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Magis-Weinberg L, Arreola Vargas M, Carrizales A, Trinh CT, Muñoz Lopez DE, Hussong AM, Lansford JE. The impact of COVID-19 on the peer relationships of adolescents around the world: A rapid systematic review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2025; 35:e12931. [PMID: 38682766 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The main objective of this rapid systematic review was to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted peer relationships for adolescents (10-25 years of age) around the globe. We focused on four indices of peer relationships: (1) loneliness, (2) social connectedness, (3) social support, and (4) social media use. In addition, we examined gender and age differences. Four databases (APA PsychInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for articles published from January 2020 to November 2022. A total of 96 studies (cross-sectional: n = 66, longitudinal: n = 30, quantitative: n = 67, qualitative: n = 12, mixed-methods: n = 17) met our inclusion criteria (empirical observational studies with data on at least one of the indices of interest, cross-sectional data on COVID-19-related experiences or longitudinal data collected during the pandemic, age range of 10-25 years, typically developing adolescents). We extracted data and conducted a narrative synthesis. Findings suggest that COVID-19 disruptions negatively impacted peer relationships for youth. Most studies reported either an increase in loneliness over the course of the pandemic or a positive association between loneliness and COVID-19-related experiences. Similar findings were observed for increased social media use as a means of continued communication and connection. Fewer studies focused on social support but those that did reported a decrease or negative association with COVID-19-related experiences. Lastly, findings suggest a mixed impact on social connectedness, which might be due to the strengthening of closer ties and weakening of more distant relationships. Results for gender differences were mixed, and a systematic comparison of differences across ages was not possible. The heterogeneity in measures of COVID-19-related experiences as well as timing of data collection prevented a more nuanced examination of short and more long-term impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexia Carrizales
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Calvin Thanh Trinh
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Andrea M Hussong
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer E Lansford
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Tam FI, Ochmann R, Marschall J, Leschzinski H, Seidel M, Klink L, Föcker M, Bühren K, Dahmen B, Jaite C, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Seitz J, Gilsbach S, Correll CU, Müller AE, Hebebrand J, Bell R, Legenbauer T, Holtmann M, Becker K, Weber L, Romanos M, Egberts K, Kaess M, Fleischhaker C, Möhler E, Wessing I, Hagmann D, Hahn F, Thiemann U, Antony G, Gramatke K, Roessner V, Ehrlich S. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on administrative eating disorder prevalence in the outpatient sector and on severity of anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025; 34:983-995. [PMID: 39033259 PMCID: PMC11909050 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02527-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have had a considerable impact on the mental health of children and adolescents, particularly regarding eating disorders. However, it remains unclear whether the pandemic affected only the frequency or also the severity of eating disorders. We examined potential pandemic-related changes in the administrative prevalence of eating disorders in the outpatient sector compared with other mental disorders using German statutory health insurance data for the age group 10 to 16 years. We also examined disorder severity of anorexia nervosa using data from the multicenter German Registry of Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa in the same age group. Our results showed a marked increase in the administrative prevalence of eating disorders (based on documented diagnoses) in the outpatient sector among girls but not among boys. A similar pattern was found for internalizing disorders, whereas the administrative prevalences of externalizing disorders decreased. Regarding the severity of anorexia nervosa among inpatients, we found no pandemic-related changes in body mass index standard deviation score at admission, body weight loss before admission, psychiatric comorbidities and psychopharmacological medication. Given the administrative prevalence increase in the outpatient sector, the lack of impact of the pandemic on the inpatient sector may also be partly due to a shift in healthcare utilization towards outpatient services during the pandemic. Thus, the higher number of children and adolescents requiring specialized and timely outpatient care may be a major concern under pandemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike I Tam
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, Germany.
- Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | - Henri Leschzinski
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Seidel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Klink
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuel Föcker
- LWL University Hospital Hamm for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Bühren
- kbo-Heckscher-Klinikum, Academic Teaching Hospital of the LMU University, Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte Dahmen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Jaite
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Gilsbach
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia E Müller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen (AöR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Bell
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen (AöR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Legenbauer
- LWL University Hospital Hamm for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Martin Holtmann
- LWL University Hospital Hamm for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg & University Hospital Marburg (UKGM), Marburg, Germany
| | - Linda Weber
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg & University Hospital Marburg (UKGM), Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Karin Egberts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fleischhaker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eva Möhler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ida Wessing
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniela Hagmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Freia Hahn
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR Hospital Viersen, Viersen, Germany
| | - Ulf Thiemann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, LVR Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gisela Antony
- Central Information Office, CIO Marburg GmbH, Fronhausen, Germany
| | - Katrin Gramatke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden, Germany
- Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Campione-Barr N, Skinner A, Moeller K, Cui L, Kealy C, Cookston J. The role of family relationships on adolescents' development and adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2025; 35:e12969. [PMID: 38727698 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
In typical times, adolescents' relationships with family members influence changing cognitive, social, and physical aspects of their development. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, impacted the full family system in ways that were unprecedented. Scholars of adolescence worldwide were driven to understand how adolescents' relationships with family members changed due to these dramatic societal shifts and the influence these relationships had on adolescents' well-being. This systematic review examined two research questions with 189 articles published from 2020-2022: (1) How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted families with adolescents, including broader family functioning, family relationship qualities, and parenting? and (2) How has the pandemic or pandemic-related stressors interacted with family functioning, family relationships, and parenting of adolescents to impact adolescent well-being and adjustment? Additionally, examination of the relevant studies were divided into sub-themes of pandemic influence: (a) family environment and routines, (b) family difficulties, (c) parenting and parent-adolescent relationships, and (d) sibling relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Skinner
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeff Cookston
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
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Valle-Palomino N, Talledo-Sebedón DDL, Fernández-Mantilla MM, Córdova-Cánova BR, Saldarriaga-Villar MÁ, Montero-Chuyes MDF, Orlandini-Valle B, Carrera-Risco MB, Reyes-Quezada FA, Vela-Miranda ÓM. Symptom scale for anxiety and depression disorders (ESTAD): psychometric properties and sociodemographic profile in Peruvian university students. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:765. [PMID: 39707573 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-02272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 12/08/2024] [Indexed: 12/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and depression are two of the main psychological disorders that affect thousands of people in the world, including university students. This research is justified because it seeks to reevaluate, compare and confirm the psychometric properties and establish the sociodemographic profile of the Anxiety and Depression Disorders Symptom Scale in Peruvian university students. The main objective of this study was to determine the evidence of psychometric properties, and the sociodemographic profile, of the Symptom Scale for Anxiety and Depression Disorders in university students from the region of Piura, Peru. METHODS The sample was determined using proportional, probabilistic sampling that included 6 universities in Piura, Peru, consisting of 1243 participants. The scale has 35 Items within 7 subscales. RESULTS The results identified that the items fall within the range of ± 1.5 for skewness and kurtosis, except for items 22 and 35. The construct validity, assessed through factor analysis, shows that 100% of the items achieve scores greater than 0.5, with a significance level of less than < 0.001. The goodness-of-fit index through confirmatory factor analysis aligns with the transdiagnostic theoretical model, with scores for CFI and TLI ≥ 0.90, and for RMSEA and SRMR ≤ 0.60. The scale demonstrates adequate composite reliability according to MacDonald's Omega Coefficient (0.959). Furthermore, there is a moderate significant association (p = 0.001; γ = - 0.192) between age, the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms. A strong significant association (p = 0.001; γ = 0.365) is observed between sex and the presence of core symptoms of anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the scale evidence an adequate psychometric consistency, presenting itself as a valid and reliable instrument. Of the university students evaluated, it was generally identified that 24% reach a high level and 50% reach a moderate level of anxiety and depression symptoms. Additionally, being a woman and an adolescent increases the likelihood of presenting elevated levels of the symptoms evaluated by the scale.
