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Rogers ER, Zalesny RS, Lin CH, Vinhal RA. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing Populus water use: A literature review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119180. [PMID: 37839198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Poplars (Populus L. spp.) are versatile, productive trees that are used in environmental systems worldwide to provide a variety of benefits. Though poplars are recognized for their elevated water use, summaries of existing data on poplar water use, its influencing factors, and the methodologies used to measure it, are lacking. We sought to 1) summarize the sap flow methodologies used to quantify poplar water use, 2) review sap flow-derived water use data reported in the literature for Populus hybrids and non-hybrids, and 3) assess the effects of different intrinsic factors (plant variables) and extrinsic factors (environmental variables) on poplar water use. We identified 133 articles containing information on the methodologies used to measure poplar sap flow. Of these, the thermal dissipation method was used in a majority (55%) of the studies. Poplar water use data were reported in 51 of the articles, with studies taking place in 13 countries, and representing the time period of 1992-2018. Hybrids were studied in 18 articles and included 17 genotypes, while non-hybrids were studied in 33 articles, and included eight species. Hybrid poplar water use ranged from 0.7 to 11.3 mm day-1, with an overall mean of 2.7 ± 0.3 mm day-1. Non-hybrid water use ranged from 0.2 to 19.5 mm day-1 with an average of 2.8 ± 0.4 mm day-1. Hybrid poplar water use differed significantly among hybrid types, tree age classes, and water availability classes, and non-hybrid water use was significantly different among species, experimental context, and water availability classes. While we focused on poplar water use measured by sap flow methodologies, this review builds the foundation for a comprehensive summary of available poplar water use information that has been reported in the literature. Our results on the factors influencing poplar water use can be used to aid in the decision-making process when designing poplar-based environmental systems such as remediation, bioenergy, and agroforestry systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Rogers
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI, 54501, USA; University of Missouri, Center for Agroforestry, 302 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Ronald S Zalesny
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI, 54501, USA
| | - Chung-Ho Lin
- University of Missouri, Center for Agroforestry, 302 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ryan A Vinhal
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI, 54501, USA
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Beslity J, Shaw SB. Testing of a custom, portable drill press to minimize probe misalignment in sap flow sensors. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1467-1477. [PMID: 37084133 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The accurate estimation of plant transpiration is critical to the fields of hydrology, plant physiology and ecology. Among the various methods of measuring transpiration in the field, the sap flow methods based on head pulses offers a cost-effective and energy-efficient option to directly measure the plant-level movement of water through the hydraulically active tissue. While authors have identified several possible sources of error in these measurements, one of the most common sources is misalignment of the sap flow probes due to user error. Though the effects of probe misalignment are well documented, no device or technique has been universally adopted to ensure the proper installation of sap flow probes. In this paper we compare the magnitude of misalignment errors among a 5 mm thick drilling template (DT), a 10 mm thick DT, and a custom designed, field-portable drill press. The different techniques were evaluated in the laboratory using a 7.5 cm wood block and in the field, comparing differences in measured sap flow. Based on analysis of holes drilled in the wood block, we found that the portable drill press was most effective in assuring that drill holes remained parallel, even at 7.5 cm depth. In field installations, nearly 50% of holes drilled with a 5 mm template needed to be redrilled while none needed to be when drilled with the drill press. Widespread use of a portable drill press when implementing the heat pulse method would minimize alignment uncertainty and allow a clearer understanding of other sources of uncertainty due to variability in tree species, age, or external drivers or transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Beslity
- Department of Environmental Resource Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry Syracuse, NY 13224
| | - Stephen B Shaw
- Department of Environmental Resource Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry Syracuse, NY 13224
