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Limmer M, Burken J. Phytovolatilization of Organic Contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6632-43. [PMID: 27249664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants can interact with a variety of organic compounds, and thereby affect the fate and transport of many environmental contaminants. Volatile organic compounds may be volatilized from stems or leaves (direct phytovolatilization) or from soil due to plant root activities (indirect phytovolatilization). Fluxes of contaminants volatilizing from plants are important across scales ranging from local contaminant spills to global fluxes of methane emanating from ecosystems biochemically reducing organic carbon. In this article past studies are reviewed to clearly differentiate between direct- and indirect-phytovolatilization and we discuss the plant physiology driving phytovolatilization in different ecosystems. Current measurement techniques are also described, including common difficulties in experimental design. We also discuss reports of phytovolatilization in the literature, finding that compounds with low octanol-air partitioning coefficients are more likely to be phytovolatilized (log KOA < 5). Reports of direct phytovolatilization at field sites compare favorably to model predictions. Finally, future research needs are presented that could better quantify phytovolatilization fluxes at field scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Limmer
- University of Delaware , Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joel Burken
- Missouri University of Science and Technology , Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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Duursma RA, Gimeno TE, Boer MM, Crous KY, Tjoelker MG, Ellsworth DS. Canopy leaf area of a mature evergreen Eucalyptus woodland does not respond to elevated atmospheric [CO2] but tracks water availability. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:1666-76. [PMID: 26546378 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Canopy leaf area, quantified by the leaf area index (L), is a crucial driver of forest productivity, water use and energy balance. Because L responds to environmental drivers, it can represent an important feedback to climate change, but its responses to rising atmospheric [CO2] and water availability of forests have been poorly quantified. We studied canopy leaf area dynamics for 28 months in a native evergreen Eucalyptus woodland exposed to free-air CO2 enrichment (the EucFACE experiment), in a subtropical climate where water limitation is common. We hypothesized that, because of expected stimulation of productivity and water-use efficiency, L should increase with elevated [CO2]. We estimated L from diffuse canopy transmittance, and measured monthly leaf litter production. Contrary to expectation, L did not respond to elevated [CO2]. We found that L varied between 1.10 and 2.20 across the study period. The dynamics of L showed a quick increase after heavy rainfall and a steady decrease during periods of low rainfall. Leaf litter production was correlated to changes in L, both during periods of decreasing L (when no leaf growth occurred) and during periods of increasing L (active shedding of old foliage when new leaf growth occurred). Leaf lifespan, estimated from mean L and total annual litter production, was up to 2 months longer under elevated [CO2] (1.18 vs. 1.01 years; P = 0.05). Our main finding that L was not responsive to elevated CO2 is consistent with other forest FACE studies, but contrasts with the positive response of L commonly predicted by many ecosystem models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Teresa E Gimeno
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- UMR 1391 ISPA, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Matthias M Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Pyakurel A, Wang JR. Interactive Effects of Elevated [CO<sub>2</sub>] and Soil Water Stress on Leaf Morphological and Anatomical Characteristic of Paper Birch Populations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.55084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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De Kauwe MG, Medlyn BE, Zaehle S, Walker AP, Dietze MC, Hickler T, Jain AK, Luo Y, Parton WJ, Prentice IC, Smith B, Thornton PE, Wang S, Wang YP, Wårlind D, Weng E, Crous KY, Ellsworth DS, Hanson PJ, Seok Kim H, Warren JM, Oren R, Norby RJ. Forest water use and water use efficiency at elevated CO2 : a model-data intercomparison at two contrasting temperate forest FACE sites. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:1759-79. [PMID: 23504858 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Predicted responses of transpiration to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2 ) are highly variable amongst process-based models. To better understand and constrain this variability amongst models, we conducted an intercomparison of 11 ecosystem models applied to data from two forest free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments at Duke University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. We analysed model structures to identify the key underlying assumptions causing differences in model predictions of transpiration and canopy water use efficiency. We then compared the models against data to identify model assumptions that are incorrect or are large sources of uncertainty. We found that model-to-model and model-to-observations differences resulted from four key sets of assumptions, namely (i) the nature of the stomatal response to elevated CO2 (coupling between photosynthesis and stomata was supported by the data); (ii) the roles of the leaf and atmospheric boundary layer (models which assumed multiple conductance terms