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Wang N, Qi F, Wang F, Lin Y, Xiaoyang C, Peng Z, Zhang B, Qi X, Deyholos MK, Zhang J. Evaluation of Differentially Expressed Genes in Leaves vs. Roots Subjected to Drought Stress in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12019. [PMID: 37569394 PMCID: PMC10419004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is a common environmental challenge that plants face, severely constraining plant growth and reducing crop yield and quality. Several studies have highlighted distinct responses between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. However, the mechanisms underlying flax tolerance to abiotic stress, such as drought, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and the genome-wide gene expression of oil flax and fiber flax in response to drought stress. The results revealed that drought stress caused significant wilting of flax leaves. Within the first 24 h of stress, various physiological and biochemical characteristics exhibited rapid responses. These included fresh weight, relative water content (RWC), proline, soluble protein, soluble sugar, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in the leaves or roots of flax. Additionally, drought stress led to a significant rise in lignin content in fiber flax. In addition, the transcriptome analysis demonstrated genome-wide variations in gene expression induced by drought stress. Specifically, genes associated with photosynthesis, proline biosynthesis, and phytohormone metabolism exhibited significant differences in expression levels under stress conditions in flax. These findings highlight the rapid response of flax to drought stress within a short-term period. Our experiment also revealed that, although there were variations in the levels of small compound content or gene expression between Longya10 and Fany under drought stress, most stress-resistance responses were similar. Furthermore, the results provide additional evidence supporting the existence of mechanisms underlying the response to drought stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Wang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (N.W.); (F.Q.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (C.X.); (B.Z.)
| | - Fan Qi
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (N.W.); (F.Q.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (C.X.); (B.Z.)
| | - Fu Wang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (N.W.); (F.Q.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (C.X.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yujie Lin
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (N.W.); (F.Q.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (C.X.); (B.Z.)
| | - Chunxiao Xiaoyang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (N.W.); (F.Q.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (C.X.); (B.Z.)
| | - Zhanwu Peng
- Information Center, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China;
| | - Bi Zhang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (N.W.); (F.Q.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (C.X.); (B.Z.)
| | - Xin Qi
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (N.W.); (F.Q.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (C.X.); (B.Z.)
| | - Michael K. Deyholos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
| | - Jian Zhang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130000, China; (N.W.); (F.Q.); (F.W.); (Y.L.); (C.X.); (B.Z.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
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Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang W, Xu W, Li S, Chen X, Chen H. Genome-wide bioinformatics analysis of Cellulose Synthase gene family in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the expression in the pod development. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:9. [PMID: 35093018 PMCID: PMC8801070 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CesA and Csl gene families, which belong to the cellulose synthase gene superfamily, plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the plant cell wall. Although researchers have investigated this gene superfamily in several model plants, to date, no comprehensive analysis has been conducted in the common bean. Results In this study, we identified 39 putative cellulose synthase genes from the common bean genome sequence. Then, we performed a bioinformatics analysis of this gene family involving sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis, gene structure, collinearity analysis and chromosome location. We found all members possess a cellulose_synt domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these cellulose synthase genes may be classified into five subfamilies, and that members in the same subfamily share conserved exon-intron distribution and motif compositions. Abundant and distinct cis-acting elements in the 2 k basepairs upstream regulatory regions indicate that the cellulose synthase gene family may plays a vital role in the growth and development of common bean. Moreover, the 39 cellulose synthase genes are distributed on 10 of the 11 chromosomes. Additionally expression analysis shows that all CesA/Csl genes selected are constitutively expressed in the pod development. Conclusions This research reveals both the putative biochemical and physiological functions of cellulose synthase genes in common bean and implies the importance of studying non-model plants to understand the breadth and diversity of cellulose synthase genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12863-022-01026-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Liu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Songsong Li
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Huatao Chen
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Industrial Crops, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Gajek K, Janiak A, Korotko U, Chmielewska B, Marzec M, Szarejko I. Whole Exome Sequencing-Based Identification of a Novel Gene Involved in Root Hair Development in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413411. [PMID: 34948205 PMCID: PMC8709170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Root hairs play a crucial role in anchoring plants in soil, interaction with microorganisms and nutrient uptake from the rhizosphere. In contrast to Arabidopsis, there is a limited knowledge of root hair morphogenesis in monocots, including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We have isolated barley mutant rhp1.e with an abnormal root hair phenotype after chemical mutagenesis of spring cultivar ‘Sebastian’. The development of root hairs was initiated in the mutant but inhibited at the very early stage of tip growth. The length of root hairs reached only 3% of the length of parent cultivar. Using a whole exome sequencing (WES) approach, we identified G1674A mutation in the HORVU1Hr1G077230 gene, located on chromosome 1HL and encoding a cellulose synthase-like C1 protein (HvCSLC1) that might be involved in the xyloglucan (XyG) synthesis in root hairs. The identified mutation led to the retention of the second intron and premature termination of the HvCSLC1 protein. The mutation co-segregated with the abnormal root hair phenotype in the F2 progeny of rhp1.e mutant and its wild-type parent. Additionally, different substitutions in HORVU1Hr1G077230 were found in four other allelic mutants with the same root hair phenotype. Here, we discuss the putative role of HvCSLC1 protein in root hair tube elongation in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gajek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Janiak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Urszula Korotko