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Schiera M, Faraci F, Mannino G, Vantaggiato L. The impact of the pandemic on psychophysical well-being and quality of learning in the growth of adolescents (aged 11-13): a systematic review of the literature with a PRISMA method. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1384388. [PMID: 39377052 PMCID: PMC11457576 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1384388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examines the social impact and psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the growth of adolescents students, aged 11-13, on well-being and learning. Methods Said review, therefore, will consider all the report of scientific works published since 2020 on the following platforms: SCOPUS, PsycoInfo, and Web of Science. Specifically, the research has selected all studies concerning students aged 11-13. Furthermore, the authors have restricted the scope of the study to two fundamental aspects of the above-mentioned subjects, such as their physical and psychological well-being and didactic learning following the COVID-19 pandemic. The justification for choosing such themes lies in the fact that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the ensuing measures adopted to curb its spread have had -and very likely will continue having- sizable repercussions in the life of each individual, especially in students considered, whose psychological and physical well-being has been considerably affected. Results In particular, during the peak of the pandemic and its subsequent phases, the various measures issued to limit contagion have completely compromised and disregarded the rights of children and youngsters. Suddenly, leisure, sport, play, relations, and socialization disappeared from their lives. Besides, in the early stages of the pandemic, remote teaching replaced face-to-face teaching, later to become an intermittent system in the red- and orange-labelled areas of the country. Consequently, such measures have severely limited opportunities for learning, growth, curiosity and creating relationships that are typical of both a school and outside environment. Concerning the well-being of the subjects considered, a review of the target literature indicates a wide range of psychological and physical disorders, such as malaise, eating and sleep disorders, addiction to games, internet, alcohol, and drugs. For what regards, instead, the realm of learning, most studies highlight a diminished school performance as the main implication of remote teaching. Furthermore, a remarkable number of studies reveals substantial social inequalities; specifically, students coming from middle class families have managed to maintain higher quality educational standards in a critical context such as the pandemic, while those students coming from socially disadvantaged families have had fewer learning opportunities both in terms of time and range of experiences (due to lack of electronic devices, Internet connectivity, homework, continuity of after-school activities). In summary, if the school system pre-COVID-19 already presented significant limitations in its ability to reduce existing social inequalities, school closures during lockdowns pose enormous challenges in developing effective policies to compensate learning losses and inequalities. Discussion Therefore, based on the results shown, the necessity arises of an emergency plan with social and educational objectives to restore those social, emotional, and cognitive abilities that are compromised. In general, it is the responsibility of countries and governments to guarantee the right to education in these difficult times, while avoiding any type of inequalities and establishing a digital learning system, that allows to face situations such as those generated by the Coronavirus, thus preventing those situations of serious anxiety and stress that have affected most subjects.
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Moss SJ, Sriskandarajah C, Brundin-Mather R, Cherak MS, Mizen SJ, Stelfox M, Halperin D, Halperin S, Ahmed SB, Lorenzetti DL, Smith S, Harley M, Tutelman PR, Birnie KA, Anglin MC, Stelfox HT, Fiest KM, Racine N, Parsons Leigh J. Well-being approaches targeted to improve child and youth health post-COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:758. [PMID: 38907284 PMCID: PMC11193255 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous work synthesized published studies on well-being interventions during COVID-19. As we move into a post-COVID-19 pandemic period there is a need to comprehensively review published strategies, approaches, and interventions to improve child and youth well-being beyond deleterious impacts experienced during COVID-19. METHODS Seven databases were searched from inception to January 2023. Studies were included if they: (1) presented original data on an approach (i.e., approach applied) or (2) provided recommendations to inform development of a future approach (i.e., approach suggested), (3) targeted to mitigate negative impacts of COVID-19 on child and youth (≤18 year) well-being, and (4) published on or after December 2019. RESULTS 39 studies (n = 4/39, 10.3% randomized controlled trials) from 2021 to 2023 were included. Twenty-two studies applied an approach (n = 22/39, 56.4%) whereas seventeen studies (n = 17/39, 43.6%) suggested an approach; youth aged 13-18 year (n = 27/39, 69.2%) were most frequently studied. Approach applied records most frequently adopted an experimental design (n = 11/22, 50.0%), whereas approach suggested records most frequently adopted a cross-sectional design (n = 13/22, 59.1%). The most frequently reported outcomes related to good health and optimum nutrition (n = 28/39, 71.8%), followed by connectedness (n = 22/39, 56.4%), learning, competence, education, skills, and employability (n = 18/39, 46.1%), and agency and resilience (n = 16/39, 41.0%). CONCLUSIONS The rapid onset and unpredictability of COVID-19 precluded meaningful engagement of children and youth in strategy development despite widespread recognition that early engagement can enhance usefulness and acceptability of interventions. Published or recommended strategies were most frequently targeted to improve connectedness, belonging, and socialization among children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephana Julia Moss
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cynthia Sriskandarajah
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Rebecca Brundin-Mather
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Michal S Cherak
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sara J Mizen
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Maia Stelfox
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Donna Halperin
- Rankin School of Nursing, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | - Scott Halperin
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sofia B Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Diane L Lorenzetti
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stacie Smith
- Young Canadians Roundtable on Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Micaela Harley
- Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Perri R Tutelman
- Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kathryn A Birnie
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Melanie C Anglin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Henry T Stelfox
