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Higgins CE, Tang J, Higgins SP, Gifford CC, Mian BM, Jones DM, Zhang W, Costello A, Conti DJ, Samarakoon R, Higgins PJ. The Genomic Response to TGF-β1 Dictates Failed Repair and Progression of Fibrotic Disease in the Obstructed Kidney. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678524. [PMID: 34277620 PMCID: PMC8284093 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a common and diagnostic hallmark of a spectrum of chronic renal disorders. While the etiology varies as to the causative nature of the underlying pathology, persistent TGF-β1 signaling drives the relentless progression of renal fibrotic disease. TGF-β1 orchestrates the multifaceted program of kidney fibrogenesis involving proximal tubular dysfunction, failed epithelial recovery or re-differentiation, capillary collapse and subsequent interstitial fibrosis eventually leading to chronic and ultimately end-stage disease. An increasing complement of non-canonical elements function as co-factors in TGF-β1 signaling. p53 is a particularly prominent transcriptional co-regulator of several TGF-β1 fibrotic-response genes by complexing with TGF-β1 receptor-activated SMADs. This cooperative p53/TGF-β1 genomic cluster includes genes involved in cellular proliferative control, survival, apoptosis, senescence, and ECM remodeling. While the molecular basis for this co-dependency remains to be determined, a subset of TGF-β1-regulated genes possess both p53- and SMAD-binding motifs. Increases in p53 expression and phosphorylation, moreover, are evident in various forms of renal injury as well as kidney allograft rejection. Targeted reduction of p53 levels by pharmacologic and genetic approaches attenuates expression of the involved genes and mitigates the fibrotic response confirming a key role for p53 in renal disorders. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying TGF-β1-induced renal fibrosis largely in the context of ureteral obstruction, which mimics the pathophysiology of pediatric unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and the role of p53 as a transcriptional regulator within the TGF-β1 repertoire of fibrosis-promoting genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Cody C. Gifford
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Badar M. Mian
- The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - David M. Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Angelica Costello
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - David J. Conti
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, NY, United States
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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Jiang C, Liu G, Cai L, Deshane J, Antony V, Thannickal VJ, Liu RM. Divergent Regulation of Alveolar Type 2 Cell and Fibroblast Apoptosis by Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 in Lung Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1227-1239. [PMID: 33887217 PMCID: PMC8351125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased apoptosis sensitivity of alveolar type 2 (ATII) cells and increased apoptosis resistance of (myo)fibroblasts, the apoptosis paradox, contributes to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The mechanism underlying the apoptosis paradox in IPF lungs, however, is unclear. Aging is the greatest risk factor for IPF. In this study, we show, for the first time, that ATII cells from old mice are more sensitive, whereas fibroblasts from old mice are more resistant, to apoptotic challenges, compared with the corresponding cells from young mice. The expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), an important profibrogenic mediator, was significantly increased in both ATII cells and lung fibroblasts from aged mice. In vitro studies using PAI-1 siRNA and active PAI-1 protein indicated that PAI-1 promoted ATII cell apoptosis but protected fibroblasts from apoptosis, likely through dichotomous regulation of p53 expression. Deletion of PAI-1 in adult mice led to a reduction in p53, p21, and Bax protein expression, as well as apoptosis sensitivity in ATII cells, and their increase in the lung fibroblasts, as indicated by in vivo studies. This increase was associated with an attenuation of lung fibrosis after bleomycin challenge. Since PAI-1 is up-regulated in both ATII cells and fibroblasts in IPF, the results suggest that increased PAI-1 may underlie the apoptosis paradox of ATII cells and fibroblasts in IPF lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jessy Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Veena Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Tzekaki EE, Geromichalos G, Lavrentiadou SN, Tsantarliotou MP, Pantazaki AA, Papaspyropoulos A. Oleuropein is a natural inhibitor of PAI-1-mediated proliferation in human ER-/PR- breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 186:305-316. [PMID: 33389400 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-06054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevated expression of PAI-1 has been widely linked with adverse outcomes in a variety of human cancers, such as breast, gastric and ovarian cancers, rendering PAI-1 a prognostic biomarker. As a result, several chemical inhibitors are currently being developed against PAI-1; however, the clinical setting where they might confer survival benefits has not yet been elucidated. METHODS RNA sequencing data analysis from the TCGA/GTEx cancer portals (n = 3607 samples). In silico molecular docking analyses to predict functional macromolecule interactions. ER-/PR- (MDA-MB-231) and ER+/PR+ (MCF-7) breast cancer cell lines implemented to assess the effect of oleuropein as a natural inhibitor of PAI-1-mediated oncogenic proliferation. RESULTS We show that high PAI-1 levels inversely correlate with ER and PR expressions in a wide panel of estrogen/progesterone-responsive human malignancies. By implementing an in silico molecular docking analysis, we identify oleuropein, a phenolic component of olive oil, as a potent PAI-1-binding molecule displaying increased affinity compared to the other olive oil constituents. We demonstrate that EVOO or oleuropein treatment alone may act as a natural PAI-1 inhibitor by incrementally destabilising PAI-1 levels selectively in ER-/PR- breast cancer cells, accompanied by downstream caspase activation and cell growth inhibition. In contrast, ER+/PR+ breast cancer cells, where PAI-1 expression is absent or low, do not adequately respond to treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates an inverse correlation between PAI-1 and ESR1/PGR levels, as well as overall patient survival in estrogen/progesterone-responsive human tumours. With a focus on breast cancer, our data identify oleuropein as a natural PAI-1 inhibitor and suggest that oleuropein-mediated PAI-1 destabilisation may confer clinical benefit only in ER-/PR- tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Tzekaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Geromichalos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sophia N Lavrentiadou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria P Tsantarliotou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia A Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angelos Papaspyropoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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MiR-155-5p and MiR-203a-3p Are Prognostic Factors in Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082254. [PMID: 32806571 PMCID: PMC7463991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a heterogeneous group of rare malignancies with a five-year survival rate of approximately 50%. Reliable molecular markers for risk stratification and subsequent therapy management are still needed. Therefore, we analyzed the prognostic potential of miR-155-5p and miR-203a-3p expression in a cohort of 79 STS patients. MiR-155-5p and miR-203a-3p expression was measured from tumor total RNA by qPCR and correlated with the demographic, clinicopathological, and prognostic data of the patients. Elevated miR-155-5p expression was significantly associated with increased tumor stage and hypoxia-associated mRNA/protein expression. High miR-155-5p expression and low miR-203a-3p expression, as well as a combination of high miR-155-5p and low miR-203a-3p expression, were significantly associated with poor disease-specific survival in STS patients in the Kaplan–Meier survival analyses (p = 0.027, p = 0.001 and p = 0.0003, respectively) and in the univariate Cox regression analyses (RR = 1.96; p = 0.031; RR = 2.59; p = 0.002 and RR = 4.76; p = 0.001, respectively), but not in the multivariate Cox regression analyses. In conclusion, the oncomiR miR-155-5p and the tumor suppressor-miR miR-203a-3p exhibit an association with STS patient prognosis and are suggested as candidates for risk assessment.
