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Huang D, Ding L, Wang S, Ding R, Qiu X, Li J, Hua Z, Liu S, Wu R, Liang X, Guo X. Metabolomics reveals how spinach plants reprogram metabolites to cope with intense stress responses induced by photoaged polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133605. [PMID: 38286052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
While land-based sources have been recognized as significant long-term sinks for micro- and nanoplastics, there is limited knowledge about the uptake, translocation, and phytotoxicity of nanoplastics (NPs) in terrestrial environments, especially aged NPs. In this study, we investigated the impact of aged polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) on the uptake, physiology, and metabolism of spinach. Our findings revealed that both pristine and aged PSNPs can accumulate in the roots and subsequently translocate to the aboveground tissues, thereby influencing numerous key growth indicators in spinach plants. A more pronounced impact was observed in the treatment of aged PSNPs, triggering more significant and extensive changes in metabolite levels. Furthermore, alterations in targeted pathways, specifically aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, were induced by aged PSNPs, while pristine PSNPs influenced pathways related to sulfur metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and tryptophan metabolism. Additionally, tissue-specific responses were observed at the metabolomics level in both roots and leaves. These results highlight the existence of diverse and tissue-specific metabolic responses in spinach plants exposed to pristine and aged PSNPs, providing insights into the mechanisms of defense and detoxification against NP-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofen Huang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ling Ding
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Quanzhou Normal University, 398 Donghai Road, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Rui Ding
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinran Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhengdong Hua
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Health and Land Resource, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
| | - Renren Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xujun Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xuetao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Pou A, Hachez C, Couvreur V, Maistriaux LC, Ismail A, Chaumont F. Exposure to high nitrogen triggered a genotype-dependent modulation of cell and root hydraulics, which can involve aquaporin regulation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13640. [PMID: 35099809 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root nitrogen acquisition has been proposed to be regulated by mass flow, a process by which water flow brings nutrients to the root surface, depending on a concerted regulation of the root hydraulic properties and stomatal conductance. As aquaporins play an important role in regulating transcellular water flow, we aimed at evaluating the short-term effect of high nitrogen (HN) availability on the dynamics of hydraulic parameters at both the root and cell level and the regulation of aquaporins. The effect of short-term HN (8 mM NO3 - ) treatment was investigated on 12 diverse 15-day-old maize genotypes. Root exposure to HN triggered a rapid (<4 h) increase in the root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr ) in seven genotypes while no Lpr variation was recorded for the others, allowing the separation of the genotypes into two groups (HN-responsive and HN-nonresponsive). A remarkable correlation between Lpr and the cortex cell hydraulic conductivity (Lpc ) was observed. However, while differences in gas exchange parameters were also observed, the variations were genotype-specific and not always correlated with the root hydraulic parameters. We then investigated whether HN-induced Lpr variations were linked to the activity and regulation of plasma membrane PIP aquaporins. While some changes in PIP mRNA levels were detected, this was not correlated with the protein levels. On the other hand, the rapid variation in Lpr observed in the B73 genotype was correlated with the PIP protein abundance in the plasma membrane, highlighting PIP posttranslational mechanisms in the short-term regulation of root hydraulic parameters in response to HN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Pou
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Charles Hachez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Laurie C Maistriaux
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - François Chaumont
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Li S, Guo J, Wang T, Gong L, Liu F, Brestic M, Liu S, Song F, Li X. Melatonin reduces nanoplastic uptake, translocation, and toxicity in wheat. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12761. [PMID: 34392562 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With increasing plastic production and consumption, large amounts of polystyrene nanoplastics are accumulated in soil due to improper disposal causing pollution and deleterious effects to environment. However, little information is available about how to alleviate the adverse impacts of nanoplastics on crops. In this study, the involvement of melatonin in modulating nanoplastic uptake, translocation, and toxicity in wheat plant was investigated. The results demonstrated that exogenous melatonin application reduced the nanoplastic uptake by roots and their translocation to shoots via regulating the expression of genes associated with aquaporin, including the upregulation of the TIP2-9, PIP2, PIP3, and PIP1.2 in leaves and TIP2-9, PIP1-5, PIP2, and PIP1.2 in roots. Melatonin activated the ROS scavenging system to maintain a better redox homeostasis and ameliorated the negative effects of nanoplastics on carbohydrate metabolism, hence ameliorated the plant growth and enhanced the tolerance to nanoplastics toxicity. This process was closely related to the exogenous melatonin application induced melatonin accumulation in leave. These results suggest that melatonin could alleviate the adverse effects of nanoplastics on wheat, and exogenous melatonin application might be used as a promising management strategy to sustain crop production in the nanoplastic-polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Tåstrup, Denmark
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shengqun Liu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Fengbin Song
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Barzana G, Rios JJ, Lopez-Zaplana A, Nicolas-Espinosa J, Yepes-Molina L, Garcia-Ibañez P, Carvajal M. Interrelations of nutrient and water transporters in plants under abiotic stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:595-619. [PMID: 32909634 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental changes cause abiotic stress in plants, primarily through alterations in the uptake of the nutrients and water they require for their metabolism and growth and to maintain their cellular homeostasis. The plasma membranes of cells contain transporter proteins, encoded by their specific genes, responsible for the uptake of nutrients and water (aquaporins). However, their interregulation has rarely been taken into account. Therefore, in this review we identify how the plant genome responds to abiotic stresses such as nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity and low temperature, in relation to both nutrient transporters and aquaporins. Some general responses or regulation mechanisms can be observed under each abiotic stress such as the induction of plasma membrane transporter expression during macronutrient deficiency, the induction of tonoplast transporters and reduction of aquaporins during micronutrients deficiency. However, drought, salinity and low temperatures generally cause an increase in expression of nutrient transporters and aquaporins in tolerant plants. We propose that both types of transporters (nutrients and water) should be considered jointly in order to better understand plant tolerance of stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Barzana
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Juan J Rios
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Alvaro Lopez-Zaplana
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Juan Nicolas-Espinosa
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Lucía Yepes-Molina
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Paula Garcia-Ibañez
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Aquaporins Group, Centro de Edafologia y Biologia Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo - 25, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
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Liu S, Fukumoto T, Gena P, Feng P, Sun Q, Li Q, Matsumoto T, Kaneko T, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhong S, Zeng W, Katsuhara M, Kitagawa Y, Wang A, Calamita G, Ding X. Ectopic expression of a rice plasma membrane intrinsic protein (OsPIP1;3) promotes plant growth and water uptake. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:779-796. [PMID: 31872463 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) are known to be major facilitators of the movement of a number of substrates across cell membranes. From a drought-resistant cultivar of Oryza sativa (rice), we isolated an OsPIP1;3 gene single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that is mostly expressed in rice roots and is strongly responsive to drought stress. Immunocytochemistry showed that OsPIP1;3 majorly accumulated on the proximal end of the endodermis and the cell surface around the xylem. Expression of GFP-OsPIP1;3 alone in Xenopus oocytes or rice protoplasts showed OsPIP1;3 mislocalization in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-like neighborhood, whereas co-expression of OsPIP2;2 recruited OsPIP1;3 to the plasma membrane and led to a significant enhancement of water permeability in oocytes. Moreover, reconstitution of 10×His-OsPIP1;3 in liposomes demonstrated water channel activity, as revealed by stopped-flow light scattering. Intriguingly, by patch-clamp technique, we detected significant NO3- conductance of OsPIP1;3 in mammalian cells. To investigate the physiological functions of OsPIP1;3, we ectopically expressed the OsPIP1;3 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco). The transgenic tobacco plants exhibited higher photosynthesis rates, root hydraulic conductivity (Lpr ) and water-use efficiency, resulting in a greater biomass and a higher resistance to water deficit than the wild-type did. Further experiments suggested that heterologous expression of OsPIP1;3 in cyanobacterium altered bacterial growth under different conditions of CO2 gas supply. Overall, besides shedding light on the multiple functions played by OsPIP1;3, this work provides insights into the translational value of plant AQPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tatsuya Fukumoto
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Patrizia Gena
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Peng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tadashi Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaneko
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shihua Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Weizhong Zeng
- Department of Biophysics, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Maki Katsuhara