in series predicted more decoupled fluxes than observed at the broadleaf site); (iii) the treatment of canopy interception (large intermodel variability, 2-15%); and (iv) the impact of soil moisture stress (process uncertainty in how models limit carbon and water fluxes during moisture stress). Overall, model predictions of the CO2 effect on WUE were reasonable (intermodel μ = approximately 28% ± 10%) compared to the observations (μ = approximately 30% ± 13%) at the well-coupled coniferous site (Duke), but poor (intermodel μ = approximately 24% ± 6%; observations μ = approximately 38% ± 7%) at the broadleaf site (Oak Ridge). The study yields a framework for analysing and interpreting model predictions of transpiration responses to eCO2 , and highlights key improvements to these types of models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G De Kauwe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
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Smith AR, Lukac M, Hood R, Healey JR, Miglietta F, Godbold DL. Elevated CO2 enrichment induces a differential biomass response in a mixed species temperate forest plantation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:156-168. [PMID: 23356474 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In a free-air carbon dioxide (CO(2)) enrichment study (BangorFACE), Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica were planted in areas of one-, two- and three-species mixtures (n = 4). The trees were exposed to ambient or elevated CO(2) (580 μmol mol(-1)) for 4 yr, and aboveground growth characteristics were measured. In monoculture, the mean effect of CO(2) enrichment on aboveground woody biomass was + 29, + 22 and + 16% for A. glutinosa, F. sylvatica and B. pendula, respectively. When the same species were grown in polyculture, the response to CO(2) switched to + 10, + 7 and 0% for A. glutinosa, B. pendula and F. sylvatica, respectively. In ambient atmosphere, our species grown in polyculture increased aboveground woody biomass from 12.9 ± 1.4 to 18.9 ± 1.0 kg m(-2), whereas, in an elevated CO(2) atmosphere, aboveground woody biomass increased from 15.2 ± 0.6 to 20.2 ± 0.6 kg m(-2). The overyielding effect of polyculture was smaller (+ 7%) in elevated CO(2) than in an ambient atmosphere (+ 18%). Our results show that the aboveground response to elevated CO(2) is affected significantly by intra- and interspecific competition, and that the elevated CO(2) response may be reduced in forest communities comprising tree species with contrasting functional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Smith
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Martin Lukac
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Robin Hood
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - John R Healey
- School of the Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Franco Miglietta
- IBIMET-CNR, Via Caproni, 8-50145, Firenze, Italy
- FoxLab, Fondazione E. Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele a/Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Douglas L Godbold
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Universität für Bodenkultur (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Eller ASD, de Gouw J, Graus M, Monson RK. Variation among different genotypes of hybrid poplar with regard to leaf volatile organic compound emissions. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 22:1865-75. [PMID: 23210305 DOI: 10.1890/11-2273.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plantations of hybrid poplar are used in temperate regions to produce woody biomass for forestry-related industries and are likely to become more prevalent if they are used as a source of cellulose for second-generation biofuels. Species in the genus Populus are known to emit great quantities of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) isoprene and methanol, and lesser quantities of terpene VOCs, giving poplar plantations the potential to significantly influence regional atmospheric chemistry. The goals of this study were to quantify the differences in isoprene, methanol, and monoterpene emissions from 30 hybrid poplar genotypes, determine how well VOC emissions could be explained by growth, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance, determine whether the parental crosses that created a genotype could be used to predict its emissions, and determine whether VOC emissions from different genotypes exhibit different responses to elevated CO2. We found that 40-50% of the variation in isoprene emissions across genotypes could be explained by a combination of instantaneous photosynthesis rate and seasonal aboveground growth and 30-35% of methanol emissions could be explained by stomatal conductance. We observed a threefold range in isoprene emissions across all 30 genotypes. Both genotype and parental cross were significant predictors of isoprene and monoterpene emissions. Genotypes from P. tricocarpa X P. deltoides (T x D) crosses generally had higher isoprene emissions and lower monoterpene emissions than those from P. deltoides x P. nigra (D x N) crosses. While isoprene and monoterpene emissions generally decreased under elevated CO2 and methanol emissions generally increased, the responses varied among genotypes. Our findings suggest that genotypes with greater productivity tend to have higher isoprene emissions. Additionally, the genotypes with the lowest isoprene emissions under current CO2 are not necessarily the ones with the lowest emissions under elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson S D Eller
