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Thomas A. Developing an Evidence-Based Nutrition Curriculum for Correctional Settings. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2022; 28:117-128. [PMID: 35244472 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.20.04.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
People experiencing incarceration in the United States face numerous health disparities before, during, and after imprisonment, with prison conditions often exacerbating the severity of their health conditions. Within prisons, inadequate nutrition may contribute to the high prevalence of chronic disease such as diabetes and heart disease. This article discusses the development of an evidence-based nutrition curriculum for prison settings, informed by literature on current nutrition in prison, as well as previous health interventions designed to improve the health of incarcerated individuals. The curriculum was developed using guidelines for an effective health curriculum from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Furthermore, this article discusses the theoretical foundations and effective pedagogies for teaching health materials in prison and provides further recommendations for improving nutrition in correctional institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Thomas
- Health and Wellness Promotion, The University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, North Carolina, USA
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SAYYAH M, RAHIM F, KAYEDANI GA, SHIRBANDI K, SAKI-MALEHI A. Global View of HIV Prevalence in Prisons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 48:217-226. [PMID: 31205875 PMCID: PMC6556176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to estimate the global prevalence of HIV, as well as cross-countries comparison in people who are in prison. METHODS We systematically assessed published studies reporting HIV prevalence among prisoners in the world. We searched international datasets banks, including PubMed, SCOPUS, Cumulative Index to Nursing and ISI web of science along with local databases and included original articles reporting data on the prevalence of HIV from 1980 to 2017. RESULTS We included 72 studies that reported HIV prevalence for 2,275,930 adult male and female prisoners. The pooled estimate of HIV prevalence was 3.4% (95% CI 3.2%-3.6%); however, the prevalence of HIV across individual studies varied considerably (ranging from 0 in Bosnia and Herzegovina to More than 20% in Iran, Zambia, Spain) and statistical heterogeneity was substantial (I2=0.99, Q=121; P<0.0001). The prevalence of HIV among prisoners in the continents Asia, Africa, North America and Europe was estimated as 3.0% (95% CI 3.3%-4.3 %), 6% (95% CI -0.0%-2.0%), 4% (95% CI 3.0%-4.0%), 5.0% (95% CI 0.0%-11%), respectively. CONCLUSION Protecting prisoners' health protects general public health. Successful HIV preventive measures in prisons include provision of HIV education and information; clean needles and syringes; drug treatment; and condoms. Governments have a moral and ethical obligation to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS in prisons and to provide compassionate care, treatment and support for those infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi SAYYAH
- Education Development Center (EDC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fakher RAHIM
- Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Corresponding Author:
| | - Gholam Abbas KAYEDANI
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kiarash SHIRBANDI
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amal SAKI-MALEHI
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Golrokhi R, Farhoudi B, Taj L, Pahlaviani FG, Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Cossarizza A, SeyedAlinaghi S, Mohraz M, Voltarelli FA. HIV Prevalence and Correlations in Prisons in Different Regions of the World: A Review Article. Open AIDS J 2018; 12:81-92. [PMID: 30369993 PMCID: PMC6176549 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601812010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV is substantially higher among prisoners than the general population, while the incidence varies considerably in different regions around the world. If we consider Sub-Saharan Africa as one region with the highest prevalence of HIV, data on African prisoners would be limited. Despite the low prevalence of HIV in the Middle East and North Africa, its incidence is rising in these regions with a few exceptions; there are insufficient data on HIV prevalence in prisons. A similar situation is present in both Pacific and Central Asia as well as in Eastern Europe. A high rate of infection is mainly observed among prisoners in Western and Central parts of Europe, since the data from these are more available than other parts. Nowadays, the sexual transmission mode and tattooing are important ways in HIV risks among prisoners after injecting drug use as the most common route of HIV transmission in all regions. However, it is difficult to compare and analyze the prevalence of HIV among prisoners in different regions regarding the limited data and different methods which they used in collecting data. Eventually, it can certainly be said that prisons are one of the high-risk places for HIV transmission; on the other hand, can be a suitable place for implementing HIV case-finding, linkage to treatment and harm reduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Golrokhi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Farhoudi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Taj
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Golsoorat Pahlaviani
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Mazaheri-Tehrani
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Mohraz
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fabrício Azevedo Voltarelli
- Federal University of Mato Grosso, Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cuiabá, Brazil
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Tavoschi L, Vroling H, Madeddu G, Babudieri S, Monarca R, Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten M, Beer N, Gomes Dias J, O’Moore É, Hedrich D, Oordt-Speets A. Active Case Finding for Communicable Diseases in Prison Settings: Increasing Testing Coverage and Uptake Among the Prison Population in the European Union/European Economic Area. Epidemiol Rev 2018; 40:105-120. [PMID: 29648594 PMCID: PMC5982719 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prison populations are disproportionally affected by communicable diseases when compared with the general community because of a complex mix of socioeconomic determinants and environmental factors. Tailored and adequate health care provision in prisons has the potential to reach vulnerable and underserved groups and address their complex needs. We investigated the available evidence on modalities and effectiveness of active case-finding interventions in prisons by searching PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for records on prison and active case finding with no language limit. Conference abstracts and unpublished research reports also were retrieved. We analyzed the findings by testing modality, outcomes, and study quality. The included 90 records-63 peer-reviewed, 26 from gray literature, and 1 systematic review-reported variously on viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, sexually transmitted infections, and tuberculosis. No records were retrieved for other communicable diseases. Provider-initiated opt-in testing was the most frequently investigated modality. Testing at entry and provider-initiated testing were reported to result in comparatively higher uptake ranges. However, no comparative studies were identified that reported statistically significant differences between testing modalities. Positivity rates among tested inmates ranged broadly but were generally high for all diseases. The evidence on active case finding in correctional facilities is limited, heterogeneous, and of low quality, making it challenging to draw conclusions on the effect of different testing modalities. Scale-up of provider-initiated testing in European correctional facilities could substantially reduce the undiagnosed fraction and, hence, prevent additional disease transmission in both prison settings and the community at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Tavoschi
