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Pirollo KF, Moghe M, Guan M, Rait AS, Wang A, Kim SS, Chang EH, Harford JB. A Pralidoxime Nanocomplex Formulation Targeting Transferrin Receptors for Reactivation of Brain Acetylcholinesterase After Exposure of Mice to an Anticholinesterase Organophosphate. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:307-326. [PMID: 38229703 PMCID: PMC10790653 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s443498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Organophosphates are among the deadliest of known chemicals based on their ability to inactivate acetylcholinesterase in neuromuscular junctions and synapses of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The consequent accumulation of acetylcholine can produce severe acute toxicities and death. Oxime antidotes act by reactivating acetylcholinesterase with the only such reactivator approved for use in the United States being 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride (a.k.a., pralidoxime or 2-PAM). However, this compound does not cross the blood-brain barrier readily and so is limited in its ability to reactivate acetylcholinesterase in the brain. Methods We have developed a novel formulation of 2-PAM by encapsulating it within a nanocomplex designed to cross the blood-brain barrier via transferrin receptor-mediated transcytosis. This nanocomplex (termed scL-2PAM) has been subjected to head-to-head comparisons with unencapsulated 2-PAM in mice exposed to paraoxon, an organophosphate with anticholinesterase activity. Results and Discussion In mice exposed to a sublethal dose of paraoxon, scL-2PAM reduced the extent and duration of cholinergic symptoms more effectively than did unencapsulated 2-PAM. The scL-2PAM formulation was also more effective than unencapsulated 2-PAM in rescuing mice from death after exposure to otherwise-lethal levels of paraoxon. Improved survival rates in paraoxon-exposed mice were accompanied by a higher degree of reactivation of brain acetylcholinesterase. Conclusion Our data indicate that scL-2PAM is superior to the currently used form of 2-PAM in terms of both mitigating paraoxon toxicity in mice and reactivating acetylcholinesterase in their brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Manish Moghe
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Miaoyin Guan
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Antonina S Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Aibing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD, 20854, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Joe B Harford
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD, 20854, USA
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Monnery BD. Polycation-Mediated Transfection: Mechanisms of Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4060-4083. [PMID: 34498457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyplex-mediated gene transfection is now in its' fourth decade of serious research, but the promise of polyplex-mediated gene therapy has yet to fully materialize. Only approximately one in a million applied plasmids actually expresses. A large part of this is due to an incomplete understanding of the mechanism of polyplex transfection. There is an assumption that internalization must follow a canonical mechanism of receptor mediated endocytosis. Herein, we present arguments that untargeted (and most targeted) polyplexes do not utilize these routes. By incorporating knowledge of syndecan-polyplex interactions, we can show that syndecans are the "target" for polyplexes. Further, it is known that free polycations (which disrupt cell-membranes by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipid esters) are necessary for (untargeted) endocytosis. This can be incorporated into the model to produce a novel mechanism of endocytosis, which fits the observed phenomenology. After membrane translocation, polyplex containing vesicles reach the endosome after diffusing through the actin mesh below the cell membrane. From there, they are acidified and trafficked toward the lysosome. Some polyplexes are capable of escaping the endosome and unpacking, while others are not. Herein, it is argued that for some polycations, as acidification proceeds the polyplexes excluding free polycations, which disrupt the endosomal membrane by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, allowing the polyplex to escape. The polyplex's internal charge ratio is now insufficient for stability and it releases plasmids which diffuse to the nucleus. A small proportion of these plasmids diffuse through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), with aggregation being the major cause of loss. Those plasmids that have diffused through the NPC will also aggregate, and this appears to be the reason such a small proportion of nuclear plasmids express mRNA. Thus, the structural features which promote unpacking in the endosome and allow for endosomal escape can be determined, and better polycations can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn D Monnery
- Department of Organic and (Bio)Polymer Chemistry, Hasselt University, Building F, Agoralaan 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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3
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Charbe NB, Amnerkar ND, Ramesh B, Tambuwala MM, Bakshi HA, Aljabali AA, Khadse SC, Satheeshkumar R, Satija S, Metha M, Chellappan DK, Shrivastava G, Gupta G, Negi P, Dua K, Zacconi FC. Small interfering RNA for cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2075-2109. [PMID: 33304780 PMCID: PMC7714980 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In many ways, cancer cells are different from healthy cells. A lot of tactical nano-based drug delivery systems are based on the difference between cancer and healthy cells. Currently, nanotechnology-based delivery systems are the most promising tool to deliver DNA-based products to cancer cells. This review aims to highlight the latest development in the lipids and polymeric nanocarrier for siRNA delivery to the cancer cells. It also provides the necessary information about siRNA development and its mechanism of action. Overall, this review gives us a clear picture of lipid and polymer-based drug delivery systems, which in the future could form the base to translate the basic siRNA biology into siRNA-based cancer therapies.
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Key Words
- 1,3-propanediol, PEG-b-PDMAEMA-b-Ppy
- 2-propylacrylicacid, PAH-b-PDMAPMA-b-PAH
- APOB, apolipoprotein B
- AQP-5, aquaporin-5
- AZEMA, azidoethyl methacrylate
- Atufect01, β-l-arginyl-2,3-l-diaminopropionicacid-N-palmityl-N-oleyl-amide trihydrochloride
- AuNPs, gold nanoparticles
- B-PEI, branched polyethlenimine
- BMA, butyl methacrylate
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene
- CHEMS, cholesteryl hemisuccinate
- CHOL, cholesterol
- CMC, critical micelles concentration
- Cancer
- DC-Chol, 3β-[N-(N′,N′-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl]cholesterol
- DMAEMA, 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- DOPC, dioleylphosphatidyl choline
- DOPE, dioleylphosphatidyl ethanolamine
- DOTAP, N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium methyl-sulfate
- DOTMA, N-[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propy]-N,N,N-trimethylammoniumchloride
- DOX, doxorubicin
- DSGLA, N,N-dis-tearyl-N-methyl-N-2[N′-(N2-guanidino-l-lysinyl)] aminoethylammonium chloride
- DSPC, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- DSPE, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine
- DSPE-MPEG, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (ammonium salt)
- DSPE-PEG-Mal: 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[maleimide(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (mmmonium salt), EPR
- Liposomes
- Micelles
- N-acetylgalactosamine, HIF-1α
- Nanomedicine
- PE-PCL-b-PNVCL, pentaerythritol polycaprolactone-block-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)
- PLA, poly-l-arginine
- PLGA, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid
- PLK-1, polo-like kinase 1
- PLL, poly-l-lysine
- PPES-b-PEO-b-PPES, poly(4-(phenylethynyl)styrene)-block-PEO-block-poly(4-(phenylethynyl)styrene)
- PTX, paclitaxel
- PiRNA, piwi-interacting RNA
- Polymer
- RES, reticuloendothelial system
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp peptide
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- RNAi, RNA interference
- RNAse III, ribonuclease III enzyme
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- SNALP, stable nucleic acid-lipid particles
- SiRNA, short interfering rNA
- Small interfering RNA (siRNA)
- S–Au, thio‒gold
- TCC, transitional cell carcinoma
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- Tf, transferrin
- Trka, tropomyosin receptor kinase A
- USPIO, ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles
- UV, ultraviolet
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZEBOV, Zaire ebola virus
- enhanced permeability and retention, Galnac
- hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, KSP
- kinesin spindle protein, LDI
- lipid-protamine-DNA/hyaluronic acid, MDR
- lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate, LPD/LPH
- messenger RNA, MTX
- methotrexate, NIR
- methoxy polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone, mRNA
- methoxypoly(ethylene glycol), MPEG-PCL
- micro RNA, MPEG
- multiple drug resistance, MiRNA
- nanoparticle, NRP-1
- near-infrared, NP
- neuropilin-1, PAA
- poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide), PDO
- poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), pentaerythritol polycaprolactone-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
- poly(acrylhydrazine)-block-poly(3-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide)-block-poly(acrylhydrazine), PCL
- poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block poly(pyrenylmethyl methacrylate), PEG-b-PLL
- poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(l-lysine), PEI
- poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-stat-poly(methoxyethyl methacrylate), PEO-b-PCL
- poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(Ε-caprolactone), PE-PCL-b-PNIPAM
- poly(Ε-caprolactone), PCL-PEG
- poly(Ε-caprolactone)-polyethyleneglycol-poly(l-histidine), PCL-PEI
- polycaprolactone-polyethyleneglycol, PCL-PEG-PHIS
- polycaprolactone-polyethylenimine, PDMA
- polyethylenimine, PEO-b-P(DEA-Stat-MEMA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Bharat Charbe
- Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchunagiri University, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Nikhil D. Amnerkar
- Adv V. R. Manohar Institute of Diploma in Pharmacy, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441110, India
| | - B. Ramesh
- Sri Adichunchunagiri College of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchunagiri University, BG Nagar, Karnataka 571418, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Hamid A. Bakshi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Alaa A.A. Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Saurabh C. Khadse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Dist. Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India
| | - Rajendran Satheeshkumar
- Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Saurabh Satija
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411 Punjab, India
| | - Meenu Metha
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411 Punjab, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Garima Shrivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) and School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Quimica Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 4860, Chile
- Corresponding authors.