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 UCB 334, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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Calfapietra C, Gielen B, Karnosky D, Ceulemans R, Scarascia Mugnozza G. Response and potential of agroforestry crops under global change. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1095-1104. [PMID: 19815319 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of agroforestry crops is a promising tool for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration through fossil fuel substitution. In particular, plantations characterised by high yields such as short rotation forestry (SRF) are becoming popular worldwide for biomass production and their role acknowledged in the Kyoto Protocol. While their contribution to climate change mitigation is being investigated, the impact of climate change itself on growth and productivity of these plantations needs particular attention, since their management might need to be modified accordingly. Besides the benefits deriving from the establishment of millions of hectares of these plantations, there is a risk of increased release into the atmosphere of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted in large amounts by most of the species commonly used. These hydrocarbons are known to play a crucial role in tropospheric ozone formation. This might represent a negative feedback, especially in regions already characterized by elevated ozone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, Roma, Italy.
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8
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Uddling J, Teclaw RM, Pregitzer KS, Ellsworth DS. Leaf and canopy conductance in aspen and aspen-birch forests under free-air enrichment of carbon dioxide and ozone. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:1367-80. [PMID: 19773339 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3) have the potential to affect tree physiology and structure, and hence forest feedbacks on climate. Here, we investigated how elevated concentrations of CO2 (+45%) and O3 (+35%), alone and in combination, affected conductance for mass transfer at the leaf and canopy levels in pure aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and in mixed aspen and birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) forests in the free-air CO2-O3 enrichment experiment near Rhinelander, Wisconsin (Aspen FACE). The study was conducted during two growing seasons, when steady-state leaf area index (L) had been reached after > 6 years of exposure to CO2- and O3-enrichment treatments. Canopy conductance (g(c)) was estimated from stand sap flux, while leaf-level conductance of sun leaves in the upper canopy was derived by three different and independent methods: sap flux and L in combination with vertical canopy modelling, leaf 13C discrimination methodology in combination with photosynthesis modelling and leaf-level gas exchange. Regardless of the method used, the mean values of leaf-level conductance were higher in trees growing under elevated CO2 and/or O3 than in trees growing in control plots, causing a CO2 x O3 interaction that was statistically significant (P < or = 0.10) for sap flux- and (for birch) 13C-derived leaf conductance. Canopy conductance was significantly increased by elevated CO2 but not significantly affected by elevated O3. Investigation of a short-term gap in CO2 enrichment demonstrated a +10% effect of transient exposure of elevated CO2-grown trees to ambient CO2 on g(c). All treatment effects were similar in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch communities. These results demonstrate that short-term primary stomatal closure responses to elevated CO2 and O3 were completely offset by long-term cumulative effects of these trace gases on tree and stand structure in determining canopy- and leaf-level conductance in pure aspen and mixed aspen-birch forests. Our results, together with the findings from other long-term FACE experiments with trees, suggest that model assumptions of large reductions in stomatal conductance under rising atmospheric CO2 are very uncertain for forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Uddling
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Liberloo M, Lukac M, Calfapietra C, Hoosbeek MR, Gielen B, Miglietta F, Scarascia-Mugnozza GE, Ceulemans R. Coppicing shifts CO2 stimulation of poplar productivity to above-ground pools: a synthesis of leaf to stand level results from the POP/EUROFACE experiment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 182:331-346. [PMID: 19207687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A poplar short rotation coppice (SRC) grown for the production of bioenergy can combine carbon (C) storage with fossil fuel substitution. Here, we summarize the responses of a poplar (Populus) plantation to 6 yr of free air CO(2) enrichment (POP/EUROFACE consisting of two rotation cycles). We show that a poplar plantation growing in nonlimiting light, nutrient and water conditions will significantly increase its productivity in elevated CO(2) concentrations ([CO(2)]). Increased biomass yield resulted from an early growth enhancement and photosynthesis did not acclimate to elevated [CO(2)]. Sufficient nutrient availability, increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and the large sink capacity of poplars contributed to the sustained increase in C uptake over 6 yr. Additional C taken up in high [CO(2)] was mainly invested into woody biomass pools. Coppicing increased yield by 66% and partly shifted the extra C uptake in elevated [CO(2)] to above-ground pools, as fine root biomass declined and its [CO(2)] stimulation disappeared. Mineral soil C increased equally in ambient and elevated [CO(2)] during the 6 yr experiment. However, elevated [CO(2)] increased the stabilization of C in the mineral soil. Increased productivity of a poplar SRC in elevated [CO(2)] may allow shorter rotation cycles, enhancing the viability of SRC for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Liberloo