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kirsten M Fiest
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- O'Brien Institute of Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole Racine
- Chair in Child and Youth Mental Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jeanna Parsons Leigh
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Zaccagni L, De Luca F, Rinaldo N, Mazzoni G, Mandini S, Gualdi-Russo E. The COVID-19 Experience in Adolescents: Emotional and Behavioral Recall at the End of the Pandemic. Diseases 2024; 12:116. [PMID: 38920548 PMCID: PMC11202612 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12060116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown countermeasure may have significantly affected adolescents' physical and mental health. This study aims to assess adolescents' recollections of this period, also analyzing their current weight status along with factors they traced back to the epidemic phase and their current sports practice. A survey among 233 Italian adolescents aged 12.4 ± 0.9 years was conducted in October 2023. To achieve the research objectives, a new questionnaire was developed: the COVID-19 AdolesceNt/chilDren Lockdown Experience questionnaire (CANDLE). The new questionnaire was employed to gather data on the adolescents' recollections of the lockdown situation they experienced. The stature and weight of participants were measured directly. The results indicated that middle schoolers remember both positive and negative experiences of the lockdown: the change perceived as the most positive was spending more time with family, while social detachment from peers represents the most negative aspect. According to multivariate regression analysis, certain behaviors they assumed during the lockdown, such as comfort food consumption in boys and sleeping disturbances in girls, in addition to their current sports practice, affected their actual Body Mass Index. This study supports the evidence that changes caused by the COVID-19 lockdown affected adolescents' physical and mental health, albeit with sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Zaccagni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (N.R.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- Center for Exercise Science and Sports, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica De Luca
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (N.R.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Natascia Rinaldo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (N.R.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- Center for Exercise Science and Sports, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianni Mazzoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (N.R.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- Center for Exercise Science and Sports, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simona Mandini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (N.R.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
- Center for Exercise Science and Sports, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.Z.); (N.R.); (G.M.); (S.M.)
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Fredrick JW, Nagle K, Langberg JM, Dvorsky MR, Breaux R, Becker SP. Rumination as a Mechanism of the Longitudinal Association Between COVID-19-Related Stress and Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:531-540. [PMID: 36076118 PMCID: PMC9458302 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The current prospective longitudinal study evaluated brooding rumination as an intervening mechanism of the association between COVID-19-related stress and internalizing symptoms during the first year of the pandemic. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) status and adolescent sex were tested as moderators of the indirect effect. Adolescents with and without ADHD (N = 238; M age = 16.74) completed rating scales of COVID-19 stress and both adolescents and parents completed ratings scales of internalizing symptoms in May/June 2020 (T1). In October/November 2020 (T2), adolescents reported on their brooding rumination. Adolescents and parents reported on internalizing symptoms again in March/April 2021 (T3). Covariates included participant characteristics and baseline symptoms. T1 self-reported COVID-19-related stress was associated with increased T3 self-reported anxiety (ab = 0.10), self-reported depression (ab = 0.07), and parent-reported depression (ab = 0.09) via T2 brooding rumination. The indirect effect did not differ for adolescents with and without ADHD or for female and male adolescents. Brooding rumination may be one mechanism to target to promote the mental health adjustment of adolescents during periods of high stress of the COVID-19 pandemic and future stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Fredrick
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Kerensa Nagle
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Joshua M Langberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Melissa R Dvorsky
- Division of Psychology and Behavioral Health, Children's National Hospital, Center for Translational Research, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rosanna Breaux
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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9
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Veliz P, Mutumba M. Assessing the Role of Sports Participation on Depression, Suicide Ideation, and Suicide Behaviors Among Adolescents Before and During COVID-19. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:197-208. [PMID: 38109876 PMCID: PMC10996914 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the association between sports participation, depression, suicide ideation, and suicide behaviors in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents before COVID-19 and during COVID-19. METHODS Data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n = 13,526) and the 2021 Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey (n = 7677) were used to analyze the association between past-year depression/suicide ideation/suicide behaviors and past-year sports participation. RESULTS The analysis found that 57.4% of adolescents indicated participating in at least 1 sport in 2019; this dropped to 47.7% in 2021. Furthermore, 36.7% of adolescents indicated feeling sad or hopeless almost every day for 2 weeks or more in a row in 2019; this increased to 44.2% in 2021. The percentage of adolescents who indicated considering suicide, making a suicide plan, attempting suicide, and attempted suicide that lead to an injury was similar during 2019 and 2021. Multivariable analysis found that participation in 2 or more sports in 2019 was associated with lower odds of each of the outcomes for depression, suicide ideation, and suicide behaviors, whereas in 2021, participation in 2 or more sports was only associated with lower odds of indicating being sad or hopeless (an indicator for depression) for a 2-week period (adjusted odds ratios = 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.85). CONCLUSIONS Participation in 2 or more sports lowered the risk of feeling sad or hopeless, suicide ideation, and suicide behaviors in 2019, but this effect was absent in 2021. Given the presence of multiple stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic, sports participation alone may not offer sufficient protective effects against suicide behaviors as it did pre pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Veliz
