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Liu L, Wen Y, Ni Q, Chen L, Wang H. Prenatal ethanol exposure and changes in fetal neuroendocrine metabolic programming. Biol Res 2023; 56:61. [PMID: 37978540 PMCID: PMC10656939 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) (mainly through maternal alcohol consumption) has become widespread. However, studies suggest that it can cause intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and multi-organ developmental toxicity in offspring, and susceptibility to various chronic diseases (such as neuropsychiatric diseases, metabolic syndrome, and related diseases) in adults. Through ethanol's direct effects and its indirect effects mediated by maternal-derived glucocorticoids, PEE alters epigenetic modifications and organ developmental programming during fetal development, which damages the offspring health and increases susceptibility to various chronic diseases after birth. Ethanol directly leads to the developmental toxicity of multiple tissues and organs in many ways. Regarding maternal-derived glucocorticoid-mediated IUGR, developmental programming, and susceptibility to multiple conditions after birth, ethanol induces programmed changes in the neuroendocrine axes of offspring, such as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and glucocorticoid-insulin-like growth factor 1 (GC-IGF1) axes. In addition, the differences in ethanol metabolic enzymes, placental glucocorticoid barrier function, and the sensitivity to glucocorticoids in various tissues and organs mediate the severity and sex differences in the developmental toxicity of ethanol exposure during pregnancy. Offspring exposed to ethanol during pregnancy have a "thrifty phenotype" in the fetal period, and show "catch-up growth" in the case of abundant nutrition after birth; when encountering adverse environments, these offspring are more likely to develop diseases. Here, we review the developmental toxicity, functional alterations in multiple organs, and neuroendocrine metabolic programming mechanisms induced by PEE based on our research and that of other investigators. This should provide new perspectives for the effective prevention and treatment of ethanol developmental toxicity and the early prevention of related fetal-originated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Disease Research Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yinxian Wen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Disease Research Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qubo Ni
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Disease Research Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Disease Research Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Takeda Y, Michikawa T, Morokuma S, Yamazaki S, Nakahara K, Yoshino A, Sugata S, Takami A, Saito S, Hoshi J, Kato K, Nitta H, Nishiwaki Y. Trimester-Specific Association of Maternal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and its Components With Birth and Placental Weight in Japan. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:771-778. [PMID: 34491964 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated which trimester of exposure to PM2.5 and its components was associated with birth and placental weight, and the fetoplacental weight ratio. METHODS The study included 63,990 women who delivered singleton term births within 23 Tokyo wards between 2013 and 2015. Each day, we collected fine particles on a filter, and analyzed their chemical constituents, including carbons and ions. Trimester-specific exposure to each pollutant was estimated based on the average daily concentrations. RESULTS Over the third trimester, sulfate exposure tended to be inversely associated with birth weight, and decreased placental weight (difference for highest vs lowest quintile groups = -6.7 g, 95% confidence interval = -12.5 to -0.9). For fetoplacental weight ratio, there was no relationship. CONCLUSIONS Sulfate exposure over the third trimester may reduce birth weight, particularly placental weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takeda
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan (Dr Takeda, Dr Michikawa, and Dr Nishiwaki); Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan (Dr Michikawa and Dr Nishiwaki); Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan (Dr Morokuma); Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan (Dr Yamazaki and Dr Nitta); Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan (Dr Nakahara and Dr Kato); Regional Environment Conservation Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan (Dr Yoshino, Dr Sugata, and Dr Takami); Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, 1-7-5 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan (Dr Saito and Dr Hoshi)
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Soltani S, Salari-Moghaddam A, Saneei P, Askari M, Larijani B, Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:224-233. [PMID: 34224282 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1945532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Earlier published studies on maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy in relation to the risk of low birth weight (LBW) (birth weight <2500 g) have indicated conflicting findings. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the association between maternal caffeine intake and risk of LBW. METHODS We searched for relevant articles published up to Jan 2021 through PubMed and Scopus. For this purpose, we used MESH (Medical Subject Heading) and non-MESH keywords. Cohort studies that considered maternal caffeine intake as the exposure variable and LBW as the main outcome variable were included in the systematic review. Finally, seven cohort studies were considered in this systematic review and meta-analysis. RESULTS Combining seven effect sizes, we found a significant positive association between maternal caffeine intake and risk of LBW (RR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.19-2.43). We also found that each additional 100-mg per day of maternal caffeine intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of LBW (RR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03-1.22; Pheterogeneity = 0.020). In addition, nonlinear dose-response analysis showed a significant relationship (Pnonlinearity < 0.001) between maternal caffeine intake and risk of LBW. CONCLUSIONS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we found a significant positive association between maternal caffeine intake and risk of LBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Soltani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asma Salari-Moghaddam
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvane Saneei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Chen S, Wang S, Li T, Zhu H, Liang S, Xu K, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Yang Y, Pan H, Shi X. Effect of PM2.5 on macrosomia in China: A nationwide prospective cohort study. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12584. [PMID: 31689002 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrosomia is associated with both neonatal complications and adult diseases (obesity, diabetes mellitus, etc.). Previous studies have reported maternal exposure to PM2.5 might influence metabolism and fetal development and cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. Studies conducted in areas with low PM2.5 concentration have found relationship between gestational PM2.5 exposure and birth weight. However, the impact of air pollution on macrosomia has not been studied, especially in highly polluted areas. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure during pregnancy and the risk of macrosomia. METHODS Data from preconception health examination and prenatal and postnatal records were collected from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012 in the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project. Monthly mean of PM2.5 concentration during pregnancy was estimated from satellite data using an ensemble machine learning model. A newborn with birth weight above 4000 g was defined as macrosomia. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between maternal exposure to PM2.5 and the risk of macrosomia, after adjusting for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, neonatal sex, duration of gestation, seasonality, educational level, smoking and drinking habits, past history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and family history of diabetes mellitus. Restricted cubic spline models were used to evaluate the dose-response relationship between the risk of macrosomia and PM2.5 concentration. RESULTS Of 177 841 singleton nonlow birth weight newborns included, 14 598 (8.2%) had macrosomia. The mean PM2.5 concentrations were 70.7, 71.5, and 80.9 μg/m3 in the first, second, and third trimesters. In full-adjusted logistic regression models, significant associations were found between increased risk of macrosomia and every 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 concentration over the first (odds ratio [OR]: 1.045; 95% CI, 1.037-1.052), second (OR: 1.035; 95% CI, 1.028-1.043), and third (OR: 1.033; 95% CI, 1.026-1.039) trimesters. There was a nonlinear does-response association between PM2.5 concentration and the risk of macrosomia. CONCLUSIONS Maternal exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of macrosomia in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Shirui Wang
- Eight-year Program of Clinical Medicine, PUMCH, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Liang
- Eight-year Program of Clinical Medicine, PUMCH, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuelun Zhang
- Central Research Laboratory, PUMCH, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Xianxian Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Saeed M, Naveed M, BiBi J, Ali Kamboh A, Phil L, Chao S. Potential nutraceutical and food additive properties and risks of coffee: a comprehensive overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 59:3293-3319. [PMID: 30614268 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1489368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Coffee is a composite mixture of more than a thousand diverse phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and nitrogenous compounds. Coffee has multifunctional properties as a food additive and nutraceutical. As a nutraceutical, coffee has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antidyslipidemic, anti-obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which can serve for the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome and associated disorders. On the other hand, as a food additive, coffee has antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microorganisms, inhibits lipid peroxidation (LPO), and can function as a prebiotic. The outcomes of different studies also revealed that coffee intake may reduce the incidence of numerous chronic diseases, like liver disease, mental health, and it also overcomes the all-cause mortality, and suicidal risks. In some studies, high intake of coffee is linked to increase CVD risk factors, like cholesterol, plasma homocysteine and blood pressure (BP). There is also a little evidence that associated the coffee consumption with increased risk of lung tumors in smokers. Among adults who consume the moderate amount of coffee, there is slight indication of health hazards with strong indicators of health benefits. Moreover, existing literature suggests that it may be cautious for pregnant women to eliminate the chances of miscarriages and impaired fetal growth. The primary purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the findings of the positive impacts and risks of coffee consumption on human health. In conclusion, to date, the best available evidence from research indicates that drinking coffee up to 3-4 cups/day provides health benefits for most people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jannat BiBi
