. From postnatal day (PNd) 9 onward, the ISD was given to both groups of weaned offspring. The offsprings' ABRs were collected on PNd24 using a broad range of stimulus intensities in response to 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 kHz tone pips. RESULTS Although the IDA siblings (n = 8) did not differ in brainstem transmission times (BTTs) compared to the IS siblings (n = 8), they showed significant delayed peak I latency at 100 and 80 dB, respectively. Additionally, significantly higher ABR wave amplitudes were observed in the IDA female offspring between 35 and 50 dB (4 kHz), a phenomenon suggestive of a neural hyperactivity (hyperacusis). DISCUSSION In support to our previous findings, the present results indicate that a mild IDA during gestation and lactation can have detrimental effects on early development of the offsprings' hearing and nervous systems, particularly on neural synchrony and auditory nerve conduction velocity, but not on BTT.
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Jellen LC, Lu L, Wang X, Unger EL, Earley CJ, Allen RP, Williams RW, Jones BC. Iron deficiency alters expression of dopamine-related genes in the ventral midbrain in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 252:13-23. [PMID: 23911809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A clear link exists between iron deficiency (ID) and nigrostriatal dopamine malfunction. This link appears to play an important role in at least restless legs syndrome (RLS) if not several other neurological diseases. Yet, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The effects of ID on gene expression in the brain have not been studied extensively. Here, to better understand how exactly ID alters dopamine functioning, we investigated the effects of ID on gene expression in the brain, seeking to identify any potential transcription-based mechanisms. We used six strains of recombinant inbred mice (BXD type) known to differ in susceptibility to ID in the brain. Upon weaning, we subjected mice from each strain to either an iron-deficient or iron-adequate diet. After 100 days of dietary treatment, we measured the effects of ID on gene expression in the ventral midbrain, a region containing the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra is the base of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway and a region particularly affected by iron loss in RLS. We screened for ID-induced changes in expression, including changes in that of both iron-regulating and dopamine-related genes. Results revealed a number of expression changes occurring in ID, with large strain-dependent differences in the genes involved and number of expression changes occurring. In terms of dopamine-related genes, results revealed ID-induced expression changes in three genes with direct ties to nigrostriatal dopamine functioning, two of which have never before been implicated in an iron-dopamine pathway. These were stromal cell-derived factor 1 (Cxcl12, or SDF-1), a ferritin regulator and potent dopamine neuromodulator, and hemoglobin, beta adult chain 1 (Hbb-b1), a gene recently shown to play a functional role in dopaminergic neurons. The extent of up-regulation of these genes varied by strain. This work not only demonstrates a wide genetic variation in the transcriptional response to ID in the brain, but also reveals two novel biochemical pathways by which iron may potentially alter dopamine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Jellen
- Neuroscience Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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McClung JP, Murray-Kolb LE. Iron Nutrition and Premenopausal Women: Effects of Poor Iron Status on Physical and Neuropsychological Performance. Annu Rev Nutr 2013; 33:271-88. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, Massachusetts 01760;
| | - Laura E. Murray-Kolb
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Pisansky MT, Wickham RJ, Su J, Fretham S, Yuan LL, Sun M, Gewirtz JC, Georgieff MK. Iron deficiency with or without anemia impairs prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex. Hippocampus 2013; 23:952-62. [PMID: 23733517 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) during early life causes long-lasting detrimental cognitive sequelae, many of which are linked to alterations in hippocampus function, dopamine synthesis, and the modulation of dopaminergic circuitry by the hippocampus. These same features have been implicated in the origins of schizophrenia, a neuropsychiatric disorder with significant cognitive impairments. Deficits in sensorimotor gating represent a reliable endophenotype of schizophrenia that can be measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex. Using two rodent model systems, we investigated the influence of early-life ID on PPI in adulthood. To isolate the role of hippocampal iron in PPI, our mouse model utilized a timed (embryonic day 18.5), hippocampus-specific knockout of Slc11a2, a gene coding an important regulator of cellular iron uptake, the divalent metal transport type 1 protein (DMT-1). Our second model used a classic rat dietary-based global ID during gestation, a condition that closely mimics human gestational ID anemia (IDA). Both models exhibited impaired PPI in adulthood. Furthermore, our DMT-1 knockout model displayed reduced long-term potentiation (LTP) and elevated paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), electrophysiological results consistent with previous findings in the IDA rat model. These results, in combination with previous findings demonstrating impaired hippocampus functioning and altered dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, suggest that iron availability within the hippocampus is critical for the neurodevelopmental processes underlying sensorimotor gating. Ultimately, evidence of reduced PPI in both of our models may offer insights into the roles of fetal ID and the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T Pisansky