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Zhao K, Wang D, Zhao X, Wang C, Gao Y, Liu K, Wang F, Wu X, Wang X, Sun L, Zang J, Mei Y. WDR63 inhibits Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization and mediates the function of p53 in suppressing metastasis. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49269. [PMID: 32128961 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that p53 plays a suppressive role in cancer metastasis, yet the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Regulation of actin dynamics is essential for the control of cell migration, which is an important step in metastasis. The Arp2/3 complex is a major nucleation factor to initiate branched actin polymerization that drives cell migration. However, it is unknown whether p53 could suppress metastasis through modulating Arp2/3 function. Here, we report that WDR63 is transcriptionally upregulated by p53. We show with migration assays and mouse xenograft models that WDR63 negatively regulates cell migration, invasion, and metastasis downstream of p53. Mechanistically, WDR63 interacts with the Arp2/3 complex and inhibits Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization. Furthermore, WDR63 overexpression is sufficient to dampen the increase in cell migration, invasion, and metastasis induced by p53 depletion. Together, these findings suggest that WDR63 is an important player in the regulation of Arp2/3 function and also implicate WDR63 as a critical mediator of p53 in suppressing metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Lifesciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Decai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenfeng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Lifesciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kaiyue Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Lifesciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Lifesciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianning Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuejuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Linfeng Sun
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianye Zang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yide Mei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Lifesciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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6
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Higgins CE, Tang J, Mian BM, Higgins SP, Gifford CC, Conti DJ, Meldrum KK, Samarakoon R, Higgins PJ. TGF-β1-p53 cooperativity regulates a profibrotic genomic program in the kidney: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. FASEB J 2019; 33:10596-10606. [PMID: 31284746 PMCID: PMC6766640 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease affects >15% of the U.S. population and >850 million individuals worldwide. Fibrosis is the common outcome of many chronic renal disorders and, although the etiology varies (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, ischemia, acute injury, and urologic obstructive disorders), persistently elevated renal TGF-β1 levels result in the relentless progression of fibrotic disease. TGF-β1 orchestrates the multifaceted program of renal fibrogenesis involving proximal tubular dysfunction, failed epithelial recovery and redifferentiation, and subsequent tubulointerstitial fibrosis, eventually leading to chronic renal disease. Recent findings implicate p53 as a cofactor in the TGF-β1-induced signaling pathway and a transcriptional coregulator of several TGF-β1 profibrotic response genes by complexing with receptor-activated SMADs, which are homologous to the small worms (SMA) and Drosophilia mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) gene families. The cooperative p53-TGF-β1 genomic cluster includes genes involved in cell growth control and extracellular matrix remodeling [e.g., plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; serine protease inhibitor, clade E, member 1), connective tissue growth factor, and collagen I]. Although the molecular basis for this codependency is unclear, many TGF-β1-responsive genes possess p53 binding motifs. p53 up-regulation and increased p53 phosphorylation; moreover, they are evident in nephrotoxin- and ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury, diabetic nephropathy, ureteral obstructive disease, and kidney allograft rejection. Pharmacologic and genetic approaches that target p53 attenuate expression of the involved genes and mitigate the fibrotic response, confirming a key role for p53 in renal disorders. This review focuses on mechanisms whereby p53 functions as a transcriptional regulator within the TGF-β1 cluster with an emphasis on the potent fibrosis-promoting PAI-1 gene.-Higgins, C. E., Tang, J., Mian, B. M., Higgins, S. P., Gifford, C. C., Conti, D. J., Meldrum, K. K., Samarakoon, R., Higgins, P. J. TGF-β1-p53 cooperativity regulates a profibrotic genomic program in the kidney: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Badar M. Mian
- The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Cody C. Gifford
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - David J. Conti
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kirstan K. Meldrum
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
- The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, New York, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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The DNA-damage response and nuclear events as regulators of nonapoptotic forms of cell death. Oncogene 2019; 39:1-16. [PMID: 31462710 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability is essential for the cell as the integrity of genomic information guaranties reproduction of a whole organism. DNA damage occurring in response to different natural and nonnatural stimuli (errors in DNA replication, UV radiation, chemical agents, etc.) is normally detected by special cellular machinery that induces DNA repair. However, further accumulation of genetic lesions drives the activation of cell death to eliminate cells with defective genome. This particular feature is used for targeting fast-proliferating tumor cells during chemo-, radio-, and immunotherapy. Among different cell death modalities induced by DNA damage, apoptosis is the best studied. Nevertheless, nonapoptotic cell death and adaptive stress responses are also activated following genotoxic stress and play a crucial role in the outcome of anticancer therapy. Here, we provide an overview of nonapoptotic cell death pathways induced by DNA damage and discuss their interplay with cellular senescence, mitotic catastrophe, and autophagy.
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8
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Label propagation defines signaling networks associated with recurrently mutated cancer genes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9401. [PMID: 31253832 PMCID: PMC6599034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tumors have distinct profiles of genomic alterations, and each of these alterations has the potential to cause unique changes to cellular homeostasis. Detailed analyses of these changes could reveal downstream effects of genomic alterations, contributing to our understanding of their roles in tumor development and progression. Across a range of tumor types, including bladder, lung, and endometrial carcinoma, we determined genes that are frequently altered in The Cancer Genome Atlas patient populations, then examined the effects of these alterations on signaling and regulatory pathways. To achieve this, we used a label propagation-based methodology to generate networks from gene expression signatures associated with defined mutations. Individual networks offered a large-scale view of signaling changes represented by gene signatures, which in turn reflected the scope of molecular events that are perturbed in the presence of a given genomic alteration. Comparing different networks to one another revealed common biological pathways impacted by distinct genomic alterations, highlighting the concept that tumors can dysregulate key pathways through multiple, seemingly unrelated mechanisms. Finally, altered genes inducing common changes to the signaling network were used to search for genomic markers of drug response, connecting shared perturbations to differential drug sensitivity.
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9
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Downregulation of PRMT1 promotes the senescence and migration of a non-MYCN amplified neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1771. [PMID: 30741995 PMCID: PMC6370813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) catalyzing the formation of asymmetric dimethylarginines has been implicated in cancer development, metastasis, and prognosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of low PRMT1 levels on a non-MYCN amplified neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell line. Stable PRMT1-knockdown (PRMT1-KD) cells showed reduced growth rates and cell cycle arrest at G2/M. They also exhibited senescent phenotypes and increased p53 expression. p21 and PAI-1, which are two p53 downstream targets critical for senescence, were significantly induced in SK-N-SH cells subjected to either PRMT1-KD or inhibitor treatment. The induction was suppressed by a p53 inhibitor and marginal in a p53-null SK-N-AS cell line, suggesting dependence on p53. In general, the DNA damage and ROS levels of the PRMT1-KD SK-N-SH cells were slightly increased. Their migration activity also increased with the induction of PAI-1. Thus, PRMT1 downregulation released the repression of cellular senescence and migration activity in SK-N-SH cells. These results might partially explain the poor prognostic outcome of low PRMT1 in a non-MYCN-amplified cohort and indicate the multifaceted complexity of PRMT1 as a biological regulator of neuroblastoma.