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Kitagawa
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Genes, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
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Li L, Pan S, Melzer R, Fricke W. Apoplastic barriers, aquaporin gene expression and root and cell hydraulic conductivity in phosphate-limited sheepgrass plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:118-132. [PMID: 31090074 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrient supply can affect the hydraulic property of roots. The aim of the present work on sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis L.) plants was to test whether any changes in root hydraulic conductivity (Lp; exudation analyses) in response to a growth-limiting supply of phosphate (P) are accompanied by changes in (1) cell Lp via measuring the cell pressure, (2) the aquaporin (AQP) gene expression by performing qPCR and (3) the formation of apoplastic barriers, by analyzing suberin lamella and Casparian bands via cross-sectional analyses in roots. Plants were grown hydroponically on complete nutrient solution, containing 250 µM P, until they were 31-36 days old, and then kept for 2-3 weeks on either complete solution, or transferred on solution containing 2.5 µM (low-P) or no added P (no-P). Phosphate treatments caused significant decreases in root and cell-Lp and AQP gene expression, while the formation of apoplastic barriers increased, particularly in lateral roots. Experiments using the AQP inhibitor mercury (Hg) suggested that a significant portion of radial root water uptake in sheepgrass occurs along a path involving AQPs, and that the Lp of this path is reduced under low- and no-P. It is concluded that a growth-limiting supply of phosphate causes parallel changes in (1) cell Lp and aquaporin gene expression (decrease) and (2) apoplastic barrier formation (increase), and that the two may combine to reduce root Lp. The reduction in root Lp, in turn, facilitates an increased root-to-shoot surface area ratio, which allocates resources to the root, sourcing the limiting nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sirui Pan
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Rainer Melzer
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Armand T, Cullen M, Boiziot F, Li L, Fricke W. Cortex cell hydraulic conductivity, endodermal apoplastic barriers and root hydraulics change in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in response to a low supply of N and P. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:1091-1107. [PMID: 31309230 PMCID: PMC7145705 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mineral nutrient limitation affects the water flow through plants. We wanted to test on barley whether any change in root-to-shoot ratio in response to low supply of nitrogen and phosphate is accompanied by changes in root and cell hydraulic properties and involves changes in aquaporin (AQP) gene expression and root apoplastic barriers (suberin lamellae, Casparian bands). METHODS Plants were grown hydroponically on complete nutrient solution or on solution containing only 3.3 % or 2.5 % of the control level of nutrient. Plants were analysed when they were 14-18 d old. RESULTS Nutrient-limited plants adjusted water flow to an increased root-to-shoot surface area ratio through a reduction in root hydraulic conductivity (Lp) as determined through exudation analyses. Cortex cell Lp (cell pressure probe analyses) decreased in the immature but not the mature region of the main axis of seminal roots and in primary lateral roots. The aquaporin inhibitor HgCl2 reduced root Lp most in nutrient-sufficient control plants. Exchange of low-nutrient for control media caused a rapid (20-80 min) and partial recovery in Lp, though cortex cell Lp did not increase in any of the root regions analysed. The gene expression level (qPCR analyses) of five plasma membrane-localized AQP isoforms did not change in bulk root extracts, while the formation of apoplastic barriers increased considerably along the main axis of root and lateral roots in low-nutrient treatments. CONCLUSIONS Decrease in root and cortex cell Lp enables the adjustment of root water uptake to increased root-to-shoot area ratio in nutrient-limited plants. Aquaporins are the prime candidate to play a key role in this response. Modelling of water flow suggests that some of the reduction in root Lp is due to increased formation of apoplastic barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Armand
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Michelle Cullen
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Florentin Boiziot
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Lingyu Li
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Fang L, Abdelhakim LOA, Hegelund JN, Li S, Liu J, Peng X, Li X, Wei Z, Liu F. ABA-mediated regulation of leaf and root hydraulic conductance in tomato grown at elevated CO 2 is associated with altered gene expression of aquaporins. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:104. [PMID: 31645959 PMCID: PMC6804533 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 concentration in the air (e[CO2]) decreases stomatal density (SD) and stomatal conductance (g s) where abscisic acid (ABA) may play a role, yet the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive. We investigated the effects of e[CO2] (800 ppm) on leaf gas exchange and water relations of two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) genotypes, Ailsa Craig (WT) and its ABA-deficient mutant (flacca). Compared to plants grown at ambient CO2 (400 ppm), e[CO2] stimulated photosynthetic rate in both genotypes, while depressed the g s only in WT. SD showed a similar response to e[CO2] as g s, although the change was not significant. e[CO2] increased leaf and xylem ABA concentrations and xylem sap pH, where the increases were larger in WT than in flacca. Although leaf water potential was unaffected by CO2 growth environment, e[CO2] lowered osmotic potential, hence tended to increase turgor pressure particularly for WT. e[CO2] reduced hydraulic conductance of leaf and root in WT but not in flacca, which was associated with downregulation of gene expression of aquaporins. It is concluded that ABA-mediated regulation of g s, SD, and gene expression of aquaporins coordinates the whole-plant hydraulics of tomato grown at different CO2 environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Present Address: Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lamis Osama Anwar Abdelhakim
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Josefine Nymark Hegelund
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Shenglan Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoying Peng
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102 Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhua Wei
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi China
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Anisimov AV, Dautova NR, Suslov MA. Growth function and intercellular water transfer in excised roots. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1425-1432. [PMID: 31134406 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
On the example of maize seedling roots, it was shown that segments of the root suction zone excised from intact mother seedlings maintain the function of elongation growth and are able to regulate water transfer. Using the gradient NMR method, the effective intercellular permeability of root suction zone segments was shown to reduce with respect to intact seedling roots. The segment fragmentation into smaller pieces 3 mm long resulted in the permeability decrease by 60%. The reduction is associated with the cell defensive response to water loss through cuts and blocking of the additive water transfer along the segment length, resulting from segment cutting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Anisimov
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lobachevskogo 2/31 st, P.O. Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - N R Dautova
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lobachevskogo 2/31 st, P.O. Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Maksim A Suslov
- FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lobachevskogo 2/31 st, P.O. Box 30, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
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10
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Naku M, Kambizi L, Matimati I. Functional roles of ammonium (NH 4+) and nitrate (NO 3-) in regulation of day- and night-time transpiration in Phaseolus vulgaris. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:806-815. [PMID: 31104694 DOI: 10.1071/fp17179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen may regulate transpiration and consequently the delivery of nutrients to root surfaces. It remains unclear whether both NO3- and NH4+ regulate transpiration and nutrient acquisition. In this study we investigated the functional role of NO3- or NH4+ in regulating both day- and night-time transpiration for potential 'mass-flow' delivery of nutrients. Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants were grown in troughs with a poly vinyl chloride (PVC) 'root-barrier' with a 25-µm mesh window designed to create an N-availability gradient by restricting roots from intercepting a slow-release NO3- or NH4+ fertiliser. 'Root-barrier' plants had their fertiliser placed at one of four distances behind the mesh from which nutrient acquisition was by diffusion or mass-flow. Control plants had direct access to fertiliser, termed 'no root-barrier' plants. NO3--fed 'root-barrier' plants closest to the N source had 2-fold higher stomatal conductance, 2.6-fold higher transpiration, 1.8-fold higher night-time stomatal conductance, and 1.5-fold higher night-time transpiration than NO3--fed 'no-barrier' plants, despite having comparable photosynthetic rates and biomass. Day- and night-time transpiration of NO3--fed 'root-barrier' plants, however, was downregulated with further distance from the N source. All NH4+-fed plants displayed ammoniacal toxicity symptoms. NH4+-fed 'no root-barrier' plants had higher root biomass, 2-fold higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, 1.7-fold higher transpiration but had the same night-time stomatal conductance and transpiration compared with NH4+-fed 'root-barrier' plants closest to the N source. Unlike with NO3--fed 'root-barrier' plants, NH4+-fed 'root-barrier' plants continuously increased their water fluxes with distance of N source. Thus, under N-limited conditions plants may be opportunistic in their water uptake, transpiring more when the water is available, in order to acquire nutrients through mass-flow. NH4+-fed plants prone to ammoniacal toxicity allocated their biomass towards the roots at non-limiting N levels, which may be linked to their extensive root system and enhanced photosynthetic rate. Thus, root hydraulic conductivity in response to NH4+-N requires further scrutiny, given that previous studies indicated that NH4+ may not alter the expression of root aquaporins or root hydraulic conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandilakhe Naku
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Learnmore Kambizi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ignatious Matimati
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa; and Office MB5-20N, Department of Horticulture, Durban University of Technology, ML Sultan Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa; and Corresponding author.