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Massy Mutumba
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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10
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McMahon TP, Villaume SC, Adam EK. Daily experiences and adolescent affective wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: The CHESS model. Curr Opin Psychol 2023; 53:101654. [PMID: 37517164 PMCID: PMC10592260 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in adolescents' increased exposure to daily experiences of risk factors for depression and anxiety (e.g., loneliness). Intensive longitudinal studies examining daily experiences during the pandemic have revealed short-term and long-term consequences on youth mental health. Although evidence suggests small average increases in adolescent depression and anxiety, most of the story is in variability: increases are higher for youth and families with greater pre-existing mental health vulnerabilities and fewer socioeconomic resources, whereas increases are lower when social or financial support and positive coping and health behaviors are available and employed. Public health and economic policies should be mindful of youth mental health risks and actively promote known mental health supports, including family economic resources, access to mental healthcare, and social connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierney P McMahon
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Sarah Collier Villaume
- School of Education and Social Policy, and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Emma K Adam
- School of Education and Social Policy, and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, USA.
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11
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James KM, Silk JS, Scott LN, Hutchinson EA, Wang S, Sequeira SL, Lu C, Oppenheimer C, Ladouceur CD. Peer Connectedness and Social Technology Use During COVID-19 Lockdown. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:937-948. [PMID: 36870012 PMCID: PMC9985089 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, adolescents relied on social technology for social connection. Although some research suggests small, negative effects for quantity of social technology use on adolescent mental health, the quality of the interaction may be more important. We conducted a daily diary study in a risk-enriched sample of girls under COVID-19 lockdown to investigate associations between daily social technology use, peer closeness, and emotional health. For 10 days, 93 girls (ages 12-17) completed an online daily diary (88% compliance) assessing positive affect, symptoms of anxiety and depression, peer closeness, and daily time texting, video-chatting and using social media. Multilevel fixed effects models with Bayesian estimation were conducted. At the within-person level, more daily time texting or video-chatting with peers was associated with feeling closer to peers that day, which was associated with more positive affect and fewer depressive and anxiety symptoms that day. At the between-person level, more time video-chatting with peers across the 10 days was indirectly associated with higher average positive affect during lockdown and less depression seven-months later, via higher mean closeness with peers. Social media use was not associated with emotional health at the within- or between-person levels. Messaging and video-chatting technologies are important tools for maintaining peer connectedness during social isolation, with beneficial effects on emotional health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera M James
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lori N Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Sarah Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Celine Lu
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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12
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Shanahan L, Johnson-Ferguson L, Loher M, Steinhoff A, Bechtiger L, Murray AL, Hepp U, Ribeaud D, Eisner M. The worst and the best: new insights into risk and resilience in young adults from the COVID-19 pandemic. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37361562 PMCID: PMC10132952 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Historic declines in young people's mental health began to emerge before the COVID-19 pandemic. In the face of this youth mental health crisis, the pandemic constituted a naturalistic stressor paradigm that came with the potential to uncover new knowledge for the science of risk and resilience. Surprisingly, approximately 19-35% of people reported better well-being in the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic than before. Therefore, in May and September 2020, we asked N=517 young adults from a cohort study to describe the best and the worst aspects of their pandemic lives (N=1,462 descriptions). Inductive thematic analysis revealed that the best aspects included the deceleration of life and a greater abundance of free time, which was used for hobbies, healthy activities, strengthening relationships, and for personal growth and building resilience skills. Positive aspects also included a reduction in educational pressures and work load and temporary relief from climate change concerns. The worst aspects included disruptions and changes to daily life; social distancing and restrictions of freedoms; negative emotions that arose in the pandemic situation, including uncertainty about the future; and the growing polarization of society. Science that aims to reverse the youth mental health crisis must pay increased attention to sources of young people's distress that are not commonly measured (e.g., their educational, work, and time pressures; their fears and uncertainties about their personal, society's, and the global future), and also to previously untapped sources of well-being - including those that young people identified for themselves while facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42844-023-00096-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lydia Johnson-Ferguson
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Loher
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annekatrin Steinhoff
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura Bechtiger
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs Hepp
- Meilen Institute Zurich, Stockerstrasse 45, CH-8002 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Ribeaud
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 9DA UK
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13