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He J, Xu S, Mixson AJ. The Multifaceted Histidine-Based Carriers for Nucleic Acid Delivery: Advances and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080774. [PMID: 32823960 PMCID: PMC7465012 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidines incorporated into carriers of nucleic acids may enhance the extracellular stability of the nanoparticle, yet aid in the intracellular disruption of the nanoparticle, enabling the release of the nucleic acid. Moreover, protonation of histidines in the endosomes may result in endosomal swelling with subsequent lysis. These properties of histidine are based on its five-member imidazole ring in which the two nitrogen atoms may form hydrogen bonds or act as a base in acidic environments. A wide variety of carriers have integrated histidines or histidine-rich domains, which include peptides, polyethylenimine, polysaccharides, platform delivery systems, viral phages, mesoporous silica particles, and liposomes. Histidine-rich carriers have played key roles in our understanding of the stability of nanocarriers and the escape of the nucleic acids from endosomes. These carriers show great promise and offer marked potential in delivering plasmids, siRNA, and mRNA to their intracellular targets.
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5
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Yari H, Gali H, Awasthi V. Nanoparticles for Targeting of Prostate Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5393-5413. [PMID: 32693761 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200721001500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of death by cancer in men. Because of the drastic decline in the survival rate of PCa patients with advanced/metastatic disease, early diagnosis of disease and therapy without toxic side effects is crucial. Chemotherapy is widely used to control the progression of PCa at the later stages; however, it is associated with off-target toxicities and severe adverse effects due to the lack of specificity. Delivery of therapeutic or diagnostic agents by using targeted nanoparticles is a promising strategy to enhance accuracy and sensitivity of diagnosis of PCa and to increase efficacy and specificity of therapeutic agents. Numerous efforts have been made in past decades to create nanoparticles with different architectural bases for specific delivery payloads to prostate tumors. Major PCa associated cell membrane protein markers identified as targets for such purposes include folate receptor, sigma receptors, transferrin receptor, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, and prostate specific membrane antigen. Among these markers, prostate specific membrane antigen has emerged as an extremely specific and sensitive targetable marker for designing targeted nanoparticle-based delivery systems for PCa. In this article, we review contemporary advances in design, specificity, and efficacy of nanoparticles functionalized against PCa. Whenever feasible, both diagnostic as well as therapeutic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Yari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Hariprasad Gali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Vibhudutta Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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6
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Kim SS, Harford JB, Moghe M, Rait A, Pirollo KF, Chang EH. Targeted nanocomplex carrying siRNA against MALAT1 sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:1424-1440. [PMID: 29202181 PMCID: PMC5815062 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic therapeutic resistance especially in cancer stem cells (CSCs) together with extensive tumor cell infiltration and restricted permeation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by drugs may all contribute to the treatment failure in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Accumulating evidence suggests that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) plays a role in tumor cell infiltration and therapeutic resistance of GBM. Using our tumor-targeted nanocomplex, we have modulated the expression of MALAT1 and investigated its impact on GBM cells. Importantly, our nanocomplex is able to target CSCs that are considered to be the prime culprits in therapeutic resistance and recurrence of GBM. Attenuation of MALAT1 by RNA interference significantly lowered the growth, motility and stemness of GBM cells. In addition, silencing of MALAT1 clearly improved the sensitivity of GBM cells to chemotherapeutic agents including the current first-line therapy of GBM [temozolomide (TMZ)]. In animal models of GBM, tumor involution with a modest but statistically significant survival benefit was achieved with concurrent treatment of TMZ and nanocomplex-mediated silencing of MALAT1. These results suggest that combining standard TMZ treatment with lncRNA-targeting therapies using our nanocomplex could substantially enhance the very poor prognosis for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - Joe B Harford
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - Manish Moghe
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Antonina Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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7
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Saleh AD, Cheng H, Martin SE, Si H, Ormanoglu P, Carlson S, Clavijo PE, Yang X, Das R, Cornelius S, Couper J, Chepeha D, Danilova L, Harris TM, Prystowsky MB, Childs GJ, Smith RV, Robertson AG, Jones SJM, Cherniack AD, Kim SS, Rait A, Pirollo KF, Chang EH, Chen Z, Van Waes C. Integrated Genomic and Functional microRNA Analysis Identifies miR-30-5p as a Tumor Suppressor and Potential Therapeutic Nanomedicine in Head and Neck Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2860-2873. [PMID: 30723145 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify deregulated and inhibitory miRNAs and generate novel mimics for replacement nanomedicine for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We integrated miRNA and mRNA expression, copy number variation, and DNA methylation results from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), with a functional genome-wide screen. RESULTS We reveal that the miR-30 family is commonly repressed, and all 5 members sharing these seed sequence similarly inhibit HNSCC proliferation in vitro. We uncover a previously unrecognized inverse relationship with overexpression of a network of important predicted target mRNAs deregulated in HNSCC, that includes key molecules involved in proliferation (EGFR, MET, IGF1R, IRS1, E2F7), differentiation (WNT7B, FZD2), adhesion, and invasion (ITGA6, SERPINE1). Reexpression of the most differentially repressed family member, miR-30a-5p, suppressed this mRNA program, selected signaling proteins and pathways, and inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, a novel miR-30a-5p mimic formulated into a targeted nanomedicine significantly inhibited HNSCC xenograft tumor growth and target growth receptors EGFR and MET in vivo. Significantly decreased miR-30a/e family expression was related to DNA promoter hypermethylation and/or copy loss in TCGA data, and clinically with decreased disease-specific survival in a validation dataset. Strikingly, decreased miR-30e-5p distinguished oropharyngeal HNSCC with poor prognosis in TCGA (P = 0.002) and validation (P = 0.007) datasets, identifying a novel candidate biomarker and target for this HNSCC subset. CONCLUSIONS We identify the miR-30 family as an important regulator of signal networks and tumor suppressor in a subset of HNSCC patients, which may benefit from miRNA replacement nanomedicine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Saleh
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,miRecule, Inc. Rockville, Maryland
| | - Hui Cheng
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Scott E Martin
- RNAi Screening Facility, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Han Si
- Molecular Characterization & Clinical Assay Development Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Pinar Ormanoglu
- RNAi Screening Facility, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sophie Carlson
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul E Clavijo
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xinping Yang
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rita Das
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shaleeka Cornelius
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jamie Couper
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Douglas Chepeha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Thomas M Harris
- Department of Pathology, Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Geoffrey J Childs
- Department of Pathology, Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Richard V Smith
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - A Gordon Robertson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew D Cherniack
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sang S Kim
- Departments of Oncology and Otolaryngology at the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown, Washington DC
| | - Antonina Rait
- Departments of Oncology and Otolaryngology at the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown, Washington DC
| | - Kathleen F Pirollo
- Departments of Oncology and Otolaryngology at the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown, Washington DC
| | - Esther H Chang
- Departments of Oncology and Otolaryngology at the Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown, Washington DC
| | - Zhong Chen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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8
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Kim SS, Harford JB, Moghe M, Rait A, Chang EH. Combination with SGT-53 overcomes tumor resistance to a checkpoint inhibitor. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1484982. [PMID: 30288347 PMCID: PMC6169574 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1484982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 responds to genotoxic and oncogenic stresses by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Recent studies suggest that p53 also participates in the regulation of cellular immune responses. Here, we have investigated the potential of p53 gene therapy to augment immune checkpoint inhibition by combining an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) antibody with SGT-53, our investigational nanomedicine carrying a plasmid encoding human wild-type p53. In three syngeneic mouse tumor models examined including a breast cancer, a non-small cell lung carcinoma, and a glioblastoma, SGT-53 sensitized otherwise refractory tumors to anti-PD1 antibody. The involvement of p53 in enhancing anti-PD1 immunotherapy appears to be multifaceted, since SGT-53 treatment increased tumor immunogenicity, enhanced both innate and adaptive immune responses, and reduced tumor-induced immunosuppression in a 4T1 breast tumor model. In addition, SGT-53 alleviates a fatal xenogeneic hypersensitivity associated with the anti-PD1 antibody in this model. Our data suggest that restoring p53 function by SGT-53 is able to boost anti-tumor immunity to augment anti-PD1 therapy by sensitizing tumors otherwise insensitive to anti-PD1 immunotherapy while reducing immune-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD, USA