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Amara S, Slama IB, Omri K, Ghoul JEL, Mir LEL, Rhouma KB, Abdelmelek H, Sakly M. Effects of nanoparticle zinc oxide on emotional behavior and trace elements homeostasis in rat brain. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:1202-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713491802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, nanotoxicology and the potential effects on human body have grown in significance, the potential influences of nanosized materials on the central nervous system have received more attention. The aim of this study was to determine whether zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) exposure cause alterations in emotional behavior and trace elements homeostasis in rat brain. Rats were treated by intraperitoneal injection of ZnO NPs (20–30 nm) at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. Sub-acute ZnO NPs treatment induced no significant increase in the zinc content in the homogenate brain. Statistically significant decreases in iron and calcium concentrations were found in rat brain tissue compared to control. However, sodium and potassium contents remained unchanged. Also, there were no significant changes in the body weight and the coefficient of brain. In the present study, the anxiety-related behavior was evaluated using the plus-maze test. ZnO NPs treatment modulates slightly the exploratory behaviors of rats. However, no significant differences were observed in the anxious index between ZnO NP-treated rats and the control group ( p > 0.05). Interestingly, our results demonstrated minimal effects of ZnO NPs on emotional behavior of animals, but there was a possible alteration in trace elements homeostasis in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Amara
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ben Slama
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Karim Omri
- Laboratory of Physics of Materials and Nanomaterials Applied at Environment, College of Sciences in Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Jaber EL Ghoul
- Laboratory of Physics of Materials and Nanomaterials Applied at Environment, College of Sciences in Gabes, Tunisia
| | - Lassaad EL Mir
- Laboratory of Physics of Materials and Nanomaterials Applied at Environment, College of Sciences in Gabes, Tunisia
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khemais Ben Rhouma
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Abdelmelek
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisia
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ALGARÍN CECILIA, NELSON CHARLESA, PEIRANO PATRICIO, WESTERLUND ALISSA, REYES SUSSANNE, LOZOFF BETSY. Iron-deficiency anemia in infancy and poorer cognitive inhibitory control at age 10 years. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55:453-8. [PMID: 23464736 PMCID: PMC3625473 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the effects of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in infancy on executive functioning at age 10 years, specifically inhibitory control on the Go/No-Go task. We predicted that children who had IDA in infancy would show poorer inhibitory control. METHOD We assessed cognitive inhibitory control in 132 Chilean children (mean [SD] age 10 y [1 mo]): 69 children had IDA in infancy (45 males, 24 females) and 63 comparison children who did not have IDA (26 males, 37 females). Participants performed the Go/No-Go task with event-related potentials. Group differences in behavioral (accuracy, reaction time) and electrophysiological outcomes (N2 and P300 components) were analyzed using repeated-measures analyses of variance. N2 and P300 are interpreted to reflect attention and resource allocation respectively. RESULTS Relative to comparison participants, children who had IDA in infancy showed slower reaction time (mean [SE], 528.7 ms [14.2] vs 485.0 ms [15.0], 95% confidence interval [CI] for difference between groups 0.9-86.5); lower accuracy (95.4% [0.5] vs 96.9% [0.6], 95% CI -3.0 to -0.1); longer latency to N2 peak (378.9 ms [4.9] vs 356.9 ms [5.0], 95% CI 7.5-36.6); and smaller P300 amplitude (4.5 μV [0.8] vs 7.6 μV [0.9], 95% CI-5.5 to -0.5). INTERPRETATION IDA in infancy was associated with slower reaction times and poorer inhibitory control 8 to 9 years after iron therapy. These findings are consistent with the long-lasting effects of early IDA on myelination and/or prefrontal-striatal circuits where dopamine is the major neurotransmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- CECILIA ALGARÍN
- Sleep and Functional Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - CHARLES A NELSON
- Developmental Medicine Research, Harvard Medical School, Children’s Hospital Boston, DMC Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston, MA
| | - PATRICIO PEIRANO
- Sleep and Functional Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - ALISSA WESTERLUND
- Developmental Medicine Research, Harvard Medical School, Children’s Hospital Boston, DMC Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston, MA
| | - SUSSANNE REYES
- Sleep and Functional Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - BETSY LOZOFF