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Wheeler WD, Black B, Bugbee B. Assessing water stress in a high-density apple orchard using trunk circumference variation, sap flow index and stem water potential. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1214429. [PMID: 37600171 PMCID: PMC10435262 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1214429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Automated plant-based measurements of water stress have the potential to advance precision irrigation in orchard crops. Previous studies have shown correlations between sap flow, line variable differential transform (LVDT) dendrometers and fruit tree drought response. Here we report season-long automated measurement of maximum daily change in trunk diameter using band dendrometers and heated needles to measure a simplified sap flow index (SFI). Methods Measurements were made on two apple cultivars that were stressed at 7 to 12 day intervals by withholding irrigation until the average stem water potential (ΨStem) dropped below -1.5 MPa, after which irrigation was restored and the drought cycle repeated. Results Dendrometer measurements of maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) were highly correlated (r² = 0.85) with pressure chamber measurements of stem water potential. The SFI measurements were less correlated with stem water potential but were highly correlated with evaporative demand (r² = 0.82) as determined by the Penman-Monteith equation (ETr). Discussion The high correlation of SFI to ETr suggests that high-density orchards resemble a continuous surface, unlike orchards with widely spaced trees. The correlations of MDS and SFI to ΨStem were higher during the early season than the late season growth. Band dendrometers are less labor intensive to install than LVDT dendrometers and are non-invasive so are well suited to commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Wheeler
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Brent Black
- Pomology Extension, Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Bruce Bugbee
- Crop Physiology Laboratory, Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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Kumar R, Hosseinzadehtaher M, Hein N, Shadmand M, Jagadish SVK, Ghanbarian B. Challenges and advances in measuring sap flow in agriculture and agroforestry: A review with focus on nuclear magnetic resonance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1036078. [PMID: 36426161 PMCID: PMC9679431 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1036078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sap flow measurement is one of the most effective methods for quantifying plant water use.A better understanding of sap flow dynamics can aid in more efficient water and crop management, particularly under unpredictable rainfall patterns and water scarcity resulting from climate change. In addition to detecting infected plants, sap flow measurement helps select plant species that could better cope with hotter and drier conditions. There exist multiple methods to measure sap flow including heat balance, dyes and radiolabeled tracers. Heat sensor-based techniques are the most popular and commercially available to study plant hydraulics, even though most of them are invasive and associated with multiple kinds of errors. Heat-based methods are prone to errors due to misalignment of probes and wounding, despite all the advances in this technology. Among existing methods for measuring sap flow, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an appropriate non-invasive approach. However, there are challenges associated with applications of NMR to measure sap flow in trees or field crops, such as producing homogeneous magnetic field, bulkiness and poor portable nature of the instruments, and operational complexity. Nonetheless, various advances have been recently made that allow the manufacture of portable NMR tools for measuring sap flow in plants. The basic concept of the portal NMR tool is based on an external magnetic field to measure the sap flow and hence advances in magnet types and magnet arrangements (e.g., C-type, U-type, and Halbach magnets) are critical components of NMR-based sap flow measuring tools. Developing a non-invasive, portable and inexpensive NMR tool that can be easily used under field conditions would significantly improve our ability to monitor vegetation responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Mohsen Hosseinzadehtaher
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nathan Hein
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Mohammad Shadmand
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Behzad Ghanbarian
- Porous Media Research Lab, Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Liu Y, Zhang H, Ma C, Liu B, Ding C. Verification of sap flow characteristics and measurement errors of Populus tomentosa Carr. and Salix babylonica L. based on the liquid level equilibrium method. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:946804. [PMID: 36119577 PMCID: PMC9472247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.946804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study clarified the characteristics and influencing factors of sap flow in Populus tomentosa Carr. and Salix babylonica L., and verified the applicability of Granier's original formula for measuring the sap flow of the two species, aimed to provide a basis for the accurate assessment of tree transpiration. P. tomentosa and S. babylonica were used as research objects, their sap flow was measured by the thermal dissipation probe method (TDP), together with changes in meteorological factors and soil water content. Meanwhile, the transpiration of both species was measured by the liquid level equilibrium method (LLE) to verify the applicability of Granier's original formula. We found that: (1) the sap flow velocity of P. tomentosa and S. babylonica under typical sunny and cloudy conditions showed unimodal or bimodal changes, which were highly significantly correlated with meteorological factors (P < 0.01), but they were all small and poorly correlated with meteorological factors on rainy days. (2) The sap flow velocity of both species was significantly and negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the daily change in stem and soil water content at 10-20 cm. (3) Compared to that calculated with the LLE method, the sap flows of the two species calculated by the TDP technique using Granier's original formula were seriously underestimated, with error rates of -60.96% and -63.37%, respectively. The Granier's correction formulas for P. tomentosa and