- Department of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh Province, Pakistan
| | - Lucas Phil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Sun Chao
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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Overstreet DS, Penn TM, Cable ST, Aroke EN, Goodin BR. Higher habitual dietary caffeine consumption is related to lower experimental pain sensitivity in a community-based sample. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:3167-3176. [PMID: 30187108 PMCID: PMC6204079 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world. Caffeine administered acutely in a laboratory environment or as a medication adjuvant has known properties that help alleviate pain. However, much less is known about the potential impact of habitual dietary caffeine consumption on the experience of pain. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this observational study was to determine whether caffeine consumed habitually as part of a daily diet was associated with experimental pain sensitivity using noxious stimuli in a non-clinical sample of 62 community-dwelling adults between 19 and 77 years old. METHODS Study participants monitored their daily dietary caffeine consumption (e.g., coffee, tea, soda, energy drinks, and chocolate) across a period of seven consecutive days using a caffeine consumption diary. On the seventh day of caffeine consumption monitoring, participants presented to the laboratory to complete experimental pain sensitivity testing. Noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli were used to obtain threshold and tolerance for painful heat and pressure, respectively. RESULTS Data analysis revealed that greater self-reported daily caffeine consumption was significantly associated with higher heat pain threshold (β = .296, p = .038), higher heat pain tolerance (β = .242, p = .046), and higher pressure pain threshold (β = .277, p = .049) in multiple regression models adjusted for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study completed with community-dwelling adults revealed that individuals who habitually consume greater amounts of caffeine as part of their daily diets demonstrate diminished sensitivity to painful stimuli in a laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terence M. Penn
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Sarah T. Cable
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Edwin N. Aroke
- School of Nursing, Nurse Anesthesia Program, Department of Acute, Chronic, & Continuing Care, & University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Burel R. Goodin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Division of Pain Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Corresponding author: Tel.: +1-205-934-8910; fax: +1-205-975-6110. .,B.Goodin, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Campbell Hall, Room 327E, Birmingham, AL 35294
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Temple JL, Bernard C, Lipshultz SE, Czachor JD, Westphal JA, Mestre MA. The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:80. [PMID: 28603504 PMCID: PMC5445139 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. Natural sources of caffeine include coffee, tea, and chocolate. Synthetic caffeine is also added to products to promote arousal, alertness, energy, and elevated mood. Over the past decade, the introduction of new caffeine-containing food products, as well as changes in consumption patterns of the more traditional sources of caffeine, has increased scrutiny by health authorities and regulatory bodies about the overall consumption of caffeine and its potential cumulative effects on behavior and physiology. Of particular concern is the rate of caffeine intake among populations potentially vulnerable to the negative effects of caffeine consumption: pregnant and lactating women, children and adolescents, young adults, and people with underlying heart or other health conditions, such as mental illness. Here, we review the research into the safety and safe doses of ingested caffeine in healthy and in vulnerable populations. We report that, for healthy adults, caffeine consumption is relatively safe, but that for some vulnerable populations, caffeine consumption could be harmful, including impairments in cardiovascular function, sleep, and substance use. We also identified several gaps in the literature on which we based recommendations for the future of caffeine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Steven E. Lipshultz
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jason D. Czachor
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joslyn A. Westphal
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Miriam A. Mestre
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
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Hamilton GF, Bucko PJ, Miller DS, DeAngelis RS, Krebs CP, Rhodes JS. Behavioral deficits induced by third-trimester equivalent alcohol exposure in male C57BL/6J mice are not associated with reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis but are still rescued with voluntary exercise. Behav Brain Res 2016; 314:96-105. [PMID: 27491590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure can produce permanent alterations in brain structure and profound behavioral deficits. Mouse models can help discover mechanisms and identify potentially useful interventions. This study examined long-term influences of either a single or repeated alcohol exposure during the third-trimester equivalent on survival of new neurons in the hippocampus, behavioral performance on the Passive avoidance and Rotarod tasks, and the potential role of exercise as a therapeutic intervention. C57BL/6J male mice received either saline or 5g/kg ethanol split into two s.c. injections, two hours apart, on postnatal day (PD)7 (Experiment 1) or on PD5, 7 and 9 (Experiment 2). All mice were weaned on PD21 and received either a running wheel or remained sedentary from PD35-PD80/81. From PD36-45, mice received i.p. injections of 50mg/kg bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label dividing cells. Behavioral testing occurred between PD72-79. Number of surviving BrdU+ cells and immature neurons (doublecortin; DCX+) was measured at PD80-81. Alcohol did not affect number of BrdU+ or DCX+ cells in either experiment. Running significantly increased number of BrdU+ and DCX+ cells in both treatment groups. Alcohol-induced deficits on Rotarod performance and acquisition of the Passive avoidance task (Day 1) were evident only in Experiment 2 and running rescued these deficits. These data suggest neonatal alcohol exposure does not result in long-term impairments in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the mouse model. Three doses of ethanol were necessary to induce behavioral deficits. Finally, the mechanisms by which exercise ameliorated the neonatal alcohol induced behavioral deficits remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - P J Bucko
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - D S Miller
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - R S DeAngelis
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - C P Krebs
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - J S Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, The Beckman Institute, 405 N Mathews Ave, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Maternal Caffeine Consumption during Pregnancy and Risk of Low Birth Weight: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132334. [PMID: 26193706 PMCID: PMC4507998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown inconsistent conclusions about the effect of caffeine intake during pregnancy on the risk of low birth weight (LBW). We performed a meta-analysis and linear-dose response analysis examining the association between caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of LBW. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for relevant articles published up to March 2014. Eight cohort and four case-control studies met all inclusion criteria. Using a random-effects model of the twelve studies, the pooled odds ratio (OR) for the risk of LBW comparing the highest versus lowest level of caffeine intake during pregnancy was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.73). Linear dose-response analysis showed that every additional 100 mg of caffeine intake (1 cup of coffee or 2 cups of tea) per day during pregnancy was associated with a 3.0% increase in OR for LBW. There was a moderate level of overall heterogeneity with an I-squared value of 55% (95% CI: 13, 76%), and no evidence of publication bias based on Egger’s test (P = 0.20) and the funnel plot. Thus, high caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in the risk of LBW, and this risk appears to increase linearly as caffeine intake increases.
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Maternal caffeine consumption and small for gestational age births: results from a population-based case-control study. Matern Child Health J 2015; 18:1540-51. [PMID: 24288144 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-013-1397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is consumed in various forms during pregnancy, has increased half-life during pregnancy and crosses the placental barrier. Small for gestational age (SGA) is an important perinatal outcome and has been associated with long term complications. We examined the association between maternal caffeine intake and SGA using National Birth Defects Prevention Study data. Non-malformed live born infants with an estimated date of delivery from 1997-2007 (n = 7,943) were included in this analysis. Maternal caffeine exposure was examined as total caffeine intake and individual caffeinated beverage type (coffee, tea, and soda); sex-, race/ethnic-, and parity-specific growth curves were constructed to estimate SGA births. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. Interaction with caffeine exposures was assessed for maternal smoking, vasoconstrictor medication use, and folic acid. Six hundred forty-eight infants (8.2%) were found to be SGA in this analysis. Increasing aORs were observed for increasing intakes of total caffeine and for each caffeinated beverage with aORs (adjusting for maternal education, high blood pressure, and smoking) ranging from 1.3 to 2.1 for the highest intake categories (300+ mg/day total caffeine and 3+ servings/day for each beverage type). Little indication of additive interaction by maternal smoking, vasoconstrictor medication use, or folic acid intake was observed. We observed an increase in SGA births for mothers with higher caffeine intake, particularly for those consuming 300+ mg of caffeine per day. Increased aORs were also observed for tea intake but were more attenuated for coffee and soda intake.