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Developmental neuroinflammation and schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:20-34. [PMID: 22122877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in and evidence for altered immune factors in the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Stimulated by various epidemiological findings reporting elevated risk of schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to infection, one line of current research aims to explore the potential contribution of immune-mediated disruption of early brain development in the precipitation of long-term psychotic disease. Since the initial formulation of the "prenatal cytokine hypothesis" more than a decade ago, extensive epidemiological research and remarkable advances in modeling prenatal immune activation effects in animal models have provided strong support for this hypothesis by underscoring the critical role of cytokine-associated inflammatory events, together with downstream pathophysiological processes such as oxidative stress, hypoferremia and zinc deficiency, in mediating the short- and long-term neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal infection. Longitudinal studies in animal models further indicate that infection-induced developmental neuroinflammation may be pathologically relevant beyond the antenatal and neonatal periods, and may contribute to disease progression associated with the gradual development of full-blown schizophrenic disease. According to this scenario, exposure to prenatal immune challenge primes early pre- and postnatal alterations in peripheral and central inflammatory response systems, which in turn may disrupt the normal development and maturation of neuronal systems from juvenile to adult stages of life. Such developmental neuroinflammation may adversely affect processes that are pivotal for normal brain maturation, including myelination, synaptic pruning, and neuronal remodeling, all of which occur to a great extent during postnatal brain maturation. Undoubtedly, our understanding of the role of developmental neuroinflammation in progressive brain changes relevant to schizophrenia is still in infancy. Identification of these mechanisms would be highly warranted because they may represent a valuable target to attenuate or even prevent the emergence of full-blown brain and behavioral pathology, especially in individuals with a history of prenatal complications such as in-utero exposure to infection and/or inflammation.
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Fu J, Yang A, Ma Y, Liu M, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liu L. The effect of fetal and early postnatal iron deficiency on iron metabolism in adult rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 149:412-8. [PMID: 22628058 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Undernutrition during pregnancy and/or lactation plays an important role on the overall health of offspring later in life. Using a rodent model, the present study was conducted to examine the effect of fetal and early postnatal iron deficiency on iron metabolism in adult animals. Rats were treated with three stages of low or normal iron diets from gestation until the end of the study. During the first stage (4 weeks prior to 3 weeks after pregnancy, total 7 weeks), two groups of adult females (dams) were fed with either a low-iron (7.4 mg iron/kg, group LD) or control-iron (274 mg/kg, group CD) diet. During the second stage (from 3 to 13 weeks of age, total 10 weeks), all pups from stage 1 (both the LD and CD groups) were placed on a control-iron diet for 10 weeks (groups LD-CD and CD-CD, respectively). During the third stage (from 13 to 29 weeks of age, total 16 weeks), both LD-CD and CD-CD groups from stage 2 were fed with a low-iron (named LD-CD-LD and CD-CD-LD groups, respectively). We found that the live birth rate of the offspring of the LD dams (84.7 %) was significantly lower than that of the CD dams (95.4 %). During stage 2, the mean body weight of the LD-CD male or LD-CD female rats exceeded the CD-CD male rats (p < 0.05). Compared with the CD-CD-LD rats, the LD-CD-LD rats had significantly increased total iron binding capacity, and higher levels of transferrin, serum erythropoietin (EPO), renal EPO mRNA, duodenal divalent metal transporter-1, and renal transferrin receptors. These findings indicate that rats with an early-life experience of iron deficiency (during pregnancy and the nursing period) can develop stronger iron absorption capabilities in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Fu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, China
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39
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Rytych JL, Elmore MRP, Burton MD, Conrad MS, Donovan SM, Dilger RN, Johnson RW. Early life iron deficiency impairs spatial cognition in neonatal piglets. J Nutr 2012; 142:2050-6. [PMID: 23014488 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.165522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is common throughout the world and has been linked to cognitive impairments. Using neonatal piglets to model human infants, we assessed the impact of iron deficiency on spatial learning and memory. Artificially reared piglets were fed 1 of 3 liquid diets with varying concentrations of iron: control (CON), mildly deficient (MID), or severely deficient (SID; 100, 25.0, or 10.0 mg iron/kg milk solids, respectively) for 4 wk. Relative to CON, SID and MID piglets had reduced hemoglobin (P < 0.05) as well as magenta skin color (P < 0.001), which correlated with hematocrit (R(2) = 0.76; P < 0.001). SID and MID hemoglobin differed at wk 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). In a hippocampal-dependent, spatial, T-maze task, SID piglets were unable to acquire the task (post hoc contrast: first vs. last day of acquisition), while MID piglets demonstrated deficits in reversal learning (P = 0.032). Iron concentrations in the liver (P < 0.001), serum (P = 0.003), and hippocampus (P = 0.004), but not prefrontal cortex, were lower in MID and SID compared with CON piglets. The level of the transferrin receptor mRNA (TFR) was greater in the prefrontal cortex of CON piglets than in MID and SID piglets (P = 0.001) but not the hippocampus. Gene expression of several neurotrophic factors and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as whole-brain and hippocampal volume, were not affected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, neonatal iron deficiency leads to cognitive impairment, which may be due in part to a reduced iron concentration in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rytych