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Beata Chmielewska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Marek Marzec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Gupta K, Gupta S, Faigenboim-Doron A, Patil AS, Levy Y, Carrus SC, Hovav R. Deep transcriptomic study reveals the role of cell wall biosynthesis and organization networks in the developing shell of peanut pod. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:509. [PMID: 34732143 PMCID: PMC8565004 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) belongs to an exceptional group of legume plants, wherein the flowers are produced aerially, but the pods develop under the ground. In such a unique environment, the pod's outer shell plays a vital role as a barrier against mechanical damage and soilborne pathogens. Recent studies have reported the uniqueness and importance of gene expression patterns that accompany peanut pods' biogenesis. These studies focused on biogenesis and pod development during the early stages, but the late developmental stages and disease resistance aspects still have gaps. To extend this information, we analyzed the transcriptome generated from four pod developmental stages of two genotypes, Hanoch (Virginia-type) and IGC53 (Peruvian-type), which differs significantly in their pod shell characteristics and pathogen resistance. RESULTS The transcriptome study revealed a significant reprogramming of the number and nature of differentially expressed (DE) genes during shell development. Generally, the numbers of DE genes were higher in IGC53 than in Hanoch, and the R5-R6 transition was the most dynamic in terms of transcriptomic changes. Genes related to cell wall biosynthesis, modification and transcription factors (TFs) dominated these changes therefore, we focused on their differential, temporal and spatial expression patterns. Analysis of the cellulose synthase superfamily identified specific Cellulose synthase (CesAs) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes and their coordinated interplay with other cell wall-related genes during the peanut shell development was demonstrated. TFs were also identified as being involved in the shell development process, and their pattern of expression differed in the two peanut genotypes. The shell component analysis showed that overall crude fiber, cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses and dry matter increased with shell development, whereas K, N, protein, and ash content decreased. Genotype IGC53 contained a higher level of crude fiber, cellulose, NDF, ADF, K, ash, and dry matter percentage, while Hanoch had higher protein and nitrogen content. CONCLUSIONS The comparative transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes, enriched processes, and molecular processes like cell wall biosynthesis/modifications, carbohydrate metabolic process, signaling, transcription factors, transport, stress, and lignin biosynthesis during the peanut shell development between two contrasting genotypes. TFs and other genes like chitinases were also enriched in peanut shells known for pathogen resistance against soilborne major pathogens causing pod wart disease and pod damages. This study will shed new light on the biological processes involved with underground pod development in an important legume crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gupta
- Department of Field Crops, Plant Sciences Institute, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
- Department of Biotechnology, Siddharth University, Kapilvastu, Siddharth Nagar, UP, India.
| | - Shubhra Gupta
- Department of Field Crops, Plant Sciences Institute, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | | | | | - Yael Levy
- Department of Field Crops, Plant Sciences Institute, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Scott Cohen Carrus
- Department of Field Crops, Plant Sciences Institute, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Ran Hovav
- Department of Field Crops, Plant Sciences Institute, ARO, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
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Panahabadi R, Ahmadikhah A, McKee LS, Ingvarsson PK, Farrokhi N. Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Mixed Linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan and Starch Contents in Rice Whole Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:665745. [PMID: 34512678 PMCID: PMC8424012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.665745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The glucan content of rice is a key factor defining its nutritional and economic value. Starch and its derivatives have many industrial applications such as in fuel and material production. Non-starch glucans such as (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan (mixed-linkage β-glucan, MLG) have many benefits in human health, including lowering cholesterol, boosting the immune system, and modulating the gut microbiome. In this study, the genetic variability of MLG and starch contents were analyzed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) whole grain, by performing a new quantitative analysis of the polysaccharide content of rice grains. The 197 rice accessions investigated had an average MLG content of 252 μg/mg, which was negatively correlated with the grain starch content. A new genome-wide association study revealed seven significant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the MLG content and two QTLs associated with the starch content in rice whole grain. Novel genes associated with the MLG content were a hexose transporter and anthocyanidin 5,3-O-glucosyltransferase. Also, the novel gene associated with the starch content was a nodulin-like domain. The data pave the way for a better understanding of the genes involved in determining both MLG and starch contents in rice grains and should facilitate future plant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahele Panahabadi
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asadollah Ahmadikhah
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lauren S. McKee
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär K. Ingvarsson
- Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Naser Farrokhi
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Daras G, Templalexis D, Avgeri F, Tsitsekian D, Karamanou K, Rigas S. Updating Insights into the Catalytic Domain Properties of Plant Cellulose synthase ( CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like ( Csl) Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144335. [PMID: 34299608 PMCID: PMC8306620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Arabidopsis and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of cesa and csl mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.