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11
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Tang H, Niu L, Wei J, Chen X, Chen Y. Phosphorus Limitation Improved Salt Tolerance in Maize Through Tissue Mass Density Increase, Osmolytes Accumulation, and Na + Uptake Inhibition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:856. [PMID: 31333699 PMCID: PMC6618052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Low phosphorus (P) availability and salt stress are two major constraints for maize (Zea mays L.) growth in north China. A combination of salinity and high P rather than low P is more detrimental to the growth of maize. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which P nutrition modifies the salt tolerance and P uptake of maize. The present study aimed to investigate the combined effects of salinity and P on maize growth and P uptake, and to address the physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance influenced by P availability in maize. Seedlings of a local maize cultivar XY335 were grown hydroponically for 35 days under low (5 μM) or sufficient P supply (200 μM) with or without 100 mM NaCl. Root morphological traits, tissue mass density, leaf osmolytes (sugars and proline) accumulation, and Na+/K+ ratio were measured to allow evaluation of the combined effects of salinity and P on maize growth and P uptake. Both P deficiency and salinity markedly reduced the growth of maize. However, P deficiency had a more pronounced effect on shoot growth while salinity affected root growth more prominently. Combined effects of P deficiency and salinity on total root length, root surface area, and average root diameter were similar to that of plants grown under salt stress. The combination of P deficiency and salinity treatments had a more pronounced effect on tissue mass density, leaf proline and soluble sugars compared to individual treatment of either low P or NaCl. When exposed to salt stress, maize plants of sufficient P accumulated greater amount of Na+ than those under P deficit, but similar amounts of K+ were observed between the two P treatments. Salt stress significantly increased shoot P concentration of maize with sufficient P (P < 0.01), but not for P-deficient plants. In sum, shoots and roots of maize exhibited different responses to P deficiency and salinity, with more marked effect of P deficiency on shoots and of salinity on roots. P deficiency improved salt tolerance of maize plants, which was associated with the increase of tissue mass density, accumulation of osmolytes, reduction of Na+ accumulation, and selective absorption of K+ over Na+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Tang
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Le Niu
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jing Wei
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinying Chen
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yinglong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, China
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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12
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Understanding the Impacts of Crude Oil and its Induced Abiotic Stresses on Agrifood Production: A Review. HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In many parts of the world, the agricultural sector is faced with a number of challenges including those arising from abiotic environmental stresses which are the key factors responsible for most reductions in agrifood production. Crude oil contamination, an abiotic stress factor and a common environmental contaminant, at toxic levels has negative impacts on plants. Although various attempts have been made to demonstrate the impact of abiotic stresses on crops, the underlying factors responsible for the effects of crude oil and its induced abiotic stresses on the composition of the stressed plants are poorly understood. Hence, this review provides an in-depth examination of the: (1) effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on plants; (2) impact of abiotic environmental stresses on crop quality; (3) mechanistic link between crude oil stress and its induced abiotic stresses; as well as (4) mode of action/plant response mechanism to these induced stresses. The paper clearly reveals the implications of crude oil-induced abiotic stresses arising from the soil-root-plant route and from direct application on plant leaves.
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Lian H, Qin C, Zhang L, Zhang C, Li H, Zhang S. Lanthanum nitrate improves phosphorus-use efficiency and tolerance to phosphorus-deficiency stress in Vigna angularis seedlings. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:383-392. [PMID: 30167872 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we examined the effects of La3+ on growth, photosynthetic ability, and phosphorus-use efficiency (PUE) in various organs of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) seedlings. La3+ substantially alleviated P-deficiency symptoms. Treatment of young seedlings with La3+ at 150 mg L-1 effectively improved PUE in roots, stems, and leaves via the regulation of root elongation and activation of root physiological responses to P-deficiency, e.g., root activity and acid phosphatase (APase) activity. Root hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was also examined to elucidate the role of La3+ in the relationship between water and nutrition transport. We confirmed that La3+ increased the level of antioxidant protective enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), while it significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The use of La3+ to reduce photosynthesis damage under P-deficiency was examined. The negative effects of P-deficiency on net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and chlorophyll content in leaves were alleviated by La3+ treatment. These results clarify the regulatory functions of La3+ in stress tolerance and P utilization in adzuki bean seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huida Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Cheng Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Northwest A&F University, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hongbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Northwest A&F University, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Suiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Northwest A&F University, 26 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Locke AM, Slattery RA, Ort DR. Field-grown soybean transcriptome shows diurnal patterns in photosynthesis-related processes. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00099. [PMID: 31245700 PMCID: PMC6508813 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Many plant physiological processes have diurnal patterns regulated by diurnal environmental changes and circadian rhythms, but the transcriptional underpinnings of many of these cycles have not been studied in major crop species under field conditions. Here, we monitored the transcriptome of field-grown soybean (Glycine max) during daylight hours in the middle of the growing season with RNA-seq. The analysis revealed 21% of soybean genes were differentially expressed over the course of the day. Expression of some circadian-related genes in field-grown soybean differed from previously reported expression patterns measured in controlled environments. Many genes in functional groups contributing to and/or depending on photosynthesis showed differential expression, with patterns particularly evident in the chlorophyll synthesis pathway. Gene regulatory network inference also revealed seven diurnally sensitive gene nodes involved with circadian rhythm, transcription regulation, cellular processes, and water transport. This study provides a diurnal overview of the transcriptome for an economically important field-grown crop and a basis for identifying pathways that could eventually be tailored to optimize diurnal regulation of carbon gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Locke
- Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Research UnitUSDA‐ARSRaleighNorth Carolina
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
| | - Rebecca A. Slattery
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinois
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitUSDA‐ARSUrbanaIllinois
| | - Donald R. Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinois
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitUSDA‐ARSUrbanaIllinois
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinois
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Yan X, Qian C, Yin X, Fan X, Zhao X, Gu M, Wang T, Ma XF. A whole-transcriptome approach to evaluate reference genes for quantitative diurnal gene expression studies under natural field conditions in Tamarix ramosissima leaves. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kapilan R, Vaziri M, Zwiazek JJ. Regulation of aquaporins in plants under stress. Biol Res 2018; 51:4. [PMID: 29338771 PMCID: PMC5769316 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQP) are channel proteins belonging to the Major Intrinsic Protein (MIP) superfamily that play an important role in plant water relations. The main role of aquaporins in plants is transport of water and other small neutral molecules across cellular biological membranes. AQPs have remarkable features to provide an efficient and often, specific water flow and enable them to transport water into and out of the cells along the water potential gradient. Plant AQPs are classified into five main subfamilies including the plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), nodulin 26 like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs) and X intrinsic proteins (XIPs). AQPs are localized in the cell membranes and are found in all living cells. However, most of the AQPs that have been described in plants are localized to the tonoplast and plasma membranes. Regulation of AQP activity and gene expression, are also considered as a part of the adaptation mechanisms to stress conditions and rely on complex processes and signaling pathways as well as complex transcriptional, translational and posttranscriptional factors. Gating of AQPs through different mechanisms, such as phosphorylation, tetramerization, pH, cations, reactive oxygen species, phytohormones and other chemical agents, may play a key role in plant responses to environmental stresses by maintaining the uptake and movement of water in the plant body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Vaziri
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janusz J Zwiazek
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Gao L, Lu Z, Ding L, Guo J, Wang M, Ling N, Guo S, Shen Q. Role of Aquaporins in Determining Carbon and Nitrogen Status in Higher Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E35. [PMID: 29342938 PMCID: PMC5795985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are integral membrane proteins facilitating the transport of water and some small neutral molecules across cell membranes. In past years, much effort has been made to reveal the location of AQPs as well as their function in water transport, photosynthetic processes, and stress responses in higher plants. In the present review, we paid attention to the character of AQPs in determining carbon and nitrogen status. The role of AQPs during photosynthesis is characterized as its function in transporting water and CO₂ across the membrane of chloroplast and thylakoid; recalculated results from published studies showed that over-expression of AQPs contributed to 25% and 50% increases in stomatal conductance (gs) and mesophyll conductance (gm), respectively. The nitrogen status in plants is regulated by AQPs through their effect on water flow as well as urea and NH₄⁺ uptake, and the potential role of AQPs in alleviating ammonium toxicity is discussed. At the same time, root and/or shoot AQP expression is quite dependent on both N supply amounts and forms. Future research directions concerning the function of AQPs in regulating plant carbon and nitrogen status as well as C/N balance are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zhifeng Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Lei Ding
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium.
