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Zhu H, Tang K, Chen G, Liu Z. Biomarkers in oral immunotherapy. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:705-731. [PMID: 36111569 PMCID: PMC9483607 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy (FA) is a global health problem that affects a large population, and thus effective treatment is highly desirable. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) has been showing reasonable efficacy and favorable safety in most FA subjects. Dependable biomarkers are needed for treatment assessment and outcome prediction during OIT. Several immunological indicators have been used as biomarkers in OIT, such as skin prick tests, basophil and mast cell reactivity, T cell and B cell responses, allergen-specific antibody levels, and cytokines. Other novel indicators also could be potential biomarkers. In this review, we discuss and assess the application of various immunological indicators as biomarkers for OIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics (No. 3 Ward), Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kaifa Tang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics (No. 3 Ward), Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhongwei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
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2
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Mast cell granule motility and exocytosis is driven by dynamic microtubule formation and kinesin-1 motor function. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265122. [PMID: 35316306 PMCID: PMC8939832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that have numerous cytoplasmic granules which contain preformed pro-inflammatory mediators. Upon antigen stimulation, sensitized mast cells undergo profound changes to their morphology and rapidly release granule mediators by regulated exocytosis, also known as degranulation. We have previously shown that Rho GTPases regulate exocytosis, which suggests that cytoskeleton remodeling is involved in granule transport. Here, we used live-cell imaging to analyze cytoskeleton remodeling and granule transport in real-time as mast cells were antigen stimulated. We found that granule transport to the cell periphery was coordinated by de novo microtubule formation and not F-actin. Kinesore, a drug that activates the microtubule motor kinesin-1 in the absence of cargo, inhibited microtubule-granule association and significantly reduced exocytosis. Likewise, shRNA knock-down of Kif5b, the kinesin-1 heavy chain, also reduced exocytosis. Imaging showed granules accumulated in the perinuclear region after kinesore treatment or Kif5b knock-down. Complete microtubule depolymerization with nocodazole or colchicine resulted in the same effect. A biochemically enriched granule fraction showed kinesin-1 levels increase in antigen-stimulated cells, but are reduced by pre-treatment with kinesore. Kinesore had no effect on the levels of Slp3, a mast cell granule cargo adaptor, in the granule-enriched fraction which suggests that cargo adaptor recruitment to granules is independent of motor association. Taken together, these results show that granules associate with microtubules and are driven by kinesin-1 to facilitate exocytosis.
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3
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Gao Y, Qin Y, Wan C, Sun Y, Meng J, Huang J, Hu Y, Jin H, Yang K. Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Avenue for Cancer Management. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638357. [PMID: 33791224 PMCID: PMC8005721 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane particles derived from various cell types. EVs are broadly classified as ectosomes or small extracellular vesicles, depending on their biogenesis and cargoes. Numerous studies have shown that EVs regulate multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes. The roles of small extracellular vesicles in cancer growth and metastasis remain to be fully elucidated. As endogenous products, small extracellular vesicles are an ideal drug delivery platform for anticancer agents. However, several aspects of small extracellular vesicle biology remain unclear, hindering the clinical implementation of small extracellular vesicles as biomarkers or anticancer agents. In this review, we summarize the utility of cancer-related small extracellular vesicles as biomarkers to detect early-stage cancers and predict treatment outcomes. We also review findings from preclinical and clinical studies of small extracellular vesicle-based cancer therapies and summarize interventional clinical trials registered in the United States Food and Drug Administration and the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry. Finally, we discuss the main challenges limiting the clinical implementation of small extracellular vesicles and recommend possible approaches to address these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Honglin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Kim T, Yu J, Li H, Scarupa M, Wasserman RL, Economides A, White M, Ward C, Shah A, Jones D, Rathkopf M, Frye K, Aybar A, Shayegan S, Enav B, Ispas L, Loizou D, Fitzhugh D, Tracy J, Friedlander J, Jacobs Z, Matz J, Golden D, McNeil D, McCann W, Copenhaver C, Factor J, Gupta R, Alpan O, Plassmeyer M, Sønder SU. Validation of inducible basophil biomarkers: Time, temperature and transportation. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2021; 100:632-644. [PMID: 33539657 PMCID: PMC9291082 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background The short stability window of several hours from blood collection to measuring basophil activation has limited the use of flow cytometry‐based basophil activation assays in clinical settings. We examine if it is possible to extend this window to 1 day allowing for shipment of samples between laboratories. Several options exist for reporting the results including reporting all the measured values directly, calculating ratios and reporting a single value covering all measured results. Each of these options have different stability and value to the physician. Methods Whole blood samples from peanut allergic patients were stimulated with four different peanut concentrations at Day 0, Day 1, and Day 2. Samples were stored under temperature‐controlled conditions. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the samples. The basophil activation and degranulation were measured as percentage of positive CD63 basophils and CD203c MFI fold change. Shipped samples were transported under ambient conditions. Results The results show that CD63 is a stable marker at Day 1. The CD203c ratio decreases significantly at Day 1. Calculating the CD63/IgE ratio proves to be more stable than CD63 alone. The most stable readouts are the semi‐quantitative results and the trajectory of the dose response curve. Finally, we confirmed that the stability can be extended to samples shipped overnight to the laboratory. Conclusions It is possible to extend the stability of the basophil activation assay to 1 day for samples stored at 18–25°C as well as samples shipped under ambient conditions as long as the temperature is within the 2–37°C range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kim
- Allergy Partners of Northern Virginia, Chantilly, Virginia, USA
| | - Jing Yu
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Wheaton, Maryland, SA
| | - Henry Li
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Wheaton, Maryland, SA
| | - Mark Scarupa
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Wheaton, Maryland, SA
| | | | | | - Martha White
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Wheaton, Maryland, SA
| | - Carla Ward
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Wheaton, Maryland, SA
| | - Atul Shah
- New York Food Allergy and Wellness Center, Centereach, New York, USA
| | | | - Melinda Rathkopf
- Allergy Asthma and Immunology Center of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | | | - Ahmet Aybar
- Annapolis Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Enav
- Pediatric Gastroenterology of Northern Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Laura Ispas
- Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Institute, Leesburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - David Fitzhugh
- Allergy Partners of Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - James Tracy
- Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Associates, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Zachary Jacobs
- The Center for Allergy and Immunology, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jonathan Matz
- Allergy and Asthma Specialists of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Golden
- Allergy and Asthma Specialists of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - William McCann
- Allergy Partners of Western North Carolina, Asheville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Factor
- New England Food Allergy Treatment Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Raavi Gupta
- Amerimmune, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pathology, SUNY, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Liu C, Su C. Design strategies and application progress of therapeutic exosomes. Theranostics 2019; 9:1015-1028. [PMID: 30867813 PMCID: PMC6401399 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have great potential to be drug delivery vehicles due to their natural material transportation properties, intrinsic long-term circulatory capability, and excellent biocompatibility, which are suitable for delivering a variety of chemicals, proteins, nucleic acids, and gene therapeutic agents. However, an effective method of loading specific protein agents into exosomes for absorption by target cells is still lacking. The application potential of exosome is still limited. In this review, we discussed the methods for loading specific treating molecules (proteins, nucleic acids and small chemicals) into exosomes, the design strategies for cell and tissue targeting, and the factors for exosome formation. This review can be used as a reference for further research as well as for the development of therapeutic exosomes.