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Martin Lukac
- NERC Centre for Population Biology, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- University of Tuscia, DISAFRI, Via San Camillo De Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
| | - Marcel R Hoosbeek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Earth System Science - Climate Change group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Birgit Gielen
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Franco Miglietta
- Institute of Biometeorology - National Research Council (IBIMET-CNR), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giuseppe E Scarascia-Mugnozza
- University of Tuscia, DISAFRI, Via San Camillo De Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Rae AM, Tricker PJ, Bunn SM, Taylor G. Adaptation of tree growth to elevated CO2: quantitative trait loci for biomass in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:59-69. [PMID: 17547667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
* Information on the genetic variation of plant response to elevated CO(2) (e[CO(2)]) is needed to understand plant adaptation and to pinpoint likely evolutionary response to future high atmospheric CO(2) concentrations. * Here, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for above- and below-ground tree growth were determined in a pedigree - an F(2) hybrid of poplar (Populus trichocarpa and Populus deltoides), following season-long exposure to either current day ambient CO(2) (a[CO(2)]) or e[CO(2)] at 600 microl l(-1), and genotype by environment interactions investigated. * In the F(2) generation, both above- and below-ground growth showed a significant increase in e[CO(2)]. Three areas of the genome on linkage groups I, IX and XII were identified as important in determining above-ground growth response to e[CO(2)], while an additional three areas of the genome on linkage groups IV, XVI and XIX appeared important in determining root growth response to e[CO(2)]. * These results quantify and identify genetic variation in response to e[CO(2)] and provide an insight into genomic response to the changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Rae
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| | - Penny J Tricker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| | - Stephen M Bunn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
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Dermody O, Long SP, DeLucia EH. How does elevated CO2 or ozone affect the leaf-area index of soybean when applied independently? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 169:145-55. [PMID: 16390426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in leaf-area index (LAI) may alter ecosystem productivity in elevated [CO2] or [O3]. By increasing the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis (phi(c,max)), elevated [CO2] may increase maximum LAI. However, [O3] when elevated independently accelerates senescence and may reduce LAI. Large plots (20 m diameter) of soybean (Glycine max) were exposed to ambient (approx. 370 micromol mol(-1)) or elevated (approx. 550 micromol mol(-1)) CO2 or 1.2 times ambient [O3] using soybean free-air concentration enrichment (SoyFACE). In 2001 elevated CO2 had no detectable effect on maximum LAI, but in 2002 maximum LAI increased by 10% relative to ambient air. Elevated [CO2] also increased the phi(c,max) of shade leaves in both years. Elevated [CO2] delayed LAI loss to senescence by approx. 54% and also increased leaf-area duration. Elevated [O3] accelerated senescence, reducing LAI by 40% near the end of the growing season. No effect of elevated [O3] on photosynthesis was detected. Elevated [CO2] or [O3] affected LAI primarily by altering the rate of senescence; knowledge of this may aid in optimizing future soybean productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Dermody
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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12
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Responses to Elevated [CO2] of a Short Rotation, Multispecies Poplar Plantation: the POPFACE/EUROFACE Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31237-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Taylor G, Street NR, Tricker PJ, Sjödin A, Graham L, Skogström O, Calfapietra C, Scarascia-Mugnozza G, Jansson S. The transcriptome of Populus in elevated CO2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 167:143-54. [PMID: 15948837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide for long-term adaptation of forest ecosystems remain uncertain, with virtually no studies undertaken at the genetic level. A global analysis using cDNA microarrays was conducted following 6 yr exposure of Populus x euramericana (clone I-214) to elevated [CO(2)] in a FACE (free-air CO(2) enrichment) experiment. Gene expression was sensitive to elevated [CO(2)] but the response depended on the developmental age of the leaves, and < 50 transcripts differed significantly between different CO(2) environments. For young leaves most differentially expressed genes were upregulated in elevated [CO(2)], while in semimature leaves most were downregulated in elevated [CO(2)]. For transcripts related only to the small subunit of Rubisco, upregulation in LPI 3 and downregulation in LPI 6 leaves in elevated CO(2) was confirmed by anova. Similar patterns of gene expression for young leaves were also confirmed independently across year 3 and year 6 microarray data, and using real-time RT-PCR. This study provides the first clues to the long-term genetic expression changes that may occur during long-term plant response to elevated CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, Bassett Crescent East, University of Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK.