- Surveillance and Response Unit, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hilde Vroling
- Pallas, Health Research and Consultancy B.V., Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giordano Madeddu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Monarca
- Health Without Barriers – European Federation for Prison Health, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Netta Beer
- Surveillance and Response Unit, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Joana Gomes Dias
- Surveillance and Response Unit, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Éamonn O’Moore
- Department of Health & Justice, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Dagmar Hedrich
- Public Health Unit, European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anouk Oordt-Speets
- Pallas, Health Research and Consultancy B.V., Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Cooccurrences of Putative Endogenous Retrovirus-Associated Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7973165. [PMID: 28326328 PMCID: PMC5343228 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7973165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
At least 8% of the human genome is composed of endogenous retrovirus (ERV) sequences. ERVs play a role in placental morphogenesis and can sometimes protect the host against exogenous viruses. On the other hand, ERV reactivation has been found to be associated with different diseases, for example, multiple sclerosis (MS), schizophrenia, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Little is known about the cooccurrence of these diseases. If all these diseases are caused by ERV, antiretroviral therapy should perhaps also show some effects in the other diseases. Here, we summarize literature demonstrating that some ERV-associated diseases seem to appear together more often than expected, for example, MS and ALS, MS and T1D, MS and schizophrenia, or ALS and T1D. In contrast, some ERV-associated diseases seem to appear together less frequently than expected, for example, schizophrenia and T1D. Besides, some reports demonstrate amelioration of MS, ALS, or schizophrenia under antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. If such results could be confirmed in larger studies, alternative therapy strategies for ERV-associated diseases like MS and schizophrenia might be possible.
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Price VD, Swanson BA, Jegier BJ, Phillips J, Swartout K, Fogg L. Hospitalization Among HIV-Infected U.S. Marshals Service Prisoners. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2016; 22:300-308. [PMID: 27659018 DOI: 10.1177/1078345816667963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) prisoner population is diverse and includes immigration violators, fugitives that have evaded apprehension, perpetrators of Medicaid fraud, and parole and probation violators. Unlike state and local jails, the USMS has numerous housing options for its prisoners. Given the unique characteristics, federal prisoners' quality of care, and subsequent clinical outcomes, may differ from those of state and local inmates. However, little is known about hospitalization rates and length of stay for HIV-positive USMS prisoners. The purpose of this study is to examine hospitalizations among HIV-infected prisoners in the custody of the USMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Briana J Jegier
- Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, USA The College at Brockport-SUNY, Brockport, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Louis Fogg
- Rush University College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, USA
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Iroh PA, Mayo H, Nijhawan AE. The HIV Care Cascade Before, During, and After Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Data Synthesis. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e5-16. [PMID: 25973818 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic literature review of the data on HIV testing, engagement in care, and treatment in incarcerated persons, and estimated the care cascade in this group. We identified 2706 titles in MEDLINE, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library databases for studies indexed to January 13, 2015, and included 92 for analysis. We summarized HIV testing results by type (blinded, opt-out, voluntary); reviewed studies on HIV care engagement, treatment, and virological suppression; and synthesized these results into an HIV care cascade before, during, and after incarceration. The HIV care cascade following diagnosis increased during incarceration and declined substantially after release, often to levels lower than before incarceration. Incarceration provides an opportunity to address HIV care in hard-to-reach individuals, though new interventions are needed to improve postrelease care continuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princess A Iroh
- Princess A. Iroh and Ank E. Nijhawan are with Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. Helen Mayo is with Health Sciences Digital Library and Learning Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
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Asare Bempong G, Ramamurthi HC, McCuller J, Williams JK, Harawa NT. Recruiting Black Men Who Have Sex with Men and Women (BMSMW) in an Urban Setting for HIV Prevention Research. JOURNAL OF AIDS & CLINICAL RESEARCH 2014; 6:408. [PMID: 25984392 PMCID: PMC4433157 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6113.1000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concerns related to stigma and confidentiality limit HIV-related study recruitment and retention of Black men who have sex with men and women (MSMW). This paper examines lessons learned from recruitment strategies utilized in enrolling 437 participants between 2007 and 2011 for a randomized controlled trial to test a culturally specific HIV risk-reduction intervention for Black MSMW. METHODS Interested respondents completed a brief screener and participants completed surveys at baseline and at post, 3 and 6 months follow-up. Recruitment patterns were assessed by examining the source of study information reported when respondents were asked how they learned about the study. Chi-square tests were then conducted to examine differences in the distribution of participants by self-reported HIV status, age group and socio-economic status (SES) for each type of study information source. RESULTS Regardless of HIV or SES, study respondents were more likely to have received information about the study through a service agency than from other sources. Participants ages 30-49 and 50+ years were most likely to have learned about the study from an agency (34.9% and 27.0%, respectively) or another participant/friend (20.1%, 23.1%) and least likely to have found out from bus (0.8%, 0.0%) or radio (1.3%, 0.0%) advertisements; whereas younger participants were more likely to have heard about the study through a friend/participant (23.4%) than an agency (15.4%). Although, 14.1% of participants' ages less than 30 years reported the Internet as their source of study information, this compared to just 2.7% and 4.8% for participants in the 30-49 and 50-plus age groups. CONCLUSIONS While agencies and referrals from personal networks appear to be the most significant recruitment source for potential HIV research participants, there is evidence that Internet based tools may enhance recruitment, particularly among younger Black MSMW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hema C. Ramamurthi
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason McCuller
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John K Williams
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nina T Harawa
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Rosen DL, Golin CE, Grodensky CA, May J, Bowling JM, DeVellis RF, White BL, Wohl DA. Opt-out HIV testing in prison: informed and voluntary? AIDS Care 2014; 27:545-54. [PMID: 25506799 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2014.989486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