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6
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Heneberg P, Riegerová K, Říhová A, Šimčíková D, Kučera P. Updates on the surface antigens of basophils: CD16 on basophils of patients with respiratory or insect venom allergy and the rejection of CD203c and CD63 externalization decoupling by bisindolylmaleimides. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 49:54-67. [PMID: 30288810 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD16 was previously suggested to be a new marker of basophils that is subject to downregulation by FcεRI crosslinking. Certain compounds, including supraoptimal concentrations of the PKC inhibitors, bisindolylmaleimides, decouple the release of granules containing CD203c, CD63 and histamine, and may thus help to identify the mechanisms related to the CD16 externalization. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that CD16 is differentially expressed on the surface of basophils in patients with birch pollen or insect venom allergy and is subject to a regulation in response to allergens. We also employed CD203c and CD63 externalization decoupling by bisindolylmaleimides. METHODS We performed a basophil activation test coupled with CD16 and histamine detection using cells isolated from patients with allergy to birch pollen or insect venom and negative controls. We employed two PKC inhibitors, bisindolylmaleimide II and Ro 31-8220 at their supraoptimal concentrations and, after difficulties reproducing previously published data, we analyzed the fluorescence of these inhibitors alone. We identified the CD16 isoforms by sequencing nested RT-PCR amplicons from flow cytometry sorted basophils and by cleaving the CD16b GPI anchor using a phospholipase C. RESULTS We provide the first evidence that CD16a is expressed as a surface antigen on a small subpopulation of human basophils in patients with respiratory and insect venom allergy, and this antigen shows increased surface expression following allergen challenge or FcεRI crosslinking. We rejected the apparent decoupling of the surface expression of basophil activation markers following the administration of bisindolylmaleimides. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE The inclusion of αCD16 in negative selection cocktails selects against a subset of basophils that are CD16+ or CD16dim . Using CD16dim basophils and unstained leucocytes, we show that previous studies with supraoptimal concentrations of bisindolylmaleimides are likely flawed and are not associated with the differential expression of CD203c and CD63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Heneberg
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Riegerová
- Department of Immunology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Říhová
- Department of Immunology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Šimčíková
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kučera
- Department of Immunology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Yokawa S, Suzuki T, Hayashi A, Inouye S, Inoh Y, Furuno T. Video-Rate Bioluminescence Imaging of Degranulation of Mast Cells Attached to the Extracellular Matrix. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:74. [PMID: 30042943 PMCID: PMC6048188 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degranulation refers to the secretion of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, serotonin, and proteases, that are stored within the granules of mast cells and that trigger allergic reactions. The amount of these released mediators has been measured biochemically using cell mass. To investigate degranulation in living single cells, fluorescence microscopy has traditionally been used to observe the disappearance of granules and the appearance of these discharged granules within the plasma membrane by membrane fusion and the movement of granules inside the cells. Here, we developed a method of video-rate bioluminescence imaging to directly detect degranulation from a single mast cell by measuring luminescence activity derived from the enzymatic reaction between Gaussia luciferase (GLase) and its substrate coelenterazine. The neuropeptide Y (NPY), which was reported to colocalize with serotonin in the secretory granules, fused to GLase (NPY-GLase) was efficiently expressed in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells, a mast-cell line, using a preferred human codon-optimized gene. Bioluminescence imaging analysis of RBL-2H3 cells expressing NPY-GLase and adhered on a glass-bottomed dish showed that the luminescence signals from the resting cells were negligible, while the luminescence signals of the secreted NPY-GLase were repeatedly detected after the addition of an antigen. In addition, this imaging method was applicable for observing degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells that adhered to the extracellular matrix (ECM). These results indicated that video-rate bioluminescence imaging using GLase will be a useful tool for detecting degranulation in single mast cells adhered to a variety of ECM proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yokawa
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Ayumi Hayashi
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inouye
- Yokohama Research Center, JNC Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Inoh
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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8
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Falcone FH, Wan D, Barwary N, Sagi-Eisenberg R. RBL cells as models for in vitro studies of mast cells and basophils. Immunol Rev 2018; 282:47-57. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franco H. Falcone
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation; School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Daniel Wan
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation; School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Nafal Barwary
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation; School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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9
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Shamji MH, Durham SR. Mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy for inhaled allergens and predictive biomarkers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1485-1498. [PMID: 29221580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is effective in patients with IgE-dependent allergic rhinitis and asthma. When immunotherapy is given continuously for 3 years, there is persistent clinical benefit for several years after its discontinuation. This disease-modifying effect is both antigen-specific and antigen-driven. Clinical improvement is accompanied by decreases in numbers of effector cells in target organs, including mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Immunotherapy results in the production of blocking IgG/IgG4 antibodies that can inhibit IgE-dependent activation mediated through both high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils and low-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRII) on B cells. Suppression of TH2 immunity can occur as a consequence of either deletion or anergy of antigen-specific T cells; induction of antigen-specific regulatory T cells; or immune deviation in favor of TH1 responses. It is not clear whether the altered long-term memory resides within the T-cell or the B-cell compartment. Recent data highlight the role of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells and "protective" antibodies that likely contribute to long-term tolerance. Understanding mechanisms underlying induction and persistence of tolerance should identify predictive biomarkers of clinical response and discover novel and more effective strategies for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group; Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London, and the MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group; Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London, and the MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
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10
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Ruivo CF, Adem B, Silva M, Melo SA. The Biology of Cancer Exosomes: Insights and New Perspectives. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6480-6488. [PMID: 29162616 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subclass of extracellular vesicles involved in intercellular communication that are released by all cell types, including cancer cells. Cancer exosomes carry malignant information in the form of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that can reprogram recipient cells. Exosomes have emerged as putative biological mediators in cancer contributing to major steps of disease progression. A leading role exists for cancer exosomes in specific aspects of tumor progression: modulation of immune response, tumor microenvironment reprogramming, and metastasis. This review will address the functions attributed to cancer exosomes in these three aspects of cancer biology, highlighting recent advances and potential limitations. Finally, we explore alternative strategies to develop better models to study cancer exosomes biology. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6480-8. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina F Ruivo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Adem
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM München, München, Germany
| | - Sónia A Melo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Priyathilaka TT, Bathige SDNK, Herath HMLPB, Lee S, Lee J. Molecular identification of disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus) tetraspanin 33 and CD63: Insights into potent players in the disk abalone host defense system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:173-184. [PMID: 28823981 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are a superfamily of transmembrane proteins involved in a diverse range of physiological processes including differentiation, adhesion, signal transduction, cell motility, and immune responses. In the present study, two tetraspanins, CD63 and tetraspanin 33 (TSPAN33) from disk abalone (AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33), were identified and characterized at the molecular level. The coding sequences for AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 encoded polypeptides of 234 and 290 amino acids (aa) with predicted molecular mass of 25.3 and 32.5 kDa, respectively. The deduced AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 protein sequences were also predicted to have a typical tetraspanin domain architecture, including four transmembrane domains (TM), short N- and C- terminal regions, a short intracellular loop, as well as a large and small extracellular loop. A characteristic CCG motif and cysteine residues, which are highly conserved across CD63 and TSPAN33 proteins of different species, were present in the large extracellular loop of both abalone tetraspanins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 clustered in the invertebrate subclade of tetraspanins, thus exhibiting a close relationship with tetraspanins of other mollusks. The AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 mRNA transcripts were detected at early embryonic development stages of disk abalone with significantly higher amounts at the trochophore stage, suggesting the involvement of these proteins in embryonic development. Both AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 were ubiquitously expressed in all the tissues of unchallenged abalones analyzed, with the highest expression levels found in hemocytes. Moreover, significant induction of AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 mRNA expression was observed in immunologically important tissues, such as hemocytes and gills, upon stimulation with live bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes), virus (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus), and two potent immune stimulators [polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. Collectively, these findings suggest that AbCD63 and AbTSPAN33 are involved in innate immune responses in disk abalone during pathogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - H M L P B Herath