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Mavragani A, Sanchez T, Yang H, Zhao F, Qin Y, Wu J, Yan H, Xu Y, Zhang L. Caregiver Perceptions of Children's and Adolescents' Psychosocial Functioning During the Stringent COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions in Shanghai: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e43689. [PMID: 36749625 PMCID: PMC9907570 DOI: 10.2196/43689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global health crisis. The Shanghai municipal government in China implemented strict and comprehensive pandemic control strategies in the first half of 2022 to eliminate a wave of COVID-19 infection. The pandemic and the resulting government responses have led to abrupt changes to families' daily lives, including the mental health of children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of COVID-19 exposure and the stringent lockdown measures on the daily life and mental health of children and adolescents and to provide suggestions on maintaining their mental health when similar public health emergencies occur in the future. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, an anonymous survey was distributed online in May 1-15, 2022, in Shanghai. Individuals were eligible to participate if they were currently the caregiver of a child or adolescent (aged 4-17 years). Outcomes were psychosocial functioning of children and adolescents, as reported by parents, using the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17. COVID-19 exposure and life changes were also reported. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for poor psychosocial functioning. RESULTS In total, 2493 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The rate of positive scores on the global Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 scale was 16.5% (n=411). Internalizing, attention, and externalizing problem subscale positivity rates were 17.3% (n=431), 10.9% (n=272), and 8.9% (n=221), respectively. Caregivers reported that 64.2% (n=1601) and 20.7% (n=516) of the children's interactions with friends or peers and parents deteriorated, respectively. Compared with male caregivers, female caregivers were less likely to report psychosocial problems in children and adolescents (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.68; 95% CI 0.53-0.88). Older children and those with lower COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Scales scores were less likely to have psychological problems (aOR 1.15; 95% CI 1.10-1.21). Compared with children with screen times <1 hour per day for recreation, those using screens for >3 hours had higher odds of psychological distress (aOR 2.09; 95% CI 1.47-1.97). Children who spent 1-2 hours exercising and had better interactions with friends or peers and parents showed a trend toward lower odds of psychological problems. Children and adolescents with worse sleep compared with preclosure were more likely to have psychological problems. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of psychosocial problems among children and adolescents is relatively high. Being young, having more COVID-19 exposure, and having more screen times (>3 h/day), less exercise time (<30 min), worse sleep, and deteriorated interactions with friends or peers and parents were risk factors for poor psychosocial functioning. It is necessary for governments, communities, schools, and families to take appropriate countermeasures to reduce the negative impact of the stringent control measures on caregivers' parenting and psychosocial functioning of children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongyang Yang
- Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Hospital Development Strategy, China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangjie Zhao
- College of Health Service, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchen Qin
- College of Health Service, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Wu
- College of Health Service, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Yan
- School of Nursing, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Health Service, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- College of Health Service, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Hamilton JL, Hutchinson E, Evankovich MR, Ladouceur CD, Silk JS. Daily and average associations of physical activity, social media use, and sleep among adolescent girls during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13611. [PMID: 35535484 PMCID: PMC9347531 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents' daily lives have been disrupted during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It remains unclear how changes in adolescents' daily physical and social behaviours affect their sleep. The present study examined the daily and average effects of physical activity and social media use (i.e., video chatting, texting, and social networking sites) on adolescent girls' sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adolescent girls aged 12-17 years (N = 93; 69% White) from a larger longitudinal study completed a 10-day daily diary protocol during state-mandated stay-at-home orders. Girls reported on daily sleep (duration, timing, quality), physical activity, and social media use during COVID-19. Multilevel modelling was used to examine the within- and between-person effects of physical activity and social media on sleep duration, timing, and quality during the 10-day period. Between-person associations indicate that youth with greater social media use (texting, video chatting, and social networking) and less physical activity had later sleep timing across the 10-day study period. Only video chatting was associated with shorter sleep duration. There were no within-person effects of physical activity or social media activities on sleep outcomes. Findings indicate that physical activity and social media use may impact later adolescent sleep timing during the COVID-19 pandemic. It will be critical for research to examine the potential long-term costs of delayed sleep timing, and whether targeting specific youth behaviours associated with sleep and circadian disruption improve mental and physical health during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer S. Silk
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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15
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Hung J. Subsets of the population benefitting from the pandemic: What policies and practices should be arranged to sustainably maintain beneficiaries' mental health. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2022; 7:1090785. [PMID: 36589792 PMCID: PMC9797822 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.1090785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here researchers have the disposition to engage in the scholarly discourse on how the pandemic adversely influenced individuals' mental health and what remedies should be exercised in response to the mental health challenges. There is a shortage of scholarly discussion about who benefitted from the occurrence of the pandemic. Mancini et al. argued that the pandemic benefitted the social and mental health functioning of a subset of the population, despite the pandemic causing considerable risks of harm to mental health. In this perspective, the author summarizes relevant findings and arguments to present which subsets of the population benefitted at school, at home, and in the workplace during the pandemic. Although COVID-19 is no longer deemed a pandemic, many by-products of the public health crisis, including the encouragement of remote work and studies, remain. In this perspective, by understanding who benefitted from the pandemic and why, the author can evaluate if any public policies formed in response to the pandemic should be kept in the long run in order to maximize individuals' mental health.