| | | | - Manish Moghe
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonina Rait
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD, USA
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9
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Kim SS, Rait A, Garrido-Sanabria ER, Pirollo KF, Harford JB, Chang EH. Nanotherapeutics for Gene Modulation that Prevents Apoptosis in the Brain and Fatal Neuroinflammation. Mol Ther 2017; 26:84-94. [PMID: 29103910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of therapeutic agents to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a major impediment in the treatment of neurological disorders and brain tumors. We have addressed this issue using an immunoliposome nanocomplex (designated scL) that delivers therapeutic nucleic acids across the BBB into the deep brain via transcytosis mediated by transferrin receptors. We validated brain delivery of payloads after systemic administration by monitoring uptake of fluorescently labeled payloads and by confirming up- or down-modulation of specific target gene expression in the brain, mainly in neuronal cells. As proof of concept for the therapeutic potential of our delivery system, we employed scL delivering an siRNA targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha to suppress neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis and to protect mice in lethal endotoxemia triggered by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Brain delivery of therapeutic payloads via scL has major implications for the development of treatments for neurological disorders and brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - Antonina Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Joe B Harford
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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10
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Targeting of phage particles towards endothelial cells by antibodies selected through a multi-parameter selection strategy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42230. [PMID: 28186116 PMCID: PMC5301479 DOI: 10.1038/srep42230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is sustained angiogenesis. Here, normal endothelial cells are activated, and their formation of new blood vessels leads to continued tumour growth. An improved patient condition is often observed when angiogenesis is prevented or normalized through targeting of these genomically stable endothelial cells. However, intracellular targets constitute a challenge in therapy, as the agents modulating these targets have to be delivered and internalized specifically to the endothelial cells. Selection of antibodies binding specifically to certain cell types is well established. It is nonetheless a challenge to ensure that the binding of antibodies to the target cell will mediate internalization. Previously selection of such antibodies has been performed targeting cancer cell lines; most often using either monovalent display or polyvalent display. In this article, we describe selections that isolate internalizing antibodies by sequential combining monovalent and polyvalent display using two types of helper phages, one which increases display valence and one which reduces background. One of the selected antibodies was found to mediate internalization into human endothelial cells, although our results confirms that the single stranded nature of the DNA packaged into phage particles may limit applications aimed at targeting nucleic acids in mammalian cells.
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11
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Ho W, Zhang XQ, Xu X. Biomaterials in siRNA Delivery: A Comprehensive Review. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2715-2731. [PMID: 27700013 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
With the dearth of effective treatment options for prominent diseases including Ebola and cancer, RNA interference (RNAi), a sequence-specific mechanism for genetic regulation that can silence nearly any gene, holds the promise of unlimited potential in treating illness ever since its discovery in 1999. Given the large size, unstable tertiary structure in physiological conditions and negative charge of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), the development of safe and effective delivery vehicles is of critical importance in order to drive the widespread use of RNAi therapeutics into clinical settings. Immense amounts of time and billions of dollars have been devoted into the design of novel and diverse delivery strategies, and there are a handful of delivery systems that have been successfully translated into clinic. This review provides an introduction to the in vivo barriers that need to be addressed by siRNA delivery systems. We also discuss the progress up to the most effective and clinically advanced siRNA delivery systems including liposomal, polymeric and siRNA conjugate delivery systems, as well as their design to overcome the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ho
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark School of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Xue-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark School of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark School of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark NJ 07102 USA
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12
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Céspedes MV, Unzueta U, Álamo P, Gallardo A, Sala R, Casanova I, Pavón MA, Mangues MA, Trías M, López-Pousa A, Villaverde A, Vázquez E, Mangues R. Cancer-specific uptake of a liganded protein nanocarrier targeting aggressive CXCR4 + colorectal cancer models. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1987-1996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Hou KK, Pan H, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. A role for peptides in overcoming endosomal entrapment in siRNA delivery - A focus on melittin. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:931-40. [PMID: 26025036 PMCID: PMC4540690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
siRNA has the possibility to revolutionize medicine by enabling highly specific and efficient silencing of proteins involved in disease pathogenesis. Despite nearly 20 years of research dedicated to translating siRNA from a research tool into a clinically relevant therapeutic, minimal success has been had to date. Access to RNA interference machinery located in the cytoplasm is often overlooked, but must be considered when designing the next generation of siRNA delivery strategies. Peptide transduction domains (PTDs) have demonstrated moderate siRNA transfection, which is primarily limited by endosomal entrapment. Strategies aimed at overcoming endosomal entrapment associated with peptide vectors are reviewed here, including osmotic methods, lipid conjugation, and fusogenic peptides. As an alternative to traditional PTD, the hemolytic peptide melittin exhibits the native capacity for endosomal disruption but causes cytotoxicity. However, appropriate packaging and protection of melittin with activation and release in the endosomal compartment has allowed melittin-based strategies to demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy. These data suggest that melittin's membrane disruptive properties can enable safe and effective endosomolysis, building a case for melittin as a key component in a new generation of siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk K Hou
- Computational and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Hua Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Paul H Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Kim SS, Rait A, Kim E, DeMarco J, Pirollo KF, Chang EH. Encapsulation of temozolomide in a tumor-targeting nanocomplex enhances anti-cancer efficacy and reduces toxicity in a mouse model of glioblastoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:250-8. [PMID: 26325605 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although temozolomide (TMZ) is the current first-line chemotherapy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), most patients either do not respond or ultimately fail TMZ treatment. Both intrinsic tumor resistance and limited access of TMZ to brain tumors as a result of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) contribute to poor response and ultimately to poor prognosis for GBM patients. We have developed a "dual-targeting" nanomedicine that both actively crosses the BBB and actively targets cancer cells once in the brain parenchyma. This nanomedicine (termed scL-TMZ) is sized ~40 nm and comprised of a cationic liposome (DOTAP:DOPE) encapsulating TMZ. The surface of liposome is decorated with anti-transferrin receptor single-chain antibody fragments to facilitate the crossing of the BBB by the scL-TMZ in addition to targeting GBM in the brain. This novel formulation was found to be markedly more effective than standard TMZ in both TMZ-resistant and TMZ-sensitive GBM. Encapsulation of TMZ also markedly enhanced its efficacy in killing a variety of non-GBM tumor cells. The scL-TMZ nanocomplex was shown to target cancer stem cells, which have been linked to both drug resistance and recurrence in GBM. Most significantly, systemically administered scL-TMZ significantly prolonged survival in mice bearing intracranial GBM tumors. The improved efficacy of scL-TMZ compared to standard TMZ was accompanied by reduced toxicity, so we conclude that the scL-TMZ nanomedicine holds great promise as a more effective therapy for GBM and other tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, WA 20057, USA
| | - Antonina Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, WA 20057, USA
| | - Eric Kim
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - James DeMarco
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, WA 20057, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, WA 20057, USA.