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Sukkyoung Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Santos AF, Shreffler WG. Road map for the clinical application of the basophil activation test in food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1115-1124. [PMID: 28618090 PMCID: PMC5601249 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of IgE‐mediated food allergy based solely on the clinical history and the documentation of specific IgE to whole allergen extract or single allergens is often ambiguous, requiring oral food challenges (OFCs), with the attendant risk and inconvenience to the patient, to confirm the diagnosis of food allergy. This is a considerable proportion of patients assessed in allergy clinics. The basophil activation test (BAT) has emerged as having superior specificity and comparable sensitivity to diagnose food allergy, when compared with skin prick test and specific IgE. BAT, therefore, may reduce the number of OFC required for accurate diagnosis, particularly positive OFC. BAT can also be used to monitor resolution of food allergy and the clinical response to immunomodulatory treatments. Given the practicalities involved in the performance of BAT, we propose that it can be applied for selected cases where the history, skin prick test and/or specific IgE are not definitive for the diagnosis of food allergy. In the cases that the BAT is positive, food allergy is sufficiently confirmed without OFC; in the cases that BAT is negative or the patient has non‐responder basophils, OFC may still be indicated. However, broad clinical application of BAT demands further standardization of the laboratory procedure and of the flow cytometry data analyses, as well as clinical validation of BAT as a diagnostic test for multiple target allergens and confirmation of its feasibility and cost‐effectiveness in multiple settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Santos
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, King's College London/Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - W G Shreffler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Food Allergy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Hall J, Prabhakar S, Balaj L, Lai CP, Cerione RA, Breakefield XO. Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins via Extracellular Vesicles: Review and Potential Treatments for Parkinson's Disease, Glioma, and Schwannoma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:417-27. [PMID: 27017608 PMCID: PMC4860146 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles present an attractive delivery vehicle for therapeutic proteins. They intrinsically contain many proteins which can provide information to other cells. Advantages include reduced immune reactivity, especially if derived from the same host, stability in biologic fluids, and ability to target uptake. Those from mesenchymal stem cells appear to be intrinsically therapeutic, while those from cancer cells promote tumor progression. Therapeutic proteins can be loaded into vesicles by overexpression in the donor cell, with oligomerization and membrane sequences increasing their loading. Examples of protein delivery for therapeutic benefit in pre-clinical models include delivery of: catalase for Parkinson's disease to reduce oxidative stress and thus help neurons to survive; prodrug activating enzymes which can convert a prodrug which crosses the blood-brain barrier into a toxic chemotherapeutic drug for schwannomas and gliomas; and the apoptosis-inducing enzyme, caspase-1 under a Schwann cell specific promoter for schwannoma. This therapeutic delivery strategy is novel and being explored for a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hall
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shilpa Prabhakar
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Leonora Balaj
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Charles P Lai
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, 13th Street, Building 149, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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14
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Tanaka S, Takakuwa Y. A method for detailed analysis of the structure of mast cell secretory granules by negative contrast imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23369. [PMID: 26997316 PMCID: PMC4800307 DOI: 10.1038/srep23369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory granules (SGs) in mast cells contain various molecules that elicit allergy symptoms and are generally considered therapeutic targets. However, the biogenesis, maintenance, regulation, and recycling of these granules remain controversial, mainly due to the lack of suitable live-cell imaging methods. In this study, we applied negative contrast imaging with soluble green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed in the cytoplasm as a method to validate structural information of mast cell SGs. We evaluated the accuracy of the method in detail, and we demonstrated that it can be used for quantitative analysis. Using this technique, secretory granules, the nucleus, mitochondria, and the cell body were visualized in individual RBL-2H3 mast cells without any influence. When combined with conventional multicolor fluorescence imaging, visualization of SG-associated proteins and SG-SG fusion was achieved. Moreover, 3D images were constructed based on this method, and detailed information on the number, size, and shape of individual SGs was obtained. We found that cell volume was correlated with SG number. In summary, the technique provides valuable and unique data, and will therefore advance SG research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada 8-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takakuwa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada 8-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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15
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Santos AF, Lack G. Basophil activation test: food challenge in a test tube or specialist research tool? Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:10. [PMID: 26981234 PMCID: PMC4791855 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral food challenge (OFC) is the gold-standard to diagnose food allergy; however, it is a labour and resource-intensive procedure with the risk of causing an acute allergic reaction, which is potentially severe. Therefore, OFC are reserved for cases where the clinical history and the results of skin prick test and/or specific IgE do not confirm or exclude the diagnosis of food allergy. This is a significant proportion of patients seen in Allergy clinics and results in a high demand for OFC. The basophil activation test (BAT) has emerged as a new diagnostic test for food allergy. With high diagnostic accuracy, it can be particularly helpful in the cases where skin prick test and specific IgE are equivocal and may allow reducing the need for OFC. BAT has high specificity, which confers a high degree of certainty in confirming the diagnosis of food allergy and allows deferring the performance of OFC in patients with a positive BAT. The diagnostic utility of BAT is allergen-specific and needs to be validated for different allergens and in specific patient populations. Standardisation of the laboratory methodology and of the data analyses would help to enable a wider clinical application of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK ; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Gideon Lack
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UK ; MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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16
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Higashio H, Satoh YI, Saino T. Mast cell degranulation is negatively regulated by the Munc13-4-binding small-guanosine triphosphatase Rab37. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22539. [PMID: 26931073 PMCID: PMC4773767 DOI: 10.1038/srep22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell degranulation is regulated by the small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) Rab27a and Rab27b, which have distinct and opposing roles: Rab27b acts as a positive regulator through its effector protein Munc13-4, a non-neuronal isoform of the vesicle-priming Munc13 family of proteins, whereas Rab27a acts as a negative regulator through its effector protein melanophilin, by maintaining integrity of cortical filamentous actin (F-actin), a barrier to degranulation. Here we investigated the role of Rab37, one of the Rab GTPases assumed to be implicated in regulated secretion during mast cell degranulation. Using the RBL-2H3 mast cell line, we detected Rab37 on the secretory granules and found that antigen-induced degranulation was extensively increased by either knockdown of Rab37 or overexpression of a dominant-active Rab37 mutant. This hypersecretion phenotype in the Rab37-knockdown cells was suppressed by simultaneous knockdown of Rab27a and Rab27b or of Munc13-4, but not by disruption of cortical F-actin. We further found that Rab37 interacted with Munc13-4 in a GTP-independent manner and formed a Rab27-Munc13-4-Rab37 complex. These results suggest that Rab37 is a Munc13-4-binding protein that inhibits mast cell degranulation through its effector protein, by counteracting the vesicle-priming activity of the Rab27-Munc13-4 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Higashio
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Liberal Arts and Sciences, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yoh-ichi Satoh
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.,Department of Medical Education, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saino
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
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17
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Zhang Y, Chopp M, Meng Y, Katakowski M, Xin H, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Effect of exosomes derived from multipluripotent mesenchymal stromal cells on functional recovery and neurovascular plasticity in rats after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2015; 122:856-67. [PMID: 25594326 DOI: 10.3171/2014.11.jns14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Transplanted multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) improve functional recovery in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study the authors tested a novel hypothesis that systemic administration of cell-free exosomes generated from MSCs promotes functional recovery and neurovascular remodeling in rats after TBI. METHODS Two groups of 8 Wistar rats were subjected to TBI, followed 24 hours later by tail vein injection of 100 μg protein of exosomes derived from MSCs or an equal volume of vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline). A third group of 8 rats was used as sham-injured, sham-treated controls. To evaluate cognitive and sensorimotor functional recovery, the modified Morris water maze, modified Neurological Severity Score, and foot-fault tests were performed. Animals were killed at 35 days after TBI. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed for measurements of lesion volume, neurovascular remodeling (angiogenesis and neurogenesis), and neuroinflammation. RESULTS Compared with the saline-treated group, exosome-treated rats with TBI showed significant improvement in spatial learning at 34-35 days as measured by the modified Morris water maze test (p < 0.05), and sensorimotor functional recovery (i.e., reduced neurological deficits and foot-fault frequency) was observed at 14-35 days postinjury (p < 0.05). Exosome treatment significantly increased the number of newly generated endothelial cells in the lesion boundary zone and dentate gyrus and significantly increased the number of newly formed immature and mature neurons in the dentate gyrus as well as reducing neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS The authors demonstrate for the first time that MSC-generated exosomes effectively improve functional recovery, at least in part, by promoting endogenous angiogenesis and neurogenesis and by reducing inflammation in rats after TBI. Thus, MSC-generated exosomes may provide a novel cell-free therapy for TBI and possibly for other neurological diseases.