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10
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He S, Carman CV, Lee JH, Lan B, Koehler S, Atia L, Park CY, Kim JH, Mitchel JA, Park JA, Butler JP, Lu Q, Fredberg JJ. The tumor suppressor p53 can promote collective cellular migration. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0202065. [PMID: 30707705 PMCID: PMC6358060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of function of the tumor suppressor p53 is known to increase the rate of migration of cells transiting the narrow pores of the traditional Boyden chamber assay. Here by contrast we investigate how p53 impacts the rate of cellular migration within a 2D confluent cell layer and a 3D collagen-embedded multicellular spheroid. We use two human carcinoma cell lines, the bladder carcinoma EJ and the colorectal carcinoma HCT116. In the confluent 2-D cell layer, for both EJ and HCT cells the migratory speeds and effective diffusion coefficients for the p53 null cells were significantly smaller than in p53-expressing cells. Compared to p53 expressers, p53-null cells exhibited more organized cortical actin rings together with reduced front-rear cell polarity. Furthermore, loss of p53 caused cells to exert smaller traction forces upon their substrates, and reduced formation of cryptic lamellipodia. In the 3D multicellular spheroid, loss of p53 consistently reduced collective cellular migration into surrounding collagen matrix. As regards the role of p53 in cellular migration, extrapolation from the Boyden chamber assay to other cellular microenvironments is seen to be fraught even in terms of the sign of the effect. Together, these paradoxical results show that the effects of p53 on cellular migration are context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie He
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Christopher V. Carman
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Jung Hyun Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Bo Lan
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Stephan Koehler
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Lior Atia
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Chan Young Park
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Jae Hun Kim
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Jennifer A. Mitchel
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - James P. Butler
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Quan Lu
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Fredberg
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United states of America
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11
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Szołtysek K, Janus P, Zając G, Stokowy T, Walaszczyk A, Widłak W, Wojtaś B, Gielniewski B, Cockell S, Perkins ND, Kimmel M, Widlak P. RRAD, IL4I1, CDKN1A, and SERPINE1 genes are potentially co-regulated by NF-κB and p53 transcription factors in cells exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:813. [PMID: 30419821 PMCID: PMC6233266 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular response to ionizing radiation involves activation of p53-dependent pathways and activation of the atypical NF-κB pathway. The crosstalk between these two transcriptional networks include (co)regulation of common gene targets. Here we looked for novel genes potentially (co)regulated by p53 and NF-κB using integrative genomics screening in human osteosarcoma U2-OS cells irradiated with a high dose (4 and 10 Gy). Radiation-induced expression in cells with silenced TP53 or RELA (coding the p65 NF-κB subunit) genes was analyzed by RNA-Seq while radiation-enhanced binding of p53 and RelA in putative regulatory regions was analyzed by ChIP-Seq, then selected candidates were validated by qPCR. RESULTS We identified a subset of radiation-modulated genes whose expression was affected by silencing of both TP53 and RELA, and a subset of radiation-upregulated genes where radiation stimulated binding of both p53 and RelA. For three genes, namely IL4I1, SERPINE1, and CDKN1A, an antagonistic effect of the TP53 and RELA silencing was consistent with radiation-enhanced binding of both p53 and RelA. This suggested the possibility of a direct antagonistic (co)regulation by both factors: activation by NF-κB and inhibition by p53 of IL4I1, and activation by p53 and inhibition by NF-κB of CDKN1A and SERPINE1. On the other hand, radiation-enhanced binding of both p53 and RelA was observed in a putative regulatory region of the RRAD gene whose expression was downregulated both by TP53 and RELA silencing, which suggested a possibility of direct (co)activation by both factors. CONCLUSIONS Four new candidates for genes directly co-regulated by NF-κB and p53 were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szołtysek
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Patryk Janus
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Gracjana Zając
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stokowy
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Walaszczyk
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wiesława Widłak
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtaś
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Simon Cockell
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Neil D. Perkins
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Piotr Widlak
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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12
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Jung RG, Simard T, Labinaz A, Ramirez FD, Di Santo P, Motazedian P, Rochman R, Gaudet C, Faraz MA, Beanlands RS, Hibbert B. Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in coronary pathophysiology. Thromb Res 2018; 164:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.02.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Higgins SP, Tang Y, Higgins CE, Mian B, Zhang W, Czekay RP, Samarakoon R, Conti DJ, Higgins PJ. TGF-β1/p53 signaling in renal fibrogenesis. Cell Signal 2017; 43:1-10. [PMID: 29191563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic disorders of the renal, pulmonary, cardiac, and hepatic systems are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Effective therapies to prevent or curtail the advancement to organ failure, however, remain a major clinical challenge. Chronic kidney disease, in particular, constitutes an increasing medical burden affecting >15% of the US population. Regardless of etiology (diabetes, hypertension, ischemia, acute injury, urologic obstruction), persistently elevated TGF-β1 levels are causatively linked to the activation of profibrotic signaling networks and disease progression. TGF-β1 is the principal driver of renal fibrogenesis, a dynamic pathophysiologic process that involves tubular cell injury/apoptosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, interstitial fibroblast activation and excess extracellular matrix synthesis/deposition leading to impaired kidney function and, eventually, to chronic and end-stage disease. TGF-β1 activates the ALK5 type I receptor (which phosphorylates SMAD2/3) as well as non-canonical (e.g., src kinase, EGFR, JAK/STAT, p53) pathways that collectively drive the fibrotic genomic program. Such multiplexed signal integration has pathophysiological consequences. Indeed, TGF-β1 stimulates the activation and assembly of p53-SMAD3 complexes required for transcription of the renal fibrotic genes plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, connective tissue growth factor and TGF-β1. Tubular-specific ablation of p53 in mice or pifithrin-α-mediated inactivation of p53 prevents epithelial G2/M arrest, reduces the secretion of fibrotic effectors and attenuates the transition from acute to chronic renal injury, further supporting the involvement of p53 in disease progression. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of TGF-β1-initiated renal fibrogenesis and the role of p53 as a regulator of profibrotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Craig E Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Badar Mian
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Ralf-Peter Czekay
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - David J Conti
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Division of Transplantation Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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14
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Liu G, Zhan X, Dong C, Liu L. Genomics alterations of metastatic and primary tissues across 15 cancer types. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13262. [PMID: 29038591 PMCID: PMC5643378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is an important event for cancer evolution and prognosis. In this article, we analyzed the differences in genomic alterations between primary and metastatic tissues at hotspot regions in 15 cancer types and 10,456 samples. Differential somatic mutations at the amino acid, protein domain and gene levels, mutational exclusiveness, and copy number variations were identified in these cancers, while no significant nucleotide and gene fusion differences were detected. The homogeneity and heterogeneity of these differences in cancers were also detected. By characterizing the genomic alterations of these genes, important signaling pathways during metastasis were also identified. In summary, the metastatic cancer tissues retained most genomic features of the primary tumor at the biological level and acquired new signatures during cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chuanpeng Dong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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15
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Jiang C, Liu G, Luckhardt T, Antony V, Zhou Y, Carter AB, Thannickal VJ, Liu RM. Serpine 1 induces alveolar type II cell senescence through activating p53-p21-Rb pathway in fibrotic lung disease. Aging Cell 2017; 16:1114-1124. [PMID: 28722352 PMCID: PMC5595683 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence of alveolar type 2 (ATII) cells, progenitors of the alveolar epithelium, is implicated in the pathogeneses of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), an aging‐related progressive fatal lung disorder with unknown etiology. The mechanism underlying ATII cell senescence in fibrotic lung diseases, however, remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that ATII cells in IPF lungs express higher levels of serpine 1, also known as plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1), and cell senescence markers p21 and p16, compared to ATII cells in control lungs. Silencing PAI‐1 or inhibition of PAI‐1 activity in cultured rat ATII (L2) cells leads to decreases in p53 serine 18 phosphorylation (p53S18P), p53 and p21 protein expressions; an increase in retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation (ppRb); and a reduction in the sensitivity to bleomycin‐ and doxorubicin‐induced senescence. Silencing p53, on the other hand, abrogates PAI‐1 protein‐stimulated p21 expression and cell senescence. In vivo studies, using ATII cell‐specific PAI‐1 conditional knockout mouse model generated recently in this laboratory, further support the role of PAI‐1 in the activation of p53‐p21‐Rb cell cycle repression pathway, ATII cell senescence, and lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin. This study reveals a novel function of PAI‐1 in regulation of cell cycle and suggests that elevation of PAI‐1 contributes importantly to ATII cell senescence in fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Tracy Luckhardt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Veena Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - A. Brent Carter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care; Department of Medicine; School of Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
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16
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Hsieh HH, Chen YC, Jhan JR, Lin JJ. The serine protease inhibitor serpinB2 binds and stabilizes p21 in senescent cells. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3272-3281. [PMID: 28794016 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.204974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SerpinB2 is a serine protease inhibitor also known as plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2). It has been well documented that serpinB2 is an inhibitor of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Interestingly, serpinB2 levels are increased in senescent cells and serpinB2 is thus considered a senescence biomarker. In this study, by mimicking the elevated levels of serpinB2 in senescent cells, proliferating human fibroblasts were induced into senescence. Senescence induced by serpinB2 did not relate to its extracellular function, as inhibition of serpinB2 secretion, exogenous introduced serpinB2, or a serpinB2 mutant that failed to bind to its extracellular target uPA did not affect senescence. We also showed that serpinB2 is a direct downstream target of p53 that is activated by the DNA damage response pathway. Significantly, serpinB2 bound to and stabilized p21 to mediate senescence in a proteasome-independent manner, indicating that serpinB2 has a direct role in senescence. Thus, this study reveals a unique mechanism by which serpinB2 maintains senescence through stabilization of p21 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112