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Chen LW, Wu Y, Neelakantan N, Chong MFF, Pan A, van Dam RM. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with risk of low birth weight: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. BMC Med 2014; 12:174. [PMID: 25238871 PMCID: PMC4198801 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-014-0174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable controversy exists regarding the relation between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight (birth weight <2,500 g). We aim to assess this association using a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS Potential articles were identified by searching MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases through 17 July 2013. Two authors independently extracted information on study design, participant characteristics and estimates of associations. Random-effects models were used to derive the summary relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Dose-response relationships were assessed using generalized least-squares trend estimation. RESULTS In our meta-analysis, we included 13 prospective studies: 9 with low birth weight as a binary outcome variable (90,747 participants and 6,303 cases) and 6 with birth weight as a continuous outcome variable (10,015 participants; 2 studies reported both types of outcomes). Compared with the reference category with no or very low caffeine intake, the RR (95% CI) of low birth weight was 1.13 (1.06 to 1.21; I 2 0.0%) for low intake (50 to 149 mg/day), 1.38 (1.18 to 1.62; I 2 31.9%) for moderate intake (150 to 349 mg/day), and 1.60 (1.24 to 2.08; I 2 65.8%) for high intake (≥350 mg/day). In the dose-response analysis, each 100-mg/day increment in maternal caffeine intake (around one cup of coffee) was associated with 13% (RR 1.13, 1.06 to 1.21) higher risk of low birth weight. The association persisted in strata defined according to various study characteristics. Moderate (-33 g, 95% CI -63 to -4; I 2 0.3%) and high (-69 g, 95% CI -102 to -35; I 2 0.0%) caffeine intakes were also associated with a significantly lower birth weight as compared with the reference category. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of delivering low birth weight infants. These findings support recommendations to restrict caffeine intake during pregnancy to low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Wei Chen
- />Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 16 Medical Drive, Block MD3, 117597 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Wu
- />Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 16 Medical Drive, Block MD3, 117597 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nithya Neelakantan
- />Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 16 Medical Drive, Block MD3, 117597 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary Foong-Fong Chong
- />Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- />Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - An Pan
- />Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 16 Medical Drive, Block MD3, 117597 Singapore, Singapore
- />Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- />Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 16 Medical Drive, Block MD3, 117597 Singapore, Singapore
- />Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- />Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
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Buscariollo DL, Fang X, Greenwood V, Xue H, Rivkees SA, Wendler CC. Embryonic caffeine exposure acts via A1 adenosine receptors to alter adult cardiac function and DNA methylation in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87547. [PMID: 24475304 PMCID: PMC3903656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that disruption of normal prenatal development influences an individual's risk of developing obesity and cardiovascular disease as an adult. Thus, understanding how in utero exposure to chemical agents leads to increased susceptibility to adult diseases is a critical health related issue. Our aim was to determine whether adenosine A1 receptors (A1ARs) mediate the long-term effects of in utero caffeine exposure on cardiac function and whether these long-term effects are the result of changes in DNA methylation patterns in adult hearts. Pregnant A1AR knockout mice were treated with caffeine (20 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.09% NaCl) i.p. at embryonic day 8.5. This caffeine treatment results in serum levels equivalent to the consumption of 2–4 cups of coffee in humans. After dams gave birth, offspring were examined at 8–10 weeks of age. A1AR+/+ offspring treated in utero with caffeine were 10% heavier than vehicle controls. Using echocardiography, we observed altered cardiac function and morphology in adult mice exposed to caffeine in utero. Caffeine treatment decreased cardiac output by 11% and increased left ventricular wall thickness by 29% during diastole. Using DNA methylation arrays, we identified altered DNA methylation patterns in A1AR+/+ caffeine treated hearts, including 7719 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) within the genome and an overall decrease in DNA methylation of 26%. Analysis of genes associated with DMRs revealed that many are associated with cardiac hypertrophy. These data demonstrate that A1ARs mediate in utero caffeine effects on cardiac function and growth and that caffeine exposure leads to changes in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L. Buscariollo
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiefan Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Victoria Greenwood
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Huiling Xue
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Rivkees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Wendler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pfinder M. Anthropometric and health-related behavioral factors in the explanation of social inequalities in low birth weight in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:849-65. [PMID: 24406666 PMCID: PMC3924478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence for social inequalities in the health status of children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). This study aimed to describe social inequalities in low birth weight (LBW) in children/adolescents with PAE and to examine the contribution of anthropometric and health-related behavioral factors to the explanation of social inequalities. A total of 2,159 participants with parental self-reported moderate to regular PAE (enrolled in the cross-sectional German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents) were examined. At similar levels of PAE, the risk of LBW was significantly increased in subjects with a low socioeconomic status (SES) (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59, 4.86) and middle SES (adjusted OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.28, 3.24). Maternal height, maternal body mass index (BMI) and smoking during pregnancy mediated the association. The mediating effect of maternal height was 12.5% to 33.7%. Maternal BMI explained 7.9% of the socioeconomic difference in LBW between the high and low SES groups in children with PAE. The mediating effect of smoking during pregnancy was 17.3% to 31.5%. Maternal height, maternal BMI and smoking during pregnancy together explained 24.4% to 60.1% of the socioeconomic differences in LBW in children with PAE. A large proportion of the socioeconomic differences in LBW in children with PAE can be attributed to anthropometric and health-related behavioral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pfinder
- Bielefeld Graduate School in History and Sociology, Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, P.O. Box 10-01-31, Bielefeld 33501, Germany.
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Pfinder M, Kunst AE, Feldmann R, van Eijsden M, Vrijkotte TGM. Preterm birth and small for gestational age in relation to alcohol consumption during pregnancy: stronger associations among vulnerable women? Results from two large Western-European studies. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013; 13:49. [PMID: 23433310 PMCID: PMC3607897 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-13-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inconsistent data on the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and a range of pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA) raise new questions. This study aimed to assess whether the association between low-moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and PTB and SGA differs according to maternal education, maternal mental distress or maternal smoking. METHODS The Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) Study (N = 5,238) and the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) (N = 16,301) are both large studies. Women provide information on alcohol intake in early pregnancy, 3 months postpartum and up to 17 years retrospectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses and stratified regression analyses were performed to examine the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and PTB and SGA, respectively. RESULTS No association was found between any level of prenatal alcohol exposure (non-daily, daily, non-abstaining) and SGA. The offspring of daily drinkers and non-abstainers had a lower risk of PTB [ABCD: odds ratio (OR) 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13, 0.77; KiGGS: OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57, 0.99]. Interactions with maternal education, maternal distress or maternal smoking were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Although these results should be interpreted with caution, both studies showed no adverse effects of low-moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on PTB and SGA, not even in the offspring of women who were disadvantaged in terms of low education, high levels of distress, or smoking during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pfinder
- Bielefeld Graduate School in History and Sociology, Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, PO Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- FAS Ambulance, Polyclinic for Children’s and Youth Medicine, University Hospital Munster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, 48129 Munster, Germany
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinhold Feldmann
- FAS Ambulance, Polyclinic for Children’s and Youth Medicine, University Hospital Munster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33, 48129 Munster, Germany
| | - Manon van Eijsden
- Department of Epidemiology, Documentation and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, 1018 WT Amsterdam, PO Box 22001000 CE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Tanja G M Vrijkotte
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rivkees SA, Wendler CC. Regulation of cardiovascular development by adenosine and adenosine-mediated embryo protection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:851-5. [PMID: 22423036 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.226811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few signaling molecules have as much potential to influence the developing mammal as the nucleoside adenosine. Adenosine levels increase rapidly with tissue hypoxia and inflammation. Adenosine antagonists include the methylxanthines caffeine and theophylline. The receptors that transduce adenosine action are the A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 adenosine receptors (A1AR, A2aAR, A2bAR, and A3AR). We examined how adenosine acts via A1ARs to influence embryo development. Transgenic mice were studied along with embryo cultures. Embryos lacking A1ARs were markedly growth retarded following intrauterine hypoxia exposure. Studies of mice selectively lacking A1AR in the heart identify the heart as a key site of adenosine's embryo-protective effects. Studies of isolated embryos showed that adenosine plays a key role in modulating embryo cardiac function, especially in the setting of hypoxia. When pregnant mice were treated during embryogenesis with the adenosine antagonist caffeine, adult mice had abnormal heart function. Adenosine acts via A1ARs to play an essential role in protecting the embryo against intrauterine stress, and adenosine antagonists, including caffeine, may be an unwelcome exposure for the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rivkees
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA.
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Buscariollo DL, Breuer GA, Wendler CC, Rivkees SA. Caffeine acts via A1 adenosine receptors to disrupt embryonic cardiac function. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28296. [PMID: 22164264 PMCID: PMC3229565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that adenosine acts via cardiac A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) to protect embryos against hypoxia. During embryogenesis, A1ARs are the dominant regulator of heart rate, and A1AR activation reduces heart rate. Adenosine action is inhibited by caffeine, which is widely consumed during pregnancy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that caffeine influences developing embryos by altering cardiac function. Methodology/Principal Findings Effects of caffeine and adenosine receptor-selective antagonists on heart rate were studied in vitro using whole murine embryos at E9.5 and isolated hearts at E12.5. Embryos were examined in room air (21% O2) or hypoxic (2% O2) conditions. Hypoxia decreased heart rates of E9.5 embryos by 15.8% and in E12.5 isolated hearts by 27.1%. In room air, caffeine (200 µM) had no effect on E9.5 heart rates; however, caffeine increased heart rates at E12.5 by 37.7%. Caffeine abolished hypoxia-mediated bradycardia at E9.5 and blunted hypoxia-mediated bradycardia at E12.5. Real-time PCR analysis of RNA from isolated E9.5 and E12.5 hearts showed that A1AR and A2aAR genes were expressed at both ages. Treatment with adenosine receptor-selective antagonists revealed that SCH-58261 (A2aAR-specific antagonist) had no affects on heart function, whereas DPCPX (A1AR-specific antagonist) had effects similar to caffeine treatment at E9.5 and E12.5. At E12.5, embryonic hearts lacking A1AR expression (A1AR−/−) had elevated heart rates compared to A1AR+/− littermates, A1AR−/− heart rates failed to decrease to levels comparable to those of controls. Caffeine did not significantly affect heart rates of A1AR−/− embryos. Conclusions/Significance These data show that caffeine alters embryonic cardiac function and disrupts the normal cardiac response to hypoxia through blockade of A1AR action. Our results raise concern for caffeine exposure during embryogenesis, particularly in pregnancies with increased risk of embryonic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L. Buscariollo
- Section of Developmental Endocrinology and Biology, Yale Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Breuer
- Section of Developmental Endocrinology and Biology, Yale Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Wendler
- Section of Developmental Endocrinology and Biology, Yale Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Rivkees
- Section of Developmental Endocrinology and Biology, Yale Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Silva ID, Quevedo LDA, Silva RAD, Oliveira SSD, Pinheiro RT. Associação entre abuso de álcool durante a gestação e o peso ao nascer. Rev Saude Publica 2011; 45:864-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102011005000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação entre abuso de álcool durante a gestação e baixo peso ao nascer. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional aninhado a uma coorte de 957 gestantes que realizaram acompanhamento pré-natal no Sistema Único de Saúde da cidade de Pelotas, RS, e deram à luz entre setembro de 2007 e setembro de 2008. As mães foram entrevistadas em dois momentos distintos: no período de pré-parto e após o parto. Para verificar o abuso do álcool foi utilizada a escala Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty and Eye-opener. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas e regressão logística múltipla, ajustada pelas variáveis prematuridade e abuso de álcool. O nível de significância adotado foi de 95%. RESULTADOS: Das mulheres que participaram do estudo, 2,1% abusaram de álcool na gestação e, entre essas, 26,3% tiveram filhos com baixo peso. Houve associação entre o abuso de álcool e baixo peso ao nascer (p < 0,038). CONCLUSÕES: Os achados indicam que o abuso de álcool durante a gestação está associado ao baixo peso ao nascer.