S. babylonica established by the LLE method were F d = 0.0287K 1.236 (R 2 = 0.941) and F d = 0.0145K 0.852 (R 2 = 0.904), respectively, and the combined correction formula was F d = 0.0235K 1.080 (R 2 = 0.957). It was verified that the errors of sap flow calculated by the specific correction formulas for P. tomentosa and S. babylonica were -6.18% and -5.86%, and those calculated by the combined correction formula were -12.76% and -2.32%, respectively. Therefore, the characteristics of the sap flow velocity of P. tomentosa and S. babylonica on sunny, cloudy and rainy days were different and significantly influenced by meteorological factors. The original Granier's formula for calculating their sap flow resulted in a large error, but can be measured more accurately by constructing specific correction and combination formulas through the LLE method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Liu
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hanhan Zhang
- The County Forestry Development Service Center, Handan, China
| | - Changming Ma
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Bingxiang Liu
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Changjun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Blasini DE, Koepke DF, Bush SE, Allan GJ, Gehring CA, Whitham TG, Day TA, Hultine KR. Tradeoffs between leaf cooling and hydraulic safety in a dominant arid land riparian tree species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1664-1681. [PMID: 35147232 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leaf carbon gain optimization in hot environments requires balancing leaf thermoregulation with avoiding excessive water loss via transpiration and hydraulic failure. The tradeoffs between leaf thermoregulation and transpirational water loss can determine the ecological consequences of heat waves that are increasing in frequency and intensity. We evaluated leaf thermoregulation strategies in warm- (>40°C maximum summer temperature) and cool-adapted (<40°C maximum summer temperature) genotypes of the foundation tree species, Populus fremontii, using a common garden near the mid-elevational point of its distribution. We measured leaf temperatures and assessed three modes of leaf thermoregulation: leaf morphology, midday canopy stomatal conductance and stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit. Data were used to parameterize a leaf energy balance model to estimate contrasts in midday leaf temperature in warm- and cool-adapted genotypes. Warm-adapted genotypes had 39% smaller leaves and 38% higher midday stomatal conductance, reflecting a 3.8°C cooler mean leaf temperature than cool-adapted genotypes. Leaf temperatures modelled over the warmest months were on average 1.1°C cooler in warm- relative to cool-adapted genotypes. Results show that plants adapted to warm environments are predisposed to tightly regulate leaf temperatures during heat waves, potentially at an increased risk of hydraulic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis E Blasini
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Dan F Koepke
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Susan E Bush
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Gerard J Allan
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas A Day
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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7
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Guo JS, Bush SE, Hultine KR. Temporal variation in stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit in western riparian forests. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Guo
- Arizona Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Susan E. Bush
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - Kevin R. Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation, and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden Phoenix, AZ 85008 USA
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Leoncini C, Filippini M, Nascimbene J, Gargini A. A quantitative review and meta-analysis on phytoscreening applied to aquifers contaminated by chlorinated ethenes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153005. [PMID: 35026257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Applications and acceptance of phytoscreening, i.e., the use of trees as screening tools for underground contamination, are still limited in many countries due to the lack of awareness of application policies, the intrinsic qualitative nature of the technique, and the paucity of critical analyses on available data. To date, the conditions influencing the effectiveness of the technique have been descriptively discussed, yet rarely quantified. This review will contribute to filling this knowledge gap, shedding light on the most suitable approaches to apply phytoscreening. The focus was placed specifically on chlorinated ethene compounds since they are among the main organic contaminants in groundwater and have been the most studied in the field of phytoscreening. Chlorinated ethenes' behavior and biodegradation potential largely depend on their physicochemical properties as well as the hydrogeological features of the system in which they migrate. Besides, their fate and transport in surface ecosystems are still poorly understood. Here, phytoscreening data from sites contaminated by chlorinated ethenes were extracted from relevant literature to form a global-scale database. Data were statistically analyzed to identify the major drivers of variability in tree-cores concentration. Correlation between tree-core and groundwater concentration was quantified through Spearman's rank coefficients, whilst detectability potential was determined based on tree-cores showing non-detection of contaminants. The influence on such parameters of factors like contaminant properties, hydrogeology, tree features, and sampling/analytical protocols was assessed. Results suggest that factors controlling plant uptake and contaminant phytovolatilization regulate correlation and detectability, respectively. Conditions increasing the correlation (e.g., sites with shallow and permeable aquifers) are recommended for phytoscreening applications aimed at mapping and monitoring contaminant plumes, whereas conditions increasing detectability (e.g., sampling tree-cores near ground level) are recommended to preliminary screen underground contamination in poorly investigated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Leoncini