| | - Ying-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112
| | - Jing-Ru Jhan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112
| | - Jing-Jer Lin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112 .,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan 100
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17
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Ratushnyy A, Lobanova M, Buravkova LB. Expansion of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells at "physiologic" hypoxia attenuates replicative senescence. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:232-243. [PMID: 28589682 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells are considered as a perspective tool in cell therapy and regenerative medicine. Unfortunately, autologous cell therapy does not always provide positive outcomes in elder donors, perhaps as a result of the alterations of stem cell compartments. The mechanisms of stem and progenitor cell senescence and the factors engaged are investigated intensively. In present paper, we elucidated the effects of tissue-related O2 on morphology, functions, and transcriptomic profile of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) in replicative senescence in vitro model. Replicatively senescent ASCs at ambient (20%) O2 (12-21 passages) demonstrated an increased average cell size, granularity, reactive oxygen species level, including anion superoxide, lysosomal compartment activity, and IL-6 production. Decreased ASC viability and proliferation, as well as the change of more than 10 senescence-associated gene expression were detected (IGF1, CDKN1C, ID1, CCND1, etc). Long-term ASC expansion at low O2 (5%) revoked in part the replicative senescence-associated alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Ratushnyy
- Lab. of Cell Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita Lobanova
- Lab. of Cell Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila B Buravkova
- Lab. of Cell Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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18
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From tumor suppressor to thrombus resolver. Blood 2017; 129:3144-3145. [PMID: 28620104 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-04-776401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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19
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Shetty SK, Tiwari N, Marudamuthu AS, Puthusseri B, Bhandary YP, Fu J, Levin J, Idell S, Shetty S. p53 and miR-34a Feedback Promotes Lung Epithelial Injury and Pulmonary Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1016-1034. [PMID: 28273432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal interstitial lung disease. The pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases, including its most common form, IPF, remains poorly understood. Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis, proliferation, and accumulation of myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix deposition results in progressive loss of lung function in IPF. We found induction of tumor suppressor protein, p53, and apoptosis with suppression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the uPA receptor in AECs from the lungs of IPF patients, and in mice with bleomycin, cigarette smoke, silica, or sepsis-induced lung injury. Treatment with the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) reversed these effects. Consistent with induction of p53, AECs from IPF lungs or mice with diverse types of lung injuries showed increased p53 acetylation and miR-34a expression with reduction in Sirt1. This was significantly reduced after treatment of wild-type mice with CSP, and uPA-deficient mice were unresponsive. Bleomycin failed to induce miR-34a in p53- or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)-deficient mice. CSP-mediated inhibition of miR-34a restored Sirt1, suppressed p53 acetylation and apoptosis in injured AECs, and prevented pulmonary fibrosis (PF). AEC-specific suppression of miR-34a inhibited bleomycin-induced p53, PAI-1, and apoptosis and prevented PF, whereas overexpression of precursor-miR-34a increased p53, PAI-1, and apoptosis in AECs of mice unexposed to bleomycin. Our study validates p53-miR-34a feedback as a potential therapeutic target in PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha K Shetty
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Nivedita Tiwari
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Amarnath S Marudamuthu
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Bijesh Puthusseri
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Yashodhar P Bhandary
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Jian Fu
- Center for Research on Environmental Disease and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey Levin
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Steven Idell
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Sreerama Shetty
- Department of Medicine, Texas Lung Injury Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas.
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20
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Neault M, Couteau F, Bonneau É, De Guire V, Mallette FA. Molecular Regulation of Cellular Senescence by MicroRNAs: Implications in Cancer and Age-Related Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 334:27-98. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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21
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Kawarada Y, Inoue Y, Kawasaki F, Fukuura K, Sato K, Tanaka T, Itoh Y, Hayashi H. TGF-β induces p53/Smads complex formation in the PAI-1 promoter to activate transcription. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35483. [PMID: 27759037 PMCID: PMC5069723 DOI: 10.1038/srep35483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling facilitates tumor development during the advanced stages of tumorigenesis, but induces cell-cycle arrest for tumor suppression during the early stages. However, the mechanism of functional switching of TGF-β is still unknown, and it is unclear whether inhibition of TGF-β signaling results amelioration or exacerbation of cancers. Here we show that the tumor suppressor p53 cooperates with Smad proteins, which are TGF-β signal transducers, to selectively activate plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) transcription. p53 forms a complex with Smad2/3 in the PAI-1 promoter to recruit histone acetyltransferase CREB-binding protein (CBP) and enhance histone H3 acetylation, resulting in transcriptional activation of the PAI-1 gene. Importantly, p53 is required for TGF-β-induced cytostasis and PAI-1 is involved in the cytostatic activity of TGF-β in several cell lines. Our results suggest that p53 enhances TGF-β-induced cytostatic effects by activating PAI-1 transcription, and the functional switching of TGF-β is partially caused by p53 mutation or p53 inactivation during cancer progression. It is expected that these findings will contribute to optimization of TGF-β-targeting therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kawarada
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Inoue
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Innovative Therapeutics Sciences, Cooperative major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kawasaki
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keishi Fukuura
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahito Tanaka
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Itoh
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Innovative Therapeutics Sciences, Cooperative major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Hayashi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Innovative Therapeutics Sciences, Cooperative major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 467-8603 Nagoya, Japan
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22
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Neault M, Mallette F, Richard S. miR-137 Modulates a Tumor Suppressor Network-Inducing Senescence in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1966-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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23
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Wu Y, Liu Y, Dong Y, Vadgama J. Diabetes-associated dysregulated cytokines and cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:370-378. [PMID: 29930868 DOI: 10.15761/icst.1000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data demonstrate that patients with diabetes have an augmented risk of developing various types of cancers, accompanied by higher mortality. A number of mechanisms for this connection have been hypothesized, such as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and increased inflammatory processes. Apart from these potential mechanisms, several diabetes-associated dysregulated cytokines might be implicated in the link between diabetes and cancer. In fact, some inflammatory cytokines, e.g. TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin, have been revealed to play important roles in both initiation and progression of tumor. Here, we depict the role of these cytokines in key events of carcinogenesis and cancer development, including their capability to induce oxidative stress, inflammation, their participation in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and metastasis. Finally, we will also highlight the existing knowledge in terms of the involvement of these cytokines in different cancer types and comment on potential significances for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine & Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yunzhou Dong
- Vascular Biology Program BCH3137, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jay Vadgama
- Division of Cancer Research and Training, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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24
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Su SC, Lin CW, Yang WE, Fan WL, Yang SF. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system as a biomarker and therapeutic target in human malignancies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:551-66. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1113260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Araki K, Ebata T, Guo AK, Tobiume K, Wolf SJ, Kawauchi K. p53 regulates cytoskeleton remodeling to suppress tumor progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4077-94. [PMID: 26206378 PMCID: PMC11114009 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells possess unique characteristics such as invasiveness, the ability to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and an inherent stemness. Cell morphology is altered during these processes and this is highly dependent on actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is, therefore, important for determination of cell fate. Mutations within the TP53 (tumor suppressor p53) gene leading to loss or gain of function (GOF) of the protein are often observed in aggressive cancer cells. Here, we highlight the roles of p53 and its GOF mutants in cancer cell invasion from the perspective of the actin cytoskeleton; in particular its reorganization and regulation by cell adhesion molecules such as integrins and cadherins. We emphasize the multiple functions of p53 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling in response to the extracellular microenvironment, and oncogene activation. Such an approach provides a new perspective in the consideration of novel targets for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Araki
- Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ebata
- Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Alvin Kunyao Guo
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Kei Tobiume
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Steven John Wolf
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Keiko Kawauchi
- Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 211-8533, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
The predominant function of the tumor suppressor p53 is transcriptional regulation. It is generally accepted that p53-dependent transcriptional activation occurs by binding to a specific recognition site in promoters of target genes. Additionally, several models for p53-dependent transcriptional repression have been postulated. Here, we evaluate these models based on a computational meta-analysis of genome-wide data. Surprisingly, several major models of p53-dependent gene regulation are implausible. Meta-analysis of large-scale data is unable to confirm reports on directly repressed p53 target genes and falsifies models of direct repression. This notion is supported by experimental re-analysis of representative genes reported as directly repressed by p53. Therefore, p53 is not a direct repressor of transcription, but solely activates its target genes. Moreover, models based on interference of p53 with activating transcription factors as well as models based on the function of ncRNAs are also not supported by the meta-analysis. As an alternative to models of direct repression, the meta-analysis leads to the conclusion that p53 represses transcription indirectly by activation of the p53-p21-DREAM/RB pathway.