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18
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Rivkees SA, Wendler CC. Adverse and protective influences of adenosine on the newborn and embryo: implications for preterm white matter injury and embryo protection. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:271-8. [PMID: 21228731 PMCID: PMC3100210 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31820efbcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Few signaling molecules have the potential to influence the developing mammal as the nucleoside adenosine. Adenosine levels increase rapidly with tissue hypoxia and inflammation. Adenosine antagonists include the methylxanthines caffeine and theophylline. The receptors that transduce adenosine action are the A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). In the postnatal period, A1AR activation may contribute to white matter injury in the preterm infant by altering oligodendrocyte (OL) development. In models of perinatal brain injury, caffeine is neuroprotective against periventricular white matter injury (PWMI) and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Supporting the notion that blockade of adenosine action is of benefit in the premature infant, caffeine reduces the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and CP in clinical studies. In comparison with the adverse effects on the postnatal brain, adenosine acts via A1ARs to play an essential role in protecting the embryo from hypoxia. Embryo protective effects are blocked by caffeine, and caffeine intake during early pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage and fetal growth retardation. Adenosine and adenosine antagonists play important modulatory roles during mammalian development. The protective and deleterious effects of adenosine depend on the time of exposure and target sites of action.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Adenosine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Caffeine/pharmacology
- Embryo, Mammalian/drug effects
- Embryo, Mammalian/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/drug therapy
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Leukomalacia, Periventricular/drug therapy
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/drug effects
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Oligodendroglia/drug effects
- Oligodendroglia/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism
- Respiration/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rivkees
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Young RL, Weinberg J, Vieira V, Aschengrau A, Webster TF. A multilevel non-hierarchical study of birth weight and socioeconomic status. Int J Health Geogr 2010; 9:36. [PMID: 20618954 PMCID: PMC2909180 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-9-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether the socioeconomic status (SES) of the community of residence has a substantial association with infant birth weight. We used multilevel models to examine associations of birth weight with family- and community-level SES in the Cape Cod Family Health Study. Data were collected retrospectively on births to women between 1969 and 1983 living on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The sample included siblings born in different residences with differing community-level SES. METHODS We used cross-classified models to account for multiple levels of correlation in a non-hierarchical data structure. We accounted for clustering at family- and community-levels. Models included extensive individual- and family-level covariates. SES variables of interest were maternal education; paternal occupation; percent adults living in poverty; percent adults with a four year college degree; community mean family income; and percent adult unemployment. RESULTS Residual correlation was detected at the family- but not the community-level. Substantial effects sizes were observed for family-level SES while smaller magnitudes were observed for community-level SES. Overall, higher SES corresponded to increased birth weight though neither family- nor community-level variables had significant associations with the outcome. In a model applied to a reduced sample that included a single child per family, enforcing a hierarchical data structure, paternal occupation was found to have a significant association with birth weight (p = 0.033). Larger effect sizes for community SES appeared in models applied to the full sample that contained limited covariates, such as those typically found on birth certificates. CONCLUSIONS Cross-classified models allowed us to include more than one child per family even when families moved between births. There was evidence of mild associations between family SES and birth weight. Stronger associations between paternal occupation and birth weight were observed in models applied to reduced samples with hierarchical data structures, illustrating consequences of excluding observations from the cross-classified analysis. Models with limited covariates showed associations of birth weight with community SES. In models adjusting for a complete set of individual- and family-level covariates, community SES was not as important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Young
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA, USA.
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Bakker R, Steegers EAP, Obradov A, Raat H, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV. Maternal caffeine intake from coffee and tea, fetal growth, and the risks of adverse birth outcomes: the Generation R Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1691-8. [PMID: 20427730 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine is a widely used and accepted pharmacologically active substance. The effect of caffeine intake during pregnancy on fetal growth and development is still unclear. OBJECTIVE We examined the associations of maternal caffeine intake, on the basis of coffee and tea consumption, with fetal growth characteristics measured in each trimester of pregnancy and the risks of adverse birth outcomes. DESIGN Associations were studied in 7346 pregnant women participating in a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onward in the Netherlands (2001-2005). Caffeine intake in the first, second, and third trimesters was on the basis of coffee and tea consumption and was assessed by questionnaires. Fetal growth characteristics were repeatedly measured by ultrasound. Information about birth outcomes was obtained from hospital records. RESULTS We observed no consistent associations of caffeine intake with fetal head circumference or estimated fetal weight in any trimester. Higher caffeine intake was associated with smaller first-trimester crown-rump length, second- and third-trimester femur length, and birth length (P for trend <0.05). Offspring of mothers who consumed > or =6 caffeine units/d tended to have increased risks of small-for-gestational-age infants at birth. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that caffeine intake of > or =6 units/d during pregnancy is associated with impaired fetal length growth. Caffeine exposure might preferentially adversely affect fetal skeletal growth. Further studies are needed to assess these associations in non-European populations and to assess the postnatal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bakker
- Departments of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Rehm J, Baliunas D, Borges GLG, Graham K, Irving H, Kehoe T, Parry CD, Patra J, Popova S, Poznyak V, Roerecke M, Room R, Samokhvalov AV, Taylor B. The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview. Addiction 2010; 105:817-43. [PMID: 20331573 PMCID: PMC3306013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As part of a larger study to estimate the global burden of disease and injury attributable to alcohol: to evaluate the evidence for a causal impact of average volume of alcohol consumption and pattern of drinking on diseases and injuries; to quantify relationships identified as causal based on published meta-analyses; to separate the impact on mortality versus morbidity where possible; and to assess the impact of the quality of alcohol on burden of disease. METHODS Systematic literature reviews were used to identify alcohol-related diseases, birth complications and injuries using standard epidemiological criteria to determine causality. The extent of the risk relations was taken from meta-analyses. RESULTS Evidence of a causal impact of average volume of alcohol consumption was found for the following major diseases: tuberculosis, mouth, nasopharynx, other pharynx and oropharynx cancer, oesophageal cancer, colon and rectum cancer, liver cancer, female breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, alcohol use disorders, unipolar depressive disorders, epilepsy, hypertensive heart disease, ischaemic heart disease (IHD), ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, conduction disorders and other dysrhythmias, lower respiratory infections (pneumonia), cirrhosis of the liver, preterm birth complications and fetal alcohol syndrome. Dose-response relationships could be quantified for all disease categories except for depressive disorders, with the relative risk increasing with increased level of alcohol consumption for most diseases. Both average volume and drinking pattern were linked causally to IHD, fetal alcohol syndrome and unintentional and intentional injuries. For IHD, ischaemic stroke and diabetes mellitus beneficial effects were observed for patterns of light to moderate drinking without heavy drinking occasions (as defined by 60+ g pure alcohol per day). For several disease and injury categories, the effects were stronger on mortality compared to morbidity. There was insufficient evidence to establish whether quality of alcohol had a major impact on disease burden. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings indicate that alcohol impacts many disease outcomes causally, both chronic and acute, and injuries. In addition, a pattern of heavy episodic drinking increases risk for some disease and all injury outcomes. Future studies need to address a number of methodological issues, especially the differential role of average volume versus drinking pattern, in order to obtain more accurate risk estimates and to understand more clearly the nature of alcohol-disease relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
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Aliyu MH, Wilson RE, Zoorob R, Brown K, Alio AP, Clayton H, Salihu HM. Prenatal alcohol consumption and fetal growth restriction: Potentiation effect by concomitant smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:36-43. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntn014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yang MS, Lee CH, Chang SJ, Chung TC, Tsai EM, Ko AMJ, Ko YC. The effect of maternal betel quid exposure during pregnancy on adverse birth outcomes among aborigines in Taiwan. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 95:134-9. [PMID: 18282667 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In considering documented developmental toxicity and teratogenicity found in earlier research, maternal betel quid chewing may very well be linked to a higher risk of adverse birth outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of betel quid chewing, together with the use of cigarettes or alcohol, either independently or combined, on birth-related outcomes. A total of 1264 aboriginal women who had just given birth in 10 hospitals in Southern and Eastern Taiwan were recruited. Information on their maternal and newborn characteristics was obtained from medical charts and by performing personal interviews using a validated questionnaire. Maternal areca nut chewing during pregnancy was found to be significantly associated with both birth weight loss (-89.54 g) and birth length reduction (-0.43 cm). A significantly lower male newborn rate (aOR=0.62) was observed among aboriginal women with a habit of betel quid chewing during pregnancy. The use of this substance conveyed a 2.40- and 3.67-fold independent risk of low birth weight and full-term low birth weight, respectively. An enhanced risk (aOR=3.26-5.99) of low birth weight was observed among women concomitantly using betel quid, cigarette and alcohol during gestation. Our findings suggest that betel quid chewing during pregnancy has a substantial effect on a number of birth outcomes, including sex ratio at birth, lower birth weight and reduced birth length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Sang Yang