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, via Zamboni 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Filippini
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, via Zamboni 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juri Nascimbene
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, via Zamboni 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gargini
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, via Zamboni 67, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Spanner GC, Gimenez BO, Wright CL, Menezes VS, Newman BD, Collins AD, Jardine KJ, Negrón-Juárez RI, Lima AJN, Rodrigues JR, Chambers JQ, Higuchi N, Warren JM. Dry Season Transpiration and Soil Water Dynamics in the Central Amazon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:825097. [PMID: 35401584 PMCID: PMC8987125 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.825097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With current observations and future projections of more intense and frequent droughts in the tropics, understanding the impact that extensive dry periods may have on tree and ecosystem-level transpiration and concurrent carbon uptake has become increasingly important. Here, we investigate paired soil and tree water extraction dynamics in an old-growth upland forest in central Amazonia during the 2018 dry season. Tree water use was assessed via radial patterns of sap flow in eight dominant canopy trees, each a different species with a range in diameter, height, and wood density. Paired multi-sensor soil moisture probes used to quantify volumetric water content dynamics and soil water extraction within the upper 100 cm were installed adjacent to six of those trees. To link depth-specific water extraction patterns to root distribution, fine root biomass was assessed through the soil profile to 235 cm. To scale tree water use to the plot level (stand transpiration), basal area was measured for all trees within a 5 m radius around each soil moisture probe. The sensitivity of tree transpiration to reduced precipitation varied by tree, with some increasing and some decreasing in water use during the dry period. Tree-level water use scaled with sapwood area, from 11 to 190 L per day. Stand level water use, based on multiple plots encompassing sap flow and adjacent trees, varied from ∼1.7 to 3.3 mm per day, increasing linearly with plot basal area. Soil water extraction was dependent on root biomass, which was dense at the surface (i.e., 45% in the upper 5 cm) and declined dramatically with depth. As the dry season progressed and the upper soil dried, soil water extraction shifted to deeper levels and model projections suggest that much of the water used during the month-long dry-down could be extracted from the upper 2-3 m. Results indicate variation in rates of soil water extraction across the research area and, temporally, through the soil profile. These results provide key information on whole-tree contributions to transpiration by canopy trees as water availability changes. In addition, information on simultaneous stand level dynamics of soil water extraction that can inform mechanistic models that project tropical forest response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno O. Gimenez
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Panama City, Panama
| | - Cynthia L. Wright
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | | | - Brent D. Newman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Adam D. Collins
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Kolby J. Jardine
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Q. Chambers
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Niro Higuchi
- National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey M. Warren
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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Abstract
The quantification of water flow through the stem is vital for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) to promote a good water stress management. The thermal dissipation probe (TDP) method developed by Granier is widely used to evaluate transpiration of forest trees; however, there are contradictory reports regarding its reliability. Considerable errors in estimated sap flux density, which might be due to a lack ofspecies-specific calibrations. The TDP method uses a mathematical model that is based on an empirical equation to estimate sap flux density, which is claimed to be applicable to all tree species, independently of wood structure and anatomy. At the laboratory, we compared the rate of water uptake by cut stems with sap flux estimates derived from the TDP method to assess the validity of the method.Our calibration results were considerably different compared to the Granier’s original equation. Moreover, sap flux density was overestimated by 18.2±0.5% when the original calibration parameters of Granierare employed. However,using new calibration parameters improved the accuracy of sap flow measurements. Our results indicated that it is not appropriate to use a general equation for different species. Therefore, previous estimations of date palm’s water requirement through thermal dissipation probes should be revised.