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Kim SS, Rait A, Kim E, Pirollo KF, Chang EH. A tumor-targeting p53 nanodelivery system limits chemoresistance to temozolomide prolonging survival in a mouse model of glioblastoma multiforme. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 11:301-11. [PMID: 25240597 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Development of temozolomide (TMZ) resistance contributes to the poor prognosis for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients. It was previously demonstrated that delivery of exogenous wild-type tumor suppressor gene p53 via a tumor-targeted nanocomplex (SGT-53) which crosses the blood-brain barrier could sensitize highly TMZ-resistant GBM tumors to TMZ. Here we assessed whether SGT-53 could inhibit development of TMZ resistance. SGT-53 significantly chemosensitized TMZ-sensitive human GBM cell lines (U87 and U251), in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in an intracranial GBM tumor model, two cycles of concurrent treatment with systemically administered SGT-53 and TMZ inhibited tumor growth, increased apoptosis and most importantly, significantly prolonged median survival. In contrast TMZ alone had no significant effect on median survival compared to a single cycle of TMZ. These results suggest that combining SGT-53 with TMZ appears to limit development of TMZ resistance, prolonging its anti-tumor effect and could be a more effective therapy for GBM. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Using human glioblastoma multiforma cell lines, this research team demonstrated that the delivery of exogenous wild-type tumor suppressor gene p53 via a tumor-targeted nanocomplex limited the development of temozolomide resistance and prolonged its anti-tumor effect, which may enable future human application of this or similar techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonina Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eric Kim
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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16
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Kim SS, Rait A, Kim E, Pirollo KF, Nishida M, Farkas N, Dagata JA, Chang EH. A nanoparticle carrying the p53 gene targets tumors including cancer stem cells, sensitizes glioblastoma to chemotherapy and improves survival. ACS NANO 2014; 8:5494-5514. [PMID: 24811110 PMCID: PMC4076028 DOI: 10.1021/nn5014484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ)-resistance in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been linked to upregulation of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Wild-type (wt) p53 was previously shown to down-modulate MGMT. However, p53 therapy for GBM is limited by lack of efficient delivery across the blood brain barrier (BBB). We have developed a systemic nanodelivery platform (scL) for tumor-specific targeting (primary and metastatic), which is currently in multiple clinical trials. This self-assembling nanocomplex is formed by simple mixing of the components in a defined order and a specific ratio. Here, we demonstrate that scL crosses the BBB and efficiently targets GBM, as well as cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have been implicated in recurrence and treatment resistance in many human cancers. Moreover, systemic delivery of scL-p53 down-modulates MGMT and induces apoptosis in intracranial GBM xenografts. The combination of scL-p53 and TMZ increased the antitumor efficacy of TMZ with enhanced survival benefit in a mouse model of highly TMZ-resistant GBM. scL-p53 also sensitized both CSCs and bulk tumor cells to TMZ, increasing apoptosis. These results suggest that combining scL-p53 with standard TMZ treatment could be a more effective therapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057, United States
| | - Antonina Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057, United States
| | - Eric Kim
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, Maryland 20854, United States
| | - Kathleen F. Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057, United States
| | - Maki Nishida
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, Maryland 20854, United States
| | - Natalia Farkas
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - John A. Dagata
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Esther H. Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057, United States
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17
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Wen Y, Meng WS. Recent In Vivo Evidences of Particle-Based Delivery of Small-Interfering RNA (siRNA) into Solid Tumors. J Pharm Innov 2014; 9:158-173. [PMID: 25221632 PMCID: PMC4161233 DOI: 10.1007/s12247-014-9183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small-interfering RNA (siRNA) is both a powerful tool in research and a promising therapeutic platform to modulate expression of disease-related genes. Malignant tumors are attractive disease targets for nucleic acid-based therapies. siRNA directed against oncogenes, and genes driving metastases or angiogenesis have been evaluated in animal models and in some cases, in humans. The outcomes of these studies indicate that drug delivery is a significant limiting factor. This review provides perspectives on in vivo validated nanoparticle-based siRNA delivery systems. Results of recent advances in liposomes and polymeric and inorganic formulations illustrate the need for mutually optimized attributes for performance in systemic circulation, tumor interstitial space, plasma membrane, and endosomes. Physiochemical properties conducive to efficient siRNA delivery are summarized and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600, Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Wilson S. Meng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600, Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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18
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Targeting tumors using nanoparticle platforms: a phase I study of a systemically administered gene therapy system. Mol Ther 2014; 21:922-3. [PMID: 23636291 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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19
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Hou KK, Pan H, Ratner L, Schlesinger PH, Wickline SA. Mechanisms of nanoparticle-mediated siRNA transfection by melittin-derived peptides. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8605-15. [PMID: 24053333 PMCID: PMC4013830 DOI: 10.1021/nn403311c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional peptide-mediated siRNA transfection via peptide transduction domains exhibits limited cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA due to endosomal entrapment. This work overcomes these limitations with the use of membrane-destabilizing peptides derived from melittin for the knockdown of NFkB signaling in a model of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. While the mechanism of siRNA delivery into the cytoplasmic compartment by peptide transduction domains has not been well studied, our analysis of melittin derivatives indicates that concurrent nanocomplex disassembly and peptide-mediated endosomolysis are crucial to siRNA transfection. Importantly, in the case of the most active derivative, p5RHH, this process is initiated by acidic pH, indicating that endosomal acidification after macropinocytosis can trigger siRNA release into the cytoplasm. These data provide general principles regarding nanocomplex response to endocytosis, which may guide the development of peptide/siRNA nanocomplex-based transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk K. Hou
- Computational and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. 63108, USA
| | - Hua Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO. 63108, USA
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO. 63108, USA
| | - Paul H. Schlesinger
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. 63108, USA
| | - Samuel A. Wickline
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO. 63108, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. 63108, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. 63108, USA
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Campus Box 8215, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110. Fax: 1 314 454 5265.
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20
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The clinical potential of targeted nanomedicine: delivering to cancer stem-like cells. Mol Ther 2013; 22:278-291. [PMID: 24113515 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have been implicated in recurrence and treatment resistance in many human cancers. Thus, a CSC-targeted drug delivery strategy to eliminate CSCs is a desirable approach for developing a more effective anticancer therapy. We have developed a tumor-targeting nanodelivery platform (scL) for systemic administration of molecular medicines. Following treatment with the scL nanocomplex carrying various payloads, we have observed exquisite tumor-targeting specificity and significant antitumor response with long-term survival benefit in numerous animal models. We hypothesized that this observed efficacy might be attributed, at least in part, to elimination of CSCs. Here, we demonstrate the ability of scL to target both CSCs and differentiated nonstem cancer cells (non-CSCs) in various mouse models including subcutaneous and intracranial xenografts, syngeneic, and chemically induced tumors. We also show that systemic administration of scL carrying the wtp53 gene was able to induce tumor growth inhibition and the death of both CSCs and non-CSCs in subcutaneous colorectal cancer xenografts suggesting that this could be an effective method to reduce cancer recurrence and treatment resistance. This scL nanocomplex is being evaluated in a number of clinical trials where it has been shown to be well tolerated with indications of anticancer activity.
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21
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Phase I study of a systemically delivered p53 nanoparticle in advanced solid tumors. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1096-103. [PMID: 23609015 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective delivery of therapeutic molecules to primary and metastatic tumors is optimal for effective cancer therapy. A liposomal nanodelivery complex (scL) for systemic, tumor-targeting delivery of anticancer therapeutics has been developed. scL employs an anti-transferrin receptor (TfR), scFv as the targeting molecule. Loss of p53 suppressor function, through mutations or inactivation of the p53 pathway, is present in most human cancers. Rather than being transiently permissive for tumor initiation, persistence of p53 dysfunction is a continuing requirement for maintaining tumor growth. Herein, we report results of a first-in-man Phase I clinical trial of restoration of the normal human tumor suppressor gene p53 using the scL nanocomplex (SGT-53). Minimal side effects were observed in this trial in patients with advanced solid tumors. Furthermore, the majority of patients demonstrated stable disease. One patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma had his status changed from unresectable to resectable after one treatment cycle. More significantly, we observed an accumulation of the transgene in metastatic tumors, but not in normal skin tissue, in a dose-related manner. These results show not only that systemically delivered SGT-53 is well tolerated and exhibits anticancer activity, but also supply evidence of targeted tumor delivery of SGT-53 to metastatic lesions.