- College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Jackson DJ, Batiste E, Rendall-Mkosi K. Effect of smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy on the occurrence of low birthweight in a farming region in South Africa. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2007; 21:432-40. [PMID: 17697073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this case-control study was to determine the risk factors for low birthweight in a farming region in South Africa, with particular attention to maternal alcohol use and smoking, both independently and in combination. Data collection was via structured postpartum interviews and review of antenatal and delivery records. The study setting was a regional referral hospital in a farming region. The study subjects were 200 infants with birthweight < 2500 g (cases) and 200 unmatched control infants of normal weight born during the same period as the cases. The outcome measure was low birthweight, i.e. infant birthweight <2500 g. Results showed the contribution of term low birthweight (as a measure of intrauterine growth retardation) to the total low-birthweight incidence was almost 50%, indicating a substantial intrauterine growth retardation component in this population. Sociodemographic factors were not as predictive of low birthweight in this predominantly low income population. Smoking (adjusted OR 2.67, [95% CI 1.69, 4.20]) was the strongest life style-related predictor of low birthweight. The alcohol low-birthweight relationship was not significant when adjusted for smoking status (crude OR 2.15, [95% CI 1.37, 3.39]; adjusted OR 1.32, [95% CI 0.80, 2.20]). However, there appeared to be an interaction with combined use of these two substances during pregnancy that increased the risk of low birthweight (adjusted OR increased to 4.24, [95% CI 1.01, 17.76]. It is clear that life style factors such as smoking and drinking are contributing to the occurrence of low birthweight in the target region. A comprehensive health promotion programme needs to be implemented as an integral part of antenatal and family planning services, to reduce smoking and drinking by women in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Jackson
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Haggarty P, Abramovich DR, Page K. The effect of maternal smoking and ethanol on fatty acid transport by the human placenta. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/bjn2001514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of the placenta in controlling the supply of fatty acids to the fetus was investigated in term placentas from non-smokers (n5), smokers (>ten cigarettes/d;n5) and after addition of ethanol at 2 mg/ml (n4). The maternal side was of the placenta was perfusedex vivofor 90 min with a physiological mixture of fatty acids and fatty acid:human albumin ratio. There was no effect of smoking on the transfer of linoleic (LA, 18 : 2n-6), α-linolenic (αLN, 18 : 3n-3), arachidonic (AA, 20 : 4n-6) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6n-3), expressed per perfused area (calculated from H218O exchange). However, the presence of ethanol in the perfusate at a concentration of 2 mg/ml significantly reduced (P<0·01) the absolute rate of transfer of the twon-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, αLN and DHA. This specific effect of ethanol on αLN and DHA also resulted in an altered selectivity for transfer of individual fatty acids. In the non-smoking control group the placenta selectively transferred polyunsaturated fatty acids to the fetus in the order DHA>AA>αLN>LA. The order of selectivity was unaltered in placentas from smokers, but the addition of ethanol to the perfusion medium altered the order of selectivity to AA>αLN>LA>DHA. The presence of ethanol in the perfusate was also associated with a significant reduction (P<0·05) in the clearance of H218O. These results suggest that the presence of ethanol at a concentration of 2 mg/ml may reduce the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids to the developing fetus.
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Abstract
Coffee is a complex mixture of chemicals that provides significant amounts of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Unfiltered coffee is a significant source of cafestol and kahweol, which are diterpenes that have been implicated in the cholesterol-raising effects of coffee. The results of epidemiological research suggest that coffee consumption may help prevent several chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease and liver disease (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). Most prospective cohort studies have not found coffee consumption to be associated with significantly increased cardiovascular disease risk. However, coffee consumption is associated with increases in several cardiovascular disease risk factors, including blood pressure and plasma homocysteine. At present, there is little evidence that coffee consumption increases the risk of cancer. For adults consuming moderate amounts of coffee (3-4 cups/d providing 300-400 mg/d of caffeine), there is little evidence of health risks and some evidence of health benefits. However, some groups, including people with hypertension, children, adolescents, and the elderly, may be more vulnerable to the adverse effects of caffeine. In addition, currently available evidence suggests that it may be prudent for pregnant women to limit coffee consumption to 3 cups/d providing no more than 300 mg/d of caffeine to exclude any increased probability of spontaneous abortion or impaired fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane V Higdon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Murphy VE, Smith R, Giles WB, Clifton VL. Endocrine regulation of human fetal growth: the role of the mother, placenta, and fetus. Endocr Rev 2006; 27:141-69. [PMID: 16434511 DOI: 10.1210/er.2005-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The environment in which the fetus develops is critical for its survival and long-term health. The regulation of normal human fetal growth involves many multidirectional interactions between the mother, placenta, and fetus. The mother supplies nutrients and oxygen to the fetus via the placenta. The fetus influences the provision of maternal nutrients via the placental production of hormones that regulate maternal metabolism. The placenta is the site of exchange between mother and fetus and regulates fetal growth via the production and metabolism of growth-regulating hormones such as IGFs and glucocorticoids. Adequate trophoblast invasion in early pregnancy and increased uteroplacental blood flow ensure sufficient growth of the uterus, placenta, and fetus. The placenta may respond to fetal endocrine signals to increase transport of maternal nutrients by growth of the placenta, by activation of transport systems, and by production of placental hormones to influence maternal physiology and even behavior. There are consequences of poor fetal growth both in the short term and long term, in the form of increased mortality and morbidity. Endocrine regulation of fetal growth involves interactions between the mother, placenta, and fetus, and these effects may program long-term physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa E Murphy
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, and Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Grosso LM, Bracken MB. Caffeine Metabolism, Genetics, and Perinatal Outcomes: A Review of Exposure Assessment Considerations during Pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol 2005; 15:460-6. [PMID: 15967394 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the methodologic issues complicating caffeine exposure assessment during pregnancy; to discuss maternal and fetal caffeine metabolism, including genetic polymorphisms affecting caffeine metabolism; and to discuss the endogenous and exogenous risk factors known to influence caffeine metabolism. METHODS A review of the relevant literature. RESULTS There is wide inter-individual variation in caffeine metabolism, primarily due to variations in CYP1A2 enzyme activity. Some variability in CYP1A2 activity is due to genetic polymorphisms in the CYP1A2 gene which can cause increased or decreased inducibility of the enzyme. Considerable evidence exists that maternal caffeine metabolism is influenced by a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors and studying the genetic polymorphisms may improve understanding of the potential effects of caffeine and its metabolites on perinatal outcomes. There is substantial evidence that measurement of maternal, fetal, and neonatal caffeine metabolites may allow for a more precise measure of fetal caffeine exposure. CONCLUSIONS Research on the genetic polymorphisms affecting caffeine metabolism may further explain the potential effects of caffeine and its metabolites on perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Grosso
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Parazzini F, Chatenoud L, Surace M, Tozzi L, Salerio B, Bettoni G, Benzi G. Moderate alcohol drinking and risk of preterm birth. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 57:1345-9. [PMID: 14506499 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have analysed the association between alcohol drinking before and during the three trimesters of pregnancy and risk of preterm birth of babies with normal weight for gestational age or with low weight for gestational age (SGA). DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING General and university hospitals in Italy. SUBJECTS Cases were 502 women who delivered preterm births <37 weeks gestation. The controls included 1966 women who gave birth at term (>/=37 weeks of gestation) to healthy infants of normal weight (ie between 10th and 90th centile according to the Italian standard) on randomly selected days at the hospitals where cases had been identified. INTERVENTIONS Interview. RESULTS No increased risk of preterm birth was observed in women drinking one or two drinks/die in pregnancy, but three or more drinks/die increased the risk (multivariate odds ratios (OR) 2.0 for >/=3 drinks during the first trimester, 1.8 during the second and 1.9 during the third). When the analysis was conducted separately for preterm births with normal weight or SGA, the increased risk was observed in preterm SGA only (multivariate OR for >/=3 drinks/die during the first trimester=3.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-11.1); the estimated multivariate OR for >/=3 drinks/die during the first trimester of preterm babies with normal weight for gestational age was only slightly above unity and not statistically significant (multivariate OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.5-3.7). CONCLUSIONS The study shows an increased risk in mothers who drink >/=3 die units alcohol in pregnancy of preterm births.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Parazzini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Via Eritrea 62, Milano, Italy.