| | - Junjie Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ning Ling
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Orieux C, Demarest G, Decau ML, Beauclair P, Bataillé MP, Le Deunff E. Changes in 15NO 3 - Availability and Transpiration Rate Are Associated With a Rapid Diurnal Adjustment of Anion Contents as Well as 15N and Water Fluxes Between the Roots and Shoots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1751. [PMID: 30559754 PMCID: PMC6287045 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims: Understanding interactions between water and nitrate fluxes in response to nitrate availability and transpiration rate is crucial to select more efficient plants for the use of water and nitrate. Methods: Some of these interactions were investigated in intact Brassica napus plants by combining a non-destructive gravimetric device with 15NO3 - labeling. The set-up allowed high-resolution measurement of the effects of a cross-combination of two concentrations of KNO3 or KCl (0.5 and 5 mM) with two different rates of transpiration controlled by the relative humidity during a day-night cycle. Key Results: Results show that (1) high external nitrate concentrations increased root water uptake significantly whatever the transpiration rate, (2) nitrate translocation depended both on the rate of nitrate uptake and loading into xylem (3) dilution-concentration effect of nitrate in the xylem was mainly modulated by both external nitrate availability and transpiration rate, (4) dynamic changes in 15N translocation in the xylem modified shoot growth and capacitance, and (5) variations in tissue concentrations of NO3 - induced by the experimental conditions were balanced by changes in concentrations of chloride and sulfate ions. These effects were even more amplified under low transpiration condition and 0.5 mM external nitrate concentration. Conclusion: Taken together, these results highlight the fine and rapid adjustment of anion contents, nitrate and water flows to changes in transpiration rate and nitrate availability during a day-night cycle. The use of this non-invasive gravimetric device is therefore a powerful tool to assess candidates genes involved in nitrogen and water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Orieux
- Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et Nutritions N.C.S., UNICAEN, INRA, EVA, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Gilles Demarest
- Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et Nutritions N.C.S., UNICAEN, INRA, EVA, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Decau
- INRA FERLUS-SOERE, INRA – Auvergne Rhône-Alpes Centre, Lusignan, France
| | - Patrick Beauclair
- Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et Nutritions N.C.S., UNICAEN, INRA, EVA, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Marie-Paule Bataillé
- Centre Michel de Boüard et LETG-Caen Geophen, UNICAEN, CNRS, CRAHAM, LETG, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Erwan Le Deunff
- Structure Fédérative Interactions Cellules ORganismes Environnement, UNICAEN, ICORE, Normandie Université, Caen, France
- *Correspondence: Erwan Le Deunff,
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Reddy PS, Tharanya M, Sivasakthi K, Srikanth M, Hash CT, Kholova J, Sharma KK, Vadez V. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of Aquaporin genes in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.] genotypes contrasting in their transpiration response to high vapour pressure deficits. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 265:167-176. [PMID: 29223338 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pearl millet is a crop of the semi-arid tropics having high degree of genetic diversity and variable tolerance to drought stress. To investigate drought tolerance mechanism that possibly accounts for differences in drought tolerance, four recombinant inbred lines from a high resolution cross (HRC) were selected for variability in their transpiration rate (Tr) response to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) conditions. The differential Tr response of the genotypes to increased VPD conditions was used to classify the genotypes as sensitive or insensitive to high VPD. Aquaporin (AQP) genes PgPIP1;1, PgPIP1;2, PgPIP2;1, PgPIP2;3, PgPIP2;6, PgTIP1;1 and PgTIP2;2 were cloned. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cloned PgAQPs were evolutionarily closer to maize AQPs than to rice. PgAQP genes, including PgPIP1;1 and PgPIP2;6 in root tissue showed a significant expression pattern with higher expression in VPD-insensitive genotypes than VPD-sensitive genotypes under low VPD conditions (1.2kPa) i.e when there is no high evaporative demand from the atmosphere. PgAQP genes (PgPIP2;1 in leaf and root tissues; PgPIP1;2 and PgTIP2;2 in leaf and PgPIP2;6 in root) followed a diurnal rhythm in leaves and roots that have either higher or lower expression levels at different time intervals. Under high VPD conditions (4.21kPa), PgPIP2;3 showed higher transcript abundance in VPD-insensitive genotypes, and PgPIP2;1 in VPD-sensitive genotypes, while rest of the PgAQPs showed differential expression. Our current hypothesis is that these differences in the expression of AQP genes under different VPDs suggests a role of the AQPs in tuning the water transport pathways with variation between genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palakolanu Sudhakar Reddy
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, Telangana, India
| | - Murugesan Tharanya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, Telangana, India; Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Kaliamoorthy Sivasakthi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, Telangana, India; Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Mallayee Srikanth
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, Telangana, India
| | - C Tom Hash
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, Telangana, India
| | - Jana Kholova
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, Telangana, India
| | - Kiran K Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, Telangana, India
| | - Vincent Vadez
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, Telangana, India.
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Bazihizina N, Veneklaas EJ, Barrett-Lennard EG, Colmer TD. Hydraulic redistribution: limitations for plants in saline soils. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2437-2446. [PMID: 28707352 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic redistribution (HR), the movement of water from wet to dry patches in the soil via roots, occurs in different ecosystems and plant species. By extension of the principle that HR is driven by gradients in soil water potential, HR has been proposed to occur for plants in saline soils. Despite the inherent spatial patchiness and salinity gradients in these soils, the lack of direct evidence of HR in response to osmotic gradients prompted us to ask the question: are there physical or physiological constraints to HR for plants in saline environments? We propose that build-up of ions in the root xylem sap and in the leaf apoplast, with the latter resulting in a large predawn disequilibrium of water potential in shoots compared with roots and soil, would both impede HR. We present a conceptual model that illustrates how processes in root systems in heterogeneous salinity with water potential gradients, even if equal to those in non-saline soils, will experience a dampened magnitude of water potential gradients in the soil-plant continuum, minimizing or preventing HR. Finally, we provide an outlook for understanding the relevance of HR for plants in saline environments by addressing key research questions on plant salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bazihizina
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Erik J Veneklaas
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Edward G Barrett-Lennard
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South, Perth, Western Australia, 6151, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Interview with Janusz Związek. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:549-550. [PMID: 28545911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Groszmann M, Osborn HL, Evans JR. Carbon dioxide and water transport through plant aquaporins. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:938-961. [PMID: 27739588 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins are channel proteins that function to increase the permeability of biological membranes. In plants, aquaporins are encoded by multigene families that have undergone substantial diversification in land plants. The plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) subfamily of aquaporins is of particular interest given their potential to improve plant water relations and photosynthesis. Flowering plants have between 7 and 28 PIP genes. Their expression varies with tissue and cell type, through development and in response to a variety of factors, contributing to the dynamic and tissue specific control of permeability. There are a growing number of PIPs shown to act as water channels, but those altering membrane permeability to CO2 are more limited. The structural basis for selective substrate specificities has not yet been resolved, although a few key amino acid positions have been identified. Several regions important for dimerization, gating and trafficking are also known. PIP aquaporins assemble as tetramers and their properties depend on the monomeric composition. PIPs control water flux into and out of veins and stomatal guard cells and also increase membrane permeability to CO2 in mesophyll and stomatal guard cells. The latter increases the effectiveness of Rubisco and can potentially influence transpiration efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Groszmann
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Hannah L Osborn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - John R Evans
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Buckley TN, Sack L, Farquhar GD. Optimal plant water economy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:881-896. [PMID: 27644069 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It was shown over 40 years ago that plants maximize carbon gain for a given rate of water loss if stomatal conductance, gs , varies in response to external and internal conditions such that the marginal carbon revenue of water, ∂A/∂E, remains constant over time. This theory has long held promise for understanding the physiological ecology of water use and for informing models of plant-atmosphere interactions. Full realization of this potential hinges on three questions: (i) Are analytical approximations adequate for applying the theory at diurnal time scales? (ii) At what time scale is it realistic and appropriate to apply the theory? (iii) How should gs vary to maximize growth over long time scales? We review the current state of understanding for each of these questions and describe future research frontiers. In particular, we show that analytical solutions represent the theory quite poorly, especially when boundary layer or mesophyll resistances are significant; that diurnal variations in hydraulic conductance may help or hinder maintenance of ∂A/∂E, and the matter requires further study; and that optimal diurnal responses are distinct from optimal long-term variations in gs , which emerge from optimal shifts in carbon partitioning at the whole-plant scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Buckley
- Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Narrabri, New South Wales, 2390, Australia
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 0200, Australia
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Ishikawa-Sakurai J, Murai-Hatano M, Hayashi H, Matsunami M, Kuwagata T. Rice aquaporins and their responses to environmental stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3117/rootres.26.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Ishikawa-Sakurai
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University