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16
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Duncan MJ, Riazi NA, Faulkner G, Gilchrist JD, Leatherdale ST, Patte KA. The association of physical activity, sleep, and screen time with mental health in Canadian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal isotemporal substitution analysis. Ment Health Phys Act 2022; 23:100473. [PMID: 36156917 PMCID: PMC9482721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of COVID-19 on adolescent mental health is a global concern. Increased screen time and reduced physical activity due to the lockdown measures have been linked to detrimental mental health outcomes; however, the literature remains limited by cross-sectional and retrospective designs, and consideration of behaviours in isolation. Prospective evidence is necessary to examine whether moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sleep and screen time influenced changes in mental health. METHOD Analyses used data from a prospective cohort study of secondary school students in Canada with baseline data from the 2018-2019 school year and linked follow-up data from online surveys completed during the initial COVID-19 outbreak (May-July 2020). Multilevel linear regression models were used to evaluate the within- and between-person isotemporal substitution effects of sleep, MVPA and screen time behaviours on depression, anxiety, subjective well-being, and trait emotional dysregulation. RESULTS Linked longitudinal data from 2645 students attending 44 schools were available. Between-person effects indicated that individuals who engaged in more MVPA and sleep while minimizing screen time had lower depression scores, less severe emotional dysregulation, and better subjective well-being. While controlling for between-person effects, within-person year-on-year change suggests those who increased screen time while decreasing either MVPA or sleep experienced mental health decline on all outcomes. CONCLUSION MVPA and sleep were associated with youth mental health during the early COVID-19 lockdown. Increasing MVPA and sleep (or at least mitigating the increase of screen time) compared to the prior year was associated with better mental health during the early pandemic. A limitation to consider is that the screen time measure represents a combination of screen behaviours, and effects of replacing screen time may have varied if distinctions were made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Joseph Duncan
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Saint Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Negin Alivia Riazi
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Saint Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Guy Faulkner
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Lower Mall Research Station,2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jenna Diane Gilchrist
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Scott Thomas Leatherdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Karen Allison Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, Saint Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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17
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Trajectories of adolescent perceived stress and symptoms of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15957. [PMID: 36153394 PMCID: PMC9509354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents might be particularly affected by the drastic social changes as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, given the increased stress-sensitivity and importance of the social environment in this developmental phase. In order to examine heterogeneity during the pandemic, the current study aimed to identify whether subgroups of adolescents could be distinguished based on their levels of perceived stress and symptoms of depression and anxiety. In addition, we examined which prepandemic factors predicted these trajectories. Adolescents were assessed before the pandemic (N = 188, Mage = 13.49, SD = 0.81) and at three timepoints during the pandemic (i.e., eight, ten, and 15 months after the start of the pandemic in the Netherlands). Results showed no support for distinct trajectories of perceived stress, adolescents experienced stable moderate levels during the pandemic. In contrast, results showed three trajectories for depression and anxiety. The majority of adolescents reported stable low or moderate levels and one small subgroup reported high levels of depression and anxiety that decreased during the pandemic. Certain prepandemic factors predicted higher initial levels of stress and symptoms of depression and anxiety during the pandemic. To support adolescents with prepandemic vulnerabilities, strategies could be developed, for instance enhancing adolescents’ social support.