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Niraula PM, Zhang X, Jeremic D, Lawrence KS, Klink VP. Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase increases tightly-bound xyloglucan and chain number but decreases chain length contributing to the defense response that Glycine max has to Heterodera glycines. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244305. [PMID: 33444331 PMCID: PMC7808671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Glycine max xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (EC 2.4.1.207), GmXTH43, has been identified through RNA sequencing of RNA isolated through laser microdissection of Heterodera glycines-parasitized root cells (syncytia) undergoing the process of defense. Experiments reveal that genetically increasing XTH43 transcript abundance in the H. glycines-susceptible genotype G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] decreases parasitism. Experiments presented here show decreasing XTH43 transcript abundance through RNA interference (RNAi) in the H. glycines-resistant G. max[Peking/PI 548402] increases susceptibility, but it is unclear what role XTH43 performs. The experiments presented here show XTH43 overexpression decreases the relative length of xyloglucan (XyG) chains, however, there is an increase in the amount of those shorter chains. In contrast, XTH43 RNAi increases XyG chain length. The experiments show that XTH43 has the capability to function, when increased in its expression, to limit XyG chain extension. This outcome would likely impair the ability of the cell wall to expand. Consequently, XTH43 could provide an enzymatically-driven capability to the cell that would allow it to limit the ability of parasitic nematodes like H. glycines to develop a feeding structure that, otherwise, would facilitate parasitism. The experiments presented here provide experimentally-based proof that XTHs can function in ways that could be viewed as being able to limit the expansion of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash M. Niraula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
| | - Dragica Jeremic
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
| | - Katherine S. Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Vincent P. Klink
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
- Center for Computational Sciences High Performance Computing Collaboratory, Starkville, Mississippi State, United States of America
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Yuan W, Liu J, Takáč T, Chen H, Li X, Meng J, Tan Y, Ning T, He Z, Yi G, Xu C. Genome-Wide Identification of Banana Csl Gene Family and Their Different Responses to Low Temperature between Chilling-Sensitive and Tolerant Cultivars. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10010122. [PMID: 33435621 PMCID: PMC7827608 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall plays an important role in responses to various stresses. The cellulose synthase-like gene (Csl) family has been reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of the hemicellulose backbone. However, little information is available on their involvement in plant tolerance to low-temperature (LT) stress. In this study, a total of 42 Csls were identified in Musa acuminata and clustered into six subfamilies (CslA, CslC, CslD, CslE, CslG, and CslH) according to phylogenetic relationships. The genomic features of MaCsl genes were characterized to identify gene structures, conserved motifs and the distribution among chromosomes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to show the diversity in these genes. Different changes in hemicellulose content between chilling-tolerant and chilling-sensitive banana cultivars under LT were observed, suggesting that certain types of hemicellulose are involved in LT stress tolerance in banana. Thus, the expression patterns of MaCsl genes in both cultivars after LT treatment were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technique followed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) validation. The results indicated that MaCslA4/12, MaCslD4 and MaCslE2 are promising candidates determining the chilling tolerance of banana. Our results provide the first genome-wide characterization of the MaCsls in banana, and open the door for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Yuan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University Olomouc, 783 75 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Houbin Chen
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Jian Meng
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Yehuan Tan
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Tong Ning
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhenting He
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
| | - Ganjun Yi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (C.X.)
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.Y.); (J.L.); (H.C.); (J.M.); (Y.T.); (T.N.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (C.X.)
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The synthesis of xyloglucan, an abundant plant cell wall polysaccharide, requires CSLC function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20316-20324. [PMID: 32737163 PMCID: PMC7443942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007245117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells have a polysaccharide-based wall that maintains their structural and functional integrity and determines their shape. Reorganization of wall components is required to allow growth and differentiation. One matrix polysaccharide that is postulated to play an important role in this reorganization is xyloglucan (XyG). While the structure of XyG is well understood, its biosynthesis is not. Through genetic studies with Arabidopsis CSLC genes, we demonstrate that they are responsible for the synthesis of the XyG glucan backbone. A quintuple cslc mutant is able to grow and develop normally but lacks detectable XyG. These results raise important questions regarding cell wall structure and its reorganization during growth. The series of cslc mutants will be valuable tools for investigating these questions. Xyloglucan (XyG) is an abundant component of the primary cell walls of most plants. While the structure of XyG has been well studied, much remains to be learned about its biosynthesis. Here we employed reverse genetics to investigate the role of Arabidopsis cellulose synthase like-C (CSLC) proteins in XyG biosynthesis. We found that single mutants containing a T-DNA in each of the five Arabidopsis CSLC genes had normal levels of XyG. However, higher-order cslc mutants had significantly reduced XyG levels, and a mutant with disruptions in all five CSLC genes had no detectable XyG. The higher-order mutants grew with mild tissue-specific phenotypes. Despite the apparent lack of XyG, the cslc quintuple mutant did not display significant alteration of gene expression at the whole-genome level, excluding transcriptional compensation. The quintuple mutant could be complemented by each of the five CSLC genes, supporting the conclusion that each of them encodes a XyG glucan synthase. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the CSLC genes are widespread in the plant kingdom and evolved from an ancient family. These results establish the role of the CSLC genes in XyG biosynthesis, and the mutants described here provide valuable tools with which to study both the molecular details of XyG biosynthesis and the role of XyG in plant cell wall structure and function.