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Key Words
- CDE, cell cycle-dependent element
- CDKN1A
- CHR, cell cycle genes homology region
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DREAM complex
- DREAM, DP, RB-like, E2F4, and MuvB complex
- E2F/RB complex
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- NF-Y, Nuclear factor Y
- cdk, cyclin-dependent kinase
- genome-wide meta-analysis
- p53
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fischer
- a Molecular Oncology; Medical School ; University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
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Role of the urokinase-fibrinolytic system in epithelial-mesenchymal transition during lung injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:55-68. [PMID: 25447049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) cell injury precedes development of pulmonary fibrosis. Mice lacking urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) are highly susceptible, whereas those deficient in plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) are resistant to lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been considered, at least in part, as a source of myofibroblast formation during fibrogenesis. However, the contribution of altered expression of major components of the uPA system on ATII cell EMT during lung injury is not well understood. To investigate whether changes in uPA and PAI-1 by ATII cells contribute to EMT, ATII cells from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and mice with bleomycin-, transforming growth factor β-, or passive cigarette smoke-induced lung injury were analyzed for uPA, PAI-1, and EMT markers. We found reduced expression of E-cadherin and zona occludens-1, whereas collagen-I and α-smooth muscle actin were increased in ATII cells isolated from injured lungs. These changes were associated with a parallel increase in PAI-1 and reduced uPA expression. Further, inhibition of Src kinase activity using caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide suppressed bleomycin-, transforming growth factor β-, or passive cigarette smoke-induced EMT and restored uPA expression while suppressing PAI-1. These studies show that induction of PAI-1 and inhibition of uPA during fibrosing lung injury lead to EMT in ATII cells.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The tumor suppressor p53 is lost or mutated in about half of all human cancers, and in those tumors in which it is wild-type, mechanisms exist to prevent its activation. p53 loss not only prevents incipient tumor cells from undergoing oncogene-induced senescence and apoptosis, but also perturbs cell-cycle checkpoints. This enables p53-deficient tumor cells with DNA damage to continue cycling, creating a permissive environment for the acquisition of additional mutations. Theoretically, this could contribute to the evolution of a cancer genome that is conducive to metastasis. Importantly, p53 loss also results in the disruption of pathways that inhibit metastasis, and transcriptionally defective TP53 mutants are known to gain additional functions that promote metastasis. Here, we review the evidence supporting a role for p53 loss or mutation in tumor metastasis, with an emphasis on breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE The metastatic potential of tumor cells can be positively infl uenced by loss of p53 or expression of p53 gain-of-function mutants. Understanding the mechanisms by which p53 loss and mutation promote tumor metastasis is crucial to understanding the biology of tumor progression and how to appropriately apply targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Powell
- Departments of 1Cancer Biology and 2Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Berger C, Qian Y, Chen X. The p53-estrogen receptor loop in cancer. Curr Mol Med 2014; 13:1229-40. [PMID: 23865427 DOI: 10.2174/15665240113139990065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 maintains genome stability by regulating diverse cellular functions including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, senescence and metabolic homeostasis. Mutations in the p53 gene occur in almost all human cancers with a frequency of up to 80%. However, it is only 20% in breast cancers, 18% in endometrial cancers and 1.5% in cervical cancers. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) plays a pivotal role in hormone-dependent cancer development and the status of ERα is used for designing treatment strategy and for prognosis. A closer look at the cross-talk between p53 and ERα has revealed that their activities are mutually regulated. This review will summarize the current body of knowledge on p53, ERα and ERβ in cancer. Clinical correlations between estrogen receptors and p53 status have also been reported. Thus, this review will discuss the relationship between p53 and ERs at both the molecular and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berger
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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30
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Guo H, Liu Z, Xu B, Hu H, Wei Z, Liu Q, Zhang X, Ding X, Wang Y, Zhao M, Gong Y, Shao C. Chemokine receptor CXCR2 is transactivated by p53 and induces p38-mediated cellular senescence in response to DNA damage. Aging Cell 2013; 12:1110-21. [PMID: 23869868 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells may undergo permanent growth arrest/senescence when they incur excessive DNA damage. As a key player during DNA damage response (DDR), p53 transactivates an array of target genes that are involved in various cellular processes including the induction of cellular senescence. Chemokine receptor CXCR2 was previously reported to mediate replicative and oncogene-induced senescence in a DDR and p53-dependent manner. Here, we report that CXCR2 is upregulated in various types of cells in response to genotoxic or oxidative stress. Unexpectedly, we found that the upregulation of CXCR2 depends on the function of p53. Like other p53 target genes such as p21, CXCR2 is transactivated by p53. We identified a p53-binding site in the CXCR2 promoter that responds to changes in p53 functional status. Thus, CXCR2 may act downstream of p53. While the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) exhibits a kinetics that is distinct from that of CXCR2 expression and does not require p53, it reinforces senescence. We further showed that the cellular senescence caused by CXCR2 upregulation is mediated by p38 activation. Our results thus demonstrate CXCR2 as a critical mediator of cellular senescence downstream of p53 in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Bing Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Huili Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Zhao Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Xuebin Ding
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Minnan Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
| | - Changshun Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong 250012 China
- Department of Genetics; Rutgers University; Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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Chemotherapy-mediated p53-dependent DNA damage response in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: role of the mTORC1/2 and hypoxia-inducible factor pathways. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e865. [PMID: 24136229 PMCID: PMC3920935 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-damaging agent camptothecin (CPT) and its analogs demonstrate clinical utility for the treatment of advanced solid tumors, and CPT-based nanopharmaceuticals are currently in clinical trials for advanced kidney cancer; however, little is known regarding the effects of CPT on hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) accumulation and activity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here we assessed the effects of CPT on the HIF/p53 pathway. CPT demonstrated striking inhibition of both HIF-1α and HIF-2α accumulation in von Hippel–Lindau (VHL)-defective ccRCC cells, but surprisingly failed to inhibit protein levels of HIF-2α-dependent target genes (VEGF, PAI-1, ET-1, cyclin D1). Instead, CPT induced DNA damage-dependent apoptosis that was augmented in the presence of pVHL. Further analysis revealed CPT regulated endothelin-1 (ET-1) in a p53-dependent manner: CPT increased ET-1 mRNA abundance in VHL-defective ccRCC cell lines that was significantly augmented in their VHL-expressing counterparts that displayed increased phosphorylation and accumulation of p53; p53 siRNA suppressed CPT-induced increase in ET-1 mRNA, as did an inhibitor of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling, suggesting a role for ATM-dependent phosphorylation of p53 in the induction of ET-1. Finally, we demonstrate that p53 phosphorylation and accumulation is partially dependent on mTOR activity in ccRCC. Consistent with this result, pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1/2 kinase inhibited CPT-mediated ET-1 upregulation, and p53-dependent responses in ccRCC. Collectively, these data provide mechanistic insight into the action of CPT in ccRCC, identify ET-1 as a p53-regulated gene and demonstrate a requirement of mTOR for p53-mediated responses in this tumor type.
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Gomes-Giacoia E, Miyake M, Goodison S, Rosser CJ. Targeting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth in a human cancer xenograft model. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2697-708. [PMID: 24072883 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancers of the urinary bladder result in aggressive and highly angiogenic tumors for which standard treatments have only limited success. Patients with advanced disease have a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%, and no new anticancer agent has been successfully introduced into the clinic armamentarium for the treatment of bladder cancer in more than 20 years. Investigations have identified plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a serine protease inhibitor, as being highly expressed in several malignancies, including bladder cancer, in which high expression is associated with a poor prognosis. In this study, we evaluated PAI-1 as a potential therapeutic target for bladder cancer. PAI-1 expression was manipulated in a panel of cell lines and functional inhibition was achieved using the small molecule tiplaxtinin. Reduction or inhibition of PAI-1 resulted in the reduction of cellular proliferation, cell adhesion, and colony formation, and the induction of apoptosis and anoikis in vitro. Treatment of T24 xenografts with tiplaxtinin resulted in inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis, leading to a significant reduction in tumor growth. Similar results were obtained through evaluation of the human cervical cancer HeLa cell line, showing that PAI-1-mediated effects are not restricted to tumor cells of bladder origin. Collectively, these data show that targeting PAI-1 may be beneficial and support the notion that novel drugs such as tiplaxtinin could be investigated as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Gomes-Giacoia
- Corresponding Author: Charles J. Rosser, Cancer Research Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6900 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32827.