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Buttó V, Millan M, Rossi S, Delagrange S. Contrasting Carbon Allocation Strategies of Ring-Porous and Diffuse-Porous Species Converge Toward Similar Growth Responses to Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:760859. [PMID: 34975943 PMCID: PMC8716880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.760859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extreme climatic events that are expected under global warming expose forest ecosystems to drought stress, which may affect the growth and productivity. We assessed intra-annual growth responses of trees to soil water content in species belonging to different functional groups of tree-ring porosity. We pose the hypothesis that species with contrasting carbon allocation strategies, which emerge from different relationships between wood traits and canopy architecture, display divergent growth responses to drought. We selected two diffuse-porous species (Acer saccharum and Betula alleghaniensis) and two ring-porous species (Quercus rubra and Fraxinus americana) from the mixed forest of Quebec (Canada). We measured anatomical wood traits and canopy architecture in eight individuals per species and assessed tree growth sensitivity to water balance during 2008-2017 using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). Stem elongation in diffuse-porous species mainly depended upon the total number of ramifications and hydraulic diameter of the tree-ring vessels. In ring-porous species, stem elongation mainly depended upon the productivity of the current year, i.e., number of vessels and basal area increment. Diffuse-porous and ring-porous species had similar responses to soil water balance. The effect of soil water balance on tree growth changed during the growing season. In April, decreasing soil temperature linked to wet conditions could explain the negative relationship between SPEI and tree growth. In late spring, greater water availability affected carbon partitioning, by promoting the formation of larger xylem vessels in both functional groups. Results suggest that timings and duration of drought events affect meristem growth and carbon allocation in both functional groups. Drought induces the formation of fewer xylem vessels in ring-porous species, and smaller xylem vessels in diffuse-porous species, the latter being also prone to a decline in stem elongation due to a reduced number of ramifications. Indeed, stem elongation of diffuse-porous species is influenced by environmental conditions of the previous year, which determine the total number of ramifications during the current year. Drought responses in different functional groups are thus characterized by different drivers, express contrasting levels of resistance or resilience, but finally result in an overall similar loss of productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Buttó
- Département des Sciences Naturelles, Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, QC, Canada
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Mathilde Millan
- Département des Sciences Naturelles, Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, QC, Canada
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sylvain Delagrange
- Département des Sciences Naturelles, Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, QC, Canada
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Impacts of Canopy and Understory Nitrogen Additions on Stomatal Conductance and Carbon Assimilation of Dominant Tree Species in a Temperate Broadleaved Deciduous Forest. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Hultine KR, Dehn D, Bush SE, Acharya K, D'Antonio C, Dudley TL, Healey J, Hull JB, Koepke DF, Long RW, Potts DL. Episodic defoliation rapidly reduces starch but not soluble sugars in an invasive shrub, Tamarix spp. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1343-1353. [PMID: 34415569 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plants rely on pools of internal nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs: soluble sugars plus starch) to support metabolism, growth, and regrowth of tissues damaged from disturbance such as foliage herbivory. However, impacts of foliage herbivory on the quantity and composition of NSC pools in long-lived woody plants are currently unclear. We implemented a controlled defoliation experiment on mature Tamarix spp.