HIV testing in prison settings has been identified as an important mechanism to detect cases among high-risk, underserved populations. Several public health organizations recommend that testing across health-care settings, including prisons, be delivered in an opt-out manner. However, implementation of opt-out testing within prisons may pose challenges in delivering testing that is informed and understood to be voluntary. In a large state prison system with a policy of voluntary opt-out HIV testing, we randomly sampled adult prisoners in each of seven intake prisons within two weeks after their opportunity to be HIV tested. We surveyed prisoners' perception of HIV testing as voluntary or mandatory and used multivariable statistical models to identify factors associated with their perception. We also linked survey responses to lab records to determine if prisoners' test status (tested or not) matched their desired and perceived test status. Thirty-eight percent (359/936) perceived testing as voluntary. The perception that testing was mandatory was positively associated with age less than 25 years (adjusted relative risk [aRR]: 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24, 1.71) and preference that testing be mandatory (aRR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.41, 2.31) but negatively associated with entry into one of the intake prisons (aRR: 0.41 95% CI: 0.27, 0.63). Eighty-nine percent of prisoners wanted to be tested, 85% were tested according to their wishes, and 82% correctly understood whether or not they were tested. Most prisoners wanted to be HIV tested and were aware that they had been tested, but less than 40% understood testing to be voluntary. Prisoners' understanding of the voluntary nature of testing varied by intake prison and by a few individual-level factors. Testing procedures should ensure that opt-out testing is informed and understood to be voluntary by prisoners and other vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Rosen
- a Department of Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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Johnson TP. Sources of Error in Substance Use Prevalence Surveys. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:923290. [PMID: 27437511 PMCID: PMC4897110 DOI: 10.1155/2014/923290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Population-based estimates of substance use patterns have been regularly reported now for several decades. Concerns with the quality of the survey methodologies employed to produce those estimates date back almost as far. Those concerns have led to a considerable body of research specifically focused on understanding the nature and consequences of survey-based errors in substance use epidemiology. This paper reviews and summarizes that empirical research by organizing it within a total survey error model framework that considers multiple types of representation and measurement errors. Gaps in our knowledge of error sources in substance use surveys and areas needing future research are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Johnson
- Survey Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, 412 S. Peoria Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Massoglia M, Pare PP, Schnittker J, Gagnon A. The relationship between incarceration and premature adult mortality: gender specific evidence. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2014; 46:142-54. [PMID: 24767596 PMCID: PMC6123019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We examine the relationship between incarceration and premature mortality for men and women. Analyses using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) reveal strong gender differences. Using two different analytic procedures the results show that women with a history of incarceration are more likely to die than women without such a history, even after controlling for health status and criminal behavior prior to incarceration, the availability of health insurance, and other socio-demographic factors. In contrast, there is no relationship between incarceration and mortality for men after accounting for these factors. The results point to the importance of examining gender differences in the collateral consequences of incarceration. The results also contribute to a rapidly emerging literature linking incarceration to various health hazards. Although men constitute the bulk of inmates, future research should not neglect the special circumstances of female former inmates and their rapidly growing numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Massoglia
- Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
| | - Paul-Philippe Pare
- Department of Sociology, Centre for Population, Aging, and Health (CPAH), University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alain Gagnon
- Département de démographie, University of Montreal, Canada
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Ataie M, Nokhodian Z, Ataei B, Kassaian N, Yaran M, Hassannejad R. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus among young prisoners. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 18:70-2. [PMID: 23900503 PMCID: PMC3719232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juveniles in custody are affected by sexually transmitted infections due to risky behaviors. Therefore, they have a disproportionate burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this study, the prevalence and associated characteristics of hepatitis B and HIV infections were assessed in young prisoners. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, prevalence of HBV and HIV infections was assessed among young prisoners during 2008-2009. A checklist consisting of demographic, social, and risk factors was filled out and blood was drawn for their tests. Sera were analyzed for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), hepatitis B surface antibody (HBs Ab), hepatitis B core antibody (HBc Ab) and HIV Ab, and Western blot test was performed on antibody-positive HIV. RESULTS A total number of 160 young prisoners (147 boys and 13 girls) were evaluated. The mean age of the subjects was 16.59 ± 1.24 year. HBs Ag, HBc Ab, HBs Ab, and HIV Ab were detected in 1 (0.63%), 1 (0.63%), 52 (32.5%), and 1 (0.63%), respectively. CONCLUSION With respect to national vaccination program against HBV infection, the juvenile prisoners had low prevalence of HBs Ab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ataie
- Young Research Club, School of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zary Nokhodian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Address for correspondence: Ms. Zary Nokhodian, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Behrooz Ataei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nazila Kassaian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Yaran
- Nosocomial Infection Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Razieh Hassannejad
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Testing for HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and viral hepatitis in jails: still a missed opportunity for public health and HIV prevention. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 55 Suppl 2:S78-83. [PMID: 21406992 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181fbc94f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Jails provide an underutilized public health opportunity for screening for HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and viral hepatitis, and for such other infectious diseases as tuberculosis. Incarcerated individuals are more likely to be men, poor, persons of color, and at high risk for HIV. The vast majority of jails in the United States do not screen routinely for HIV or STIs, thereby missing an opportunity for HIV and STI diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Nesting HIV testing within STI testing and treatment in conjunction with testing and treatment for other infectious diseases, as appropriate based on community prevalence, provides a public health opportunity and will enhance HIV prevention. HIV testing and linkage to care, both within corrections and in the community, comprise an important component of the "seek and treat" strategy to further prevent HIV infection. Jail-based screening of infectious diseases, especially for HIV and STIs, in conjunction with treatment and linkage to community care has thus far been a neglected component of HIV prevention among high-risk communities.