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18
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Xin H, Li Y, Chopp M. Exosomes/miRNAs as mediating cell-based therapy of stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:377. [PMID: 25426026 PMCID: PMC4226157 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy, e.g., multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) treatment, shows promise for the treatment of various diseases. The strong paracrine capacity of these cells and not their differentiation capacity, is the principal mechanism of therapeutic action. MSCs robustly release exosomes, membrane vesicles (~30–100 nm) originally derived in endosomes as intraluminal vesicles, which contain various molecular constituents including proteins and RNAs from maternal cells. Contained among these constituents, are small non-coding RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), which play a key role in mediating biological function due to their prominent role in gene regulation. The release as well as the content of the MSC generated exosomes are modified by environmental conditions. Via exosomes, MSCs transfer their therapeutic factors, especially miRNAs, to recipient cells, and therein alter gene expression and thereby promote therapeutic response. The present review focuses on the paracrine mechanism of MSC exosomes, and the regulation and transfer of exosome content, especially the packaging and transfer of miRNAs which enhance tissue repair and functional recovery. Perspectives on the developing role of MSC mediated transfer of exosomes as a therapeutic approach will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA ; Department of Physics, Oakland University Rochester, MI, USA
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19
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Jiang D, Jiang H, Ji J, Sun X, Qian H, Zhang G, Tang L. Mast-cell-based fluorescence biosensor for rapid detection of major fish allergen parvalbumin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6473-6480. [PMID: 24901676 DOI: 10.1021/jf501382t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a rat basophilic leukemia cell (RBL-2H3) fluorescence sensor to detect and identify the major fish allergen parvalbumin (PV). We constructed and transfected a CD63-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) plasmid into RBL cells through a highly efficient, lipid-mediated, DNA-transfection procedure. Stable transfectant RBL cells were then obtained for a cell fluorescence assay with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results show that the cell surface expression of CD63 reflects degranulation, indicating that a fluorescence assay with these cells could efficiently measure the activation of antigen-stimulated transfectant cells and detect antigens with a nanogram level. Therefore, this cell-based fluorescence biosensor technique for detecting fish PV exhibits promise for quantifying fish PV after anti-PV immunoglobulin E (IgE) stimulation. Results show that fluorescence intensities increased with purified PV concentrations from 1 to 100 ng/mL, with a detection limit of 0.35 ng/mL [relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.5%], confirmed by β-hexosaminidase assays. These rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) mast cells transfected with the CD63-EGFP gene and responded to PV only when they were sensitized with the specific IgE antibody. This demonstrates the utility of this highly sensitive biosensor for food allergen detection and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University , Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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20
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Ma SH, Sun YN, Ren CY, Ouyang JF, Hou YM, Wang Y. Application of optical imaging technology on the in vitro assessment of mast cell degranulation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05887a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new approach for anaphylactoid reaction assessment is proposed and it could be applied in allergen screening in drug safety and allergen detection in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-hua Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Disease
- Experimental Research Center
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Ya-nan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Disease
- Experimental Research Center
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-yun Ren
- Dongzhimen Hospital
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing, China
| | - Jing-feng Ouyang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Disease
- Experimental Research Center
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Yan-ming Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Disease
- Experimental Research Center
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Basic Research on Prevention and Treatment of Major Disease
- Experimental Research Center
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
- Beijing, China
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21
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Basophil activation testing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:777-87. [PMID: 23958648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Both the treatment of patients with allergic diseases and the study of allergic disease mechanisms depend on a wide variety of assays that in various ways assess the presence and function of IgE antibody. The study of allergic diseases could benefit from the study of its 2 principle cellular participants, mast cells and basophils, but the basophil is more accessible than mast cells for ex vivo studies. Its functionality is tested by using 2 predominant methodologies: the secretion of mediators of allergic inflammation and the expression of proteins on the plasma membrane after stimulation. Each approach has benefits. There are also many operational details to consider regardless of which general approach is taken, and proper interpretation of the methods requires a good understanding of the reagents used and the receptors expressed on basophils and a detailed understanding of the factors regulating aggregation of cell-surface IgE.
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22
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Kraft S, Jouvin MH, Kulkarni N, Kissing S, Morgan ES, Dvorak AM, Schröder B, Saftig P, Kinet JP. The tetraspanin CD63 is required for efficient IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation and anaphylaxis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2871-8. [PMID: 23945142 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell (MC) activation through the high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI leads to the release of mediators involved in immediate-type allergic reactions. Although Abs against the tetraspanins CD63 and CD81 inhibit FcεRI-induced MC degranulation, the intrinsic role of these molecules in FcεRI-induced MC activation is unknown. In MCs, CD63 is expressed at the cell surface and in lysosomes (particularly secretory lysosomes that contain allergic mediators). In this study, we investigated the role of CD63 in MC using a CD63 knockout mouse model. CD63-deficiency did not affect in vivo MC numbers and tissue distribution. Bone marrow-derived MC developed normally in the absence of CD63 protein. However, CD63-deficient bone marrow-derived MC showed a significant decrease in FcεRI-mediated degranulation, but not PMA/ionomycin-induced degranulation, as shown by β-hexosaminidase release assays. The secretion of TNF-α, which is both released from granules and synthesized de novo upon MC activation, was also decreased. IL-6 secretion and production of the lipid mediator leukotriene C₄ were unaffected. There were no ultrastructural differences in granule content and morphology, late endosomal/lysosomal marker expression, FcεRI-induced global tyrosine phosphorylation, and Akt phosphorylation. Finally, local reconstitution in genetically MC-deficient Kit(w/w-v) mice was unaffected by the absence of CD63. However, the sites reconstituted with CD63-deficient MC developed significantly attenuated cutaneous anaphylactic reactions. These findings demonstrate that the absence of CD63 results in a significant decrease of MC degranulation, which translates into a reduction of acute allergic reactions in vivo, thus identifying CD63 as an important component of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kraft
- Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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23
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Lewis A, Wan J, Baothman B, Monk PN, Suvarna SK, Peachell PT. Heterogeneity in the responses of human lung mast cells to stem cell factor. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 43:50-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Lewis
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine; The Medical School; University of Sheffield; Beech Hill Road; Sheffield; S10 2RX; UK
| | - J. Wan
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine; The Medical School; University of Sheffield; Beech Hill Road; Sheffield; S10 2RX; UK
| | - B. Baothman
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine; The Medical School; University of Sheffield; Beech Hill Road; Sheffield; S10 2RX; UK
| | - P. N. Monk
- Department of Infection and Immunity; The Medical School; University of Sheffield; Beech Hill Road; Sheffield; S10 2RX; UK
| | - S. K. Suvarna
- Department of Histopathology; Northern General Hospital; Herries Road; Sheffield; S5 7AU; UK
| | - P. T. Peachell
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine; The Medical School; University of Sheffield; Beech Hill Road; Sheffield; S10 2RX; UK
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24
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Cohen R, Corwith K, Holowka D, Baird B. Spatiotemporal resolution of mast cell granule exocytosis reveals correlation with Ca2+ wave initiation. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2986-94. [PMID: 22393234 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.102632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell activation initiated by antigen-mediated crosslinking of IgE receptors results in stimulated exocytosis of secretory lysosomes in the process known as degranulation. Much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms important for this process, including the crucial role of Ca(2+) mobilization, but spatio-temporal relationships between stimulated Ca(2+) mobilization and granule exocytosis are incompletely understood. Here we use a novel imaging-based method that uses fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran as a reporter for granule exocytosis in RBL mast cells and takes advantage of the pH sensitivity of FITC. We demonstrate the selectivity of FITC-dextran, accumulated by fluid-phase uptake, as a marker for secretory lysosomes, and we characterize its capacity to delineate different exocytotic events, including full fusion, kiss-and-run transient fusion and compound exocytosis. Using this method, we find strong dependence of degranulation kinetics on the duration of cell to substrate attachment. We combine imaging of degranulation and Ca(2+) dynamics to demonstrate a spatial relationship between the sites of Ca(2+) wave initiation in extended cell protrusions and exocytosis under conditions of limited antigen stimulation. In addition, we find that the spatially proximal Ca(2+) signaling and secretory events correlate with participation of TRPC1 channels in Ca(2+) mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
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25