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33
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Ghosh AK, Quaggin SE, Vaughan DE. Molecular basis of organ fibrosis: potential therapeutic approaches. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:461-81. [PMID: 23856899 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213489441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, a non-physiological wound healing in multiple organs, is associated with end-stage pathological symptoms of a wide variety of vascular injury and inflammation related diseases. In response to chemical, immunological and physical insults, the body's defense system and matrix synthetic machinery respond to healing the wound and maintain tissue homeostasis. However, uncontrolled wound healing leads to scarring or fibrosis, a pathological condition characterized by excessive synthesis and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, loss of tissue homeostasis and organ failure. Understanding the actual cause of pathological wound healing and identification of igniter(s) of fibrogenesis would be helpful to design novel therapeutic approaches to control pathological wound healing and to prevent fibrosis related morbidity and mortality. In this article, we review the significance of a few key cytokines (TGF-β, IFN-γ, IL-10) transcriptional activators (Sp1, Egr-1, Smad3), repressors (Smad7, Fli-1, PPAR-γ, p53, Klotho) and epigenetic modulators (acetyltransferase, methyltransferases, deacetylases, microRNAs) involved in major matrix protein collagen synthesis under pathological stage of wound healing, and the potentiality of these regulators as therapeutic targets for fibrosis treatment. The significance of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and senescence, two newly emerged fields in fibrosis research, has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Ghosh
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute & Division of Nephrology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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34
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Bhandary YP, Shetty SK, Marudamuthu AS, Ji HL, Neuenschwander PF, Boggaram V, Morris GF, Fu J, Idell S, Shetty S. Regulation of lung injury and fibrosis by p53-mediated changes in urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:131-43. [PMID: 23665346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar type II epithelial cell (ATII) apoptosis and proliferation of mesenchymal cells are the hallmarks of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a devastating disease of unknown cause characterized by alveolar epithelial injury and progressive fibrosis. We used a mouse model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury to understand the involvement of p53-mediated changes in urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in the regulation of alveolar epithelial injury. We found marked induction of p53 in ATII cells from mice exposed to BLM. Transgenic mice expressing transcriptionally inactive dominant negative p53 in ATII cells showed augmented apoptosis, whereas those deficient in p53 resisted BLM-induced ATII cell apoptosis. Inhibition of p53 transcription failed to suppress PAI-1 or induce uPA mRNA in BLM-treated ATII cells. ATII cells from mice with BLM injury showed augmented binding of p53 to uPA, uPA receptor (uPAR), and PAI-1 mRNA. p53-binding sequences from uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 mRNA 3' untranslated regions neither interfered with p53 DNA binding activity nor p53-mediated promoter transactivation. However, increased expression of p53-binding sequences from uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 mRNA 3' untranslated regions in ATII cells suppressed PAI-1 and induced uPA after BLM treatment, leading to inhibition of ATII cell apoptosis and pulmonary fibrosis. Our findings indicate that disruption of p53-fibrinolytic system cross talk may serve as a novel intervention strategy to prevent lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhar P Bhandary
- Texas Lung Injury Institute, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75708, USA
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35
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Abstract
p53, a guardian of the genome, exerts its tumor suppression activity by regulating a large number of downstream targets involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. Although p53-mediated apoptosis is able to kill cancer cells, a role for cellular senescence in p53-dependent tumor suppression is becoming clear. Mouse studies showed that activation of p53-induced premature senescence promotes tumor regression in vivo. However, p53-mediated cellular senescence also leads to aging-related phenotypes, such as tissue atrophy, stem cell depletion, and impaired wound healing. In addition, several p53 isoforms and two p53 homologs, p63 and p73, have been shown to play a role in cellular senescence and/or aging. Importantly, p53, p63, and p73 are necessary for the maintenance of adult stem cells. Therefore, understanding the dual role the p53 protein family in cancer and aging is critical to solve cancer and longevity in the future. In this chapter, we provide an overview on how p53, p63, p73, and their isoforms regulate cellular senescence and aging.
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36
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Shetty SK, Bhandary YP, Marudamuthu AS, Abernathy D, Velusamy T, Starcher B, Shetty S. Regulation of airway and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis by p53-Induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 during cigarette smoke exposure injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:474-83. [PMID: 22592924 PMCID: PMC3488631 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0390oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of tumor suppressor protein p53 and of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is associated with cigarette smoke (CS) exposure-induced lung epithelial injury. p53 induces PAI-1 through mRNA stabilization in lung epithelial cells. However, it is unclear how this process affects lung epithelial damage. Here, we show that CS induces p53 and PAI-1 expression and apoptosis in cultured Beas2B and primary alveolar type (AT)II cells. CS exposure augmented binding of p53 protein with PAI-1 mRNA. Inhibition of p53 from binding to PAI-1 mRNA through expression of p53-binding 70 nt PAI-1 mRNA 3'UTR sequences suppressed CS-induced PAI-1 expression. Treatment of Beas2B cells with caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) suppressed p53 expression and p53-PAI-1 mRNA interaction. These changes were associated with parallel inhibition of CS-induced PAI-1 expression and apoptosis in Beas2B cells. Wild-type mice exposed to passive CS likewise show augmented p53 and PAI-1 with parallel induction of ATII cell apoptosis, whereas mice deficient for p53 or PAI-1 expression resisted apoptosis of ATII cells. CSP suppressed CS-induced ATII cell apoptosis in wild-type mice and abrogated p53-PAI-1 mRNA interaction with parallel inhibition of p53 and PAI-1 expression. The protection against ATII cell apoptosis by CSP involves inhibition of passive CS-induced proapoptotic Bax and Bak expression and restoration of the prosurvival proteins Bcl-X(L). These observations demonstrate that inhibition of p53 binding to PAI-1 mRNA 3'UTR attenuates CS-induced ATII cell apoptosis. This presents a novel link between p53-mediated PAI-1 expression and CS-induced ATII cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha K Shetty
- The Texas Lung Injury Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Lab C-6, Tyler, TX, 75708, USA.
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37
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Yang SH, Liao PH, Pan YF, Chen SL, Chou SS, Chou MY. The novel p53-dependent metastatic and apoptotic pathway induced by vitexin in human oral cancer OC2 cells. Phytother Res 2012; 27:1154-61. [PMID: 22976055 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vitexin, identified as apigenin-8-C-D-glucopyranoside, a natural flavonoid compound found in certain herbs such as hawthorn herb, has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic and antitumor properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible existence of p53-dependent pathway underlying vitexin-induced metastasis and apoptosis in human oral cancer cells, OC2 cells. Vitexin decreased cell viability significantly. Meanwhile, the expression of tumor suppressor p53 and a small group of its downstream genes, p21(WAF1) and Bax, were upregulated. The p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α (PFT-α) knockdown of the signaling of p53 led vitexin to lose its antitumor effect and inhibited the expression of p53 downstream genes, p2(WAF1) and Bax. Vitexin had anti-metastatic potential accompanied with increasing plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) accumulation and decreasing matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. Our present study evidenced, by using p53 inhibitor PFT-α, PAI-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ are downstream genes of p53 in vitexin-induced signaling. MAPK inhibitor PD98059 decreased the OC2 cells viability significantly. The expression of p53 and its downstream genes p21(WAF1) and Bax were enhanced by blocking the activation of p42/p44 MAPK in response to treatment with vitexin. Moreover, p42/p44 MAPK played a negative role in p53-dependent metastasis and apoptosis. We give evidence for the first time that the novel p53-dependent metastatic and apoptotic pathway induced by vitexin in human oral cancer OC2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Huang Yang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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38
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Neault M, Mallette FA, Vogel G, Michaud-Levesque J, Richard S. Ablation of PRMT6 reveals a role as a negative transcriptional regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:9513-21. [PMID: 22904064 PMCID: PMC3479207 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine methylation of histones is a well-known regulator of gene expression. Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) has been shown to function as a transcriptional repressor by methylating the histone H3 arginine 2 [H3R2(me2a)] repressive mark; however, few targets are known. To define the physiological role of PRMT6 and to identify its targets, we generated PRMT6(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). We observed that early passage PRMT6(-/-) MEFs had growth defects and exhibited the hallmarks of cellular senescence. PRMT6(-/-) MEFs displayed high transcriptional levels of p53 and its targets, p21 and PML. Generation of PRMT6(-/-); p53(-/-) MEFs prevented the premature senescence, suggesting that the induction of senescence is p53-dependent. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we observed an enrichment of PRMT6 and H3R2(me2a) within the upstream region of Trp53. The PRMT6 association and the H3R2(me2a) mark were lost in PRMT6(-/-) MEFs and an increase in the H3K4(me3) activator mark was observed. Our findings define a new regulator of p53 transcriptional regulation and define a role for PRMT6 and arginine methylation in cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Neault
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group and Bloomfield Center for Research on Aging, Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3T 1E2
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39
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1--insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 cascade regulates stress-induced senescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12052-7. [PMID: 22778398 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120437109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is widely believed to play a key role in tumor suppression, but the molecular pathways that regulate senescence are only incompletely understood. By using a secretome proteomics approach, we identified insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) as a secreted mediator of breast cancer senescence upon chemotherapeutic drug treatment. The senescence-inducing activity of IGFBP3 is inhibited by tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated proteolysis, which is counteracted by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), another secreted mediator of senescence. We demonstrate that IGFBP3 is a critical downstream target of PAI-1-induced senescence. These results suggest a role for an extracellular cascade of secreted proteins in the regulation of cellular senescence.