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Tricker PJ, Trewin H, Kull O, Clarkson GJJ, Eensalu E, Tallis MJ, Colella A, Doncaster CP, Sabatti M, Taylor G. Stomatal conductance and not stomatal density determines the long-term reduction in leaf transpiration of poplar in elevated CO2. Oecologia 2005; 143:652-60. [PMID: 15909132 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, poplar trees (Populus x euramericana clone I214) were exposed to either ambient or elevated [CO2] from planting, for a 5-year period during canopy development, closure, coppice and re-growth. In each year, measurements were taken of stomatal density (SD, number mm(-2)) and stomatal index (SI, the proportion of epidermal cells forming stomata). In year 5, measurements were also taken of leaf stomatal conductance (gs, micromol m(-2) s(-1)), photosynthetic CO2 fixation (A, mmol m(-2) s(-1)), instantaneous water-use efficiency (A/E) and the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO2 (Ci:Ca). Elevated [CO2] caused reductions in SI in the first year, and in SD in the first 2 years, when the canopy was largely open. In following years, when the canopy had closed, elevated [CO2] had no detectable effects on stomatal numbers or index. In contrast, even after 5 years of exposure to elevated [CO2], gs was reduced, A/E was stimulated, and Ci:Ca was reduced relative to ambient [CO2]. These outcomes from the long-term realistic field conditions of this forest FACE experiment suggest that stomatal numbers (SD and SI) had no role in determining the improved instantaneous leaf-level efficiency of water use under elevated [CO2]. We propose that altered cuticular development during canopy closure may partially explain the changing response of stomata to elevated [CO2], although the mechanism for this remains obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny J Tricker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton, SO16 7PX, UK
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Ainsworth EA, Long SP. What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 165:351-71. [PMID: 15720649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1330] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) experiments allow study of the effects of elevated [CO(2)] on plants and ecosystems grown under natural conditions without enclosure. Data from 120 primary, peer-reviewed articles describing physiology and production in the 12 large-scale FACE experiments (475-600 ppm) were collected and summarized using meta-analytic techniques. The results confirm some results from previous chamber experiments: light-saturated carbon uptake, diurnal C assimilation, growth and above-ground production increased, while specific leaf area and stomatal conductance decreased in elevated [CO(2)]. There were differences in FACE. Trees were more responsive than herbaceous species to elevated [CO(2)]. Grain crop yields increased far less than anticipated from prior enclosure studies. The broad direction of change in photosynthesis and production in elevated [CO(2)] may be similar in FACE and enclosure studies, but there are major quantitative differences: trees were more responsive than other functional types; C(4) species showed little response; and the reduction in plant nitrogen was small and largely accounted for by decreased Rubisco. The results from this review may provide the most plausible estimates of how plants in their native environments and field-grown crops will respond to rising atmospheric [CO(2)]; but even with FACE there are limitations, which are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 190 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Fischer DG, Hart SC, Whitham TG, Martinsen GD, Keim P. Ecosystem implications of genetic variation in water-use of a dominant riparian tree. Oecologia 2004; 139:288-97. [PMID: 14767756 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-004-1505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in dominant species can affect plant and ecosystem functions in natural systems through multiple pathways. Our study focuses on how genetic variation in a dominant riparian tree ( Populus fremontii, P. angustifolia and their natural F(1) and backcross hybrids) affects whole-tree water use, and its potential ecosystem implications. Three major patterns were found. First, in a 12-year-old common garden with trees of known genetic makeup, hybrids had elevated daily integrated leaf-specific transpiration ( E(tl); P=0.013) and average canopy conductance ( G(c); P=0.037), with both E(tl) and G(c) approximately 30% higher in hybrid cross types than parental types. Second, delta(13)C values of leaves from these same trees were