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Chirumbolo S. Basophil Activation Test in Allergy: Time for an Update? Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 158:99-114. [DOI: 10.1159/000331312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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26
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Keet CA, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Thyagarajan A, Schroeder JT, Hamilton RG, Boden S, Steele P, Driggers S, Burks AW, Wood RA. The safety and efficacy of sublingual and oral immunotherapy for milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:448-55, 455.e1-5. [PMID: 22130425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral immunotherapy (OIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) are potential therapies for food allergy, but the optimal method of administration, mechanism of action, and duration of response remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the safety and efficacy of OIT and SLIT for the treatment of cow's milk (CM) allergy. METHODS We randomized children with CM allergy to SLIT alone or SLIT followed by OIT. After screening double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges and initial SLIT escalation, subjects either continued SLIT escalation to 7 mg daily or began OIT to either 1000 mg (the OITB group) or 2000 mg (the OITA group) of milk protein. They were challenged with 8 g of milk protein after 12 and 60 weeks of maintenance. If they passed the 60-week challenge, therapy was withdrawn, with challenges repeated 1 and 6 weeks later. Mechanistic correlates included end point titration skin prick testing and measurement of CM-specific IgE and IgG(4) levels, basophil histamine release, constitutive CD63 expression, CD203c expression, and intracellular spleen tyrosine kinase levels. RESULTS Thirty subjects with CM allergy aged 6 to 17 years were enrolled. After therapy, 1 of 10 subjects in the SLIT group, 6 of 10 subjects in the SLIT/OITB group, and 8 of 10 subjects in the OITA group passed the 8-g challenge (P = .002, SLIT vs OIT). After avoidance, 6 of 15 subjects (3 of 6 subjects in the OITB group and 3 of 8 subjects in the OITA group) regained reactivity, 2 after only 1 week. Although the overall reaction rate was similar, systemic reactions were more common during OIT than during SLIT. By the end of therapy, titrated CM skin prick test results and CD63 and CD203c expression decreased and CM-specific IgG(4) levels increased in all groups, whereas CM-specific IgE and spontaneous histamine release values decreased in only the OIT group. CONCLUSION OIT was more efficacious for desensitization to CM than SLIT alone but was accompanied by more systemic side effects. Clinical desensitization was lost in some cases within 1 week off therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne A Keet
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Tetraspanins are a superfamily of integral membrane proteins involved in the organization of microdomains that consist of both cell membrane proteins and cytoplasmic signalling molecules. These microdomains are important in regulating molecular recognition at the cell surface and subsequent signal transduction processes central to the generation of an efficient immune response. Tetraspanins, both immune-cell-specific, such as CD37, and ubiquitously expressed, such as CD81, have been shown to be imp-ortant in both innate and adaptive cellular immunity. This is via their molecular interaction with important immune cell-surface molecules such as antigen-presenting MHC proteins, T-cell co-receptors CD4 and CD8, as well as cytoplasmic molecules such as Lck and PKC (protein kinase C). Moreover, the generation of tetraspanin-deficient mice has enabled the study of these proteins in immunity. A variety of tetraspanins have a role in the regulation of pattern recognition, antigen presentation and T-cell proliferation. Recent studies have also begun to elucidate roles for tetraspanins in macrophages, NK cells (natural killer cells) and granulocytes.
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28
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Trikić MZ, Monk P, Roehl H, Partridge LJ. Regulation of zebrafish hatching by tetraspanin cd63. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19683. [PMID: 21625559 PMCID: PMC3098263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins cause the clustering of membrane proteins into a level of organisation essential for cellular function. Given the importance and complicated nature of this mechanism, we attempted a novel approach to identify the function of a single component in a biologically relevant context. A morpholino knockdown strategy was used to investigate the role of cd63, a membrane protein associated with intracellular transport and a melanoma marker, in embryonic zebrafish. By using three separate morpholinos targeting cd63, we were able to identify a specific phenotype. Strikingly, morphant fish failed to hatch due to the lack of secreted proteolytic enzymes required for chorion-softening. The morphology of the hatching gland at both the cellular and intracellular levels was disorganised, suggesting a role for cd63 in the functioning of this organ. This work identifies a specific role for cd63 in the zebrafish embryo and provides evidence for the suitability of zebrafish as a model system for the investigation of tetraspanin enriched microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Trikić
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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29
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Kawamura F, Nakanishi M, Hirashima N. Effects of menadione, a reactive oxygen generator, on leukotriene secretion from RBL-2H3 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:881-5. [PMID: 20460770 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in various cells and affect many biological processes. We previously reported that 2-methyl-1,4-naphtoquinone (menadione) inhibited Ca(2+) influx from the extracellular medium and exocytosis evoked by antigen stimulation in the mast cell line, RBL-2H3. Mast cells release various inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes (LTs) and cytokines in addition to the exocytotic secretion of histamine. In this study, we investigated the effects of menadione on LT release in RBL-2H3. Treatment of RBL cells with menadione inhibited LTC(4) secretion induced by antigen stimulation. To elucidate the mechanism of this inhibition, we examined the effects of menadione on the activation process of 5-lipoxygenase that is responsible for the synthesis of LTs from arachidonic acid. Menadione did not affect the phosophorylation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38, which regulates phosphorylation of 5-lipoxygenase. However, menadione inhibited the translocation of 5-lipoxygenase from the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane. Together with the result that LT secretion was severely impaired in the absence of extracellular Ca2(2+), it is suggested that ROS produced by menadione inhibited LT secretion through impaired Ca2(2+) influx and 5-lipoxygenase translocation to the nuclear membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Kawamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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MacGlashan D. Expression of CD203c and CD63 in human basophils: relationship to differential regulation of piecemeal and anaphylactic degranulation processes. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:1365-77. [PMID: 20633031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of human basophils results in the release of many different mediators and the expression of new cell surface proteins. The markers CD63 and CD203c have been used in recent years to assess basophil activation but there have been many studies that demonstrate that expression of these markers can be dissociated from histamine release. OBJECTIVE To determine the signal transduction requirements for CD203c and CD63 expression. METHODS The current study began by exploring the dependency of CD203c and CD63 expression on protein kinase C (PKC) using known selective inhibitors of PKC. RESULTS Between 30 and 300 nm, Ro-31-8220 and bisindoylmaleimide II (Bis II) had no effect on formyl-met-leu-phe- or anti-IgE-induced CD63 or CD203c but enhanced IgE-mediated expression of CD63 by an average of 15-fold at concentrations >1 microm. These results led to the suggestion that these inhibitors altered the normal pathways of degranulation (by a non-PKC dependent mechanism), shifting the normal presence of piecemeal degranulation to the process termed anaphylactic degranulation (AND). Morphological studies demonstrated that concentrations of Ro-31-8220 and Bis II>1 mum dramatically increased the presence of degranulation sacs, a morphological feature of AND. CONCLUSION It is proposed that CD63 expression results from only the AND form of histamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- D MacGlashan
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Subra C, Grand D, Laulagnier K, Stella A, Lambeau G, Paillasse M, De Medina P, Monsarrat B, Perret B, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M, Record M. Exosomes account for vesicle-mediated transcellular transport of activatable phospholipases and prostaglandins. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2105-20. [PMID: 20424270 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m003657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are bioactive vesicles released from multivesicular bodies (MVB) by intact cells and participate in intercellular signaling. We investigated the presence of lipid-related proteins and bioactive lipids in RBL-2H3 exosomes. Besides a phospholipid scramblase and a fatty acid binding protein, the exosomes contained the whole set of phospholipases (A2, C, and D) together with interacting proteins such as aldolase A and Hsp 70. They also contained the phospholipase D (PLD) / phosphatidate phosphatase 1 (PAP1) pathway leading to the formation of diglycerides. RBL-2H3 exosomes also carried members of the three phospholipase A2 classes: the calcium-dependent cPLA(2)-IVA, the calcium-independent iPLA(2)-VIA, and the secreted sPLA(2)-IIA and V. Remarkably, almost all members of the Ras GTPase superfamily were present, and incubation of exosomes with GTPgammaS triggered activation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))and PLD(2). A large panel of free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA) and derivatives such as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandinJ(2) (15-d PGJ(2)), were detected. We observed that the exosomes were internalized by resting and activated RBL cells and that they accumulated in an endosomal compartment. Endosomal concentrations were in the micromolar range for prostaglandins; i.e., concentrations able to trigger prostaglandin-dependent biological responses. Therefore exosomes are carriers of GTP-activatable phospholipases and lipid mediators from cell to cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Subra