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40
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Abstract
Fibrosis is defined as a fibroproliferative or abnormal fibroblast activation-related disease. Deregulation of wound healing leads to hyperactivation of fibroblasts and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the wound area, the pathological manifestation of fibrosis. The accumulation of excessive levels of collagen in the ECM depends on two factors: an increased rate of collagen synthesis and or decreased rate of collagen degradation by cellular proteolytic activities. The urokinase/tissue type plasminogen activator (uPA/tPA) and plasmin play significant roles in the cellular proteolytic degradation of ECM proteins and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The activities of uPA/tPA/plasmin and plasmin-dependent MMPs rely mostly on the activity of a potent inhibitor of uPA/tPA, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Under normal physiologic conditions, PAI-1 controls the activities of uPA/tPA/plasmin/MMP proteolytic activities and thus maintains the tissue homeostasis. During wound healing, elevated levels of PAI-1 inhibit uPA/tPA/plasmin and plasmin-dependent MMP activities, and, thus, help expedite wound healing. In contrast to this scenario, under pathologic conditions, excessive PAI-1 contributes to excessive accumulation of collagen and other ECM protein in the wound area, and thus preserves scarring. While the level of PAI-1 is significantly elevated in fibrotic tissues, lack of PAI-1 protects different organs from fibrosis in response to injury-related profibrotic signals. Thus, PAI-1 is implicated in the pathology of fibrosis in different organs including the heart, lung, kidney, liver, and skin. Paradoxically, PAI-1 deficiency promotes spontaneous cardiac-selective fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the significance of PAI-1 in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Ghosh
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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41
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Morris SM, Baek JY, Koszarek A, Kanngurn S, Knoblaugh SE, Grady WM. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling promotes hepatocarcinogenesis induced by p53 loss. Hepatology 2012; 55:121-31. [PMID: 21898503 PMCID: PMC3237853 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) results from the accumulation of deregulated tumor suppressor genes and/or oncogenes in hepatocytes. Inactivation of TP53 and inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling are among the most common molecular events in human liver cancers. Thus, we assessed whether inactivation of TGF-β signaling, by deletion of the TGF-β receptor, type II (Tgfbr2), cooperates with Trp53 loss to drive HCC formation. Albumin-cre transgenic mice were crossed with floxed Trp53 and/or floxed Tgfbr2 mice to generate mice lacking p53 and/or Tgfbr2 in the liver. Deletion of Trp53 alone (Trp53(KO) ) resulted in liver tumors in approximately 41% of mice by 10 months of age, whereas inactivation of Tgfbr2 alone (Tgfbr2(KO) ) did not induce liver tumors. Surprisingly, deletion of Tgfbr2 in the setting of p53 loss (Trp53(KO) ;Tgfbr2(KO) ) decreased the frequency of mice with liver tumors to around 17% and delayed the age of tumor onset. Interestingly, Trp53(KO) and Trp53(KO) ;Tgfbr2(KO) mice develop both HCC and cholangiocarcinomas, suggesting that loss of p53, independent of TGF-β, may affect liver tumor formation through effects on a common liver stem cell population. Assessment of potential mechanisms through which TGF-β signaling may promote liver tumor formation in the setting of p53 loss revealed a subset of Trp53(KO) tumors that express increased levels of alpha-fetoprotein. Furthermore, tumors from Trp53(KO) mice express increased TGF-β1 levels compared with tumors from Trp53(KO) ;Tgfbr2(KO) mice. Increased phosphorylated Smad3 and ERK1/2 expression was also detected in the tumors from Trp53(KO) mice and correlated with increased expression of the TGF-β responsive genes, Pai1 and Ctgf. CONCLUSION TGF-β signaling paradoxically promotes the formation of liver tumors that arise in the setting of p53 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli M. Morris
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Ji Yeon Baek
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
,Center for Colorectal Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Amanda Koszarek
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Samornmas Kanngurn
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
,Department of Pathology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Sue E. Knoblaugh
- Animal Health Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - William M. Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
,Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
,Corresponding Author: William M. Grady, MD, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Mailstop D4-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, Phone: 206-667-1107, Fax: 206-667-2917,
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Samarakoon R, Overstreet JM, Higgins SP, Higgins PJ. TGF-β1 → SMAD/p53/USF2 → PAI-1 transcriptional axis in ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:117-28. [PMID: 21638209 PMCID: PMC3188682 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease constitutes an increasing medical burden affecting 26 million people in the United States alone. Diabetes, hypertension, ischemia, acute injury, and urological obstruction contribute to renal fibrosis, a common pathological hallmark of chronic kidney disease. Regardless of etiology, elevated TGF-β1 levels are causatively linked to the activation of profibrotic signaling pathways initiated by angiotensin, glucose, and oxidative stress. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is a useful and accessible model to identify mechanisms underlying the progression of renal fibrosis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a major effector and downstream target of TGF-β1 in the progression of several clinically important fibrotic disorders, is highly up-regulated in UUO and causatively linked to disease severity. SMAD and non-SMAD pathways (pp60(c-src), epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], mitogen-activated protein kinase, p53) are required for PAI-1 induction by TGF-β1. SMAD2/3, pp60(c-src), EGFR, and p53 activation are each increased in the obstructed kidney. This review summarizes the molecular basis and translational significance of TGF-β1-stimulated PAI-1 expression in the progression of kidney disease induced by ureteral obstruction. Mechanisms discussed here appear to be operative in other renal fibrotic disorders and are relevant to the global issue of tissue fibrosis, regardless of organ site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samarakoon
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
| | - Jessica M. Overstreet
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
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Morris SM, Baek JY, Koszarek A, Kanngurn S, Knoblaugh SE, Grady WM. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling promotes hepatocarcinogenesis induced by p53 loss. HEPATOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD.) 2011. [PMID: 21898503 DOI: 10.1002/hep.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) results from the accumulation of deregulated tumor suppressor genes and/or oncogenes in hepatocytes. Inactivation of TP53 and inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling are among the most common molecular events in human liver cancers. Thus, we assessed whether inactivation of TGF-β signaling, by deletion of the TGF-β receptor, type II (Tgfbr2), cooperates with Trp53 loss to drive HCC formation. Albumin-cre transgenic mice were crossed with floxed Trp53 and/or floxed Tgfbr2 mice to generate mice lacking p53 and/or Tgfbr2 in the liver. Deletion of Trp53 alone (Trp53(KO) ) resulted in liver tumors in approximately 41% of mice by 10 months of age, whereas inactivation of Tgfbr2 alone (Tgfbr2(KO) ) did not induce liver tumors. Surprisingly, deletion of Tgfbr2 in the setting of p53 loss (Trp53(KO) ;Tgfbr2(KO) ) decreased the frequency of mice with liver tumors to around 17% and delayed the age of tumor onset. Interestingly, Trp53(KO) and Trp53(KO) ;Tgfbr2(KO) mice develop both HCC and cholangiocarcinomas, suggesting that loss of p53, independent of TGF-β, may affect liver tumor formation through effects on a common liver stem cell population. Assessment of potential mechanisms through which TGF-β signaling may promote liver tumor formation in the setting of p53 loss revealed a subset of Trp53(KO) tumors that express increased levels of alpha-fetoprotein. Furthermore, tumors from Trp53(KO) mice express increased TGF-β1 levels compared with tumors from Trp53(KO) ;Tgfbr2(KO) mice. Increased phosphorylated Smad3 and ERK1/2 expression was also detected in the tumors from Trp53(KO) mice and correlated with increased expression of the TGF-β responsive genes, Pai1 and Ctgf. CONCLUSION TGF-β signaling paradoxically promotes the formation of liver tumors that arise in the setting of p53 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli M Morris