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Vik T, Bakketeig LS, Trygg KU, Lund-Larsen K, Jacobsen G. High caffeine consumption in the third trimester of pregnancy: gender-specific effects on fetal growth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003; 17:324-31. [PMID: 14629313 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2003.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that a high caffeine intake in pregnancy may be a risk factor for fetal growth retardation. We have tested this hypothesis in a population-based case-control study. Caffeine intake among 111 mothers of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (56 boys, 55 girls) was compared with the intake among 747 mothers of non-SGA infants (368 boys, 379 girls). Food records for 3 days were collected in the second (week 17-20) and in the third (week 33) trimester, and caffeine intake from coffee, tea, soft drinks and chocolate was calculated and dichotomised as low or high, based upon the median value. Mothers of SGA infants had higher mean intake of caffeine [281 +/- 210 (SD) mg/day] in the third trimester than mothers of non-SGA infants (212 +/- 150 mg/day; P < 0.001). The risk of SGA birth was nearly doubled if the mother had a high rather than a low caffeine intake in the third trimester [odds ratio (OR) 1.8; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.2, 2.5]. The increased risk was mainly found in boys (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.5, 5.2), and not in girls (OR 1.2; 95% CI 0.7, 2.1). The increased risk for boys persisted after adjustment for cigarette smoking alone, or for smoking and various other SGA risk factors together. Our results suggest that a high caffeine intake in the third trimester may be a risk factor for fetal growth retardation, in particular if the fetus is a boy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torstein Vik
- Department of Community Medicine and General Practice, Medical Faculty, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Abstract
This article provides a detailed assessment of the toxicological and pharmacological literature concerning alcohol-induced biphasic dose-response relationships. The assessment reveals that alcohol-induced hormetic-like dose-response relationships are commonly observed, highly generalizeable according to model and endpoint and quantitative feature of the dose response. These findings have important implications affecting study design, animal model, and endpoint selection as well as clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Takimoto H, Yoshiike N, Katagiri A, Ishida H, Abe S. Nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women in Japan: a comparison with non-pregnant/non-lactating controls in the National Nutrition Survey. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2003; 29:96-103. [PMID: 12755530 DOI: 10.1046/j.1341-8076.2002.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the nutritional status in Japanese pregnant and lactating women at a national level, through a comparison with their non-pregnant/non-lactating controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pooled data from five years (1995-1999) of the National Nutrition Survey, Japan. Data on 330 pregnant and 388 lactating women, and their one-by-one matched non-pregnant/non-lactating controls, were used for analysis. RESULTS There were fewer smokers, drinkers, and exercisers in pregnant women compared to their controls (P < 0.01). Both pregnant and lactating women showed significantly higher intakes of carbohydrates, calcium and vitamin B2. Mean iron intakes ranged 10.3-11.5 mg in the four groups, all being lower than the recommended intake level for non-pregnant/non-lactating women (12mg/day). Pregnant women consumed more fruits, milk and milk products, and less alcohol beverages and fish/shellfish compared to controls. Lactating women consumed more grain, vegetables, milk and milk products, and less alcohol beverages. There were 22.9% anemic subjects (Hb < 11 g/dL) in pregnant women, and 11.1% anemic subjects (Hb < 12g/dL) in lactating women and 15.7% in non-pregnant/non-lactating women. None of the pregnant subjects was severely anemic (Hb < 8 g/dL). No significant differences were observed in iron intakes between anemic and non-anemic women in each group. CONCLUSION Pregnant and lactating women in Japan were aware of adopting healthy behaviors, such as smoking less, drinking less, and taking more milk or milk products compared to controls. Prevalence of mild anemia in pregnant women may have been partly due to plasma volume expansion in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Takimoto
- Division of Health and Nutrition Monitoring, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
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Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effects of caffeine on human health. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2003; 20:1-30. [PMID: 12519715 DOI: 10.1080/0265203021000007840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is probably the most frequently ingested pharmacologically active substance in the world. It is found in common beverages (coffee, tea, soft drinks), in products containing cocoa or chocolate, and in medications. Because of its wide consumption at different levels by most segments of the population, the public and the scientific community have expressed interest in the potential for caffeine to produce adverse effects on human health. The possibility that caffeine ingestion adversely affects human health was investigated based on reviews of (primarily) published human studies obtained through a comprehensive literature search. Based on the data reviewed, it is concluded that for the healthy adult population, moderate daily caffeine intake at a dose level up to 400 mg day(-1) (equivalent to 6 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) in a 65-kg person) is not associated with adverse effects such as general toxicity, cardiovascular effects, effects on bone status and calcium balance (with consumption of adequate calcium), changes in adult behaviour, increased incidence of cancer and effects on male fertility. The data also show that reproductive-aged women and children are 'at risk' subgroups who may require specific advice on moderating their caffeine intake. Based on available evidence, it is suggested that reproductive-aged women should consume </=300 mg caffeine per day (equivalent to 4.6 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1) for a 65-kg person) while children should consume </=2.5 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nawrot
- Toxicological Evaluation Section, Chemical Health Hazard Assessment Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, PL 2204D1, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2.
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Gutierres SE, Barr A. The relationship between attitudes toward pregnancy and contraception use among drug users. J Subst Abuse Treat 2003; 24:19-29. [PMID: 12646327 DOI: 10.1016/s0740-5472(02)00345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Use of alcohol and drugs during pregnancy is regarded as a serious problem in the medical field. The current study explored gender and ethnic differences in attitudes and behaviors related to sexuality and contraceptive use among European American, Mexican American and Native American female and male clients in drug recovery programs. The study also examined the relationship between sexual abuse, concern for pregnancy, concern for contracting sexually transmitted diseases and contraception use among women drug users. Results showed gender and ethnic differences in attitudes toward pregnancy, abortion and contraceptive use. In addition, both Mexican American and Native American women who had a high concern for pregnancy were more likely to use birth control when they reported sexual abuse than when they reported no abuse. In contrast, European American women with a high concern for pregnancy showed a tendency to use birth control less when they reported abuse than when they did not. The observed attitudinal and behavioral differences between genders and ethnic groups are discussed in relation to design of treatment program components to increase contraceptive use and decrease unwanted pregnancies among drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Gutierres
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, West, PO Box 37100, Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100, USA.