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Camp ER, Wang C, Little EC, Watson PM, Pirollo KF, Rait A, Cole DJ, Chang EH, Watson DK. Transferrin receptor targeting nanomedicine delivering wild-type p53 gene sensitizes pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:222-8. [PMID: 23470564 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To overcome gene therapy barriers such as low transfection efficiency and nonspecific delivery, liposomal nanoparticles targeted by a single-chain antibody fragment to the transferrin receptor (TfRscFv) delivering wild-type (wt) human p53 (SGT-53) were developed for tumor-specific targeting. We hypothesize that SGT-53 in combination with gemcitabine will demonstrate enhanced therapeutic benefit in an in vivo metastatic pancreatic cancer model. Intrasplenic injection of 1 × 10(6) Panc02 murine pancreatic cancer cells was used to generate in vivo hepatic metastatic tumors. Nanoparticle localization was assessed by tail vein injection of TfRscFv with fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides (6-carboxyfluorescein phosphoramidite (6FAM) ODN) imaged by Xenogen IVIS 200 scan. SGT-53 (equivalent to 30 μg of p53 intravenously) and gemcitabine (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) alone and in combination were administered biweekly and compared with untreated mice. Survival was determined by blinded daily assessment of morbidity. Human wtp53 expression and transferrin levels in the tumors were assessed by western blot analysis. Tumor burden was quantified by liver weight. Xenogen imaging demonstrated tumor-specific uptake of TfRscFv-6FAM ODN. Exogenous human wtp53 protein was detected in the SGT-53-treated tumors compared with control. Compared with untreated mice with metastatic tumors demonstrating median survival of 20 days, SGT-53, gemcitabine and the combination demonstrated improved median survival of 29, 30 and 37 days, respectively. The combination treatment prolonged median survival when compared with single drug treatment and decreased tumor burden. The tumor targeting liposomal-based SGT-53 nanoparticle is capable of sensitizing pancreatic cancer to conventional chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer models. This approach has the potential to be translated into a new, more effective therapy for pancreatic cancer. Further optimization is ongoing, moving towards a Phase 1B/2 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Camp
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Li Z, Liu Z, Yin M, Yang X, Yuan Q, Ren J, Qu X. Aptamer-capped multifunctional mesoporous strontium hydroxyapatite nanovehicle for cancer-cell-responsive drug delivery and imaging. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:4257-63. [PMID: 23140615 DOI: 10.1021/bm301563q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel cancer-cells-triggered controlled-release gadolinium-doped luminescent and mesoporous strontium hydroxyapatite nanorods (designated as Gd:SrHap nanorods) system using cell-type-specific aptamers as caps has been constructed. Aptamers behave as a dual-functional molecule that acts as not only a lid but also a targeted molecular that can be used in an effective way for therapeutically special cancer cells. After incubated with cancer cells, for example, MCF-7 cells, the doxorubicin-loaded and aptamer-capped Gd:SrHap nanorods (designated as Gd:SrHap-Dox-aptamer) can be internalized into MCF-7 cells, resulting in the pore opening and drug releasing. Furthermore, the high biocompatibility and biodegradability Gd:SrHap nanorods with blue autofluorescence and paramagnetism could serve as a good contrast agent of targeting fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. We envision that this Gd:SrHap system could play a significant role in developing new generations of site-selective, controlled-release delivery and interactive sensory nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
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Zhou T, Xu G, Ao M, Yang Y, Wang C. DNA compaction to multi-molecular DNA condensation induced by cationic imidazolium gemini surfactants. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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25
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Cai L, Wang X, Wang W, Qiu N, Wen J, Duan X, Li X, Chen X, Yang L, Qian Z, Wei Y, Chen L. Peptide ligand and PEG-mediated long-circulating liposome targeted to FGFR overexpressing tumor in vivo. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4499-510. [PMID: 22923988 PMCID: PMC3423151 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and methods Paclitaxel, a widely used antitumor agent, has limited clinical application due to its hydrophobicity and systemic toxicity. To achieve sustained and targeted delivery of paclitaxel to tumor sites, liposomes composed of egg phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and distearolyphosphatidyl ethanolamine-N-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG2000) were prepared by a lipid film method. In addition, the liposomes also contained truncated fibroblast growth factor fragment-PEG-cholesterol as a ligand targeting the tumor marker fibroblast growth factor receptor. Physicochemical characteristics, such as particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and release profiles were investigated. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were evaluated in C57BL/6 J mice bearing B16 melanoma after intravenous injection of paclitaxel formulated in Cremophor EL (free paclitaxel), conventional liposomes (CL-PTX), or in targeted PEGylated liposomes (TL-PTX). Results Compared with CL-PTX and free paclitaxel, TL-PTX prolonged the half-life of paclitaxel by 2.01-fold and 3.40-fold, respectively, in plasma and improved the AUC0→t values of paclitaxel by 1.56-fold and 2.31-fold, respectively, in blood. Biodistribution studies showed high accumulation of TL-PTX in tumor tissue and organs containing the mononuclear phagocyte system (liver and spleen), but a considerable decrease in other organs (heart, lung, and kidney) compared with CL-PTX and free paclitaxel. Conclusion The truncated fibroblast growth factor fragment-conjugated PEGylated liposome has promising potential as a long-circulating and tumor-targeting carrier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Yan J, Korolev N, Eom KD, Tam JP, Nordenskiöld L. Biophysical Properties and Supramolecular Structure of Self-Assembled Liposome/ε-Peptide/DNA Nanoparticles: Correlation with Gene Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2011; 13:124-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201359r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore,
637551
| | - Nikolay Korolev
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore,
637551
| | - Khee Dong Eom
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore,
637551
| | - James P. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore,
637551
| | - Lars Nordenskiöld
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore,
637551
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Browne AW, Leddon JL, Currier MA, Williams JP, Frischer JS, Collins MH, Ahn CH, Cripe TP. Cancer screening by systemic administration of a gene delivery vector encoding tumor-selective secretable biomarker expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19530. [PMID: 21589655 PMCID: PMC3092745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer biomarkers facilitate screening and early detection but are known for only a few cancer types. We demonstrated the principle of inducing tumors to secrete a serum biomarker using a systemically administered gene delivery vector that targets tumors for selective expression of an engineered cassette. We exploited tumor-selective replication of a conditionally replicative Herpes simplex virus (HSV) combined with a replication-dependent late viral promoter to achieve tumor-selective biomarker expression as an example gene delivery vector. Virus replication, cytotoxicity and biomarker production were low in quiescent normal human foreskin keratinocytes and high in cancer cells in vitro. Following intravenous injection of virus >90% of tumor-bearing mice exhibited higher levels of biomarker than non-tumor-bearing mice and upon necropsy, we detected virus exclusively in tumors. Our strategy of forcing tumors to secrete a serum biomarker could be useful for cancer screening in high-risk patients, and possibly for monitoring response to therapy. In addition, because oncolytic vectors for tumor specific gene delivery are cytotoxic, they may supplement our screening strategy as a "theragnostic" agent. The cancer screening approach presented in this work introduces a paradigm shift in the utility of gene delivery which we foresee being improved by alternative vectors targeting gene delivery and expression to tumors. Refining this approach will usher a new era for clinical cancer screening that may be implemented in the developed and undeveloped world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Browne
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Leddon
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Currier
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jon P. Williams
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Frischer
- Division of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Margaret H. Collins
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chong H. Ahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Cripe
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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Targeted Delivery using Immunoliposomes with a Lipid-Modified Antibody-Binding Protein. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:296-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cheng Z, Chen AK, Lee HY, Tsourkas A. Examination of folate-targeted liposomes with encapsulated poly(2-propylacrylic acid) as a pH-responsive nanoplatform for cytosolic drug delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1398-1401. [PMID: 20564486 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Park IK, Singha K, Arote RB, Choi YJ, Kim WJ, Cho CS. pH-Responsive Polymers as Gene Carriers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2010; 31:1122-33. [PMID: 21590865 DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the immense potential of non-viral delivery system in gene therapy its application has been impaired greatly by various impediments having contrasting traits. Therefore it is an absolute necessity to develop some non-viral vectors which are endowed with special characteristics to act differently in intracellular as well as extracellular compartments to surmount these inter-conflicting hurdles. Such smart polymers should serve some specific purposes by adjusting their structural or functional traits under the influence of stimuli such as temperature, light, salt concentration or pH. Among all these stimuli-responsive polymers pH-responsive polymers have attracted major attention and great impetus has been directed towards utilizing the subtle yet significant change in pH value within the cellular compartments. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive account of the development of pH-responsive polymeric vectors based on their structural features and consequent functional attributes to achieve efficient transfection. The underlying modes of actions relating to structure and differential pH environment have also been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 501-746, Korea