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Abstract
Prisons often lack the basic health services required by HIV/AIDS patients. As with many other chronic illnesses, the treatment of HIV is expensive in terms of medication, hygiene, testing and staff training. Strategies to combat the disease have been thoroughly developed, particularly in Europe (WHO/UNAIDS, 2006). The purpose of this study was to assess quality of life (QOL) of the only 5 reported cases of HIV/AIDS patients in Roumieh prison (the country's largest male top-security prison) using the WHOQOL and the WHO guidelines on HIV infection and AIDS in prison. Virtually all prisoners reported that their rights had been violated. Isolation measures were taken to prevent the spread of the disease. According to UNAIDS, this particular measure has been proven ineffective. In conclusion, other approaches should be implemented to respect inmates' rights and reduce transmission of the virus.
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Andrinopoulos K, Kerrigan D, Figueroa JP, Reese R, Ellen JM. HIV coping self-efficacy: a key to understanding stigma and HIV test acceptance among incarcerated men in Jamaica. AIDS Care 2010; 22:339-47. [PMID: 20390514 PMCID: PMC2855689 DOI: 10.1080/09540120903193633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although prisons have been noted as important venues for HIV testing, few studies have explored the factors within this context that may influence HIV test acceptance. Moreover, there is a dearth of research related to HIV and incarcerated populations in middle and low-income countries, where both the burden of HIV and the number of people incarcerated is higher compared to high-income countries. This study explores the relationship between HIV coping self-efficacy, HIV-related stigma, and HIV test acceptance in the largest prisons in Jamaica. A random sample of inmates (n=298) recruited from an HIV testing demonstration project were asked to complete a cross-sectional quantitative survey. Participants who reported high HIV coping self-efficacy (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.86: 95% confidence interval CI 1.24-2.78, p-value=0.003), some perceived risk of HIV (AOR 2.51: 95% (CI) 1.57-4.01, p-value=0.000), and low HIV testing stigma (AOR 1.71: 95% CI 1.05-2.79, p-value=0.032) were more likely to test for HIV. Correlates of HIV coping self-efficacy included external and internal HIV stigma (AOR 1.28: 95% CI 1.25-1.32, p-value=0.000 and AOR 1.76: 95% CI 1.34-2.30, p-value=0.000, respectively), social support (AOR 2.09: 95% CI 1.19-3.68, p-value=0.010), and HIV knowledge (AOR 2.33: 95% CI 1.04-5.22, p-value=0.040). Policy and programs should focus on the interrelationships of these constructs to increase participation in HIV testing in prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Andrinopoulos
- Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Rosen DL, Schoenbach VJ, Wohl DA, White BL, Stewart PW, Golin CE. An evaluation of HIV testing among inmates in the North Carolina prison system. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 Suppl 2:S452-9. [PMID: 19797758 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.133124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the use of voluntary HIV testing among state prisoners in the North Carolina prison system. METHODS We calculated system-wide and facility-specific proportions and rates of adult inmates tested for HIV and estimated associations between testing status and inmate characteristics for prisoners in North Carolina. RESULTS Of the 54 016 inmates who entered prison between January 2004 and May 2006, 20 820 (38%) were tested for HIV; of those tested, 18 574 (89%) were tested at admission. Across the 8 intake prisons, more than 80% of inmates in both female facilities but less than 15% of inmates in 4 of 6 male facilities were tested. Prisoners with a documented history of heroin use, crack or cocaine use, conventional HIV risk behavior, or tuberculosis were at least 10% more likely to be tested than were inmates without these characteristics. However, more than 60% of men reporting conventional risk behaviors were not tested. Before covariate adjustment, Black men were 30% less likely than White men to be tested; in the multivariable regression model, this difference was attenuated to 13%. CONCLUSIONS Rates of HIV testing varied widely across intake prisons, and many male inmates with documented risk of infection were never tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Rosen
- Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
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18
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Sexually transmitted infections and HIV prevalence among incarcerated men who have sex with men, 2000-2005. Sex Transm Dis 2009; 36:S17-21. [PMID: 19125146 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e31815e4152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE : Screening incarcerated populations, particularly men who have sex with men (MSM), for the identification, treatment, and prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV provides an effective way to access a hard-to-reach, high-risk population. GOAL : To describe findings from a screening program designed to identify STIs and HIV among incarcerated MSM. STUDY DESIGN : The Los Angeles County Sexually Transmitted Disease Program implemented a voluntary HIV and STI screening program in the segregated MSM unit of the Los Angeles County Men's Jail in March 2000. This analysis reports on data collected through December 2005. RESULTS : Between March 2000 and December 2005, a total of 7004 inmates participated in the screening program. The overall positivity rate for chlamydia was 3.1% (127 of 4157) and 1.7% (69 of 4106) for gonorrhea. In addition, early syphilis was identified in 1.6% of inmates (95 of 6008) and the overall prevalence of HIV was 13.4% (625 of 4658). The level of repeat testing was relatively high with 15% (1048) of inmates repeatedly incarcerated and screened for STIs over the 5-year period. Although the seroprevalence of HIV was not significantly different between repeaters and nonrepeaters, 33 inmates were HIV seropositive after having tested negative at prior bookings, resulting in an HIV incidence of 1.9%. CONCLUSIONS : Screening incarcerated MSM in Los Angeles revealed a high prevalence of STI and HIV infection. These inmates not only represent a high-risk group, but also a unique opportunity for the identification, treatment, and counseling of this hard-to-reach, high-risk population.