- Metabolism, Oncogenesis and Cell Differentiation Group, INSERM Research Center 563, Pathophysiology Center of Toulouse Purpan, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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Luo SS, Ishibashi O, Ishikawa G, Ishikawa T, Katayama A, Mishima T, Takizawa T, Shigihara T, Goto T, Izumi A, Ohkuchi A, Matsubara S, Takeshita T, Takizawa T. Human villous trophoblasts express and secrete placenta-specific microRNAs into maternal circulation via exosomes. Biol Reprod 2009; 81:717-29. [PMID: 19494253 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.075481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed small RNA library sequencing using human placental tissues to identify placenta-specific miRNAs. We also tested the hypothesis that human chorionic villi could secrete miRNAs extracellularly via exosomes, which in turn enter into maternal circulation. By small RNA library sequencing, most placenta-specific miRNAs (e.g., MIR517A) were linked to a miRNA cluster on chromosome 19. The miRNA cluster genes were differentially expressed in placental development. Subsequent validation by real-time PCR and in situ hybridization revealed that villous trophoblasts express placenta-specific miRNAs. The analysis of small RNA libraries from the blood plasma showed that the placenta-specific miRNAs are abundant in the plasma of pregnant women. By real-time PCR, we confirmed the rapid clearance of the placenta-specific miRNAs from the plasma after delivery, indicating that such miRNAs enter into maternal circulation. By using the trophoblast cell line BeWo in culture, we demonstrated that miRNAs are indeed extracellularly released via exosomes. Taken together, our findings suggest that miRNAs are exported from the human placental syncytiotrophoblast into maternal circulation, where they could target maternal tissues. Finally, to address the biological functions of placenta-specific miRNAs, we performed a proteome analysis of BeWo cells transfected with MIR517A. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that this miRNA is possibly involved in tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling. Our data provide important insights into miRNA biology of the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shun Luo
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Higashio H, Nishimura N, Ishizaki H, Miyoshi J, Orita S, Sakane A, Sasaki T. Doc2α and Munc13-4 Regulate Ca2+-Dependent Secretory Lysosome Exocytosis in Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4774-84. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sonneck K, Baumgartner C, Rebuzzi L, Marth K, Chen K, Hauswirth A, Florian S, Vrtala S, Bühring H, Valenta R, Valent P. Recombinant Allergens Promote Expression of Aminopeptidase-N (CD13) on Basophils in Allergic Patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21:11-21. [DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE-dependent activation of basophils is associated with upregulation of several surface molecules. We recently identified the surface enzyme aminopeptidase N (CD13) as a novel activation antigen on human basophils. In the present study, we asked whether CD13 can be employed as a novel marker of allergen-induced activation of basophils in allergic individuals. Patients allergic to major allergens from grass pollen (Phl p 1, Phl p 5), birch pollen (Bet v 1), or house dust mites (Der p 2), were examined. Blood basophils were exposed to various concentrations of recombinant allergens for 15 minutes, and examined for expression of CD13 by multicolor flow cytometry. The allergen-induced upregulation of CD13 was compared with allergen-dependent increases in expression of CD63 and CD203c. Exposure to recombinant allergens resulted in an increase in expression of CD13 on basophils in all sensitized individuals, whereas no increase in CD13 was seen in healthy controls. The effects of the recombinant allergens on CD13-expression were dose- and time-dependent, were not observed in the absence of extracellular calcium, and were counteracted by preincubation of basophils with the PI3-kinase-targeting drugs staurosporin and LY294002. There was a good correlation between allergen-induced upregulation of CD13, CD63, and CD203c on basophils. In aggregate, our data show that recombinant allergens promote expression of CD13 on basophils in sensitized individuals. The functional significance and diagnostic implications of this observation remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Sonneck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - C. Baumgartner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - L. Rebuzzi
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Department of Small Animals and Horses, Clinic for Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Vienna
| | - K. Marth
- Department of Pathophysiology, Division of Immunopathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - K.W. Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Division of Immunopathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - A.W. Hauswirth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - S. Florian
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - S. Vrtala
- Department of Pathophysiology, Division of Immunopathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - H.J. Bühring
- University of Tübingen, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology and Immunology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - R. Valenta
- Department of Pathophysiology, Division of Immunopathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - P. Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna
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35
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ATP plays a role in neurite stimulation with activated mast cells. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 192:49-56. [PMID: 17928071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that nerve-mast cell cross-talk can occur bidirectionally and that substance P is a mediator to activate mast cells. Here, we have studied the mediators to activate nerves cocultured with mast cells. Addition of antigen to the cocultures of superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBLs) elicited Ca(2+) response in RBLs and after a lag period induced Ca(2+) signal in SCG neurites. Pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (purinergic receptor antagonist) or apyrase (ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme) reduced the Ca(2+) signals in neurites, indicating that ATP released from activated mast cells was one of important mediators to activate nerves.
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36
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Binker MG, Cosen-Binker LI, Terebiznik MR, Mallo GV, McCaw SE, Eskelinen EL, Willenborg M, Brumell JH, Saftig P, Grinstein S, Gray-Owen SD. Arrested maturation of Neisseria-containing phagosomes in the absence of the lysosome-associated membrane proteins, LAMP-1 and LAMP-2. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:2153-66. [PMID: 17506821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mature, microbicidal phagosomes are rich in the lysosome-associated membrane proteins, LAMP-1 and LAMP-2, two highly glycosylated proteins presumed to form a protective barrier lining the phagosomal membrane. Pathogenic Neisseria secrete a protease that selectively cleaves LAMP-1, suggesting a critical role for LAMP proteins in the microbicidal competence of phagosomes. To determine the requirement for LAMP proteins in bacterial phagocytosis, we employed embryonic fibroblasts isolated from knockout mice lacking lamp-1, lamp-2 or both genes, as well as small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of LAMP expression in a human epithelial cell line. Like wild-type cells, those lacking either LAMP-1 or LAMP-2 alone formed phagosomes that gradually acquired microbicidal activity and curtailed bacterial growth. In contrast, LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 double-deficient fibroblasts failed to kill engulfed Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In these cells, maturation was arrested prior to the acquisition of Rab7. As a result, the Rab7-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP, a Rab7 effector) was not recruited to the phagosomes, which were consequently unable to undergo dynein/dynactin-mediated centripetal displacement along microtubules and remained in a predominantly peripheral location. The inability of such phagosomes to migrate towards lysosomes likely contributed to their incomplete maturation and inability to eliminate bacteria. These findings suggest that neisserial degradation of LAMP-1 is not sufficient to affect its survival within the phagosome, and establish LAMP proteins as critical components in the process whereby phagosomes acquire microbicidal capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Binker
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
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Atwal RS, Xia J, Pinchev D, Taylor J, Epand RM, Truant R. Huntingtin has a membrane association signal that can modulate huntingtin aggregation, nuclear entry and toxicity. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:2600-15. [PMID: 17704510 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is caused by an expanded polyglutamine tract in huntingtin protein, leading to accumulation of huntingtin in the nuclei of striatal neurons. The 18 amino-acid amino-terminus of huntingtin is an amphipathic alpha helical membrane-binding domain that can reversibly target to vesicles and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The association of huntingtin to the ER is affected by ER stress. A single point mutation in huntingtin 1-18 predicted to disrupt this helical structure displayed striking phenotypes of complete inhibition of polyglutamine-mediated aggregation, increased huntingtin nuclear accumulation and greatly increased mutant huntingtin toxicity in a striatal-derived mouse cell line. Huntingtin vesicular interaction mediated by 1-18 is specific to late endosomes and autophagic vesicles. We propose that huntingtin has a normal biological function as an ER-associated protein that can translocate to the nucleus and back out in response to ER stress or other events. The increased nuclear entry of mutant huntingtin due to loss of ER-targeting results in increased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Singh Atwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, HSC 4H24A, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Olszewski MB, Groot AJ, Dastych J, Knol EF. TNF trafficking to human mast cell granules: mature chain-dependent endocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5701-9. [PMID: 17442953 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a crucial role at the early stages of immune response against bacteria and parasites where their functionality is based on their capability of releasing highly bioactive compounds, among them TNF. Mast cells are considered the only cells storing preformed TNF, which allows for the immediate release of this cytokine upon contact with pathogens. We approached the question of mechanisms and amino acid motifs directing newly synthesized TNF for storage in cytoplasmic granules by analyzing the trafficking of a series of TNF-enhanced GFP fusion proteins in human mast cell lines HMC-1 and LAD2. Protein covering the full TNF sequence was successfully sorted into secretory granules in a process involving transient exposure on the outer membrane and re-endocytosis. In human cells, contrary to results previously obtained in a rodent model, TNF seems not to be glycosylated and, thus, trafficking is carbohydrate independent. In an effort to localize the amino acid motif responsible for granule targeting, we constructed additional fusion proteins and analyzed their trafficking, concluding that granule-targeting sequences are localized in the mature chain of TNF and that the cytoplasmic tail is expendable for endocytotic sorting of this cytokine, thus excluding direct interactions with intracellular adaptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej B Olszewski
- Department of Molecular Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ksiecia Street, Warsaw, Poland.