| | | | - Hidehiro Hayashi
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University
| | - Maya Matsunami
- Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO
- JSPS Research Fellow
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Rios JJ, Martínez-Ballesta MC, Ruiz JM, Blasco B, Carvajal M. Silicon-mediated Improvement in Plant Salinity Tolerance: The Role of Aquaporins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28642767 PMCID: PMC5463179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is an abundant and differentially distributed element in soils that is believed to have important biological functions. However, the benefits of Si and its essentiality in plants are controversial due to differences among species in their ability to take up this element. Despite this, there is a consensus that the application of Si improves the water status of plants under abiotic stress conditions. Hence, plants treated with Si are able to maintain a high stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under salt stress, suggesting that a reduction in Na+ uptake occurs due to deposition of Si in the root. In addition, root hydraulic conductivity increases when Si is applied. As a result, a Si-mediated upregulation of aquaporin (PIP) gene expression is observed in relation to increased root hydraulic conductivity and water uptake. Aquaporins of the subclass nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins are further involved in allowing Si entry into the cell. Therefore, on the basis of available published results and recent developments, we propose a model to explain how Si absorption alleviates stress in plants grown under saline conditions through the conjugated action of different aquaporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Rios
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMurcia, Spain
| | - Maria C. Martínez-Ballesta
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMurcia, Spain
| | - Juan M. Ruiz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Begoña Blasco
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Micaela Carvajal
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMurcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Micaela Carvajal,
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Staudinger C, Mehmeti-Tershani V, Gil-Quintana E, Gonzalez EM, Hofhansl F, Bachmann G, Wienkoop S. Evidence for a rhizobia-induced drought stress response strategy in Medicago truncatula. J Proteomics 2016; 136:202-13. [PMID: 26812498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress hampers plant energy and biomass production; however it is still unknown how internal C:N balance and rhizobial symbiosis impact on plant response to water limitation. Here, the effect of differential optimal nitrogen nutrition and root nodule symbiosis on drought stress and rehydration responses of Medicago truncatula was assessed. Two groups of plants were nodulated with Sinorhizobium medicae or Sinorhizobium meliloti--differing in the performance of N fixation; the third group grew in a rhizobia-free medium and received mineral nitrogen fertilizer. In addition to growth analyses, physiological and molecular responses of the two systems were studied using ionomic, metabolomic and proteomic techniques. We found a significant delay in drought-induced leaf senescence in nodulated relative to non-nodulated plants, independent of rhizobial strain and uncoupled from initial leaf N content. The major mechanisms involved are increased concentrations of potassium and shifts in the carbon partitioning between starch and sugars under well-watered conditions, as well as the enhanced allocation of reserves to osmolytes during drought. Consequently, nodulated plants recovered more effectively from drought, relative to non-nodulated M. truncatula. Proteomic data suggest that phytohormone interactions and enhanced translational regulation play a role in increased leaf maintenance in nodulated plants during drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Staudinger
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Vlora Mehmeti-Tershani
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Erena Gil-Quintana
- Department Environmental Science, Public Univeristy of Navarra Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Esther M Gonzalez
- Department Environmental Science, Public Univeristy of Navarra Campus Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Florian Hofhansl
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gert Bachmann
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Tardieu F, Simonneau T, Parent B. Modelling the coordination of the controls of stomatal aperture, transpiration, leaf growth, and abscisic acid: update and extension of the Tardieu-Davies model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2227-37. [PMID: 25770586 PMCID: PMC4986722 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal aperture, transpiration, leaf growth, hydraulic conductance, and concentration of abscisic acid in the xylem sap ([ABA]xyl) vary rapidly with time of day. They follow deterministic relations with environmental conditions and interact in such a way that a change in any one of them affects all the others. Hence, approaches based on measurements of one variable at a given time or on paired correlations are prone to a confusion of effects, in particular for studying their genetic variability. A dynamic model allows the simulation of environmental effects on the variables, and of multiple feedbacks between them at varying time resolutions. This paper reviews the control of water movement through the plant, stomatal aperture and growth, and translates them into equations in a model. It includes recent progress in understanding the intrinsic and environmental controls of tissue hydraulic conductance as a function of transpiration rate, circadian rhythms, and [ABA]xyl. Measured leaf water potential is considered as the water potential of a capacitance representing mature tissues, which reacts more slowly to environmental cues than xylem water potential and expansive growth. Combined with equations for water and ABA fluxes, it results in a dynamic model able to simulate variables with genotype-specific parameters. It allows adaptive roles for hydraulic processes to be proposed, in particular the circadian oscillation of root hydraulic conductance. The script of the model, in the R language, is included together with appropriate documentation and examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Tardieu
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Simonneau
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Parent
- INRA, UMR759 Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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Rothwell SA, Elphinstone ED, Dodd IC. Liming can decrease legume crop yield and leaf gas exchange by enhancing root to shoot ABA signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2335-45. [PMID: 25740925 PMCID: PMC4407654 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To meet future requirements for food production, sustainable intensive agricultural systems need to optimize nutrient availability to maximize yield, traditionally achieved by maintaining soil pH within an optimal range (6-6.5) by applying lime (calcium carbonate). However, a field trial that applied recommended liming rates to a sandy loam soil (increasing soil pH from 5.5 to 6.2) decreased pod yield of field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fuego) by ~30%. Subsequent pot trials, with liming that raised soil pH to 6.3-6.7, reduced stomatal conductance (g(s)) by 63, 26, and 59% in V. faba, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and pea (Pisum sativum), respectively. Furthermore, liming reduced shoot dry biomass by 16-24% in these species. Ionomic analysis of root xylem sap and leaf tissue revealed a decrease in phosphorus concentration that was correlated with decreased g(s): both reductions were partially reversed by adding superphosphate fertilizer. Further analysis of pea suggests that leaf gas exchange was reduced by a systemic increase (roots, xylem sap, and leaves) in the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in response to lime-induced suboptimal plant phosphorus concentrations. Supplying synthetic ABA via the transpiration stream to detached pea leaves, at the same xylem sap concentrations induced by liming, decreased transpiration. Furthermore, the g(s) of the ABA-deficient mutant pea wilty was unresponsive to liming, apparently confirming that ABA mediates some responses to low phosphorus availability caused by liming. This research provides a detailed mechanistic understanding of the physiological processes by which lime application can limit crop yields, and questions the suitability of current liming recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Rothwell
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Ian C Dodd
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Xiong D, Yu T, Zhang T, Li Y, Peng S, Huang J. Leaf hydraulic conductance is coordinated with leaf morpho-anatomical traits and nitrogen status in the genus Oryza. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:741-8. [PMID: 25429002 PMCID: PMC4321541 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (K leaf) is a major determinant of photosynthetic rate in plants. Previous work has assessed the relationships between leaf morpho-anatomical traits and K leaf with woody species, but there has been very little focus on cereal crops. The genus Oryza, which includes rice (Oryza sativa) and wild species (such as O. rufipogon cv. Griff), is ideal material for identifying leaf features associated with K leaf and gas exchange. Leaf morpho-anatomical traits, K leaf, leaf N content per leaf area, and CO2 diffusion efficiency were investigated in 11 Oryza cultivars. K leaf was positively correlated with leaf thickness and related traits, and therefore positively correlated with leaf mass per area and leaf N content per leaf area, and negatively with inter-veinal distance. K leaf was also positively correlated with leaf area and its related traits, and therefore negatively correlated with the proportion of minor vein length per area. In addition, coordination between K leaf and CO2 diffusion conductance in leaves was observed. We conclude that leaf morpho-anatomical traits and N content per leaf area strongly influence K leaf. Our results suggest that more detailed anatomical and structural studies are needed to elucidate the impacts of leaf feature traits on K leaf and gas exchange in grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Suku S, Knipfer T, Fricke W. Do root hydraulic properties change during the early vegetative stage of plant development in barley (Hordeum vulgare)? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:385-402. [PMID: 24287810 PMCID: PMC3906963 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS As annual crops develop, transpirational water loss increases substantially. This increase has to be matched by an increase in water uptake through the root system. The aim of this study was to assess the contributions of changes in intrinsic root hydraulic conductivity (Lp, water uptake per unit root surface area, driving force and time), driving force and root surface area to developmental increases in root water uptake. METHODS Hydroponically grown barley plants were analysed during four windows of their vegetative stage of development, when they were 9-13, 14-18, 19-23 and 24-28 d old. Hydraulic conductivity was determined for individual roots (Lp) and for entire root systems (Lp(r)). Osmotic Lp of individual seminal and adventitious roots and osmotic Lp(r) of the root system were determined in exudation experiments. Hydrostatic Lp of individual roots was determined by root pressure probe analyses, and hydrostatic Lp(r) of the root system was derived from analyses of transpiring plants. KEY RESULTS Although osmotic and hydrostatic Lp and Lp(r) values increased initially during development and were correlated positively with plant transpiration rate, their overall developmental increases (about 2-fold) were small compared with increases in transpirational water loss and root surface area (about 10- to 40-fold). The water potential gradient driving water uptake in transpiring plants more than doubled during development, and potentially contributed to the increases in plant water flow. Osmotic Lp(r) of entire root systems and hydrostatic Lp(r) of transpiring plants were similar, suggesting that the main radial transport path in roots was the cell-to-cell path at all developmental stages. CONCLUSIONS Increase in the surface area of root system, and not changes in intrinsic root hydraulic properties, is the main means through which barley plants grown hydroponically sustain an increase in transpirational water loss during their vegetative development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimi Suku