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explain relationships between neurological dysfunction, HIV serological status, and HIV risk behaviors that have not been well understood. A secondary analysis was conducted on data from 117 female prison inmates. Another 18 female inmates from the same prison were further evaluated with more specific neurological, neuropsychological, and HIV risk behavior Risk Assessment Battery (RAB) measures. Neurological function, defined by valid, reliable quantitative measures of cognition, behavior/mood, cranial nerves, motor, reflexes, and sensation, was significantly correlated with HIV RAB scores (.743, p = .006), and RAB scale scores (.824, p = .001) in HIV-negative, but not HIV-positive, inmates. Specifically, the reflex deficits subscale correlated with RAB scores (.779, p = .003) and RAB scale scores (.682, p = .015) in the HIV-negative group. These findings combined with subjects' histories suggest cerebral dysfunction possibly contributes to HIV risk behaviors in certain high-risk female inmates predating HIV infection. These findings further suggest that HIV risk reduction should target neurologically impaired females as a high-risk group. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings.
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Abstract
Incarceration is a crisis among African Americans, and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in incarcerated men and women is 3-5 times that of the general population. We explore the potential implications of the widespread incarceration of African Americans on HIV risk and HIV outcomes in: 1) the current and formerly incarcerated, 2) their sexual partners, and 3) the communities impacted by incarceration. We set forth a research agenda for understanding and ameliorating the negative impacts incarceration and conclude that the African-American population's ability to successfully address the HIV/AIDS epidemic requires a coordinated and evidence-based response to the challenge of effectively preventing, managing and treating HIV in populations affected by incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Harawa
- Department of Research, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
| | - Adaora Adimora
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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21
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Gershon RRM, Sherman M, Mitchell C, Vlahov D, Erwin MJ, Lears MK, Felknor S, Lubelczyk RA, Alter MJ. Prevalence and risk factors for bloodborne exposure and infection in correctional healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 28:24-30. [PMID: 17230384 DOI: 10.1086/510813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and risk factors for bloodborne exposure and infection in correctional healthcare workers (CHCWs).Design. Cross-sectional risk assessment study with a confidential questionnaire and serological testing performed during 1999-2000. SETTING Correctional systems in 3 states. RESULTS Among 310 participating CHCWs, the rate of percutaneous injury (PI) was 32 PIs per 100 person-years overall and 42 PIs per 100 person-years for CHCWs with clinical job duties. Underreporting was common, with only 25 (49%) of 51 PIs formally reported to the administration. Independent risk factors for experiencing PI included being age 45 or older (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.41 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31-4.46]) and having job duties that involved needle contact (aOR, 3.70 [95% CI, 1.28-10.63]) or blood contact (aOR, 5.05 [95% CI, 1.45-17.54]). Overall, 222 CHCWs (72%) reported having received a primary hepatitis B vaccination series; of these, 150 (68%) tested positive for anti-hepatitis B surface antigen, with negative results significantly associated with receipt of last dose more than 5 years previously. Serologic markers of hepatitis B virus infection were identified in 31 individuals (10%), and the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection was 2% (n=7). The high hepatitis B vaccination rate limited the ability to identify risk factors for infection, but hepatitis C virus infection correlated with community risk factors only. CONCLUSION Although the wide coverage with hepatitis B vaccination and the decreasing rate of hepatitis C virus infection in the general population are encouraging, the high rate of exposure in CHCWs and the lack of exposure documentation are concerns. Continued efforts to develop interventions to reduce exposures and encourage reporting should be implemented and evaluated in correctional healthcare settings. These interventions should address infection control barriers unique to the correctional setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn R M Gershon
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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22
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Harzke AJ, Ross MW, Scott DP. Predictors of post-release primary care utilization among HIV-positive prison inmates: a pilot study. AIDS Care 2006; 18:290-301. [PMID: 16809106 DOI: 10.1080/09540120500161892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary aims of this exploratory pilot study were (1) to determine the proportion of a sample of HIV-positive inmates utilizing primary care after recent release, and (2) to identify variables associated with utilization of primary care at the time of a post-release interview. Sixty HIV-positive, male and female state prison inmates were interviewed approximately three months prior to release, and 30 were interviewed again between seven and 21 days after release. Variables associated with having utilized primary care at the time of a post-release interview (chi(2) p-values < 0.20) included: taking anti-HIV medications at the time of release, no alcohol use since release, living in the same place as before incarceration and rating of housing situation as 'comfortable' or 'very comfortable'. For exploratory purposes, these variables were entered into a logistic regression model. The model correctly classified 80% of cases overall. Future studies are required to ascertain whether these results would obtain with a statistically adequate sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Harzke
- WHO Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 77030, USA.