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Guo XD, Zhang LJ, Chen Y, Qian Y. Core/shell pH-sensitive micelles self-assembled from cholesterol conjugated oligopeptides for anticancer drug delivery. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Seow WY, Yang YY, George AJT. Oligopeptide-mediated gene transfer into mouse corneal endothelial cells: expression, design optimization, uptake mechanism and nuclear localization. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:6276-89. [PMID: 19692581 PMCID: PMC2764440 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer to the corneal endothelium has potential in preventing corneal transplant rejection. In this study, we transfected mouse corneal endothelial cells (MCEC) with a class of novel arginine-rich oligopeptides. The peptides featured a tri-block design and mediated reporter gene expression in MCEC more efficiently than the commercial polyethylenimine standard. The functionality of each block was demonstrated to critically influence the performance of the peptide. Results from confocal imaging and flow cytometry then showed that energy-dependent endocytosis was the dominant form of uptake and multiple pathways were involved. Additionally, uptake was strongly dependent on interactions with cell-surface heparan sulphate. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies revealed that the peptide/DNA entered cells as an associated complex and some will have dissociated by 8.5 h. Large-scale accumulation of uncondensed DNA within the nucleus can also be observed by 26 h. Finally, as a proof of biological relevance, we transfected MCEC with plasmids encoding for the functional indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme. We then demonstrated that the expressed IDO could catalyse the degradation of l-tryptophan, which in turn suppressed the growth of CD4+ T-cells in a proliferation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang Seow
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
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Midoux P, Pichon C, Yaouanc JJ, Jaffrès PA. Chemical vectors for gene delivery: a current review on polymers, peptides and lipids containing histidine or imidazole as nucleic acids carriers. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:166-78. [PMID: 19459843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA/cationic lipid (lipoplexes), DNA/cationic polymer (polyplexes) and DNA/cationic polymer/cationic lipid (lipopolyplexes) electrostatic complexes are proposed as non-viral nucleic acids delivery systems. These DNA-nanoparticles are taken up by the cells through endocytosis processes, but the low capacity of DNA to escape from endosomes is regarded as the major limitations of their transfection efficiency. Here, we present a current report on a particular class of carriers including the polymers, peptides and lipids, which is based on the exploitation of the imidazole ring as an endosome destabilization device to favour the nucleic acids delivery in the cytosol. The imidazole ring of histidine is a weak base that has the ability to acquire a cationic charge when the pH of the environment drops bellow 6. As it has been demonstrated for poly(histidine), this phenomena can induce membrane fusion and/or membrane permeation in an acidic medium. Moreover, the accumulation of histidine residues inside acidic vesicles can induce a proton sponge effect, which increases their osmolarity and their swelling. The proof of concept has been shown with polylysine partially substituted with histidine residues that has caused a dramatic increase by 3-4.5 orders of magnitude of the transfection efficiency of DNA/polylysine polyplexes. Then, several histidine-rich polymers and peptides as well as lipids with imidazole, imidazolinium or imidazolium polar head have been reported to be efficient carriers to deliver nucleic acids including genes, mRNA or SiRNA in vitro and in vivo. More remarkable, histidylated carriers are often weakly cytotoxic, making them promising chemical vectors for nucleic acids delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Midoux
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR 4301 affiliated to the University of Orléans and Inserm, rue Charles Sadron, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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Nanodelivery of MRI contrast agent enhances sensitivity of detection of lung cancer metastases. Acad Radiol 2009; 16:627-37. [PMID: 19345904 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Early detection of lung cancer can be problematic. Although current imaging methods can identify lung cancers, they are limited in the size of detectable nodules. There is also lack of evidence that these methods can correctly classify nodules <7 mm as malignant because lung cancer can be mimicked in appearance by benign lesions that lower specificity. Therefore, there is a need for enhanced sensitivity/specificity of detection for small lung cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have developed a nanosized ( approximately 100 nm) immunoliposome complex for delivery of molecular medicines to tumors. In this complex, an anti-transferrin receptor single-chain antibody fragment (TfRscFv) decorates the surface of a cationic liposome encapsulating the payload. We have previously shown that this systemically administered complex (scL) selectively targets, and efficiently delivers its payload into, tumor cells. We have also encapsulated the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent gadopentetate dimeglumine ("gad-d") within this complex, resulting in increased resolution and image intensity in a mouse model of primary cancer. Here we examine the ability of the scL-gad-d complex to increase the sensitivity of detection of lung metastases. RESULTS These MRI studies show that the scL-gad-d nanocomplex is able to improve detection, and increase enhancement of, small lung cancers (400 microm and as small as 100 microm) compared to that of uncomplexed gad-d. CONCLUSIONS Because of its tumor targeting specificity, deliver of an MRI contrast agent via this nanocomplex has potential for use as an agent that can identify small lung cancers, thus improving early detection and possibly increasing survival.
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Zubkova I, Choi YH, Chang E, Pirollo K, Uren T, Watanabe H, Wells F, Kachko A, Krawczynski K, Major ME. T-cell vaccines that elicit effective immune responses against HCV in chimpanzees may create greater immune pressure for viral mutation. Vaccine 2009; 27:2594-602. [PMID: 19428866 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A prime/boost vaccine strategy that transfects antigen-presenting cells using ligand-modified immunoliposomes to efficiently deliver plasmid DNA, followed by boosting with non-replicating recombinant adenovirus was used in chimpanzees to generate HCV-specific memory T-cells. Three chimpanzees (two vaccines, one control) were immunized with immunoliposomes complexed with DNA expressing NS3-NS5B or complexed with empty vector. Animals were boosted with adenovirus expressing NS3-NS5B, or non-recombinant adenovirus (control). Using liposome delivery we were able to obtain specific HCV responses following DNA priming in the chimpanzees. This data and mouse immunization studies confirm this as a more efficient delivery system than direct intramuscular inoculations with naked DNA. Subsequent to the adenovirus boost significant increases in peripheral HCV-specific T-cell responses and intrahepatic IFN-gamma and CD3varepsilon mRNA were also observed in the two vaccinated animals. Following challenge (100 CID(50)) both vaccinated animals showed immediate and significant control of viral replication (peak titers 3.7x10(4) and 9x10(3)IU/mL at weeks 1 and 2), which coincided with increases in HCV-specific T-cell responses. Viral kinetics in the control animal were comparable to historical controls with exponential increases in titer during the first several weeks. One vaccinated animal developed a low-level persistent infection (2x10(3)IU/mL) which correlated with a decrease in HCV-specific T-cell responses. Circulating virus isolated from both vaccinated animals showed approximately 2-fold greater nonsynonymous mutation rates compared to controls and the nonsynonymous/synonymous mutation rate ratio was indicative of positive selection. These data suggest that although T-cell vaccines can induce immune responses capable of controlling HCV, they also induce high levels of immune pressure for the potential selection of escape mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zubkova
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Transfection is a powerful non-viral technology used to deliver foreign nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells, and is the method of choice for a variety of applications including studying the functional role of particular genes and the proteins they code for. By over-expressing genes to produce protein of interest and also by knocking down specific genes, researchers are able to accurately define the role of genes and the protein they encode in various cellular processes. Therefore, this powerful technology is a very vital component of the array of scientific research tools. However, the exact mechanism of action of transfection and also the numerous factors that influence the success of DNA or RNA delivery processes are not clearly understood. Hence, this chapter attempts to explain some of the popular cationic lipid/polymer-based transfection reagents for in vitro DNA/small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) delivery, mainly focusing on the protocols and critical factors to keep in mind to ensure successful delivery of nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells using these methods.
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Puri A, Loomis K, Smith B, Lee JH, Yavlovich A, Heldman E, Blumenthal R. Lipid-based nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: from concepts to clinic. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2009; 26:523-80. [PMID: 20402623 PMCID: PMC2885142 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v26.i6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, various nanotechnology platforms in the area of medical biology, including both diagnostics and therapy, have gained remarkable attention. Moreover, research and development of engineered multifunctional nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers have spurred exponential growth in applications to medicine in the last decade. Design principles of these nanoparticles, including nanoemulsions, dendrimers, nano-gold, liposomes, drug-carrier conjugates, antibody-drug complexes, and magnetic nanoparticles, are primarily based on unique assemblies of synthetic, natural, or biological components, including but not limited to synthetic polymers, metal ions, oils, and lipids as their building blocks. However, the potential success of these particles in the clinic relies on consideration of important parameters such as nanoparticle fabrication strategies, their physical properties, drug loading efficiencies, drug release potential, and, most importantly, minimum toxicity of the carrier itself. Among these, lipid-based nanoparticles bear the advantage of being the least toxic for in vivo applications, and significant progress has been made in the area of DNA/RNA and drug delivery using lipid-based nanoassemblies. In this review, we will primarily focus on the recent advances and updates on lipid-based nanoparticles for their projected applications in drug delivery. We begin with a review of current activities in the field of liposomes (the so-called honorary nanoparticles), and challenging issues of targeting and triggering will be discussed in detail. We will further describe nanoparticles derived from a novel class of amphipathic lipids called bolaamphiphiles with unique lipid assembly features that have been recently examined as drug/DNA delivery vehicles. Finally, an overview of an emerging novel class of particles (based on lipid components other than phospholipids), solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers will be presented. We conclude with a few examples of clinically successful formulations of currently available lipid-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Puri
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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Does a targeting ligand influence nanoparticle tumor localization or uptake? Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:552-8. [PMID: 18722682 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion of a tumor-targeting molecule in nanosized delivery systems increases their in vivo efficacy. However, the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the uptake of such particles have not yet been well addressed. Several recent papers have suggested that tumor-targeting ligands function primarily to increase intracellular uptake of the nanocomplex and do not influence tumor localization. However, other reports indicate that they do play a role in the accumulation in the tumor. One difference might be the presence or absence of poly-[ethylene glycol] (PEG) in the complex and its impact on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Further studies are clearly needed to more fully elucidate the influence of composition on tumor-targeted, systemic delivery of nanoparticles.