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Cao S, Cheng H, Zhang J, Aslam M, Yan M, Hu A, Lin L, Ojolo SP, Zhao H, Priyadarshani SVGN, Yu Y, Cao G, Qin Y. Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Pattern Analysis and Evolution of the Ces/Csl Gene Superfamily in Pineapple ( Ananas comosus). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E275. [PMID: 31398920 PMCID: PMC6724413 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase (Ces) and cellulose synthase-like (Csl) gene families belonging to the cellulose synthase gene superfamily, are responsible for the biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose of the plant cell wall, and play critical roles in plant development, growth and evolution. However, the Ces/Csl gene family remains to be characterized in pineapple, a highly valued and delicious tropical fruit. Here, we carried out genome-wide study and identified a total of seven Ces genes and 25 Csl genes in pineapple. Genomic features and phylogeny analysis of Ces/Csl genes were carried out, including phylogenetic tree, chromosomal locations, gene structures, and conserved motifs identification. In addition, we identified 32 pineapple AcoCes/Csl genes with 31 Arabidopsis AtCes/Csl genes as orthologs by the syntenic and phylogenetic approaches. Furthermore, a RNA-seq investigation exhibited the expression profile of several AcoCes/Csl genes in various tissues and multiple developmental stages. Collectively, we provided comprehensive information of the evolution and function of pineapple Ces/Csl gene superfamily, which would be useful for screening out and characterization of the putative genes responsible for tissue development in pineapple. The present study laid the foundation for future functional characterization of Ces/Csl genes in pineapple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijiang Cao
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center under National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Han Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiashuo Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mohammad Aslam
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Maokai Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Anqi Hu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lili Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center under National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Simon Peter Ojolo
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Heming Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - S V G N Priyadarshani
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Guangqiu Cao
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
- Chinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center under National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Yuan Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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11
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Peng X, Pang H, Abbas M, Yan X, Dai X, Li Y, Li Q. Characterization of Cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) family revealed the involvement of PtrCslD5 in root hair formation in Populus trichocarpa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1452. [PMID: 30723218 PMCID: PMC6363781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) family was characterized for their expression and functions in Populus trichocarpa. Ten members, PtrCslD1-10, were identified in the P. trichocarpa genome, and they belong to 4 clades by phylogenetic tree analysis. qRT-PCR and promoter:GUS assays in Arabidopsis and P. trichocarpa displayed divergent expression patterns of these 10 PtrCSLD genes in root hairs, root tips, leaves, vascular tissues, xylem and flowers. Among PtrCslD2, PtrCslD4, PtrCslD5, PtrCslD6, and PtrCslD8 that all exhibited expression in root hairs, only PtrCslD5 could restore the root hairless phenotype of the atcsld3 mutant, demonstrating that PtrCslD5 is the functional ortholog of AtCslD3 for root hair formation. Our results suggest more possible functions for other PtrCslD genes in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hongying Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Manzar Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xinren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China. .,Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091, Beijing, China.
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12
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Little A, Lahnstein J, Jeffery DW, Khor SF, Schwerdt JG, Shirley NJ, Hooi M, Xing X, Burton RA, Bulone V. A Novel (1,4)-β-Linked Glucoxylan Is Synthesized by Members of the Cellulose Synthase-Like F Gene Family in Land Plants. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:73-84. [PMID: 30693327 PMCID: PMC6346400 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As a significant component of monocot cell walls, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan has conclusively been shown to be synthesized by the cellulose synthase-like F6 protein. In this study, we investigated the synthetic activity of other members of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) CslF gene family using heterologous expression. As expected, the majority of the genes encode proteins that are capable of synthesizing detectable levels of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan. However, overexpression of HvCslF3 and HvCslF10 genes resulted in the synthesis of a novel linear glucoxylan that consists of (1,4)-β-linked glucose and xylose residues. To demonstrate that this product was not an aberration of the heterologous system, the characteristic (1,4)-β-linkage between glucose and xylose was confirmed to be present in wild type barley tissues known to contain HvCslF3 and HvCslF10 transcripts. This polysaccharide linkage has also been reported in species of Ulva, a marine green alga, and has significant implications for defining the specificity of the cell wall content of many crop species. This finding supports previous observations that members of a single CSL family may not possess the same carbohydrate synthetic activity, with the CSLF family now associated with the formation of not only (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-glucosidic linkages, but also (1,4)-β-glucosidic and (1,4)-β-xylosidic linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Little
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Adelaide
Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - David W. Jeffery
- School
of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University
of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen
Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Shi F. Khor
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Michelle Hooi
- Adelaide
Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Adelaide
Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- School
of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University
of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen
Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food
and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Adelaide
Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
- School
of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University
of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen
Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
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13
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Molecular Mechanisms Affecting Cell Wall Properties and Leaf Architecture. THE LEAF: A PLATFORM FOR PERFORMING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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14
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Pauly M, Keegstra K. Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Xyloglucan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-59. [PMID: 26927904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a matrix polysaccharide that is present in the cell walls of all land plants. It consists of a β-1,4-linked glucan backbone that is further substituted with xylosyl residues. These xylosyl residues can be further substituted with other glycosyl and nonglycosyl substituents that vary depending on the plant family and specific tissue. Advances in plant mutant isolation and characterization, functional genomics, and DNA sequencing have led to the identification of nearly all transferases and synthases necessary to synthesize XyG. Thus, in terms of the molecular mechanisms of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, XyG is the most well understood. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly and the regulation of these processes. Knowledge of the XyG biosynthetic machinery allows the XyG structure to be tailored in planta to ascertain the functions of this polysaccharide and its substituents in plant growth and interactions with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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15
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Vázquez-Gutiérrez JL, Langton M. Current potential and limitations of immunolabeling in cereal grain research. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Pauly M, Gille S, Liu L, Mansoori N, de Souza A, Schultink A, Xiong G. Hemicellulose biosynthesis. PLANTA 2013; 238:627-42. [PMID: 23801299 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
One major component of plant cell walls is a diverse group of polysaccharides, the hemicelluloses. Hemicelluloses constitute roughly one-third of the wall biomass and encompass the heteromannans, xyloglucan, heteroxylans, and mixed-linkage glucan. The fine structure of these polysaccharides, particularly their substitution, varies depending on the plant species and tissue type. The hemicelluloses are used in numerous industrial applications such as food additives as well as in medicinal applications. Their abundance in lignocellulosic feedstocks should not be overlooked, if the utilization of this renewable resource for fuels and other commodity chemicals becomes a reality. Fortunately, our understanding of the biosynthesis of the various hemicelluloses in the plant has increased enormously in recent years mainly through genetic approaches. Taking advantage of this knowledge has led to plant mutants with altered hemicellulosic structures demonstrating the importance of the hemicelluloses in plant growth and development. However, while we are on a solid trajectory in identifying all necessary genes/proteins involved in hemicellulose biosynthesis, future research is required to combine these single components and assemble them to gain a holistic mechanistic understanding of the biosynthesis of this important class of plant cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA,
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17
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Yoshikawa T, Eiguchi M, Hibara KI, Ito JI, Nagato Y. Rice slender leaf 1 gene encodes cellulose synthase-like D4 and is specifically expressed in M-phase cells to regulate cell proliferation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2049-61. [PMID: 23519729 PMCID: PMC3638827 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like (CSL) genes are predicted to catalyse the biosynthesis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides such as the β-D-glycan backbone of hemicelluloses and are classified into nine subfamilies (CSLA-CSLH and CSLJ). The CSLD subfamily is conserved in all land plants, and among the nine CSL subfamilies, it shows the highest sequence similarity to the cellulose synthase genes, suggesting that it plays fundamental roles in plant development. This study presents a detailed analysis of slender leaf 1 (sle1) mutants of rice that showed rolled and narrow leaf blades and a reduction in plant height. The narrow leaf blade of sle1 was caused by reduced cell proliferation beginning at the P3 primordial stage. In addition to the size reduction of organs, sle1 mutants exhibited serious developmental defects in pollen formation, anther dehiscence, stomata formation, and cell arrangement in various tissues. Map-based cloning revealed that SLE1 encodes the OsCSLD4 protein, which was identified previously from a narrow leaf and dwarf 1 mutant. In situ hybridization experiments showed that OsCSLD4 was expressed in a patchy pattern in developing organs. Double-target in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that SLE1 was expressed specifically during the M-phase of the cell cycle, and suggested that the cell-cycle regulation was altered in sle1 mutants. These results suggest that the OsCSLD4 protein plays a pivotal role in the M phase to regulate cell proliferation. Further study of OsCSLD4 is expected to yield new insight into the role of hemicelluloses in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Eiguchi
- National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411–8540, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hibara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Ito
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagato
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8657, Japan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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18