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Tadokoro S, Kurimoto T, Nakanishi M, Hirashima N. Munc18-2 regulates exocytotic membrane fusion positively interacting with syntaxin-3 in RBL-2H3 cells. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3427-33. [PMID: 17408745 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that SNARE proteins are involved in exocytotic granular content release in mast cells as well as in neurotransmitter release in neural cells. However, the proteins that regulate the structure and activity of SNARE proteins in mast cells are not well understood. Munc18 is one such regulatory protein that plays a crucial role in neurotransmitter release. In this study, we investigated the role of Munc18 and its mechanism for regulating exocytotic release (degranulation) in rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3). We obtained RBL-2H3 cells that express a low level of Munc18-2 and found that degranulation was remarkably inhibited in knockdown cells without any change in the expression level of syntaxins or Ca(2+) mobilization. We also observed the behavior of secretory granules in a single cell, and found no significant changes in their number and distribution in Munc18-2 knockdown cells. Using chimera proteins fused with fluorescent proteins, we demonstrated that Munc18-2 interacted with syntaxin-3, but not with syntaxin-4, in vivo. Interestingly, this interaction occurred not only on plasma membrane but also on secretory granules, suggesting that Munc18-2 may regulate granule-granule fusion as well as granule-plasma membrane fusion. These observations suggest that Munc18-2 together with syntaxin-3 regulate degranulation positively during the process of membrane fusion between secretory granules and plasma membrane, rather than during processes that regulate the number or behavior of secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tadokoro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Chikamatsu S, Furuno T, Kinoshita Y, Inoh Y, Hirashima N, Teshima R, Nakanishi M. Effects of Cot expression on the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in RBL-2H3 cells. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:1490-7. [PMID: 17049604 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cot is a serine/threonine protein kinase and is classified as a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase. Overexpression of this protein has been shown to activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and the p38 MAP kinase pathways and to stimulate NF-AT and NF-kappaB-dependent transcription. Here we have shown that Cot kinase activity is intimately involved in the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcvarepsilonRI)-mediated nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB1 independent of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. A transfected green fluorescent protein-tagged NF-kappaB1 (GFP-NF-kappaB1) resided in the cytoplasm in RBL-2H3 cells and it remained in the cytoplasm even when Cot tagged with red fluorescent protein (Cot-RFP) was co-expressed. Western blotting analysis showed that IkappaB kinases (IKKs) were expressed in RBL-2H3 cells but NIK was not. GFP-NF-kappaB1 translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after the aggregation of FcvarepsilonRI in Cot-transfected cells but not in kinase-deficient Cot-transfected cells. This finding gives a new insight into the role of Cot in the FcvarepsilonRI-mediated NF-kappaB activation in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Chikamatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Terebiznik MR, Vazquez CL, Torbicki K, Banks D, Wang T, Hong W, Blanke SR, Colombo MI, Jones NL. Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin promotes bacterial intracellular survival in gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2006; 74:6599-614. [PMID: 17000720 PMCID: PMC1698066 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01085-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric epithelium of at least 50% of the world's human population, playing a causative role in the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric adenocarcinoma. Current evidence indicates that H. pylori can invade epithelial cells in the gastric mucosa. However, relatively little is known about the biology of H. pylori invasion and survival in host cells. Here, we analyze both the nature of and the mechanisms responsible for the formation of H. pylori's intracellular niche. We show that in AGS cells infected with H. pylori, bacterium-containing vacuoles originate through the fusion of late endocytic organelles. This process is mediated by the VacA-dependent retention of the small GTPase Rab7. In addition, functional interactions between Rab7 and its downstream effector, Rab-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP), are necessary for the formation of the bacterial compartment since expression of mutant forms of RILP or Rab7 that fail to bind each other impaired the formation of this unique bacterial niche. Moreover, the VacA-mediated sequestration of active Rab7 disrupts the full maturation of vacuoles as assessed by the lack of both colocalization with cathepsin D and degradation of internalized cargo in the H. pylori-containing vacuole. Based on these findings, we propose that the VacA-dependent isolation of the H. pylori-containing vacuole from bactericidal components of the lysosomal pathway promotes bacterial survival and contributes to the persistence of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Terebiznik
- Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X9
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Abstract
The discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA, the elucidation of the genetic code, and the determination of the three-dimensional structure of several proteins are some of the outstanding achievements of biochemistry and life sciences in the latter half of the last century. Proteins play key roles in almost all the biological processes and the biological function of a protein depends on its conformation which is defined as the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms of a molecule. The three-dimensional structure, however, is not rigid but fluctuated. Structural fluctuation plays an important role in bio-macromolecules. How about "functional fluctuation" in biological systems? The present review proposes that functional fluctuation is also very important for understanding the mechanism of supramolecules, biological processes in living cells, and the interaction between biological systems. This new theme is pretty well supported by our recent experiments for neuro-immune crosstalk, gene transfection with cationic liposomes, and cell signaling in embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Kawamura F, Hirashima N, Furuno T, Nakanishi M. Effects of 2-methyl-1,4-naphtoquinone (menadione) on cellular signaling in RBL-2H3 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:605-7. [PMID: 16595887 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in various cells and affect many biologic processes. In this study, we examined the effects of 2-methyl-1,4-naphtoquinone (menadione; vitamin K3) on signal transduction in mast cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that H2O2 affects the antigen-induced responses in mast cells but its mechanism is not clearly understood. Unlike H2O2, menadione produces ROS only inside cells. Thus, it is possible to investigate the effects of ROS produced intracellularly. Pretreatment of mast cells (RBL-2H3) with menadione inhibited exocytotic secretion (degranulation) induced by antigen stimulation dose dependently. Menadione also inhibited the intracellular Ca2+ increase induced by antigen stimulation. Menadione did not inhibit the Ca2+ increase due to Ca2+ release from the intracellular calcium store in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, but inhibited the Ca2+ influx from the extracellular medium. These results suggest that reactive oxygen generated inside RBL cells by menadione inhibited degranulation by decreasing Ca2+ influx through the store operated Ca2+ channel on the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Kawamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Japan
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Olszewski MB, Trzaska D, Knol EF, Adamczewska V, Dastych J. Efficient sorting of TNF-alpha to rodent mast cell granules is dependent on N-linked glycosylation. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:997-1008. [PMID: 16541468 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play an important role at the early stages of immunological response to bacterial infections and parasite infestations. One of the major mast cell proinflammatory mediators is TNF-alpha. Mast cells are considered the only cells capable of storing TNF-alpha in cytoplasmic granules and rapidly releasing it upon activation. To determine what pathway is utilized to direct TNF-alpha to cytoplasmic granules and what motifs are responsible for the sorting process, we constructed a fusion protein covering the full sequence of TNF-alpha, N-terminally fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). In rodent mast cells, such protein was sorted to secretory granules, and this process was inhibited by both brefeldin A and monensin. Considering the relationship between lysosomes and secretory granules and following TNF-alpha sequence analysis, it was determined whether TNF-alpha is sorted through the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPR)-dependent pathway. We observed that ammonium chloride and tunicamycin blocked TNF-alpha-EGFP fusion protein delivery to secretory granules. In situ mutagenesis experiments confirmed the necessity of N-linked glycosylation for efficient sorting of TNF-alpha into rodent mast cell granules. In this work we established that TNF-alpha travels from the ER to mast cell granules via a brefeldin A- and monensin-sensitive route, utilizing the MPR-dependent pathway, although this dependency does not seem to be absolute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej B Olszewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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Furuno T, Nakanishi M. Neurotrophic factors increase tumor necrosis factor-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB in rat PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2006; 392:240-4. [PMID: 16242240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors regulate neuronal survival and differentiation and control neurite outgrowth by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors, the Trks, and a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-like molecule, p75 neurotrophin receptor. A proinflammatory cytokine, TNF, also affects survival and apoptotic death in neuronal cells. However, it is still unclear whether neurotrophic factors and TNF co-operate the intracellular signaling. Using green fluorescent protein-tagged NF-kappaB1 (GFP-NF-kappaB1), we examined here the effects of TNF-alpha and neurotrophic factors on the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in PC12 cells. TNF-alpha induced gradually the translocation of GFP-NF-kappaB1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus within 60 min. Pretreatment of lactacystin which is a proteasome-specific inhibitor suppressed significantly the nuclear translocation of GFP-NF-kappaB1 after TNF-alpha stimulation. In addition, we found that co-stimulation of TNF-alpha and neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increased greatly the nuclear translocation of GFP-NF-kappaB1 whereas neither NGF nor BDNF itself induced the translocation. These results suggested that there is a close correlation between the signaling pathways via TNF receptors and neurotrophin receptors for the NF-kappaB activation, and that NGF and BDNF enhance TNF-alpha-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahide Furuno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori,