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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40
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Shao J, Lou J, Rao R, Georgieff MK, Kaciroti N, Felt BT, Zhao ZY, Lozoff B. Maternal serum ferritin concentration is positively associated with newborn iron stores in women with low ferritin status in late pregnancy. J Nutr 2012; 142:2004-9. [PMID: 23014493 PMCID: PMC3498973 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.162362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is common in pregnant women and infants, particularly in developing countries. The relation between maternal and neonatal iron status remains unclear. This study considered the issue in a large sample of mother-newborn pairs in rural southeastern China. Hemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin (SF) were measured in 3702 pregnant women at ≥37 wk gestation and in cord blood of their infants born at term (37-42 wk gestation). Maternal anemia (Hb <110 g/L) was present in 27.5% and associated with maternal SF <20 μg/L in 86.9%. Only 5.6% of neonates were anemic (Hb <130 g/L) and 9.5% had cord-blood SF <75 μg/L. There were low-order correlations between maternal and newborn iron measures (r = 0.07-0.10 for both Hb and SF; P ≤ 0.0001 due to the large number). We excluded 430 neonates with suggestion of inflammation [cord SF >370 μg/L, n = 208 and/or C-reactive protein (CRP) >5 mg/L, n = 233]. Piecewise linear regression analyses identified a threshold for maternal SF at which cord-blood SF was affected. For maternal SF below the threshold of 13.6 μg/L (β = 2.4; P = 0.001), cord SF was 0.17 SD lower than in neonates whose mothers had SF above the threshold (167 ± 75 vs. 179 ± 80 μg/L). The study confirmed that ID anemia remains common during pregnancy in rural southeastern China. Despite widespread maternal ID, however, iron nutrition seemed to meet fetal needs except when mothers were very iron deficient. The impact of somewhat lower cord SF on iron status later in infancy warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingan Lou
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Barbara T. Felt
- Center for Human Growth and Development, and,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Zheng-Yan Zhao
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, and,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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41
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Unger EL, Hurst AR, Georgieff MK, Schallert T, Rao R, Connor JR, Kaciroti N, Lozoff B, Felt B. Behavior and monoamine deficits in prenatal and perinatal iron deficiency are not corrected by early postnatal moderate-iron or high-iron diets in rats. J Nutr 2012; 142:2040-9. [PMID: 22990465 PMCID: PMC3498975 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.162198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental iron deficiency anemia (IDA) causes brain and behavioral deficits in rodent models, which cannot be reversed when treated at periods equivalent to later infancy in humans. This study sought to determine whether earlier iron treatment can normalize deficits of IDA in rats and what iron dose is optimal. The offspring of dams with IDA during gestation were cross-fostered at postnatal d (P) 8 to dams receiving diets with 1 of 3 iron concentrations until weaning (P21): 0.003-0.01 g/kg [totally iron deficient (TID)]; 0.04 g/kg [formerly iron deficient (FID-40)]; or 0.4 g/kg (FID-400). Always iron-sufficient control dams (CN-40) received a 0.04-g/kg iron diet. At P21, TID pups received a 0.01 g iron/kg diet; all others received a 0.04 g iron/kg diet. Hematocrit and brain iron and monoamine concentrations were assessed at P21 and P100. Pup growth, development, activity, object recognition, hesitancy, and watermaze performance were evaluated. Regional brain iron was restored by iron treatment. Regional monoamine and metabolite concentrations were elevated in FID-40 rats and reduced in FID-400 and TID rats compared with CN-40 rats. FID-40 offspring had motor delays similar to TID during lactation and FID-400 rats had elevated thigmotaxis similar to TID rats at P25 and P100 in the spatial watermaze. In conclusion, iron treatment at P8 in rats did not normalize all monoamine or behavioral measures after early IDA. Moderate iron treatment improved adult behavior, but higher iron treatment caused brain and behavioral patterns similar to TID in the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Unger
- Department of Nutrition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | | | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Tim Schallert
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX; and
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - James R. Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | | | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, and,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Barbara Felt
- Center for Human Growth and Development, and,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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42