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Nanoimmunoliposome delivery of superparamagnetic iron oxide markedly enhances targeting and uptake in human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:318-29. [PMID: 18676207 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To circumvent the problem of reduction of the supermagnetic properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles after chemical modification to conjugate targeting molecules, we have adapted a tumor-targeting nanoimmunoliposome platform technology (scL) to encapsulate and deliver SPIO (scL-SPIO) in vitro and in vivo without chemical modification. Scanning probe microscopy, confocal microscopy, and Prussian blue staining were used to analyze the scL-SPIO and assess intracellular uptake and distribution of SPIO in vitro. In vivo targeting and tumor-specific uptake of scL-SPIO was examined using fluorescent-labeled SPIO. We demonstrated that SPIO encapsulation in the scL complex results in an approximately 11-fold increase in SPIO uptake in human cancer cells in vitro, with distribution to cytoplasm and nucleus. Moreover, the scL nanocomplex specifically and efficiently delivered SPIO into tumor cells after systemic administration, demonstrating the potential of this approach to enhance local tumor concentration and the utility of SPIO for clinical applications.
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Pirollo KF, Rait A, Zhou Q, Zhang XQ, Zhou J, Kim CS, Benedict WF, Chang EH. Tumor-targeting nanocomplex delivery of novel tumor suppressor RB94 chemosensitizes bladder carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2190-8. [PMID: 18381961 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE RB94, a truncated form of RB110, has enhanced tumor suppressor potency and activity against all tumor types tested to date including bladder carcinoma. However, efficient, systemic delivery of the gene encoding RB94 specifically to tumors, is an obstacle to clinical application as an anticancer therapeutic. We have developed a systemically given, nanosized liposome DNA delivery system that specifically targets primary and metastatic disease. The ability of RB94, delivered via this nanocomplex, to sensitize bladder carcinoma to chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo was assessed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The nanocomplex is an RB94 plasmid encapsulated by a cationic liposome, the surface of which is decorated with a tumor-targeting moiety, either transferrin (Tf/Lip/RB94) or an antitransferrin receptor single-chain antibody fragment (TfRScFv/Lip/RB94). The ability of the complex to sensitize human bladder carcinoma HTB-9 cells to chemotherapeutics was assessed in vitro by XTT assay. In vivo tumor specificity and efficacy were tested in mice carrying HTB-9 tumors by PCR and tumor growth inhibition, respectively. RESULTS Transfection with Tf/Lip/RB94 significantly sensitized HTB-9 cells to chemotherapeutic agents in vitro. Tumor specificity of the complex was shown in an orthotopic bladder tumor model by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Moreover, in mice bearing subcutaneous HTB-9 tumors, the combination of systemically given Tf/Lip/RB94 or TfRScFv/Lip/RB94 plus gemcitabine resulted in significant (P<0.0005) tumor growth inhibition/regression and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Use of our tumor-targeting nanocomplex to specifically deliver the potent tumor suppressor RB94 efficiently to tumors has potential as a more effective treatment modality for genitourinary and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1469, USA
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Hwang SH, Rait A, Pirollo KF, Zhou Q, Yenugonda VM, Chinigo GM, Brown ML, Chang EH. Tumor-targeting nanodelivery enhances the anticancer activity of a novel quinazolinone analogue. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:559-68. [PMID: 18347143 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GMC-5-193 (GMC) is a novel anticancer small-molecule quinazolinone analogue with properties that include antimicrotubule activity and inherent fluorescence. The aim of this study was to produce and optimize a systemically administered liposomal formulation for tumor-targeting delivery of GMC to enhance the anticancer effect of this compound and evaluate its bioefficacy. GMC was encapsulated within a cationic liposome, which was decorated on the surface with an anti-transferrin receptor single-chain antibody fragment (TfRscFv) as the tumor-targeting moiety to form a nanoscale complex (scL/GMC). Confocal imaging of fluorescent GMC uptake in a human melanoma cell line, MDA-MB-435, showed higher cellular uptake of GMC when delivered via the liposome complex compared with free GMC. Delivery of GMC by the tumor-targeting liposome nanoimmunocomplex also resulted in a 3- to 4-fold decrease in IC(50) values in human cancer cells [DU145 (prostate) and MDA-MB-435] compared with the effects of GMC administered as free GMC. In addition, the GMC nanoimmunocomplex increased the sensitivity of cancer cells to doxorubicin, docetaxel, or mitoxantrone by approximately 3- to 30-fold. In the MDA435/LCC6 athymic nude mice xenograft lung metastases model, GMC was specifically delivered to tumors by the nanoimmunocomplex. These data show that incorporation of small-molecule therapeutic GMC within the tumor-targeting liposome nanocomplex enhances its anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057-1469, USA
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Leng Q, Scaria P, Lu P, Woodle MC, Mixson AJ. Systemic delivery of HK Raf-1 siRNA polyplexes inhibits MDA-MB-435 xenografts. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 15:485-95. [PMID: 18483501 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our past research has focused on identifying an effective carrier composed of histidine and lysine for delivery of nucleic acid into cells. For this purpose, we developed histidine-lysine-rich (HK) polymers with specific sequences and branching. We have found that branched HK polymers in complex with Raf-1 siRNA markedly decreased Raf-1 mRNA and induced apoptosis in cell lines in vitro. The primary focus of the present study was to determine an effective carrier to deliver siRNA systemically to tumor xenografts. After comparing HK:Raf-1 polyplexes for their in-vivo efficacy, we investigated in greater detail whether one of these polymers, H3K(+H)4b, in complex with Raf-1 siRNA, inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-435 xenografts. H3K(+H)4b is a four-branched HK peptide whose predominant repeating sequence within the terminal arm is -HHHK-. After the first tail-vein injection in a mouse model, there was a statistically significant reduction in tumor size between the H3K(+H)4b:Raf-1 siRNA-treated and the control groups (P<0.01). By the third injection, there was nearly a 50% reduction in the Raf-1 siRNA-treated group compared to the control siRNA-treated or -untreated group. Consistent with a significant effect of the HK:Raf-1 polyplex on the tumor, there were marked histological changes, increased apoptosis and fewer vessels in the Raf-1 siRNA-treated group. Raf-1 protein within the tumor was significantly decreased after treatment with the HK:Raf-1 siRNA polyplex compared to the control treatment groups. Despite the striking effect on the tumor by the HK Raf-1 siRNA, there was little evidence of toxicity in normal tissues with this therapy. By harnessing the ability to modify the amino-acid sequence and branching of HK polymers, we expect continued development of HK polymers as in-vivo carriers of siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Leng
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Huang D, Korolev N, Eom KD, Tam JP, Nordenskiöld L. Design and Biophysical Characterization of Novel Polycationic ϵ-Peptides for DNA Compaction and Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2007; 9:321-30. [DOI: 10.1021/bm700882g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Huang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60, Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, and Biochemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Nikolay Korolev
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60, Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, and Biochemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Khee Dong Eom
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60, Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, and Biochemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - James P. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60, Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, and Biochemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Lars Nordenskiöld
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60, Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, and Biochemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Parkside Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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Pope-Harman A, Cheng MMC, Robertson F, Sakamoto J, Ferrari M. Biomedical nanotechnology for cancer. Med Clin North Am 2007; 91:899-927. [PMID: 17826110 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology may hold the key to controlling many devastating diseases. In the fight against the pain, suffering, and death due to cancer, nanotechnology will allow earlier diagnosis and even prevention of malignancy at premalignant stages, in addition to providing multimodality treatment not possible with current conventional techniques. This review discusses nanotechnology already used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications for cancer. Also addressed are theoretic and evolving uses of nanotechnology, including multifunctional nanoparticles for imaging and therapy, nanochannel implants for controlled release of drugs, nanoscale devices for evaluation of proteomics and genomics, and diagnostic techniques that take advantage of physical changes in diseased tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pope-Harman