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Yang MJ, Chung TC, Yang MJ, Hsu TY, Ko YC. Betel quid chewing and risk of adverse birth outcomes among aborigines in eastern Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2001; 64:465-472. [PMID: 11732697 DOI: 10.1080/152873901753215920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is known that substance abuse during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the use of alcohol, cigarettes, betel quid, and drugs among pregnant aboriginal women and to assess the risk of adverse effects of betel quid use on birth outcomes in eastern Taiwan. Of a total of 229 women recruited into this study, 32 women with adverse birth outcomes constituted the case group. Analyses revealed that adverse birth outcomes were associated with maternal betel quid chewing and maternal age. After adjusting for maternal age, the risk of adverse birth outcome was five times higher among betel quid chewing women as compared to substance nonusers. Based on this finding, it is suggested health education, especially when concerned with the harmful effects of substance abuse, which includes betel quid use during pregnancy, should be stressed in concert with routine prenatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yang
- School of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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Grosso LM, Rosenberg KD, Belanger K, Saftlas AF, Leaderer B, Bracken MB. Maternal caffeine intake and intrauterine growth retardation. Epidemiology 2001; 12:447-55. [PMID: 11428387 DOI: 10.1097/00001648-200107000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study estimates the effect of maternal caffeine consumption throughout pregnancy on fetal growth. We studied 2,714 women who delivered a liveborn infant between 1988 and 1991. Detailed information regarding coffee, tea, and soda drinking during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy was obtained. Average caffeine intake during month 1 of pregnancy was higher than for month 7 (72.4 vs 54.0 mg per day). Consumption of >300 mg caffeine per day during month 1 (adjusted odds ratio = 0.91; 95% confidence interval = 0.44--1.90) and during month 7 (adjusted odds ratio = 1.00; 95% confidence interval = 0.37--2.70) was not associated with intrauterine growth retardation. There was little evidence for any effect modification due to cigarette smoking on the caffeine associations. This study provides evidence that antenatal caffeine consumption has no adverse effect on fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Grosso
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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38
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Christian MS, Brent RL. Teratogen update: evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine. TERATOLOGY 2001; 64:51-78. [PMID: 11410911 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is a methylated xanthine that acts as a mild central nervous system stimulant. It is present in many beverages, including coffee, tea, and colas, as well as chocolate. Caffeine constitutes 1-2% of roasted coffee beans, 3.5% of fresh tea leaves, and approximately 2% of mate leaves (Spiller, '84; Graham, '84a,b). Many over-the-counter medications, such as cold and allergy tablets, headache medicines, diuretics, and stimulants also contain caffeine, although they lead to relatively minimal intake (FDA, '86). In epidemiological studies, it is assumed that one cup of coffee contains < or =100 mg of caffeine, and soft drinks, such as colas, contain 10-50 mg of caffeine per 12-ounce serving. The per-capita consumption of caffeine from all sources is estimated to be about 3-7 mg/kg per day, or approximately 200 mg/day (Barone and Roberts, '96). Consumption of caffeinated beverages during pregnancy is quite common (Hill et al., '77) and is estimated to be approximately 144 mg/day, or 2.4 mg/kg for a 60-kg human (Morris and Weinstein, '81). However, pregnant women appear to consume slightly less than do other adults, approximately 1 mg/kg per day (Barone and Roberts, '96). This decrease may be interrelated with taste aversion (Hook, '76; Little, '82). The medical literature contains many varied references that appear to indicate that human adverse reproductive/developmental effects are produced by caffeine. If caffeine indeed causes such effects, the reproductive consequences could be very serious because caffeine-containing foods and beverages are consumed by most of the human populations of the world, and consumption in the United States is estimated to be 4.5-kg/person/year (Narod et al., '91). Therefore, the medical literature dealing with developmental and reproductive risks of caffeine was reviewed, and the biological plausibility of the epidemiological and animal findings, as well as the methods and conclusions of previous investigators, were evaluated. The epidemiological studies describe exposures of women to caffeine during pregnancy, as well as the occurrence of congenital malformations, fetal growth retardation, small-for-date babies, miscarriages (spontaneous abortions), behavioral effects, and maternal fertility problems that presumably resulted from the caffeine consumption. A few epidemiological studies were concerned with the genetic effects of preconception exposures to caffeine. Animal studies, conducted mostly in pregnant rats and mice, were designed to produce malformations. The objectives of the present review are to summarize the findings from the various clinical and animals studies, objectively discuss the merits and/or faults inherent in the studies and establish a global reproductive risk assessment for caffeine consumption in humans during pregnancy. It should be noted that evaluation of the developmental risks of caffeine based solely on epidemiological studies is difficult because the findings are inconsistent. Even more important, is the fact that caffeine users are subject to multiple confounding factors that make analyses difficult and prevent investigators from reaching definitive conclusions. For example, the caffeine content of foods and beverages can vary considerably, which can interfere with obtaining valid interpretations from many human studies. Isolated epidemiological studies dealing with the risk of abortion, without evaluating other developmental and reproductive effects, are the most difficult to interpret, because they present special problems that are sometimes ignored in epidemiological studies. The results of animal studies are probably most helpful in solving some of the dilemmas created by the epidemiological studies. An animal study reported in 1960 first focused our attention on the potential developmental effects of caffeine. However, the exposure reported by Nishimura and Nakai ('60) was an intraperitoneal dosage of 250 mg/kg in the mouse, an extremely high dosage that would result in a blood plasma level that could never be obtained from consuming caffeine containing products. More recent animal studies have demonstrated, that depending on the method of administration and species, the developmental NOEL in rodents is approximately 30 mg/kg per day, the teratogenic NOEL is 8,100 mg/kg per day, and the reproductive NOEL approximately 80-120 mg/kg per day. Lack of biological plausibility to support the concept that caffeine has been responsible for human malformations is another important part of this analysis. For example, no one has described the Caffeine "teratogenic syndrome," a cluster of malformations associated with caffeine ingestion. Proven human teratogens have an identifiable syndrome. The malformations described in the animal studies at very high doses fit the description of vascular disruptive types of malformations. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Christian
- Argus International and Argus Research Laboratories, Horsham, Pennsylvania 19044, USA.
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Kramer MS, Séguin L, Lydon J, Goulet L. Socio-economic disparities in pregnancy outcome: why do the poor fare so poorly? Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2000; 14:194-210. [PMID: 10949211 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2000.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the evidence bearing on socio-economic disparities in pregnancy outcome, focusing on aetiological factors mediating the disparities in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm birth. We first summarise what is known about the attributable determinants of IUGR and preterm birth, emphasising their quantitative contributions (aetiological fractions) from a public health perspective. We then review studies relating these determinants to socio-economic status and, combined with the evidence about their aetiological fractions, reach some tentative conclusions about their roles as mediators of the socio-economic disparities. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy appears to be the most important mediating factor for IUGR, with low gestational weight gain and short stature also playing substantial roles. For preterm birth, socio-economic gradients in bacterial vaginosis and cigarette smoking appear to explain some of the socio-economic disparities; psychosocial factors may prove even more important, but their aetiological links with preterm birth require further clarification. Research that identifies and quantifies the causal pathways and mechanisms whereby social disadvantage leads to higher risks of IUGR and preterm birth may eventually help to reduce current disparities and improve pregnancy outcome across the entire socio-economic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Canada.
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Ramsay MC, Reynolds CR. Does smoking by pregnant women influence IQ, birth weight, and developmental disabilities in their infants? A methodological review and multivariate analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2000; 10:1-40. [PMID: 10839311 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009065713389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychologists are asked frequently to address the issue of the cause of a variety of central nervous system problems that may affect higher cortical function. One such issue is the relationship of maternal smoking to adverse reproductive outcomes involving neocortical insult including mental retardation, learning disabilities, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other insults that may be related to prolonged hypoxic states in utero. The instant paper develops the issue of causation as a scientific inquiry, reviews several traditional, applicable models, and critiques these models. An additional model of motility is proposed and discussed. The issue of the relationship of maternal smoking to adverse reproductive outcomes is then addressed from a review perspective along with new empirical analyses, the latter demonstrating that researchers tend to draw causal conclusions independent of whether the respective design of their studies would support conclusions about the causation of an event. Causal conclusions in the absence of causal designs have often lead to incomplete and incorrect conclusions. It is necessary to match conclusions not only to the outcomes of a research project but also to its design and accompanying limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Ramsay
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4225, USA
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41
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Abstract
Low birth weight and preterm birth are important predictors of infant mortality and morbidity, and may increase the risk of schizophrenia. These adverse outcomes of pregnancy could be associated, therefore, with increased risk in children genetically predisposed to schizophrenia. The aim of this review was to describe the occurrence of risk factors for low birth weight, preterm birth, and perinatal death among schizophrenic women, and to describe the incidence of those adverse pregnancy outcomes among schizophrenic women. Smoking, substance abuse, and low socioeconomic status are associated with fetal growth retardation, preterm birth, and perinatal death, and also with schizophrenia. Therefore, increased incidence of adverse pregnancy outcome should be expected in schizophrenic women. The available evidence suggests that schizophrenic women are at increased risk of delivering infants with low birth weight, but the existing studies are of small statistical power. Preterm birth and perinatal death have only been investigated little among schizophrenic women. An important focus of future research should be to establish the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome, and to study the association between the suspected risk factors and pregnancy outcome in schizophrenic women. In clinical work with pregnant schizophrenic women, efforts should be made to prevent exposure to suspected risk factors like smoking, substance use, and socioeconomic problems. This could possibly decrease the mortality and morbidity, including the risk of schizophrenia in the offspring, and clarify the importance of environmental and genetic factors in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Bennedsen
- Department of Psychiatric Demography, Institute of Basic Psychiatric Research, Psychiatric Hospital in Aarhus, Risskov, Denmark