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Golub MS, Hogrefe CE, Unger EL. Influence of prenatal iron deficiency and MAOA genotype on response to social challenge in rhesus monkey infants. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:278-90. [PMID: 22340208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Social and emotional behaviors are known to be sensitive to both developmental iron deficiency (ID) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene polymorphisms. In this study, male rhesus monkey infants deprived of dietary iron in utero were compared with iron sufficient (IS) controls (n = 10/group). Half of each group had low MAOA activity genotypes and half had high MAOA activity genotypes. A series of social response tests were conducted at 3-14 months of age. MAOA genotype influenced attention to a video of aggressive behavior, emotional expression (fear, grimace and sniff) in the social intruder test, social actions (displacement, grooming) in the social dyad test, and aggressive responses to a threatening picture. Interactions between MAOA and prenatal ID were seen in response to the aggressive video, in temperament ratings, in affiliative behavior in the social dyad test, in cortisol response in the social buffering test and in response to a social intruder and to pictures with social and nonsocial themes. In general, the effects of ID were dependent on MAOA genotype in terms of both direction and size of the effect. Nutrition/genotype interactions may shed new light on behavioral consequences of nutritional deprivation during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Golub
- Department of Environmental Toxicology California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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43
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Li Y, Kim J, Buckett PD, Böhlke M, Maher TJ, Wessling-Resnick M. Severe postnatal iron deficiency alters emotional behavior and dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex of young male rats. J Nutr 2011; 141:2133-8. [PMID: 22013197 PMCID: PMC3223871 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.145946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency in early human life is associated with abnormal neurological development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of postnatal iron deficiency on emotional behavior and dopaminergic metabolism in the prefrontal cortex in a young male rodent model. Weanling, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed standard nonpurified diet (220 mg/kg iron) or an iron-deficient diet (2-6 mg/kg iron). After 1 mo, hematocrits were 0.42 ± 0.0043 and 0.16 ± 0.0068 (mean ± SEM; P < 0.05; n = 8), liver nonheme iron concentrations were 2.3 ± 0.24 and 0.21 ± 0.010 μmol/g liver (P < 0.05; n = 8), and serum iron concentrations were 47 ± 5.4 and 23 ± 7.1 μmol/L (P < 0.05; n = 8), respectively. An elevated plus maze was used to study emotional behavior. Iron-deficient rats displayed anxious behavior with fewer entries and less time spent in open arms compared to control rats (0.25 ± 0.25 vs. 1.8 ± 0.62 entries; 0.88 ± 0.88 vs. 13 ± 4.6 s; P < 0.05; n = 8). Iron-deficient rats also traveled with a lower velocity in the elevated plus maze (1.2 ± 0.15 vs. 1.7 ± 0.12 cm/s; P < 0.05; n = 8), behavior that reflected reduced motor function as measured on a standard accelerating rotarod device. Both the time on the rotarod bar before falling and the peak speed attained on rotarod by iron-deficient rats were lower than control rats (156 ± 12 vs. 194 ± 12 s; 23 ± 1.5 vs. 28 ± 1.6 rpm; P < 0.05; n = 7-8). Microdialysis experiments showed that these behavioral effects were associated with reduced concentrations of extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of the iron-deficient rats (79 ± 7.0 vs. 110 ± 14 ng/L; P < 0.05; n = 4). Altered dopaminergic signaling in the prefrontal cortex most likely contributes to the anxious behavior observed in young male rats with severe iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, and
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, and
| | | | - Mark Böhlke
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA
| | - Timothy J. Maher
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA
| | - Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, and,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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44
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Elferchichi M, Ammari M, Maaroufi K, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of exposure to static magnetic field on motor skills and iron levels in plasma and brain of rats. Brain Inj 2011; 25:901-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.581640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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45
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Mihaila C, Schramm J, Strathmann FG, Lee DL, Gelein RM, Luebke AE, Mayer-Pröschel M. Identifying a window of vulnerability during fetal development in a maternal iron restriction model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17483. [PMID: 21423661 PMCID: PMC3057971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well acknowledged from observations in humans that iron deficiency during pregnancy can be associated with a number of developmental problems in the newborn and developing child. Due to the obvious limitations of human studies, the stage during gestation at which maternal iron deficiency causes an apparent impairment in the offspring remains elusive. In order to begin to understand the time window(s) during pregnancy that is/are especially susceptible to suboptimal iron levels, which may result in negative effects on the development of the fetus, we developed a rat model in which we were able to manipulate and monitor the dietary iron intake during specific stages of pregnancy and analyzed the developing fetuses. We established four different dietary-feeding protocols that were designed to render the fetuses iron deficient at different gestational stages. Based on a functional analysis that employed Auditory Brainstem Response measurements, we found that maternal iron restriction initiated prior to conception and during the first trimester were associated with profound changes in the developing fetus compared to iron restriction initiated later in pregnancy. We also showed that the presence of iron deficiency anemia, low body weight, and changes in core body temperature were not defining factors in the establishment of neural impairment in the rodent offspring.Our data may have significant relevance for understanding the impact of suboptimal iron levels during pregnancy not only on the mother but also on the developing fetus and hence might lead to a more informed timing of iron supplementation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Mihaila