- Department of Biotechnology, Malankara Catholic College, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thorsten Knipfer
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Matimati I, Verboom GA, Cramer MD. Nitrogen regulation of transpiration controls mass-flow acquisition of nutrients. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:159-68. [PMID: 24231035 PMCID: PMC3883293 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transpiration may enhance mass-flow of nutrients to roots, especially in low-nutrient soils or where the root system is not extensively developed. Previous work suggested that nitrogen (N) may regulate mass-flow of nutrients. Experiments were conducted to determine whether N regulates water fluxes, and whether this regulation has a functional role in controlling the mass-flow of nutrients to roots. Phaseolus vulgaris were grown in troughs designed to create an N availability gradient by restricting roots from intercepting a slow-release N source, which was placed at one of six distances behind a 25 μm mesh from which nutrients could move by diffusion or mass-flow (termed 'mass-flow' treatment). Control plants had the N source supplied directly to their root zone so that N was available through interception, mass-flow, and diffusion (termed 'interception' treatment). 'Mass-flow' plants closest to the N source exhibited 2.9-fold higher transpiration (E), 2.6-fold higher stomatal conductance (gs), 1.2-fold higher intercellular [CO2] (Ci), and 3.4-fold lower water use efficiency than 'interception' plants, despite comparable values of photosynthetic rate (A). E, gs, and Ci first increased and then decreased with increasing distance from the N source to values even lower than those of 'interception' plants. 'Mass-flow' plants accumulated phosphorus and potassium, and had maximum concentrations at 10mm from the N source. Overall, N availability regulated transpiration-driven mass-flow of nutrients from substrate zones that were inaccessible to roots. Thus when water is available, mass-flow may partially substitute for root density in providing access to nutrients without incurring the costs of root extension, although the efficacy of mass-flow also depends on soil nutrient retention and hydraulic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatious Matimati
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - G. Anthony Verboom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Michael D. Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Laur J, Hacke UG. Transpirational demand affects aquaporin expression in poplar roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2283-93. [PMID: 23599275 PMCID: PMC3654427 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Isohydric plants tend to maintain a water potential homeostasis primarily by controlling water loss via stomatal conductance. However, there is accumulating evidence that plants can also modulate water uptake in a dynamic manner. The dynamics of water uptake are influenced by aquaporin-mediated changes in root hydraulics. Most studies in this area have been conducted on herbaceous plants, and less is known about responses of woody plants. Here a study was conducted to determine how roots of hybrid poplar plants (Populus trichocarpa×deltoides) respond to a step change in transpirational demand. The main objective was to measure the expression of selected aquaporin genes and to assess how transcriptional responses correspond to changes in root water flow (Q R) and other parameters of water relations. A subset of plants was grown in shade and was subsequently exposed to a 5-fold increase in light level. Another group of plants was grown at ~95% relative humidity (RH) and was then subjected to lower RH while the light level remained unchanged. Both plant groups experienced a transient drop in stem water potentials. At 28h after the increase in transpirational demand, water potentials recovered. This recovery was associated with changes in the expression of PIP1 and PIP2 subfamily genes and an increase in Q R. Stomata of plants growing at high RH were larger and showed incomplete closure after application of abscisic acid. Since stomatal conductance remained high and unchanged in these plants, it is suggested that the recovery in water potential in these plants was largely driven by the increase in Q R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe G. Hacke
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Yang X, Li Y, Ren B, Ding L, Gao C, Shen Q, Guo S. Drought-Induced Root Aerenchyma Formation Restricts Water Uptake in Rice Seedlings Supplied with Nitrate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 53:495-504. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Postma JA, Lynch JP. Theoretical evidence for the functional benefit of root cortical aerenchyma in soils with low phosphorus availability. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:829-41. [PMID: 20971728 PMCID: PMC3077978 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The formation of root cortical aerenchyma (RCA) reduces root respiration and nutrient content by converting living tissue to air volume. It was hypothesized that RCA increases soil resource acquisition by reducing the metabolic and phosphorus cost of soil exploration. METHODS To test the quantitative logic of the hypothesis, SimRoot, a functional-structural plant model with emphasis on root architecture and nutrient acquisition, was employed. Sensitivity analyses for the effects of RCA on the initial 40 d of growth of maize (Zea mays) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were conducted in soils with varying degrees of phosphorus availability. With reference to future climates, the benefit of having RCA in high CO(2) environments was simulated. KEY RESULTS The model shows that RCA may increase the growth of plants faced with suboptimal phosphorus availability up to 70 % for maize and 14 % for bean after 40 d of growth. Maximum increases were obtained at low phosphorus availability (3 µm). Remobilization of phosphorus from dying cells had a larger effect on plant growth than reduced root respiration. The benefit of both these functions was additive and increased over time. Larger benefits may be expected for mature plants. Sensitivity analysis for light-use efficiency showed that the benefit of having RCA is relatively stable, suggesting that elevated CO(2) in future climates will not significantly effect the benefits of having RCA. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that RCA is an adaptive trait for phosphorus acquisition by remobilizing phosphorus from the root cortex and reducing the metabolic costs of soil exploration. The benefit of having RCA in low-phosphorus soils is larger for maize than for bean, as maize is more sensitive to low phosphorus availability while it has a more 'expensive' root system. Genetic variation in RCA may be useful for breeding phosphorus-efficient crop cultivars, which is important for improving global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P. Lynch
- Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Zhu J, Brown KM, Lynch JP. Root cortical aerenchyma improves the drought tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:740-9. [PMID: 20519019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root cortical aerenchyma (RCA) reduces root respiration in maize by converting living cortical tissue to air volume. We hypothesized that RCA increases drought tolerance by reducing root metabolic costs, permitting greater root growth and water acquisition from drying soil. To test this hypothesis, recombinant inbred lines with high and low RCA were observed under water stress in the field and in soil mesocosms in a greenhouse. In the field, lines with high RCA had 30% more shoot biomass at flowering compared with lines with low RCA under water stress. Root length density in deep soil was significantly greater in the high RCA lines compared with the low RCA lines. Mid-day leaf relative water content in the high RCA lines was 10% greater than in the low RCA lines under water stress. The high RCA lines averaged eight times the yield of the low RCA lines under water stress. In mesocosms, high RCA lines had less seminal root respiration, deeper rooting, and greater shoot biomass compared with low RCA lines under water stress. These results support the hypothesis that RCA is beneficial for drought tolerance in maize by reducing the metabolic cost of soil exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhu
- Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Martin KC, Bruhn D, Lovelock CE, Feller IC, Evans JR, Ball MC. Nitrogen fertilization enhances water-use efficiency in a saline environment. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:344-357. [PMID: 19906150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Effects of salinity and nutrients on carbon gain in relation to water use were studied in the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina, growing along a natural salinity gradient in south-eastern Australia. Tall trees characterized areas of seawater salinities (fringe zone) and stunted trees dominated landward hypersaline areas (scrub zone). Trees were fertilized with nitrogen (+N) or phosphorus (+P) or unfertilized. There was no significant effect of +P on shoot growth, whereas +N enhanced canopy development, particularly in scrub trees. Scrub trees maintained greater CO(2) assimilation per unit water transpired (water-use efficiency, WUE) and had lower nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE; CO(2) assimilation rate per unit leaf nitrogen) than fringe trees. The CO(2) assimilation rates of +N trees were similar to those in other treatments, but were achieved at lower transpiration rates, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO(2) concentrations. Maintaining comparable assimilation rates at lower stomatal conductance requires greater ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, consistent with greater N content per unit leaf area in +N trees. Hence, +N enhanced WUE at the expense of NUE. Instantaneous WUE estimates were supported by less negative foliar delta(13)C values for +N trees and scrub control trees. Thus, nutrient enrichment may alter the structure and function of mangrove forests along salinity gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Martin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Benlloch-González M, Fournier JM, Benlloch M. K+ deprivation induces xylem water and K+ transport in sunflower: evidence for a co-ordinated control. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:157-164. [PMID: 19861653 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of K+ deprivation on water and K+ transport in roots was studied in sunflower plants. Deprivation was achieved in two different ways: by removing K+ from the growth medium for varying intervals; and by growing plants permanently in a low-K+ medium. Removal of K+ from the growth medium for a few hours prompted a significant increase in xylem sap exudation, associated with an increase in root hydraulic conductivity; however, it did not give rise to any significant change in plant K+ content, nor did it favour root K+ exudation. By contrast, prolonged K+ deprivation led to a decline in the internal K+ content and stimulated water and K+ transport in roots. Leaf application of K+ (Rb+) in plants grown permanently in a low-K+ medium inhibited the effect of K+ deprivation on root water and K+ transport, without significantly modifying the internal K+ content of the plants. This treatment had no effect on normal-K+ plants. These results suggest the existence of mechanisms enabling perception of plant K+ status and/or K+ availability in the medium, which trigger transduction processes governing the transport of water and K+ from the root to the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Benlloch-González
- Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz Km. 396, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Nord-Larsen PH, Kichey T, Jahn TP, Jensen CS, Nielsen KK, Hegelund JN, Schjoerring JK. Cloning, characterization and expression analysis of tonoplast intrinsic proteins and glutamine synthetase in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:1549-1562. [PMID: 19655146 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the most important turf and forage grass species of the temperate regions. It requires substantial input of nitrogen fertilizer for optimum yield. Improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is therefore one of the main breeding targets. However, limited knowledge is currently available on the genes controlling NUE in perennial ryegrass. The aim of the present study was to isolate genes involved in ammonium transport and assimilation. In silico screening of a Lolium EST-library using known sequences of tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs) and cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) revealed a number of homologous sequences. Using these sequences, primers were designed to obtain the full-length sequences by RACE-PCR. Three TIP genes (LpTIP1;1, LpTIP1;2 and LpTIP2;1) and two GS genes (LpGS1a and LpGS1b) were isolated. Characterization in S. cerevisiae confirmed a function in ammonium transport for LpTIP1;1 and LpTIP2;1 and in synthesis of glutamine for LpGS1a and LpGS1b. Cytoimmunochemical studies showed that GS protein was present in the chloroplasts and cytosol of leaf cells, while TIP1 proteins localized to the tonoplast. At the expression level, Lolium GS1 genes responded to N starvation and re-supply in a manner consistent with functions in primary N assimilation and N remobilization. Similarly, the expression of LpTIPs complied with a role in vacuolar ammonium storage. Together, the reported results provide new understanding of the genetic basis for N assimilation and storage in ryegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia H Nord-Larsen
- Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Jurado O, Albacete A, Martínez-Ballesta MC, Carvajal M, Pérez-Alfocea F, Dodd IC, Romero-Aranda MR. Water relations of the tos1 tomato mutant at contrasting evaporative demand. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 137:36-43. [PMID: 19602174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The tos1 (tomato osmotically sensitive) mutant, isolated from an in vitro screen of root growth during osmotic stress, was less sensitive to exogenous ABA, but accumulated more ABA under osmotic stress than WT plants. We assessed growth and water relations characteristics of hydroponically grown tos1 seedlings (in the absence of osmotic stress) at low and high evaporative demands. Growth of tos1 was severely inhibited at both high and low evaporative demands. Twenty DAS, WT and tos1 genotypes had a similar leaf water and turgor potential, but mature tos1 plants (45 day old) showed a significant diurnal loss of leaf turgor, with recovery overnight. Increased evaporative demand increased turgor loss of tos1 plants. High evaporative demand at the beginning of the day decreased stomatal conductance of tos1, without diurnal recovery, thus whole plant transpiration was decreased. De-topped tos1 seedlings showed decreased root hydraulic conductance and had a 1.4-fold increase in root ABA concentration. Impaired root function of tos1 plants failed to meet transpirational water demand and resulted in shoot turgor loss, stomatal closure and growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliva Jurado
- Departamento de Mejora Vegetal, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientí ficas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Lovelock CE, Ball MC, Martin KC, C Feller I. Nutrient enrichment increases mortality of mangroves. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5600. [PMID: 19440554 PMCID: PMC2679148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient enrichment of the coastal zone places intense pressure on marine communities. Previous studies have shown that growth of intertidal mangrove forests is accelerated with enhanced nutrient availability. However, nutrient enrichment favours growth of shoots relative to roots, thus enhancing growth rates but increasing vulnerability to environmental stresses that adversely affect plant water relations. Two such stresses are high salinity and low humidity, both of which require greater investment in roots to meet the demands for water by the shoots. Here we present data from a global network of sites that documents enhanced mortality of mangroves with experimental nutrient enrichment at sites where high sediment salinity was coincident with low rainfall and low humidity. Thus the benefits of increased mangrove growth in response to coastal eutrophication is offset by the costs of decreased resilience due to mortality during drought, with mortality increasing with soil water salinity along climatic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Lovelock
- Centre for Marine Studies and School of Biological Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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41
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Cramer MD, Hawkins HJ, Verboom GA. The importance of nutritional regulation of plant water flux. Oecologia 2009; 161:15-24. [PMID: 19449035 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transpiration is generally considered a wasteful but unavoidable consequence of photosynthesis, occurring because water is lost when stomata open for CO(2) uptake. Additionally, transpiration has been ascribed the functions of cooling leaves, driving root to shoot xylem transport and mass flow of nutrients through the soil to the rhizosphere. As a consequence of the link between nutrient mass flow and transpiration, nutrient availability, particularly that of NO(3)(-), partially regulates plant water flux. Nutrient regulation of transpiration may function through the concerted regulation of: (1) root hydraulic conductance through control of aquaporins by NO(3)(-), (2) shoot stomatal conductance (g(s)) through NO production, and (3) pH and phytohormone regulation of g(s). These mechanisms result in biphasic responses of water flux to NO(3)(-) availability. The consequent trade-off between water and nutrient flux has important implications for understanding plant distributions, for production of water use-efficient crops and for understanding the consequences of global-change-linked CO(2) suppression of transpiration for plant nutrient acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Cramer
- Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa.
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Li Y, Gao Y, Xu X, Shen Q, Guo S. Light-saturated photosynthetic rate in high-nitrogen rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves is related to chloroplastic CO2 concentration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:2351-60. [PMID: 19395387 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To identify the effect of nitrogen (N) nutrition on photosynthetic efficiency and mesophyll conductance of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L., cv. 'Shanyou 63' hybrid indica China), hydroponic experiments with different concentrations of N were conducted in a greenhouse. Although leaf N concentration on a dry mass basis increased with increasing supply of N, no significant differences in seedling biomass were observed. A higher light-saturated CO(2) assimilation rate (A) with a high concentration of supplied N was associated with a higher carboxylation efficiency (CE), but not a higher apparent quantum yield (alpha). Based on classic photosynthetic models, both the Rubisco content and the ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration rate were sufficient for light-saturated photosynthesis in rice seedlings; the estimated chloroplastic CO(2) concentration (C(c)) and mesophyll conductance (g(m)) demonstrated that a low C(c) was the ultimate limiting factor to photosynthetic efficiency with a higher N supply. Due to a greater chloroplast size (i.e. a shorter distance to the plasma membrane) with a higher supply of N, the CO(2) transport resistance in the liquid phase (g(liq)) in high-N leaves was lower than that in low-N leaves, which resulted in higher g(m) and C(c) in high-N leaves. Although CE(A/Ci) was higher with a high supply of N, there were no differences in CE(A/Cc) between plants grown with different concentrations of N, indicating that the carboxylation capacity of Rubisco between plants grown at different N concentrations was constant. The enhanced photosynthetic rate with supply of a high N concentration was attributed to a higher CO(2) concentration in the chloroplasts, related to a higher mesophyll conductance due to an increased chloroplast size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Nanjing Agricultural University, China
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43
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Hachez C, Heinen RB, Draye X, Chaumont F. The expression pattern of plasma membrane aquaporins in maize leaf highlights their role in hydraulic regulation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 68:337-53. [PMID: 18622732 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are key organs for evaporation and photosynthesis and play a crucial role in plant growth and development. In order to function properly, they need to maintain a balanced water content. Water movement through a leaf occurs by a combination of different pathways: water can follow an apoplastic route through the cell wall or a cell-to-cell route via the symplastic and transcellular paths. As aquaporins (AQPs) play an important role in regulating transcellular water flow and CO(2) conductance, studies on AQP mRNA and protein expression in leaves are essential to better understand their role in these physiological processes. Here, we quantified and localized the expression of Zea mays plasma membrane aquaporins (ZmPIPs, plasma membrane intrinsic proteins) in the leaf using quantitative RT-PCR and immunodetection. All ZmPIP genes except ZmPIP2;7 were expressed in leaves. Expression was found to be dependent on the developmental stage of the leaf tissue, with, in general, an increase in expression at the end of the elongation zone and a decrease in mature leaf tissue. These data correlated with the cell water permeability, as determined using a protoplast swelling assay. The diurnal expression of ZmPIPs was also investigated and expression was found to be higher during the first hours of the light period than at night. Immunocytochemical localization of four ZmPIP isoforms indicated that they are involved in leaf radial water movement, in particular in vascular bundles and the mesophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Hachez