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Wilson SM, Burton RA, Collins HM, Doblin MS, Pettolino FA, Shirley N, Fincher GB, Bacic A. Pattern of deposition of cell wall polysaccharides and transcript abundance of related cell wall synthesis genes during differentiation in barley endosperm. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:655-70. [PMID: 22510768 PMCID: PMC3375932 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunolabeling, combined with chemical analyses and transcript profiling, have provided a comprehensive temporal and spatial picture of the deposition and modification of cell wall polysaccharides during barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain development, from endosperm cellularization at 3 d after pollination (DAP) through differentiation to the mature grain at 38 DAP. (1→3)-β-D-Glucan appears transiently during cellularization but reappears in patches in the subaleurone cell walls around 20 DAP. (1→3, 1→4)-β-Glucan, the most abundant polysaccharide of the mature barley grain, accumulates throughout development. Arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylan is deposited significantly earlier than we previously reported. This was attributable to the initial deposition of the polysaccharide in a highly substituted form that was not recognized by antibodies commonly used to detect arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylans in sections of plant material. The epitopes needed for antibody recognition were exposed by pretreatment of sections with α-L-arabinofuranosidase; this procedure showed that arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylans were deposited as early as 5 DAP and highlighted their changing structures during endosperm development. By 28 DAP labeling of hetero-(1→4)-β-D-mannan is observed in the walls of the starchy endosperm but not in the aleurone walls. Although absent in mature endosperm cell walls we now show that xyloglucan is present transiently from 3 until about 6 DAP and disappears by 8 DAP. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of transcripts for GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE, Cellulose Synthase, and CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE genes were consistent with the patterns of polysaccharide deposition. Transcript profiling of some members from the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes database glycosyl transferase families GT61, GT47, and GT43, previously implicated in arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylan biosynthesis, confirms their presence during grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Wilson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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19
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Dhugga KS. Biosynthesis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides of plant cell walls. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 74:8-19. [PMID: 22137036 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes that make the polymer backbones of plant cell wall polysaccharides have proven to be recalcitrant to biochemical purification. Availability of mutational genetics and genomic tools paved the way for rapid progress in identifying genes encoding various cell wall glycan synthases. Mutational genetics, the primary tool used in unraveling cellulose biosynthesis, was ineffective in assigning function to any of the hemicellulosic, polymerizing glycan synthases. A combination of comparative genomics and functional expression in a heterologous system allowed identification of various cellulose synthase-like (Csl) sequences as being involved in the formation of β-1,4-mannan, β-1,4-glucan, and mixed-linked glucan. A number of xylose-deficient mutants have led to a variety of genes, none of which thus far possesses the motifs known to be conserved among polymerizing β-glycan synthases. Except for xylan synthase, which appears to be an agglomerate of proteins just like cellulose synthase, Golgi glycan synthases already identified suggest that the catalytic polypeptide by itself is sufficient for enzyme activity, most likely as a homodimer. Several of the Csl genes remain to be assigned a function. The possibility of the involvement of various Csl genes in making more than one product remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery, DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Johnston, IA 50131, United States.
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20
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Yoo CM, Quan L, Blancaflor EB. Divergence and Redundancy in CSLD2 and CSLD3 Function During Arabidopsis Thaliana Root Hair and Female Gametophyte Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:111. [PMID: 22661983 PMCID: PMC3361707 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like D (CSLD) 2 and 3 genes are known to function in root hair development. Here, we show that these genes also play a role in female gametophyte development because csld2 csld3 double mutants were observed to have low seed set that could be traced to defects in female transmission efficiency. Cell biological studies of csld2 csld3 ovules showed synergid cell degeneration during megagametogenesis and reduced pollen tube penetration during fertilization. Although CSLD2 and CSLD3 function redundantly in female gametophyte development, detailed analyses of root hair phenotypes of progeny from genetic crosses between csld2 and csld3, suggest that CSLD3 might play a more prominent role than CSLD2 in root hair development. Phylogenetic and gene duplication studies of CSLD2 and CSLD3 homologs in Arabidopsis lyrata, Populus, Medicago, maize, and Physcomitrella were further performed to investigate the course of evolution for these genes. Our analyses indicate that the ancestor of land plants possibly contained two copies of CSLD genes, one of which developed into the CSLD5 lineage in flowering plants, and the other formed the CSLD1/2/3/4 clade. In addition, CSLD2 and CSLD3 likely originated from a recent genome-wide duplication event explaining their redundancy. Moreover, sliding-window dN/dS analysis showed that most of the coding regions of CSLD2 and CSLD3 have been under strong purifying selection pressure. However, the region that encodes the N-terminus of CSLD3 has been under relatively relaxed selection pressure as indicated by its high dN/dS value, suggesting that CSLD3 might have gained additional functions through more frequent non-synonymous sequence changes at the N-terminus, which could partly explain the more prominent role of CSLD3 during root hair development compared to CSLD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Min Yoo
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble FoundationArdmore, OK, USA
| | - Li Quan
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble FoundationArdmore, OK, USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble FoundationArdmore, OK, USA
- *Correspondence: Elison B. Blancaflor, Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA. e-mail:
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21