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordan Schramm
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Frederick G. Strathmann
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Gelein
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Luebke
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM-P); (AEL)
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM-P); (AEL)
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Hegde NV, Jensen GL, Unger EL. A postweaning iron-adequate diet following neonatal iron deficiency affects iron homeostasis and growth in young rats. J Nutr 2011; 141:386-90. [PMID: 21209256 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.133363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is among the most prevalent of nutrient-related diseases worldwide, but the long-term consequences of maternal and neonatal iron deficiency on offspring are not well characterized. We investigated the effects of a postweaning iron-adequate diet following neonatal iron deficiency on the expression of genes involved in iron acquisition and homeostasis. Pregnant rats were fed an iron-adequate diet (0.08 g iron/kg diet) until gestational d 15, at which time they were divided into 2 groups: 1) a control group fed an iron-adequate diet, and 2) an iron-deficient group fed an iron-deficient diet (0.005 g iron/kg diet) through postnatal d (P) 23 (weaning). After weaning, pups from both dietary treatment groups were fed an iron-adequate diet until adulthood (P75). Rat pups that were iron deficient during the neonatal period (IDIA) had reduced weight gain and hemoglobin concentrations and decreased levels of serum, liver, and spleen iron on P75 compared with rats that were iron sufficient throughout early life (IA). IDIA rats developed erythrocytosis during postweaning development. Further, hepatic expression of hepcidin in IDIA rats was 1.4-fold greater than in IA rats, which paralleled an upregulation of IL-1 expression in the serum. Our data suggest that an iron-adequate diet following neonatal iron deficiency induced an inflammatory milieu that affected iron homeostasis and early growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha V Hegde
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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47
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Vucetic Z, Reyes TM. Central dopaminergic circuitry controlling food intake and reward: implications for the regulation of obesity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 2:577-593. [PMID: 20836049 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of obesity in the general population has increased in the past 15 years from 15% to 35%. With increasing obesity, the coincident medical and social consequences are becoming more alarming. Control over food intake is crucial for the maintenance of body weight and represents an important target for the treatment of obesity. Central nervous system mechanisms responsible for control of food intake have evolved to sense the nutrient and energy levels in the organism and to coordinate appropriate responses to adjust energy intake and expenditure. This homeostatic system is crucial for maintenance of stable body weight over long periods of time of uneven energy availability. However, not only the caloric and nutritional value of food but also hedonic and emotional aspects of feeding affect food intake. In modern society, the increased availability of highly palatable and rewarding (fat, sweet) food can significantly affect homeostatic balance, resulting in dysregulated food intake. This review will focus on the role of hypothalamic and mesolimbic/mesocortical dopaminergic (DA) circuitry in coding homeostatic and hedonic signals for the regulation of food intake and maintenance of caloric balance. The interaction of dopamine with peripheral and central indices of nutritional status (e.g., leptin, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y), and the susceptibility of the dopamine system to prenatal insults will be discussed. Additionally, the importance of alterations in dopamine signaling that occur coincidently with obesity will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zivjena Vucetic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder affecting at least one third of world's population. Though anemia is common manifestation of iron deficiency, other effects of iron deficiency on various tissues, organs and systems are usually under recognized. Impaired brain development and cognitive, behavioural and psychomotor impairment are most worrisome manifestations of iron deficiency. Studies have demonstrated that some of these changes occurring during period of brain growth spurt (<2 years age) may be irreversible. Association of iron deficiency with febrile seizures, pica, breath holding spells, restless leg syndrome and thrombosis is increasingly being recognized. Impaired cell-mediated immunity and bactericidal function are generally noted in iron-deficient persons; however, the findings are inconsistent. Despite proven reversible functional immunological defects in vitro studies, a clinically important relationship between states of iron deficiency and susceptibility to infections remains controversial. Studies from malaria endemic regions have reported increased incidence of malaria in association with iron supplementation. These and some other aspects of iron deficiency are reviewed in this article.