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Brewer M, Zhang T, Dong W, Rutherford M, Tian ZR. Future approaches of nanomedicine in clinical science. Med Clin North Am 2007; 91:963-1016. [PMID: 17826113 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Burgeoning applications of nanotechnology are altering practices in traditional medicine. Promoted by the National Institutes of Health, nanomedicinal research is advancing technologies and revolutionizing strategies in clinical science by providing easy access to innovative nanodevices and nanosystems based on the rational design and precise integration of functional nanomaterials. Many long-standing challenges in clinical science could be met through advancement and revolutionization. Nanomedicinal diagnostics could acquire critical information regarding the status of diseased tissues and organs quickly and inexpensively with minimal sampling size and invasion. New strategies in therapeutic and regenerative nanomedicines will enable clinicians to take actions in a timely fashion and patient-friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Brewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Abstract
Evaluation of: Pirollo KF, Rait A, Zhou Q et al.: Materializing the potential of small interfering RNA via a tumor-targeting nanodelivery system. Cancer Res. 67(7), 2938–2943 (2007) [1] . RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method for the downregulation of any selected target gene and relies on the intracellular presence of short, double-stranded RNA molecules (small interfering RNA [siRNA]). For siRNA delivery in vivo, various carrier systems, including liposomal formulations, nanoparticles and chemical siRNA modifications, have been developed. The nanoimmunoliposome scL is based on a cationic liposome and includes an antitransferrin receptor antibody construct as a ligand for preferential targeting of transferrin receptor-overexpressing tumor cells. Furthermore, a histidine–lysine peptide (HoKC) leads to improved endosomal release of siRNA. This nanosized scL–HoKC complex was used for the delivery of modified siRNA molecules, that is, sense DNA/antisense RNA hybrid analogues with O-Me substitutions, for the targeting of the receptor HER-2 (c-erbB2/neu) in subcutaneous breast carcinoma or pancreatic carcinoma xenografts. Treatment of mice through intravenous administration of scL–HoKC-encapsulated, HER-2-specific hybrid analogue siRNA showed antitumorigenic effects that were based on HER-2 downregulation and effects on downstream signal transduction. An even more profound tumor growth inhibition was observed upon combination of scL–HoKC/siRNA-mediated HER-2 targeting and chemotherapy (i.e., treatment with gemcitabine), indicating that the downregulation of therapeutically relevant genes through RNAi can be combined with other treatment strategies to achieve synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Aigner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps-University, School of Medicine, Marburg, Germany.
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Pirollo KF, Rait A, Zhou Q, Hwang SH, Dagata JA, Zon G, Hogrefe RI, Palchik G, Chang EH. Materializing the potential of small interfering RNA via a tumor-targeting nanodelivery system. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2938-43. [PMID: 17409398 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of small interfering RNA (siRNA) as potent sequence-selective inhibitors of transcription is rapidly developing. However, until now, low transfection efficiency, poor tissue penetration, and nonspecific immune stimulation by in vivo administered siRNAs have delayed their therapeutic application. Their potential as anticancer therapeutics hinges on the availability of a vehicle that can be systemically administered, safely and repeatedly, and will deliver the siRNA specifically and efficiently to the tumor, both primary tumors and metastases. We have developed a nanosized immunoliposome-based delivery complex (scL) that, when systemically administered, will preferentially target and deliver molecules useful in gene medicine, including plasmid DNA and antisense oligonucleotides, to tumor cells wherever they occur in the body. This tumor-targeting nanoparticle delivery vehicle can also deliver siRNA to both primary and metastatic disease. We have also enhanced the efficiency of this complex by the inclusion of a pH-sensitive histidine-lysine peptide in the complex (scL-HoKC) and by delivery of a modified hybrid (DNA-RNA) anti-HER-2 siRNA molecule. Scanning probe microscopy confirms that this modified complex maintains its nanoscale size. More importantly, we show that this nanoimmunoliposome anti-HER-2 siRNA complex can sensitize human tumor cells to chemotherapeutics, silence the target gene and affect its downstream pathway components in vivo, and significantly inhibit tumor growth in a pancreatic cancer model. Thus, this complex has the potential to help translate the potent effects of siRNA into a clinically viable anticancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Meyer M, Wagner E. Recent developments in the application of plasmid DNA-based vectors and small interfering RNA therapeutics for cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 17:1062-76. [PMID: 17032153 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased understanding of the molecular pathological mechanisms of cancer, the advent of novel molecular tools such as synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) or plasmid DNA-based vectors (pDNA), and technology for the in vivo delivery of such biomolecular therapeutics have provided an encouraging perspective for cancer therapy. Numerous pDNAs and siRNAs have been tested in preclinical cancer models, and these first approaches have reached clinical evaluation. The therapeutic effector mechanisms include interference with neoangiogenesis, blockage of cell division, promotion of apoptosis and sensitization to chemotherapy, delivery of cytotoxic genes, and activation of anticancer immune responses. Physical methods have been developed for highly effective regional delivery. A series of innovative "smart" formulations directs the current development toward safe and effective systemic tumor-targeted delivery of pDNA and siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Meyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology-Biotechnology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich 81377, Germany
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Kawasaki ES, Player A. Nanotechnology, nanomedicine, and the development of new, effective therapies for cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2007; 1:101-9. [PMID: 17292064 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2005.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States among people younger than 85 years, and for the first time has surpassed heart disease as the number one killer. This worrisome statistic has resulted not from an increase in the incidence of cancer, but because deaths from heart disease have dropped nearly in half while the number of cancer-related deaths has remained about the same. This fact accentuates the need for a new generation of more effective therapies for cancer. In this review, the development of new therapies will be discussed in the context of advances in nanotechnologies related to cancer detection, analysis, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention. First, several nanoanalytical methods, such as the use of quantum dots in detection and imaging of cancer, will be described. These techniques will be essential to the process of precisely describing cancer at the level of the cell and whole organism. Second, examples of how nanotechnologies can be used in the development of new therapies will be given, including methods that might allow for more efficient and accurate drug delivery and rationally designed, targeted drugs. Finally, a new initiative--the National Cancer Institute Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer--will be described and discussed with respect to the scientific issues, policies, and funding.
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Hogrefe RI, Lebedev AV, Zon G, Pirollo KF, Rait A, Zhou Q, Yu W, Chang EH. Chemically modified short interfering hybrids (siHYBRIDS): nanoimmunoliposome delivery in vitro and in vivo for RNAi of HER-2. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 25:889-907. [PMID: 16901821 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600793885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A blunt-ended 19-mer short interfering hybrid (siHybrid) (H) comprised of sense-DNA/antisense-RNA targeting HER-2 mRNA was encapsulated in a liposomal nanoplex with anti-transferrin receptor single-chain antibody fragment (TfRscFv) as the targeting moiety for clinically relevant tumor-specific delivery. In vitro delivery to a human pancreatic cell line (PANC-1) was shown to exhibit sequence-specific inhibition of 48-h cell growth with an IC50 value of 37 nM. The inhibitory potency of this siHybrid was increased (IC50 value of 7.8 nM) using a homologous chemically modified siHybrid (mH) in which the 19-mer sense strand had the following pattern of 2 '-deoxyinosine (dI) and 2 '-O-methylribonucleotide (2 '-OMe) residues: 5'-d(TITIT)-2'OMe(GCGGUGGUU)-d(GICIT). These modifications were intended to favor antisense strand-mediated RNAi while mitigating possible sense strand-mediated off-target effects and RNase H-mediated cleavage of the antisense RNA strand. The presently reported immunoliposomal delivery system was successfully used in vivo to inhibit HER-2 expression, and thus induce apoptosis in human breast carcinoma tumors (MDA-MB-435) in mice upon repeated i.v. treatment at a dose of 3 mg/kg of H or mH. The in vivo potency of modified siHybrid mH appeared to be qualitatively greater than that of H, as was the case in vitro.
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