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Yin L, Verhertbruggen Y, Oikawa A, Manisseri C, Knierim B, Prak L, Jensen JK, Knox JP, Auer M, Willats WGT, Scheller HV. The cooperative activities of CSLD2, CSLD3, and CSLD5 are required for normal Arabidopsis development. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:1024-37. [PMID: 21471331 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssr026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases of the Cellulose Synthase Like D (CSLD) subfamily have been reported to be involved in tip growth and stem development in Arabidopsis. The csld2 and csld3 mutants are root hair defective and the csld5 mutant has reduced stem growth. In this study, we produced double and triple knockout mutants of CSLD2, CSLD3, and CSLD5. Unlike the single mutants and the csld2/csld3 double mutant, the csld2/csld5, csld3/csld5, and csld2/ csld3/csld5 mutants were dwarfed and showed severely reduced viability. This demonstrates that the cooperative activities of CSLD2, CSLD3, and CSLD5 are required for normal Arabidopsis development, and that they are involved in important processes besides the specialized role in tip growth. The mutant phenotypes indicate that CSLD2 and CSLD3 have overlapping functions with CSLD5 in early plant development, whereas the CSLD2 and CSLD3 proteins are non-redundant. To determine the biochemical function of CSLD proteins, we used transient expression in tobacco leaves. Microsomes containing heterologously expressed CSLD5 transferred mannose from GDP-mannose onto endogenous acceptors. The same activity was detected when CSLD2 and CSLD3 were co-expressed but not when they were expressed separately. With monosaccharides as exogenous acceptors, microsomal preparations from CSLD5-expressing plants mediated the transfer of mannose from GDP-mannose onto mannose. These results were supported by immunodetection studies that showed reduced levels of a mannan epitope in the cell walls of stem interfascicular fibers and xylem vessels of the csld2/csld3/csld5 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yin
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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22
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High-Resolution Genotyping of Wild Barley Introgression Lines and Fine-Mapping of the Threshability Locus thresh-1 Using the Illumina GoldenGate Assay. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2011; 1:187-96. [PMID: 22384330 PMCID: PMC3276139 DOI: 10.1534/g3.111.000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetically well-characterized mapping populations are a key tool for rapid and precise localization of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and subsequent identification of the underlying genes. In this study, a set of 73 introgression lines (S42ILs) originating from a cross between the spring barley cultivar Scarlett (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) and the wild barley accession ISR42-8 (H. v. ssp. spontaneum) was subjected to high-resolution genotyping with an Illumina 1536-SNP array. The array enabled a precise localization of the wild barley introgressions in the elite barley background. Based on 636 informative SNPs, the S42IL set represents 87.3% of the wild barley genome, where each line contains on average 3.3% of the donor genome. Furthermore, segregating high-resolution mapping populations (S42IL-HRs) were developed for 70 S42ILs in order to facilitate QTL fine-mapping and cloning. As a case study, we used the developed genetic resources to rapidly identify and fine-map the novel locus thresh-1 on chromosome 1H that controls grain threshability. Here, the recessive wild barley allele confers a difficult to thresh phenotype, suggesting that thresh-1 played an important role during barley domestication. Using a S42IL-HR population, thresh-1 was fine-mapped within a 4.3cM interval that was predicted to contain candidate genes involved in regulation of plant cell wall composition. The set of wild barley introgression lines and derived high-resolution populations are ideal tools to speed up the process of mapping and further dissecting QTL, which ultimately clears the way for isolating the genes behind QTL effects.
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Galway ME, Eng RC, Schiefelbein JW, Wasteneys GO. Root hair-specific disruption of cellulose and xyloglucan in AtCSLD3 mutants, and factors affecting the post-rupture resumption of mutant root hair growth. PLANTA 2011; 233:985-99. [PMID: 21279381 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The glycosyl transferase encoded by the cellulose synthase-like gene CSLD3/KJK/RHD7 (At3g03050) is required for cell wall integrity during root hair formation in Arabidopsis thaliana but it remains unclear whether it contributes to the synthesis of cellulose or hemicellulose. We identified two new alleles, root hair-defective (rhd) 7-1 and rhd7-4, which affect the C-terminal end of the encoded protein. Like root hairs in the previously characterized kjk-2 putative null mutant, rhd7-1 and rhd7-4 hairs rupture before tip growth but, depending on the growth medium and temperature, hairs are able to survive rupture and initiate tip growth, indicating that these alleles retain some function. At 21°C, the rhd7 tip-growing root hairs continued to rupture but at 5ºC, rupture was inhibited, resulting in long, wild type-like root hairs. At both temperatures, the expression of another root hair-specific CSLD gene, CSLD2, was increased in the rhd7-4 mutant but reduced in the kjk-2 mutant, suggesting that CSLD2 expression is CSLD3-dependent, and that CSLD2 could partially compensate for CSLD3 defects to prevent rupture at 5°C. Using a fluorescent brightener (FB 28) to detect cell wall (1 → 4)-β-glucans (primarily cellulose) and CCRC-M1 antibody to detect fucosylated xyloglucans revealed a patchy distribution of both in the mutant root hair cell walls. Cell wall thickness varied, and immunogold electron microscopy indicated that xyloglucan distribution was altered throughout the root hair cell walls. These cell wall defects indicate that CSLD3 is required for the normal organization of both cellulose and xyloglucan in root hair cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira E Galway
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, PO Box 5000, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada.
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Carpita NC. Update on mechanisms of plant cell wall biosynthesis: how plants make cellulose and other (1->4)-β-D-glycans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:171-84. [PMID: 21051553 PMCID: PMC3075763 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.163360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, and Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2054, USA.