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18
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Widnall E, Winstone L, Plackett R, Adams EA, Haworth CMA, Mars B, Kidger J. Impact of School and Peer Connectedness on Adolescent Mental Health and Well-Being Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Panel Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116768. [PMID: 35682350 PMCID: PMC9180617 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
School closures and social distancing measures during the pandemic have disrupted young people’s daily routines and social relationships. We explored patterns of change in adolescent mental health and tested the relationship between pre-pandemic levels of school and peer connectedness and changes in mental health and well-being between the first lockdown and the return to school. This is a secondary analysis of a longitudinal 3-wave panel survey. The study sample included 603 students (aged 13–14) in 17 secondary schools across south-west England. Students completed a survey pre-pandemic (October 2019), during lockdown (May 2020) and shortly after returning to school (October 2020). Multilevel models, with random effects, were conducted for anxiety, depression and well-being outcomes with school and peer connectedness as predictor variables. Symptoms of anxiety decreased from pre-pandemic to during the first UK lockdown and increased on the return to school; anxious symptoms decreased the most for students reporting feeling least connected to school pre-pandemic. Students reporting low levels of school and peer connectedness pre-pandemic experienced poorer mental health and well-being at all time points. Low school connectedness pre-pandemic was associated with a greater increase in anxious and depressive symptoms between lockdown and the return to school when compared to students with medium levels of school connectedness. No associations were found with high school connectedness or with low/high peer connectedness. For adolescents with poor school connectedness, the enforced time away from school that the pandemic caused led to reduced anxiety. Going forwards, we need to consider ways in which to promote connection with school as a way of supporting mental health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Widnall
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; (L.W.); (B.M.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lizzy Winstone
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; (L.W.); (B.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Ruth Plackett
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK;
| | - Emma A. Adams
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 4ES, UK;
| | | | - Becky Mars
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; (L.W.); (B.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Judi Kidger
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; (L.W.); (B.M.); (J.K.)
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19
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Happier during lockdown: a descriptive analysis of self-reported wellbeing in 17,000 UK school students during Covid-19 lockdown. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 32:1131-1146. [PMID: 35174418 PMCID: PMC8853175 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Relatively little research has focused on children and young people (CYP) whose mental health and wellbeing improved during Covid-19 lockdown measures. We aimed to (1) determine the proportion of CYP who self-reported improvement in their mental wellbeing during the first Covid-19 lockdown and (2) describe the characteristics of this group in relation to their peers. We conducted a descriptive analysis of data from the 2020 OxWell Student Survey, a self-report, cross-sectional survey of English CYP. A total of 16,940 CYP primarily aged 8-18 years reported on change in mental wellbeing during lockdown. We characterised these CYP in terms of school, home, relational, and lifestyle factors as well as feelings about returning to school. One-third (33%) of CYP reported improved mental wellbeing during the first UK national lockdown. Compared with peers who reported no change or deterioration, a higher proportion of CYP with improved mental wellbeing reported improved relationships with friends and family, less loneliness and exclusion, reduced bullying, better management of school tasks, and more sleep and exercise during lockdown. In conclusion, a sizeable minority of CYP reported improved mental wellbeing during lockdown. Determining the reasons why these CYP felt they fared better during lockdown and considering how these beneficial experiences can be maintained beyond the pandemic might provide insights into how to promote the future mental health and wellbeing of school-aged CYP. All those working with CYP now have an opportunity to consider whether a systemic shift is needed in order to understand and realise any learnings from experiences during the pandemic.
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20
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A prospective study of college student depressive symptoms, sense of purpose, and response to a COVID-19 campus shutdown. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 189:111475. [PMID: 34955576 PMCID: PMC8692084 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences can shape the way major life events are experienced. In this study, we explored the unique and interactive effects of depressive symptoms and sense of purpose on downstream appraisals of a COVID-19 college campus shutdown. Data were from a sample of U.S. college students (n = 152) surveyed prior to widespread COVID-19 transmission (Time 1; early fall 2019), and again just after their university closed as a protective measure (Time 2; mid-spring 2020). Depressive symptoms were positively associated, whereas sense of purpose was negatively associated, with cross-sectional reports of social status change due to shutdown. Depressive symptoms at Time 1 positively predicted perceived external control of the situation at Time 2, and sense of purpose at Time 1 positively predicted changes to worldview at Time 2. Purpose and depressive symptoms evidenced high rank-order stability from Time 1 to Time 2. This study represents a rare documentation of college students' feelings and experiences before, and during, a historical moment. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
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