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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A deacetylase-deficient SIRT1 variant opposes full-length SIRT1 in regulating tumor suppressor p53 and governs expression of cancer-related genes. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 32:704-16. [PMID: 22124156 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06448-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 is an NAD-dependent deacetylase and epigenetic regulator essential for normal mammalian development and homeostasis. Here we describe a human SIRT1 splice variant, designated SIRT1-Δ2/9, in which the deacetylase coding sequence is lost due to splicing between exons 2 and 9. This work aimed to determine if SIRT1-Δ2/9 is a novel functional product of the SIRT1 gene. Endogenous SIRT1-Δ2/9 protein was identified in human cell lysate by immunoblotting and splice variant-specific RNA interference (RNAi). SIRT1-Δ2/9 mRNA is bound by CUGBP2, which downregulates its translation. Using pulldown assays, we demonstrate that SIRT1-Δ2/9 binds p53 protein. SIRT1-Δ2/9 maintains basal p53 protein levels and supports p53 function in response to DNA damage, as evidenced by RNAi-mediated depletion of SIRT1-Δ2/9 prior to damage. In turn, basal p53 downregulates SIRT1-Δ2/9 RNA levels, while stress-activated p53 eliminates SIRT1-Δ2/9. Loss of wild-type (wt) p53 has been correlated with overexpression of SIRT1-Δ2/9 in a range of human cancers. Exogenous SIRT1-Δ2/9 protein associates with specific promoters in chromatin and can regulate cancer-related gene expression, as evidenced by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and RNAi/genomic array data. SIRT1 is of major therapeutic importance, and potential therapeutic drugs are screened against SIRT1 deacetylase activity. Our discovery of SIRT1-Δ2/9 identifies a new, deacetylase-independent therapeutic target for SIRT1-related diseases, including cancer.
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Chao SK, Horwitz SB, McDaid HM. Insights into 4E-BP1 and p53 mediated regulation of accelerated cell senescence. Oncotarget 2011; 2:89-98. [PMID: 21399233 PMCID: PMC3248149 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a valid tumor suppressive mechanism in cancer. Accelerated cell senescence describes the growth arrested state of cells that have been treated with anti-tumor drugs, such as doxorubicin that induce a DNA damage response. Discodermolide, a microtubule-stabilizing agent, is a potent inducer of accelerated cell senescence. Resistance to discodermolide is mediated via resistance to accelerated cell senescence, and is associated with reduced expression of the mTORC1 substrate, 4E-BP1 and increased expression of p53 [1]. Although the association of p53 with senescence induction is well-characterized, senescence reversion in the presence of high expression of p53 has not been well-documented. Furthermore, studies addressing the role of mTOR signaling in regulating senescence have been limited and recent data implicate a novel, senescence-associated role for 4E-BP1 in crosstalk with the transcription factor p53. This research perspective will address these somewhat contradictory findings and summarize recent research regarding senescence and mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan K Chao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Chen NH, Zhong JJ. p53 is important for the anti-invasion of ganoderic acid T in human carcinoma cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:719-725. [PMID: 21353507 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The function of p53 induced by ganoderic acids (GAs) in anti-invasion was unknown, although our previous work reported the inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by Ganoderic acid T (GA-T). This work indicated that GA-T promoted cell aggregation, inhibited cell adhesion and surpressed cell migration with a dose-dependent manner in human colon tumor cell lines of HCT-116 p53(+/+) and p53(-/-). Furthermore, comparing the ratios of HCT-116 p53(+/+) and p53(-/-) cells, p53 modified GA-T inhibition of migration and adhesion and GA-T promotion of cell aggregation, and p53 also modified GA-T inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation, IκBα degradation, and down-regulation of urokinase-type plaminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/9), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2) protein expression and inducible nitric oxide (NO) production. The results indicated that p53 played an important role in anti-invasion of GA-T in human carcinoma cells. p53 may be an important target for GA-T inhibiting human carcinoma cells anti-invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
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Au Yeung CL, Tsang TY, Yau PL, Kwok TT. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 induces cervical cancer cell migration through the p53/microRNA-23b/urokinase-type plasminogen activator pathway. Oncogene 2011; 30:2401-10. [PMID: 21242962 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of microRNA (miRNA or miR) expression in human cervical cancer is associated frequently with human papillomavirus (HPV) integration. miR-23b is often downregulated in HPV-associated cervical cancer. Interestingly, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), the miR-23b target, is detected in cervical cancer, but not in normal cervical tissues. Thus, the importance of miR-23b and uPA in HPV-associated cervical cancer development is investigated. In this study, the high-risk subtype HPV-16 E6 oncoprotein was found to decrease the expression of miR-23b, increase the expression of uPA, and thus induce the migration of human cervical carcinoma SiHa and CaSki cells. uPA is the target gene for miR-23b as the miR repressed uPA expression and interacted with the 3'-untranslated region of uPA mRNA. The tumor suppressor p53 is known to be inactivated by HPV-16 E6. A consensus p53 binding site is detected in the promoter region of miR-23b, whereas p53 trans-activated and also interacted with the miR's promoter. Therefore, p53 is believed to mediate the HPV-16 E6 downregulation of miR-23b. From the above, miR-23b/uPA are confirmed to be involved in HPV-16 E6-associated cervical cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Au Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Science Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zheltukhin AO, Chumakov PM. Constitutive and induced functions of the p53 gene. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 75:1692-721. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910130110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Higgins PJ. The TGF-beta1/upstream stimulatory factor-regulated PAI-1 gene: potential involvement and a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2006:15792. [PMID: 17047299 PMCID: PMC1526650 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/15792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid peptide (Aβ) aggregates, derived from initial β-site proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor
protein (APP), accumulate in the brains of Alzheimer's disease
patients. The plasmin-generating cascade appears to serve a
protective role in the central nervous system since
plasmin-mediated proteolysis of APP utilizes the α site, eventually generating nontoxic peptides, and plasmin also degrades
Aβ. The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue-type
plasminogen activator in the brain is negatively regulated by
plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) resulting in
attenuation of plasmin-dependent substrate degradation with
resultant accumulation of Aβ. PAI-1 and its major
physiological inducer TGF-β1, moreover, are increased in
models of Alzheimer's disease and have been implicated in the
etiology and progression of human neurodegenerative disorders.
This review highlights the potential role of PAI-1 and TGF-β1 in this process. Current molecular events associated with
TGF-β1-induced PAI-1 transcription are presented with
particular relevance to potential targeting of PAI-1 gene
expression as a molecular approach to the therapy of
neurodegenerative diseases associated with increased PAI-1
expression such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College,
Albany, NY 12208, USA
- *Paul J. Higgins:
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Qian Y, Chen X. Tumor suppression by p53: making cells senescent. Histol Histopathol 2010; 25:515-26. [PMID: 20183804 DOI: 10.14670/hh-25.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest and a potent tumor suppression mechanism. The p53 tumor suppressor is a sequence-specific transcription factor and acts as a central hub sensing various stress signals and activating an array of target genes to induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence. Recent reports showed that restoration of p53 induces premature senescence and tumor regression in mice with hepatocarcinomas or sarcomas. Thus, p53-mediated senescence is capable of eliminating cancer cells in vivo. p63 and p73, two homologues of p53, have similar function in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, the role of p63 and p73 in cellular senescence is elusive. In this review, we will discuss how p53 regulates senescence and future studies about p53 family members in senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Qian
- Center for Comparative Oncology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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