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Roy A, Hu H, Bellinger DC, Mukherjee B, Modali R, Nasaruddin K, Schwartz J, Wright RO, Ettinger AS, Palaniapan K, Balakrishnan K. Hemoglobin, lead exposure, and intelligence quotient: effect modification by the DRD2 Taq IA polymorphism. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:144-9. [PMID: 21205584 PMCID: PMC3018494 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia and lead exposure remain significant public health issues in many parts of the world, often occurring together. Animal studies suggest that the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) mediates the effects of both lead and iron on cognition and behavior. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that the DRD2 Taq IA polymorphism modifies the effects of lead and hemoglobin on intelligence quotient (IQ) among children. METHODS Blood lead and hemoglobin were assessed in 717 children 3-7 years of age attending 12 schools in Chennai, India. IQ was determined using the Binet-Kamat scales of intelligence. Genotyping for the DRD2 polymorphism was carried out using a MassARRAY iPLEX platform. Stratified analyses and interaction models, using generalized estimating equations (GEEs), were used to explore interactions between lead and hemoglobin, and DRD2 Taq IA categories [homozygous variant (A1) vs. presence of wild-type allele (A2)]. RESULTS After we controlled for potential confounders, a one-unit increase in log blood lead was associated with a decrease of 9 IQ points [95% confidence interval (CI), -18.08 to -0.16] in the homozygous-variant children (n = 73) compared with a decrease of 4 IQ points (95% CI, -7.21 to -0.69) among those with the wild-type allele (n = 644). Higher hemoglobin levels were associated with higher IQ in the children who carried the wild-type allele DRD2, but in children homozygous for the variant allele, an increase of 1 g/dL hemoglobin was associated with a decrease in 1.82 points of IQ (95% CI, -5.28 to 1.64; interaction term p-value = 0.02). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the DRD2 Taq IA polymorphism disrupts the protective effect of hemoglobin on cognition and may increase the susceptibility to the deficits in IQ due to lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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Mohamed WMY, Unger EL, Kambhampati SK, Jones BC. Methylphenidate improves cognitive deficits produced by infantile iron deficiency in rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 216:146-52. [PMID: 20655955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In humans, iron deficiency early in life produces persistent, impaired cognition. Dietary iron replacement does not ameliorate these problems and to date, no attempt to treat these individuals pharmacologically has been reported. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that rats made iron deficient in early infancy exhibit cognitive deficits similar to those seen in humans at adolescence. A second aim was to investigate whether the deficit could be treated pharmacologically. Sprague-Dawley rats were made iron deficient (ID) starting at postnatal day 4 by being placed with iron-deficient dams (vs. control). At weaning, all pups were placed on an iron-sufficient diet for the remainder of the study. At 45 days of age, the animals were tested for attention set shifting. After testing, the animals were assigned to one of three methylphenidate (MePh) dose groups, 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg, p.o., vs. vehicle control and treated daily for 15 days prior to a second round of attention set shift testing and continued throughout testing. The results showed that ID rats performed more poorly than controls overall on attentional set-shift testing. MePh improved ID rats' performance and lower doses were more effective than higher doses. This is the first demonstration that MePh can improve cognitive deficits produced by early ID in animals. These findings may open the possibility of pharmacotherapy to treat the persistent cognitive difficulties in children who were severely iron deficient in early infancy.
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