significantly more negative in hybrids ( P=0.004), and backcross hybrids had significantly more negative values than all other F(1) hybrid and parental types ( P<0.001). Third, in the wild, a similar pattern was found in leaf delta(13)C values where both hybrid cross types had the lowest values ( P<0.001) and backcross hybrids had lower delta(13)C values than any other tree type ( P<0.001). Our findings have two important implications: (1). the existence of a consistent genetic difference in whole-tree physiology suggests that whole-tree gas and water exchange could be another pathway through which genes could affect ecosystems; and (2). such studies are important because they seek to quantify the genetic variation that exists in basic physiological processes-such knowledge could ultimately place ecosystem studies within a genetic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Fischer
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Bldg. 82, Box 15018, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5018, USA.
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Long SP, Ainsworth EA, Rogers A, Ort DR. Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide: plants FACE the future. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 55:591-628. [PMID: 15377233 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) is now higher than it was at any time in the past 26 million years and is expected to nearly double during this century. Terrestrial plants with the C(3) photosynthetic pathway respond in the short term to increased [CO(2)] via increased net photosynthesis and decreased transpiration. In the longer term this increase is often offset by downregulation of photosynthetic capacity. But much of what is currently known about plant responses to elevated [CO(2)] comes from enclosure studies, where the responses of plants may be modified by size constraints and the limited life-cycle stages that are examined. Free-Air CO(2) Enrichment (FACE) was developed as a means to grow plants in the field at controlled elevation of CO(2) under fully open-air field conditions. The findings of FACE experiments are quantitatively summarized via meta-analytic statistics and compared to findings from chamber studies. Although trends agree with parallel summaries of enclosure studies, important quantitative differences emerge that have important implications both for predicting the future terrestrial biosphere and understanding how crops may need to be adapted to the changed and changing atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Long
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Illinois 61801-4798, USA.
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Calfapietra C, Gielen B, Sabatti M, De Angelis P, Miglietta F, Scarascia-Mugnozza G, Ceulemans R. Do above-ground growth dynamics of poplar change with time under CO 2 enrichment? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 160:305-318. [PMID: 33832178 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• In a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) study, above-ground growth of Populus alba, Populus nigra and Populus×euramericana was followed continuously during the first rotation cycle of a short rotation culture (SRC) plantation to test possible changes in the response to elevated CO2 occurring from planting until canopy closure. • Height, stem basal area, stem volume index, branch production, and bud phenology were monitored for 3 yr. Moreover the coefficient of variation and a competition index were calculated to analyse the onset and the typology of competition. • Volume index was higher under elevated CO2 by 77%, 24% and 22%, as mean value for the three species, in the first, second and third years, respectively. The stimulating response, although univocal, differed in extent among species. Branch production was stimulated only in the first year, whereas bud phenology was unaffected. • The analysis of these results show that growth was stimulated by elevated CO2 only in the first year, although differences in volume index remained significant even in the second and third years. In the third year, under canopy closure, only competitively advantaged individuals profited by the FACE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Calfapietra
- Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Forest Environment and Resources (DISAFRI), Via S. Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Birgit Gielen
- University of Antwerpen, UIA, Department of Biology, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Sabatti
- Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Forest Environment and Resources (DISAFRI), Via S. Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Paolo De Angelis
- Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Forest Environment and Resources (DISAFRI), Via S. Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Scarascia-Mugnozza
- Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Forest Environment and Resources (DISAFRI), Via S. Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- University of Antwerpen, UIA, Department of Biology, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Cech PG, Pepin S, Körner C. Elevated CO2 reduces sap flux in mature deciduous forest trees. Oecologia 2003; 137:258-68. [PMID: 12898382 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003-1348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2002] [Accepted: 06/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We enriched in CO2 the canopy of 14 broad-leaved trees in a species-rich, ca. 30-m-tall forest in NW Switzerland to test whether elevated CO2 reduces water use in mature forest trees. Measurements of sap flux density (JS) were made prior to CO2 enrichment (summer 2000) and throughout the first whole growing season of CO2 exposure (2001) using the constant heat-flow technique. The short-term responses of sap flux to brief (1.5-3 h) interruptions of CO2 enrichment were also examined. There were no significant a priori differences in morphological and physiological traits between trees which were later exposed to elevated CO2 (n=14) and trees later used as controls (n=19). Over the entire growing season, CO2 enrichment resulted in an average 10.7% reduction in mean daily JS across all species compared to control trees. Responses were most pronounced in Carpinus, Acer, Prunus and Tilia, smaller in Quercus and close to zero in Fagus trees. The JS of treated trees significantly increased by 7% upon transient exposure to ambient CO2 concentrations at noon. Hence, responses of the different species were, in the short term, similar in magnitude to those observed over the whole season (though opposite because of the reversed treatment). The reductions in mean JS of CO2-enriched trees were high (22%) under conditions of low evaporative demand (vapour pressure deficit, VPD <5 hPa) and small (2%) when mean daily VPD was greater than 10 hPa. During a relatively dry period, the effect of elevated CO2 on JS even appeared to be reversed. These results suggest that daily water savings by CO2-enriched trees may have accumulated to a significantly improved water status by the time when control trees were short of soil moisture. Our data indicate that the magnitude of CO2 effects on stand transpiration will depend on rainfall regimes and the relative abundance of the different species, being more pronounced under humid conditions and in stands dominated by species such as Carpinus and negligible in mono-specific Fagus forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Cech
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Bernacchi CJ, Calfapietra C, Davey PA, Wittig VE, Scarascia-Mugnozza GE, Raines CA, Long SP. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance responses of poplars to free-air CO 2 enrichment (PopFACE) during the first growth cycle and immediately following coppice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 159:609-621. [PMID: 33873598 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Using the Poplar Free Air CO2 Enrichement (PopFACE) facility we investigated the effects of elevated [CO2 ] on the diurnal and growth cycle responses of photosynthesis and conductance in three poplar species. • In situ diurnal measurements of photosynthesis were made on Populus alba, P. nigra and P. ×euramericana and, in parallel, in vivo maximum capacity for carboxylation (Vc,max ) and maximum rates of electron transport (Jmax ) were determined by gas exchange measurement. • Light saturated (Asat ) and daily integrated (A') photosynthesis increased at elevated [CO2 ] in all species. Elevated [CO2 ] decreased Vc,max and Jmax for P. nigra and Jmax for P.¥euramericana but had no effect on stomatal conductance in any of the species throughout the first growth cycle. During post-coppice re-growth, elevated [CO2 ] did not increase Asat in P. nigra and P.×euramericana due to large decreases in Vc,max and Jmax . • A 50% increase in [CO2 ] under these open-air field conditions resulted in a large and sustained increase in Asat . Although there were some differences between the species, these had little effect on photosynthetic rates at the growth [CO2 ]. Nevertheless the results show that even fast growing trees grown without rooting volume restriction in the open may still show some down-regulation of photosynthetic potential at elevated [CO2 ].