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 5-15, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Katsuhara M, Hanba YT. Barley plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIP Aquaporins) as water and CO2 transporters. Pflugers Arch 2008; 456:687-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Katsuhara M, Hanba YT, Shiratake K, Maeshima M. Expanding roles of plant aquaporins in plasma membranes and cell organelles. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:1-14. [PMID: 32688752 DOI: 10.1071/fp07130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins facilitate water transport across biomembranes in a manner dependent on osmotic pressure and water-potential gradient. The discovery of aquaporins has facilitated research on intracellular and whole-plant water transport at the molecular level. Aquaporins belong to a ubiquitous family of membrane intrinsic proteins (MIP). Plants have four subfamilies: plasma-membrane intrinsic protein (PIP), tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP), nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein (NIP), and small basic intrinsic protein (SIP). Recent research has revealed a diversity of plant aquaporins, especially their physiological functions and intracellular localisation. A few PIP members have been reported to be involved in carbon dioxide permeability of cells. Newly identified transport substrates for NIP members of rice and Arabidopsis thaliana have been demonstrated to transport silicon and boron, respectively. Ammonia, glycerol, and hydrogen peroxide have been identified as substrates for plant aquaporins. The intracellular localisation of plant aquaporins is diverse; for example, SIP members are localised on the ER membrane. There has been much progress in the research on the functional regulation of water channel activity of PIP members including phosphorylation, formation of hetero-oligomer, and protonation of histidine residues under acidic condition. This review provides a broad overview of the range of potential aquaporins, which are now believed to participate in the transport of several small molecules in various membrane systems in model plants, crops, flowers and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Katsuhara
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yuko T Hanba
- Centre for Bioresource Field Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 616-8354, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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46
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Cramer MD, Hoffmann V, Verboom GA. Nutrient availability moderates transpiration in Ehrharta calycina. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 179:1048-1057. [PMID: 18537891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transpiration-driven 'mass-flow' of soil-water can increase nutrient flow to the root surface. Here it was investigated whether transpiration could be partially regulated by nutrient status. Seeds of Ehrharta calycina from nine sites across a rainfall gradient were supplied with slow-release fertilizer dibbled into the sand surrounding the roots and directly available through interception, mass-flow and diffusion (dubbed 'interception'), or sequestered behind a 40-microm mesh and not directly accessible by the roots, but from which nutrients could move by diffusion or mass-flow (dubbed 'mass-flow'). Although mass-flow plants were significantly smaller than interception plants as a consequence of nutrient limitation, they transpired 60% faster, had 90% higher photosynthesis relative to transpiration (A/E), and 40% higher tissue P, Ca and Na concentrations than plants allowed to intercept nutrients directly. Tissue N and K concentrations were similar for interception and mass-flow plants. Transpiration was thus higher in the nutrient-constrained 'mass-flow' plants, increasing the transport of nutrients to the roots by mass-flow. Transpiration may have been regulated by N availability, resulting in similar tissue concentration between treatments. It is concluded that, although transpiration is a necessary consequence of photosynthetic CO(2) uptake in C(3) plants, plants can respond to nutrient limitation by varying transpiration-driven mass-flow of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Cramer
- Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Vera Hoffmann
- Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - G Anthony Verboom
- Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X1, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Levin M, Lemcoff JH, Cohen S, Kapulnik Y. Low air humidity increases leaf-specific hydraulic conductance of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh (Brassicaceae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2007; 58:3711-3718. [PMID: 17928370 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The typical isohydric plant response to low relative humidity involves stomatal closure, followed by long-term responses like adjustment of shoot-to-root ratios. Little information is available on the early responses of the root system to exposure of shoots to low humidity, nor is it clear to what extent responses of Arabidopsis thaliana conform to the isohydric model. In this study, A. thaliana plants grown hydroponically at high humidity were exposed to two constant relative humidities, 17% and 77%, while the root system remained in aerated nutrient solution. Leaf conductance (g(s)), transpiration, water potential (Psi(l)), osmotic potential, and whole plant hydraulic conductance (K) were determined for the following time intervals: 0-10, 10-20, and 20-40 min, and 0-5, 5-10, and 24-29 h. At low relative humidity, no change in g(s) was detected. Psi(l) decreased by 0.28 MPa during the first 5 h and then remained stable. During the first hour, leaf-specific K averaged 1.6 x 10(-5) kg MPa(-1) m(-2) s(-1) at high humidity. At low humidity it increased >3-fold to 5.8 x 10(-5) kg MPa(-1) m(-2) s(-1). Similar significant differences in K were observed during all time periods. Low concentration mercury amendments in the hydroponic solution (5 microM and 10 microM HgCl(2)) had no discernible influence, but pre-exposure to 50 microM HgCl(2) reduced K differences between humidity treatments. As HgCl(2) is known to be a potent inhibitor of aquaporin function, this suggests that aquaporins may have played a role in the fast hydraulic response of plants transferred to low humidity. The rapid hydraulic response and the influence of mercury raise the possibility that an alternative response to atmospheric dryness is increased K modulated by aquaporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Levin
- Institute of Field and Garden Crops, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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48
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Kanai S, Ohkura K, Adu-Gyamfi JJ, Mohapatra PK, Nguyen NT, Saneoka H, Fujita K. Depression of sink activity precedes the inhibition of biomass production in tomato plants subjected to potassium deficiency stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2007; 58:2917-28. [PMID: 17630289 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (formerly Lycopersicon esculentum) L. cv. Momotarou] plants were grown hydroponically inside the greenhouse of Hiroshima University, Japan. The adverse effects of potassium (K) deficiency stress on the source-sink relationship during the early reproductive period was examined by withdrawing K from the rooting medium for a period of 21 d. Fruits and stem were the major sink organs for the carbon assimilates from the source. A simple non-destructive micro-morphometric technique was used to measure growth of these organs. The effect of K deficiency was studied on the apparent photosynthesis (source activity), leaf area, partitioning (13)C, sugar concentration, K content, and fruit and stem diameters of the plant. Compared with the control, K deficiency treatment severely decreased biomass of all organs. The treatment also depressed leaf photosynthesis and transport of (13)C assimilates, but the impact of stress on these activities became evident only after fruit and stem diameter expansions were down-regulated. These results suggested that K deficiency diminished sink activity in tomato plants prior to its effect on the source activity because of a direct effect on the water status of the former. The lack of demand in growth led to the accumulation of sugars in leaves and concomitant fall in photosynthetic activity. Since accumulation of K and sugars in the fruit was not affected, low K levels of the growing medium might not have affected the fruit quality. The micro-morphometric technique can be used as a reliable tool for monitoring K deficiency during fruiting of tomato. K deficiency directly hindered assimilate partitioning, and the symptoms were considered more detrimental compared with P deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanai
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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Marenco RA, Siebke K, Farquhar GD, Ball MC. Hydraulically based stomatal oscillations and stomatal patchiness in Gossypium hirsutum. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:1103-1113. [PMID: 32689321 DOI: 10.1071/fp06115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Slow stomatal oscillations (70-95 min), associated with feedback within the plant hydraulic systems, were studied in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Oscillations were only evident when the whole plant was exposed to light, and were not influenced by reductions in intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci) in intact, attached leaves. Oscillations were synchronised among different leaves of the same plant, even when the leaf-to-air vapour pressure difference (VPD) was reduced in a cuvette enclosing one of the leaves. In the trough phase of stomatal oscillations the apparent Ci was higher than expected from the combination of the observed assimilation rate and the A(Ci) relationship measured in the absence of oscillations. Using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging we found evidence of stomatal heterogeneity in this phase. Finally, we found that stomatal oscillations appeared to be correlated with xylem embolism, with more vessels filled with gas at the peak than at the troughs of stomatal oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Marenco
- Environmental Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Katharina Siebke
- Ecosystem Dynamics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Environmental Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Marilyn C Ball
- Ecosystem Dynamics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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50
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Prosser IM, Massonneau A, Smyth AJ, Waterhouse RN, Forde BG, Clarkson DT. Nitrate assimilation in the forage legume Lotus japonicus L. PLANTA 2006; 223:821-34. [PMID: 16200407 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate assimilation in the model legume, Lotus japonicus, has been investigated using a variety of approaches. A gene encoding a nitrate-inducible nitrate reductase (NR) has been cloned and appears to be the only NR gene present in the genome. Most of the nitrate reductase activity (NRA) is found in the roots and the plant assimilates the bulk of its nitrogen in that tissue. We calculate that the observed rates of nitrate reduction are compatible with the growth requirement for reduced nitrogen. The NR mRNA, NRA and the nitrate content do not show a strong diurnal rhythm in the roots and assimilation continues during the dark period although export of assimilated N to the shoot is lower during this time. In shoots, the previous low NR activity may be further inactivated during the dark either by a phosphorylation mechanism or due to reduced nitrate flux coincident with a decreased delivery through the transpiration stream. From nitrate-sufficient conditions, the removal of nitrate from the external medium causes a rapid drop in hydraulic conductivity and a decline in nitrate and reduced-N export. Root nitrate content, NR and nitrate transporter (NRT2) mRNA decline over a period of 2 days to barely detectable levels. On resupply, a coordinated increase of NR and NRT2 mRNA, and NRA is seen within hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Prosser
- Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Integrated Plant Physiology Group, Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, UK.
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