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Nishida K, Yamasaki S, Ito Y, Kabu K, Hattori K, Tezuka T, Nishizumi H, Kitamura D, Goitsuka R, Geha RS, Yamamoto T, Yagi T, Hirano T. Fc{epsilon}RI-mediated mast cell degranulation requires calcium-independent microtubule-dependent translocation of granules to the plasma membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 170:115-26. [PMID: 15998803 PMCID: PMC2171390 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200501111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of high affinity IgE receptors (Fcɛ receptor I [FcɛRI]) on mast cells is potent stimulus for the release of inflammatory and allergic mediators from cytoplasmic granules. However, the molecular mechanism of degranulation has not yet been established. It is still unclear how FcɛRI-mediated signal transduction ultimately regulates the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and how these events lead to degranulation. Here, we show that FcɛRI stimulation triggers the formation of microtubules in a manner independent of calcium. Drugs affecting microtubule dynamics effectively suppressed the FcɛRI-mediated translocation of granules to the plasma membrane and degranulation. Furthermore, the translocation of granules to the plasma membrane occurred in a calcium-independent manner, but the release of mediators and granule–plasma membrane fusion were completely dependent on calcium. Thus, the degranulation process can be dissected into two events: the calcium-independent microtubule-dependent translocation of granules to the plasma membrane and calcium-dependent membrane fusion and exocytosis. Finally, we show that the Fyn/Gab2/RhoA (but not Lyn/SLP-76) signaling pathway plays a critical role in the calcium-independent microtubule-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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47
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Furuno T. [Confocal laser scanning microscopy to study molecular mechanism of mast cell activation]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2005; 125:671-83. [PMID: 16141688 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.125.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the immune system, mast cells are a key cell type in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent hypersensitivity reactions. Engagement of the high-affinity IgE receptors by multivalent antigens initiates the downstream activation of signal-transducing enzymes and evokes degranulation and cytokine production via an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In addition, mast cells also play a prominent role in non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Mast cells are closely apposed to nerves in vivo and are likely to be regulated functionally by nerves. However, the molecular mechanisms for mast cell activation in an IgE-dependent and -independent manner have not been fully clarified. Confocal laser scanning microscopy has played an essential role in cell biology by allowing visualization of specific intracellular signaling molecules with high spatiotemporal resolution in living cells. We have studied intracellular movements of Ca2+ using a specific fluorescent probe and several types of signaling molecules using derivatives of green fluorescent protein in a living single mast cell using a microscopic strategy. We here describe our imaging analysis of the calcium signals to the nucleus, the movement of secretory granules in the degranulation process, and the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of mitogen-activated protein kinase in mast cells. Further, we demonstrate that direct communication between mast cells and nerves occurs. These findings provide useful information from a new perspective to understand the molecular mechanisms of allergic reaction and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahide Furuno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University,Tanabe-dori, Nagoya, Japan.
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48
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Abstract
We have recently proposed a mechanism to describe secretion, a fundamental process in all cells. That hypothesis, called porocytosis, embodies all available data and encompasses both forms of secretion, i.e., vesicular and constitutive. The current accepted view of exocytotic secretion involves the physical fusion of vesicle and plasma membranes; however, that hypothesized mechanism does not fit all available physiological data. Energetics of apposed lipid bilayers do not favor unfacilitated fusion. We consider that calcium ions (e.g., 10(-4) to 10(-3) M calcium in microdomains when elevated for 1 ms or less), whose mobility is restricted in space and time, establish salt bridges among adjacent lipid molecules. This establishes transient pores that span both the vesicle and plasma membrane lipid bilayers; the diameter of this transient pore would be approximately 1 nm (the diameter of a single lipid molecule). The lifetime of the transient pore is completely dependent on the duration of sufficient calcium ion levels. This places the porocytosis hypothesis for secretion squarely in the realm of the physical and physical chemical interactions of calcium and phospholipids and places mass action as the driving force for release of secretory material. The porocytosis hypothesis that we propose satisfies all of the observations and provides a framework to integrate our combined knowledge of vesicular and constitutive secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Silver
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Tadokoro S, Nakanishi M, Hirashima N. Complexin II facilitates exocytotic release in mast cells by enhancing Ca2+ sensitivity of the fusion process. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:2239-46. [PMID: 15870114 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that soluble N-ethyl maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are involved in exocytotic release in mast cells as in neurotransmitter release. However, the roles of the proteins that regulate the structure and activity of SNARE proteins are poorly understood. Complexin is one such regulatory protein and is involved in neurotransmitter release, although ideas about its role are still controversial. In this study, we investigated the expression and role of complexin in the regulation of exocytotic release (degranulation) in mast cells. We found that complexin II, but not complexin I, is expressed in mast cells. We obtained RBL-2H3 cells that expressed a low level of complexin II and found that antigen-induced degranulation was suppressed in these cells. No significant changes in the Ca2+ response or expression levels of syntaxins and synaptotagmin were observed in knockdown cells. An immunocytochemical study revealed that complexin II was distributed throughout the cytoplasm before antigen stimulation. However, the distribution of complexin II changed dramatically with stimulation and it became localized on the plasma membrane. This change in the intracellular distribution was observed even in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, while exocytotic release was inhibited almost completely under this condition. The degranulation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and A23187 depended on the extracellular Ca2+ concentration, and its sensitivity to Ca2+ was decreased in knockdown cells. These results suggest that complexin II regulates exocytosis positively by translocating to the plasma membrane and enhancing the Ca2+ sensitivity of fusion machinery, although this translocation to the plasma membrane is not sufficient to trigger exocytotic membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tadokoro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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50
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Furuno T, Nakanishi M. Live Cell Imaging to Study Signaling Molecules in Allergic Reactions. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1551-9. [PMID: 16141514 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are widely distributed throughout the body, predominantly near blood vessels and nerves, and express effector functions in allergic reactions, inflammatory diseases, and host defense. The activation of mast cells results in secretion of the preformed chemical mediators in their granules by a regulated process of exocytosis and leads to synthesis and secretion of lipid mediators and cytokines. Their soluble factors contribute to allergic inflammation. Mast cells are associated with hypersensitivity reactions, not only in the classical immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent mechanism but also in an IgE-independent manner. In particular, investigations of potential anatomical and functional interactions between mast cells and the nervous system have recently attracted great interest. To understand these molecular mechanisms in mast cell activation, the ability to visualize, track, and quantify molecules and events in living mast cells is an essential and powerful tool. Recent dramatic advances in imaging technology and labeling techniques have enabled us to carry out these tasks with high spatiotemporal resolution using confocal laser scanning microscopes, green fluorescent protein and its derivatives, and image analysis systems. Here we review our investigations of the dynamic processes of intracellular signaling molecules, cellular structure, and interactions with neurons in mast cells to provide basic and valuable information for allergy and clinical immunology using these new imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahide Furuno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
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