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Wang L, Guo K, Li Y, Tu Y, Hu H, Wang B, Cui X, Peng L. Expression profiling and integrative analysis of the CESA/CSL superfamily in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:282. [PMID: 21167079 PMCID: PMC3022907 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellulose synthase and cellulose synthase-like gene superfamily (CESA/CSL) is proposed to encode enzymes for cellulose and non-cellulosic matrix polysaccharide synthesis in plants. Although the rice (Oryza sativa L.) genome has been sequenced for a few years, the global expression profiling patterns and functions of the OsCESA/CSL superfamily remain largely unknown. RESULTS A total of 45 identified members of OsCESA/CSL were classified into two clusters based on phylogeny and motif constitution. Duplication events contributed largely to the expansion of this superfamily, with Cluster I and II mainly attributed to tandem and segmental duplication, respectively. With microarray data of 33 tissue samples covering the entire life cycle of rice, fairly high OsCESA gene expression and rather variable OsCSL expression were observed. While some members from each CSL family (A1, C9, D2, E1, F6 and H1) were expressed in all tissues examined, many of OsCSL genes were expressed in specific tissues (stamen and radicles). The expression pattern of OsCESA/CSL and OsBC1L which extensively co-expressed with OsCESA/CSL can be divided into three major groups with ten subgroups, each showing a distinct co-expression in tissues representing typically distinct cell wall constitutions. In particular, OsCESA1, -3 & -8 and OsCESA4, -7 & -9 were strongly co-expressed in tissues typical of primary and secondary cell walls, suggesting that they form as a cellulose synthase complex; these results are similar to the findings in Arabidopsis. OsCESA5/OsCESA6 is likely partially redundant with OsCESA3 for OsCESA complex organization in the specific tissues (plumule and radicle). Moreover, the phylogenetic comparison in rice, Arabidopsis and other species can provide clues for the prediction of orthologous gene expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS The study characterized the CESA/CSL of rice using an integrated approach comprised of phylogeny, transcriptional profiling and co-expression analyses. These investigations revealed very useful clues on the major roles of CESA/CSL, their potentially functional complement and their associations for appropriate cell wall synthesis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Kai Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Huizhen Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Bingrui Wang
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaocan Cui
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Liangcai Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Biomass and Bioenergy Research Centre, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
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Davis J, Brandizzi F, Liepman AH, Keegstra K. Arabidopsis mannan synthase CSLA9 and glucan synthase CSLC4 have opposite orientations in the Golgi membrane. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:1028-37. [PMID: 21143682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several proteins encoded by the cellulose synthase-like (CSL) gene family are known to be processive glycan synthases involved in the synthesis of cell-wall polysaccharides. These include CSLA proteins, which synthesize β-(1→4)-linked mannans found in the walls of many plant species, and CSLC proteins, which are thought to synthesize the β-(1→4)-linked glucan backbone of xyloglucan, an abundant polysaccharide in the primary walls of many plants. CSLA and CSLC proteins are predicted to have multiple membrane spans, and their products (mannan and xyloglucan) accumulate in the Golgi lumen. Knowing where these proteins are located in the cell and how they are orientated in the membrane is important for understanding many aspects of mannan and xyloglucan biosynthesis. In this study, we investigate the subcellular localization and membrane protein topology of CSLA9 and CSLC4, the members of these two families that are most highly expressed in Arabidopsis. CSLA9 and CSLC4 are found predominantly in Golgi membranes, based on co-localization with the known ER/Golgi marker ERD2-YFP. The topology of epitope-tagged proteins was examined using protease protection experiments. Experiments were designed to determine the positions of both the protein termini and the active loop of the CSL proteins investigated. The topology of CSLA9 is characterized by an odd number of transmembrane domains (probably five) and an active site that faces the Golgi lumen. In contrast, CSLC4 has an even number of transmembrane domains (probably six) and an active site that faces the cytosol. The implications of these topologies on various aspects of hemicellulose biosynthesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Davis
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Liepman AH, Wightman R, Geshi N, Turner SR, Scheller HV. Arabidopsis - a powerful model system for plant cell wall research. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 61:1107-21. [PMID: 20409281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composites of various carbohydrates, proteins and other compounds. Cell walls provide plants with strength and protection, and also represent the most abundant source of renewable biomass. Despite the importance of plant cell walls, comparatively little is known about the identities of genes and functions of proteins involved in their biosynthesis. The model plant Arabidopsis and the availability of its genome sequence have been invaluable for the identification and functional characterization of genes encoding enzymes involved in plant cell-wall biosynthesis. This review covers recent progress in the identification and characterization of genes encoding proteins involved in the biosynthesis of Arabidopsis cell-wall polysaccharides and arabinogalactan proteins. These studies have improved our understanding of both the mechanisms of cell-wall biosynthesis and the functions of various cell-wall polymers, and have highlighted areas where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Liepman
- Biology Department, Eastern Michigan University, 316 Mark Jefferson Building, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
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