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Santos IS, Victora CG, Huttly S, Morris S. Caffeine intake and pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analytic review. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 1998; 14:523-30. [PMID: 9761606 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x1998000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological publications on the relationship of caffeine to birth weight and duration of human pregnancy, from 1966 to 1995, were searched through Medline. Each study was treated as the stratification variable, and its weight average was proportional to the inverse of its variance. Twenty-six studies were located. Among the twenty-two studies on birth weight, eleven were on mean birth weight, nine on low birth weight (LBW), and four on intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Combined analysis of mean birth weight study results showed a significant decrease in birth weight of nearly 43g among newborns of the heaviest caffeine-consuming mothers. LBW, IUGR, and preterm delivery displayed significant homogeneity in the test results, indicating that a pooled estimate should not be taken as na adequate measure. The high heterogeneity of the available literature on the effects of caffeine on LBW, IUGR, and preterm delivery prevents estimation of reliable pooled estimates through meta-analysis. Further assessment of caffeine intake during pregnancy is needed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Santos
- Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Caixa Postal 464, Pelotas, RS, 96001-970, Brasil
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Fernandes O, Sabharwal M, Smiley T, Pastuszak A, Koren G, Einarson T. Moderate to heavy caffeine consumption during pregnancy and relationship to spontaneous abortion and abnormal fetal growth: a meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 1998; 12:435-44. [PMID: 9717693 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(98)00024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the association of moderate to heavy caffeine consumption during pregnancy on spontaneous abortion and birth weight in humans. Data sources used included a computerized literature search of MEDLINE (1966-July 1996); EMBASE (1988-November 1996); Psychlit I (1974-1986); Psychlit II (1987-1996); CINAHL (1982-May 1996) and manual search of bibliographies of pertinent articles. Inclusion criteria were: English language research articles; pregnant human females; case control or cohort design; documented quantity of caffeine consumption during pregnancy; control group with minimal or no caffeine consumption (0 to 150 mg caffeine/d); documented data regarding spontaneous abortion and/or fetal growth. The exclusion criteria were: case reports; editorials; review papers. The methods section of each study was examined independently by two blinded investigators with a third investigator adjudicating disagreements. Two independent investigators extracted data onto a standardized form. A third investigator adjudicated discrepancies. We compared a caffeine-exposed group (>150 mg/d) and controls (0 to 150 mg/d), using Mantel-Haenszel pooling. Of the 32 studies meeting inclusion criteria, 12 had extractable data (6 for spontaneous abortion, 7 for low birth weight, 1 common study). Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (CI95%) was 1.36 (1.29-1.45) for spontaneous abortion in 42,988 pregnancies. The overall risk ratio was 1.51 (1.39-1.63) for low birthweight (<2500 g) in 64,268 pregnancies. Control for confounders such as maternal age, smoking, and ethanol use was not possible. We concluded that there is a small but statistically significant increase in the risks for spontaneous abortion and low birthweight babies in pregnant women consuming >150 mg caffeine per d. A possible contribution to these results of maternal age, smoking, ethanol use, or other confounders could not be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Fernandes
- Doctor of Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Canada
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Larroque B, Kaminski M. Prenatal alcohol exposure and development at preschool age: main results of a French study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998; 22:295-303. [PMID: 9581632 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Very high levels of alcohol consumption during pregnancy are harmful for the central nervous system of the child and affect morphogenesis and growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on development at preschool age in a longitudinal study. Pregnant women were interviewed on their alcohol consumption during pregnancy at their first visit to the maternity hospital of Roubaix, France. The development of their 160 children was assessed at the age of 4 1/2. Multiple regression analyses indicated that consumption of 1.5 oz of absolute alcohol (approximately 3 drinks) or more during pregnancy was significantly related to a decrease of 7 points on the general cognitive index of the McCarthy scales, after controlling for confounders. This level of consumption was also related to a higher score on minor neurological anomalies, a lower height of the child, and a higher score on facial features. This level of 1.5 oz of absolute alcohol/day should not be interpreted as a biological threshold, because the study does not allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the effects of lower levels of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can affect the development of the child, at levels well below those associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Larroque
- Epidemiologic Research Unit on Women and Children's Health, INSERM (National Institute for Health and Medical Research), Villejuif, France
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46
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Abel EL. Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on birth weight in rats: is there an inverted U-shaped function? Alcohol 1996; 13:99-102. [PMID: 8837943 DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(95)02020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Decreases in birth weight are among the most commonly reported effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in animals. However, these decreases are typically associated with relatively high doses of alcohol. Two studies were conducted. The first evaluated the effects of low doses of alcohol (0.15 and 0.30 g/kg) on birth weight and other measures. A second study examined the effects of a relatively high dose of alcohol (3.0 g/kg). The two low doses of alcohol produced a slight, but not significant, increase in birth weight relative to vehicle controls whereas the high dose of alcohol produced a significant decrease in birth weight relative to its controls. When the data for the two studies were combined, the relationship between alcohol and birth weight assumed an inverted U-shaped function. There was no effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on weights at weaning, passive avoidance learning, or ambulation. In the context of birth weight, slight increases may be related to increased protein synthesis associated with low doses of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Abel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Larroque B, Kaminski M, Dehaene P, Subtil D, Delfosse MJ, Querleu D. Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure and psychomotor development at preschool age. Am J Public Health 1995; 85:1654-61. [PMID: 7503340 PMCID: PMC1615719 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.85.12.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effect of moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on psychomotor development of preschool-age children in a longitudinal study. METHODS Pregnant women were interviewed about their alcohol consumption at their first visit to the maternity hospital in Roubaix, France. Alcohol consumption before pregnancy and during the first trimester was assessed with a structured questionnaire. The psychomotor development of 155 children of these women was assessed with the McCarthy scales of children's abilities when the children were about 4 1/2 years old. RESULTS Consumption of 1.5 oz of absolute alcohol (approximately three drinks) or more per day during pregnancy was significantly related to a decrease of 7 points in the mean score on the general cognitive index of the McCarthy scales, after gender, birth order, maternal education, score for family stimulation, family status, maternal employment, child's age at examination, and examiner were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that moderate to heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy, at levels well below those associated with fetal alcohol syndrome, has effects on children's psychomotor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Larroque
- Epidemiologie Research Unit, Women and Children's Health, INSERM (National Institute for Health and Medical Research), Villejuif, France
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48
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Guillet R. Neonatal caffeine exposure alters seizure susceptibility in rats in an age-related manner. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 89:124-8. [PMID: 8575085 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(95)00108-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Early developmental exposure to caffeine in rats results in decreased susceptibility to certain chemically-induced seizures in the adult. To determine whether this effect first appears in adulthood or is present during preceding developmental stages, we exposed neonatal rats to caffeine and determined seizure thresholds in animals 28, 42 and 70-90 days of age. Rats were unhandled or received either vehicle (water) or caffeine (15-20 mg/kg/day) by gavage (0.05 ml/10 g) over postnatal days 2-6. At 28, 42, or 70-90 days of age, rats were infused intravenously with picrotoxin (PIC), bicuculline (BIC), pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), caffeine (CAFF), strychnine (STR), or kainic acid (KA). Seizure thresholds for each compound were analyzed as a function of neonatal treatment, sex, and age. At 28 days, neonatally caffeine-exposed rats had a higher seizure threshold only for PTZ (P < 0.03). At 42 days, neonatally caffeine-exposed rats had higher seizure thresholds for PIC (P < 0.0007) and PTZ (P < 0.0001) than did controls. These results at 28 and 42 days are compared with previously reported data that demonstrated that in adulthood, rats neonatally exposed to caffeine have higher thresholds for seizure induction with CAFF, PTZ, and KA. Thus, early developmental exposure to caffeine results in decreases in seizure susceptibility that are agent specific and may result in a delay in the decrease in seizure threshold that occurs for many agents between late juvenile ages and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guillet
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Strong Children's Medical Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
Caffeine containing drinks are commonly consumed by pregnant women, but definitive studies concerning safety to the fetus are still awaited. This literature review highlights the methodological problems in mounting appropriate studies and assessing those publications that are available. Currently there is little to implicate caffeine consumption with congenital malformations or preterm delivery, but there may be associations with subfertility, miscarriage and intrauterine growth retardation. Definitive prospective studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Golding
- Institute of Child Health, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Bristol, UK
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50
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Abstract
Early developmental exposure to caffeine in rats results in changes in brain excitability that persist to adulthood. The mechanism of these alterations is unknown. To identify potential neurotransmitter systems involved, we exposed neonatal rats to caffeine and determined seizure thresholds for chemoconvulsants active at different CNS receptors in the adult animal. Rats were unhandled (NH) or received by gavage (0.05 ml/10 g) either vehicle (water) or caffeine (15-20 mg/kg/day) for postnatal days 2-6. At age 70-90 days, each rat was infused intravenously (i.v.) with picrotoxin (PIC), bicuculline (BIC) [convulsants acting at the gamma-aminobutyric acid/benzodiazepine (GABA/BDZ) receptor], pentylenetetrazol [PTZ, possibly acting at both GABA/BDZ and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors], caffeine (acting at adenosine receptors), strychnine (STR, acting at glycine receptors), or kainic acid (KA, acting at the NMDA receptor). Seizure thresholds were analyzed as a function of neonatal treatment and sex. Thresholds for caffeine, PTZ, PIC, and KA were increased as a function of neonatal caffeine exposure (p = 0.01, 0.02, 0.02, and 0.005, respectively). The thresholds for BIC and STR were not altered. There were also gender differences in seizure susceptibility. Thresholds for seizures produced by BIC, caffeine, PIC, and STR were higher in females (p = 0.005, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.0001, respectively), but were not different for seizures caused by PTZ. These results suggest that early developmental exposure to caffeine affects later seizure susceptibility. Moreover, some of these effects are gender specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guillet
- Strong Children's Medical Center, University of Rochester, New York, USA
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