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23
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MacGowan R, Eldridge G, Sosman JM, Khan R, Flanigan T, Zack B, Margolis A, Askew J, Fitzgerald C, Belcher L, Berzowski J, Best G, Binson D, Bourque D, Buckles J, Charles M, Dey AN, Dispigno M, Fortenberry M, Gaiter J, Green K, Grinstead O, Hecht J, Iqbal K, Johnson D, Kurpewski J, Kacanek D, King A, King C, Kramer K, Krapf M, Lerma A, Lugo R, Lumumba M, Malen K, McAuliffe T, McCartney K, McKee-Shapter J, Morrow K, Moss S, Nacua M, Nealey-Moore J, O’Leary A, Paton S, Patterson M, Reed B, Reed R, Roca M, Rosado N, Seal D, Simms R, Starr K, Strother D, Vardaman J, Williamson JM, Wolitski R, Woods M, Woods W. HIV Counseling and Testing of Young Men in Prison. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/1078345806292977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin MacGowan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Timothy Flanigan
- Brown University and the Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Andrew Margolis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John Askew
- Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Christine Fitzgerald
- Miriam Hospital and the Providence Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vlahov
- Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies, New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
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25
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Lyons T, Goldstein P, Kiriazes J. HIV in correctional facilities: role of self-report in case identification. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2006; 20:93-6. [PMID: 16475890 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2006.20.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For treatment of HIV/AIDS in jails and prisons to be effective, these institutions must identify as many HIV-positive inmates as they can. We compare HIV status among a drug-addicted jail population determined through a physical examination and a voluntary HIV testing program, with self-reported status in an interview. Of 360 subjects interviewed and given physical examinations, approximately one third (110) took the voluntary HIV test and all were negative, and only 1 was identified as HIV-positive in the physical. However, 7 (2%) stated in the interview that they were HIV positive, none of whom took the HIV test. Five of the 7 also self-reported injection drug use and having shared needles. We conclude that inmate self-report is an important pathway for HIV case finding in correctional institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lyons
- Great Cities Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
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26
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Blankenship KM, Smoyer AB, Bray SJ, Mattocks K. Black-white disparities in HIV/AIDS: the role of drug policy and the corrections system. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2006; 16:140-56. [PMID: 16327113 PMCID: PMC1388265 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2005.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
African Americans in the United States are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. We focus in this paper on the structural and contextual sources of HIV/AIDS risk, and suggest that among the most important of these sources are drug policy and the corrections system. In particular, high rates of exposure to the corrections system (including incarceration, probation, and parole) spurred in large part by federal and state governments' self-styled war on drugs in the United States, have disproportionately affected African Americans. We review a wide range of research literature to suggest how exposure to the corrections system may affect the HIV/AIDS related risks of drug users in general, and the disproportionate HIV risk faced by African Americans in particular. We then discuss the implications of the information reviewed for structural interventions to address African American HIV-related risk. Future research must further our understanding of the relations among drug policy, corrections, and race-based disparities in HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Blankenship
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, Connecticut, USA
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27
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Altice FL, Marinovich A, Khoshnood K, Blankenship KM, Springer SA, Selwyn PA. Correlates of HIV infection among incarcerated women: implications for improving detection of HIV infection. J Urban Health 2005; 82:312-26. [PMID: 15872190 PMCID: PMC3456574 DOI: 10.1093/jurban/jti055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV infection in correctional settings is several-fold higher than found in community settings. New approaches to identifying HIV infection among prisoners are urgently needed. In order to determine the HIV seroprevalence and to identify the correlates of HIV infection among female prisoners, an anonymous, but linked HIV serosurvey was conducted at Connecticut's sole correctional facility for women (census=1,100). After removing all individual identifiers for inmates' standardized clinical and risk behavior information, data are linked by a third source to blinded HIV-testing information by a third party. This three-step sequential process allows for anonymous HIV testing that can still be linked with deidentified clinical and behavioral data. Of the 3,315 subjects with complete information, 250 (7.5%) were HIV+. Of these, 157 (63%) self-reported being HIV+. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, having sex with a known HIV+ person [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=9.1] and injection drug use (AOR=6.1) were the most highly correlated risk factors for HIV, whereas leukopenia (AOR=9.4) and hypoalbuminemia (AOR=7.2) were the most significant laboratory markers. Other independent correlates of HIV included self-report of syphilis (AOR=1.9) or genital herpes infection (AOR=2.7) and being Black (AOR=2.1) or Hispanic (AOR=2.2). The prevalence of HIV and HIV-risk behaviors is high among incarcerated women. Existing voluntary HIV counseling and testing programs do not completely target high-risk groups who remain part of the evolving epidemic. Defined demographic, behavioral, and clinical assessments may provide useful information for encouraging targeted counseling and testing. Newer targeted approaches merit further study to determine the effectiveness of this approach. Alternative methods of facilitating more widespread HIV testing, such as saliva tests, rapid serologic tests, and more routine testing in high HIV-prevalence areas should be considered both for clinical and for public health benefits.