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Bernacchi
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - C Calfapietra
- Universitá degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Forest Environment and Resources (DISAFRI), Via S. Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - P A Davey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - V E Wittig
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - G E Scarascia-Mugnozza
- Universitá degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Forest Environment and Resources (DISAFRI), Via S. Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - C A Raines
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - S P Long
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Gielen B, Scarascia-Mugnozza G, Ceulemans R. Stem respiration of Populus species in the third year of free-air CO2 enrichment. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2003; 117:500-507. [PMID: 12675740 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon cycling in ecosystems, and especially in forests, is intensively studied to predict the effects of global climate change, and the role which forests may play in 'changing climate change'. One of the questions is whether the carbon balance of forests will be affected by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Regarding this question, effects of elevated [CO2] on woody-tissue respiration have frequently been neglected. Stem respiration of three Populus species (P. alba L. (Clone 2AS-11), P. nigra L. (Clone Jean Pourtet), and P. x euramericana (Clone I-214)) was measured in a managed, high-density forest plantation exposed to free-air CO2 enrichment (POPFACE). During the period of measurements, in May of the third year, stem respiration rates were not affected by the FACE treatment. Moreover, FACE did not influence the relationships between respiration rate and both stem temperature and relative growth rate. The results were supported by the reported absence of a FACE-effect on growth and stem wood density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Gielen
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Department of Forest Environment and Resources (DISAFRI), Via S. Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Gielen B, Ceulemans R. The likely impact of rising atmospheric CO2 on natural and managed Populus: a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2001; 115:335-358. [PMID: 11789917 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Because of their prominent role in global biomass productivity, as well as their complex structure and function, forests and tree species deserve particular attention in studies on the likely impact of elevated atmospheric CO2 on terrestrial vegetation. Poplar (Populus) has proven to be an interesting study object due to its fast response to a changing environment, and the growing importance of managed forests in the carbon balance. Results of both chamber and field experiments with different poplar species and hybrids are reviewed in this contribution. Despite the variability between experiments and species, and the remaining uncertainty over the long term, poplar is likely to profit from a rising atmospheric CO2 concentration with a mean biomass stimulation of 33%. Environmental conditions and pollutants (e.g. O3) may counteract this stimulation but with managed plantations, environmental constraints might not occur. The predicted responses of poplar to rising atmospheric CO2 have implications for future forest management and the expected forest carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gielen
- University of Antwerp, UIA, Department of Biology, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Taylor G, Ceulemans R, Ferris R, Gardner SD, Shao BY. Increased leaf area expansion of hybrid poplar in elevated CO2. From controlled environments to open-top chambers and to FACE. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2001; 115:463-472. [PMID: 11789926 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We examined the response of hybrid poplar to elevated CO2 in contrasting growth environments: controlled environment chamber (CE). open-top chamber (OTC) and poplar free air CO2 enrichment (POPFACE) in order to compare short versus long-term effects and to determine whether generalisations in response are possible for this fast growing tree. Leaf growth, which for poplar is an important determinant of stemwood productivity was followed in all environments, as were the determinants of leaf growth-cell expansion and cell production. Elevated CO2 (550-700 micromol mol(-1), depending on environment) resulted in an increase in final leaf size for Populus trichocarpa x Populus deltoides (Populus x interamericana) and P. deltoides x Populus nigra (Populus x euramericana), irrespective of whether plants were exposed during a short-term CE glasshouse study (90 days), a long-term OTC experiment (3 years) or during the first year of a POPFACE experiment. An exception was observed in the closed canopy POPFACE experiment, where final leaf size remained unaltered by CO2. Increased leaf extension rate was observed in elevated CO2 in all experiments, at some point during leaf development, as determined by leaf length. Again the exception were the POPFACE experiment, where effects were not statistically significant. Leaf production and specific leaf area (SLA) were increased and decreased, respectively, on five out of six occasions, although both were only statistically significant on two occasions and interestingly for SLA never in the FACE experiment. Although both cell expansion and cell production were sensitive to CO2 concentration, effects appeared highly dependent on growth environment and genotype. However, increased leaf cell expansion in elevated CO2 was often associated with changes in the biophysical properties of the cell wall, usually increased cell wall plasticity. This research has shown that enhanced leaf area development was a consistent response to elevated CO2 but that the magnitude of this response is likely to decline, in long-term exposure to elevated CO2. Effects on SLA and leaf production suggest that CE and OTC experiments may not always provide good predictors of the 'qualitative' effects of elevated CO2 in long-term ecosystem experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
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