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28
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Magnani R, Sabin K, Saidel T, Heckathorn D. Review of sampling hard-to-reach and hidden populations for HIV surveillance. AIDS 2005; 19 Suppl 2:S67-72. [PMID: 15930843 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000172879.20628.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adequate surveillance of hard-to-reach and 'hidden' subpopulations is crucial to containing the HIV epidemic in low prevalence settings and in slowing the rate of transmission in high prevalence settings. For a variety of reasons, however, conventional facility and survey-based surveillance data collection strategies are ineffective for a number of key subpopulations, particularly those whose behaviors are illegal or illicit. This paper critically reviews alternative sampling strategies for undertaking behavioral or biological surveillance surveys of such groups. Non-probability sampling approaches such as facility-based sentinel surveillance and snowball sampling are the simplest to carry out, but are subject to a high risk of sampling/selection bias. Most of the probability sampling methods considered are limited in that they are adequate only under certain circumstances and for some groups. One relatively new method, respondent-driven sampling, an adaptation of chain-referral sampling, appears to be the most promising for general applications. However, as its applicability to HIV surveillance in resource-poor settings has yet to be established, further field trials are needed before a firm conclusion can be reached.
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29
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Robertson MJ, Clark RA, Charlebois ED, Tulsky J, Long HL, Bangsberg DR, Moss AR. HIV seroprevalence among homeless and marginally housed adults in San Francisco. Am J Public Health 2004; 94:1207-17. [PMID: 15226145 PMCID: PMC1448423 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.94.7.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report HIV seroprevalence and risk factors for urban indigent adults. METHODS A total of 2508 adults from shelters, meal programs, and low-cost hotels received interviews, blood tests, and tuberculosis screening. RESULTS Seroprevalence was 10.5% overall, 29.6% for men reporting sex with men (MSM), 7.7% for non-MSM injection drug users (IDUs), and 5.0% for residual non-MSM/non-IDUs. Risk factors were identified for MSM (sex trade among Whites, non-White race, recent receptive anal sex, syphilis), non-MSM IDUs (syphilis, lower education, prison, syringe sharing, transfusion), and residual subjects (> or = 5 recent sexual partners, female crack users who gave sex for drugs). CONCLUSIONS HIV seroprevalence was 5 times greater for indigent adults than in San Francisco generally. Sexual behavior predicted HIV infection better than drug use, even among IDUs.
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30
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Strazza L, Azevedo RS, Carvalho HB, Massad E. The vulnerability of Brazilian female prisoners to HIV infection. Braz J Med Biol Res 2004; 37:771-6. [PMID: 15107941 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2004000500020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the vulnerability of women in prison to HIV infection. The study was carried out from August to October 2000 in a São Paulo State Penitentiary, where 299 female prisoners were serving time. We interviewed and obtained a blood sample from 290 females who agreed to enter the study. Sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated for variables related to HIV positivity on the basis of a questionnaire. The overall prevalence data were: 13.9% for HIV (37 of 267), 22.8% for syphilis (66 of 290), and 16.2% for HCV (47 of 290). Sexual partnership variables were significantly related to HIV infection. These included HIV-positive partners (OR = 7.36, P = 0.0001), casual partners (OR = 8.96, P = 0.009), injectable drug user partners (OR = 4.7, P = 0.0001), and history of sexually transmitted disease (OR = 2.07, P = 0.05). In addition, a relationship was detected between HIV infection and drug use (OR = 2.48, P = 0.04) and injectable drug use (OR = 4.2, P = 0.002). Even women with only one partner presented a significant OR for HIV infection (OR = 2.57, P = 0.009), reflecting their vulnerability due to their trust in their partner, who did not use a condom. Although the use of injectable substances is associated with HIV infection, our results point to sexual behavior as the most important component of HIV transmission in the female prisoner population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Strazza
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, LIM-01, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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31
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Howell EM, Greifinger RB, Sommers AS. What Is Known About the Cost-Effectiveness of Health Services for Returning Prisoners? JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/107834580301000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert B. Greifinger
- NCCHC’s Health Status of Soon-tobe-Released Inmates: A Report to Congress in Dobbs Ferry, New York
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32
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Bauserman RL, Richardson D, Ward M, Shea M, Bowlin C, Tomoyasu N, Solomon L. HIV prevention with jail and prison inmates: Maryland's Prevention Case Management program. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2003; 15:465-480. [PMID: 14626467 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.15.6.465.24038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of HIV infection and AIDS cases is higher among inmates of correctional facilities than among the general population, especially for female inmates. This creates a strong need for effective HIV prevention with this population. Maryland's Prevention Case Management (PCM) program provides individual or group counseling to inmates nearing release to promote changes in risk behavior. Pretest and posttest surveys assess changes in perceived risk, condom attitudes, condom use self-efficacy, self-efficacy to reduce injection drug risk and other substance use risk, and behavioral intentions during participation in the program. Client contact logs, kept by counselors, document the number and duration of sessions, and the specific modules, completed by participants. Over a 4-year period, PCM records identified 2,610 participants in the program. Pre-intervention and postintervention data were available for 745 participants, with client contact log records available for 529 (71%) of these individuals. Significant, positive changes were found in self-reported condom attitudes, self-efficacy for condom use, self-efficacy for injection drug use risk, self-efficacy for other substance use risk, and intentions to practice safer sex post-release. Inmate populations are a crucial audience for HIV/AIDS testing, treatment, and prevention efforts. The Maryland PCM program has documented positive changes in participants' attitudes, self-efficacy, and intentions related to HIV risk, over a 4-year period.
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33
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Burchell AN, Calzavara LM, Myers T, Schlossberg J, Millson M, Escobar M, Wallace E, Major C. Voluntary HIV testing among inmates: sociodemographic, behavioral risk, and attitudinal correlates. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 32:534-41. [PMID: 12679706 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200304150-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine the prevalence and correlates of self-reported HIV testing among inmates in correctional centers in Ontario, Canada. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a stratified random sample of 597 male and female adult inmates. The participation rate was 89%. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze HIV testing. Fifty-eight percent had ever been tested, and 21% had voluntarily tested while incarcerated in the past year. Having ever been tested was more common among those at risk for HIV through injection drug use (IDU) or sexual behavior. Testing while incarcerated in the past year was independently associated with being single (OR = 2.6), frequent IDU (OR = 4.0), not having casual sex partners prior to incarceration (OR = 0.53), a history of hepatitis (OR = 2.4), previous HIV testing (OR = 3.7), a close relationship with an HIV-positive person in the outside community (OR = 1.7), knowing an HIV-positive person inside (OR = 2.7), a perceived chance of being infected during incarceration (OR = 2.2), and support of mandatory testing (OR = 2.0). The predominant motivations for testing while incarcerated were IDU or fears of infection inside, possibly through contact with blood, during fights, or even by casual contact. Voluntary HIV testing in prison should be encouraged, and inmates should receive appropriate counseling and information to allow realistic assessment of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann N Burchell
- HIV Social, Behavioral, and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Department of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Third Floor, 12 Queen's Park Crescent West, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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34
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Dean HD, Lansky A, Fleming PL. HIV surveillance methods for the incarcerated population. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2002; 14:65-74. [PMID: 12413194 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.14.7.65.23859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, monitoring the HIV/AIDS epidemic among the incarcerated population is done by (a) conducting a census of persons in prisons and jails reported to be infected with HIV or diagnosed with AIDS, (b) seroprevalence surveys in selected correctional facilities, and (c) population-based HIV/AIDS case surveillance by state health departments. We describe methods for HIV/AIDS case surveillance in correctional settings and present data from the HIV/AIDS Reporting System (HARS) and the Supplement to HIV and AIDS Surveillance (SHAS) to describe the demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of HIV-infected persons who were incarcerated at the time of diagnosis. HARS data showed a higher proportion of females and a lower proportion of injection drug users for incarcerated persons diagnosed with HIV (not AIDS) compared to those initially diagnosed with AIDS. The SHAS data showed a high prevalence of injection drug use, crack use, alcohol abuse, and exchanging sex for money or drugs. Together, HARS and SHAS collect fairly comprehensive information of risk behaviors from persons with HIV infection and AIDS. Advances in HIV prevention and care for the incarcerated community will require an accurate and timely description of the magnitude of the HIV epidemic in correctional settings. These data are needed to guide programmatic efforts to reduce HIV transmission in prisons and jails and in the general community upon release and ensure needed risk reduction and health care services for incarcerated persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel D Dean
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention-Surveillance and Epidemiology, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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35
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Bauserman RL, Ward MA, Eldred L, Swetz A. Increasing voluntary HIV testing by offering oral tests in incarcerated populations. Am J Public Health 2001; 91:1226-9. [PMID: 11499108 PMCID: PMC1446750 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.91.8.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study reports responses of incarcerated persons to voluntary blood and oral HIV testing. METHODS Males and females in local detention and juvenile justice facilities in Maryland (n = 1314) chose oral or blood testing and reported reactions to the oral HIV test. The relationship of demographics and HIV risk factors to test choice was examined. RESULTS Reactions to oral testing were very favorable; some participants reported that they would not otherwise have been tested. Participants who chose oral testing were more likely to be male and African American, but they did not differ from those who chose blood testing in most risk factors or in seroprevalence. CONCLUSIONS Oral HIV testing in correctional settings may promote voluntary testing among persons who otherwise would refuse or avoid testing, especially among groups (males and African Americans) disproportionately affected by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Bauserman
- AIDS Administration, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 500 N Calvert St, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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36
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Freudenberg N. Jails, prisons, and the health of urban populations: a review of the impact of the correctional system on community health. J Urban Health 2001; 78:214-35. [PMID: 11419576 PMCID: PMC3456366 DOI: 10.1093/jurban/78.2.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This review examined the interactions between the correctional system and the health of urban populations. Cities have more poor people, more people of color, and higher crime rates than suburban and rural areas; thus, urban populations are overrepresented in the nation's jails and prisons. As a result, US incarceration policies and programs have a disproportionate impact on urban communities, especially black and Latino ones. Health conditions that are overrepresented in incarcerated populations include substance abuse, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other infectious diseases, perpetration and victimization by violence, mental illness, chronic disease, and reproductive health problems. Correctional systems have direct and indirect effects on health. Indirectly, they influence family structure, economic opportunities, political participation, and normative community values on sex, drugs, and violence. Current correctional policies also divert resources from other social needs. Correctional systems can have a direct effect on the health of urban populations by offering health care and health promotion in jails and prisons, by linking inmates to community services after release, and by assisting in the process of community reintegration. Specific recommendations for action and research to reduce the adverse health and social consequences of current incarceration policies are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Freudenberg
- Program in Urban Public Health, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hammett
- Abt Associated Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138-1168, USA.
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