-a dominant riparian woody shrub/tree that has evolved with intense herbivory pressure-to test two interrelated hypotheses: (1) Repeated defoliation disproportionately impacts aboveground versus belowground NSC storage. (2) Defoliation disproportionately impacts starch versus soluble sugar storage. METHODS Hypotheses were tested by transplanting six Tamarix seedlings into each of eight cylinder mesocosms (2 m diameter, 1 m in depth). After 2.5 years, plants in four of the eight mesocosms were mechanically defoliated repeatedly over a single growing season, and all plants were harvested in the following spring. RESULTS Defoliation had no impact on either above- or belowground soluble sugar pools. However, starch in defoliated plants dropped to 55% and 26% in stems and roots, respectively, relative to control plants, resulting in an over 2-fold higher soluble sugar to starch ratio in defoliated plants. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that defoliation occurring over a single growing season does not impact immediate plant functions such as osmoregulation, but depleted starch could limit future fitness, particularly where defoliation occurs over multiple years. These results improve our understanding of how woody plants cope with episodic defoliation caused by foliage herbivory and other disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Donna Dehn
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Susan E Bush
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Kumud Acharya
- Division of Hydrological Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA
| | - Carla D'Antonio
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Bldg 520, RM 4001, Fl 4 L, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Bldg 520, RM 4001, Fl4L, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - John Healey
- Division of Hydrological Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA
| | - Julia B Hull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Dan F Koepke
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Randall W Long
- Department of Research and Conservation, Holden Forests and Gardens, Kirtland, OH, 44094, USA
| | - Dan L Potts
- Biology Department, SUNY Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY, 14222, USA
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McElrone AJ, Manuck CM, Brodersen CR, Patakas A, Pearsall KR, Williams LE. Functional hydraulic sectoring in grapevines as evidenced by sap flow, dye infusion, leaf removal and micro-computed tomography. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab003. [PMID: 33841756 PMCID: PMC8023307 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The supply of water to a plant canopy is dependent on the xylem pathway connecting roots to leaves. In some plants, sectored xylem pathways can restrict resource distribution, resulting in variable quality of organs in the shoots, yet little is known about the effects of sectoring in crop cultivars. In this study, we combined sap flow measurements and infusion of xylem-specific dyes to document functional conductive area and flow pathways from roots to shoots of 20-year-old Thompson Seedless and 8-year-old Chardonnay grapevines. Sap flow measurements and dye infusion demonstrated that water flowed predominantly in discrete xylem (visually identifiable from the trunk surface) sectors along the trunk axis, each supplying limited portions of the canopy. Functional conductive area in the trunk was proportional to that in the shoots even though sector size varied considerably between vines. Leaf area removal experiments further demonstrated sectoring in grapevines; sap flow decreased by >90 % in trunk sectors connected to excised shoots while it remained constant in trunk sectors supplying intact portions of the canopy. Despite the functional sectoring in grapevines, a high degree of interconnectivity of trunk xylem in the tangential direction was confirmed with synchrotron-based micro-computed tomography (microCT) and dye crossover infusion studies. Fruit attached to dyed canes was also similarly sectored; no clusters exhibited dye on non-dyed canes, while 97 % of clusters attached to dyed canes exhibited dye infusion. The dye travelled down the cluster rachis and appeared to accumulate at the pedicel/berry junction, but only on dyed canes. These findings suggest that xylem in grapevine trunks is integrated anatomically, but functions in a sectored manner due to high axial hydraulic conductivity. The functional sectoring of grapevine xylem documented here has important implications for management practices in vineyards and for fruit cluster uniformity within single grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McElrone
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - C M Manuck
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - A Patakas
- University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 451 10, Greece
| | - K R Pearsall
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - L E Williams
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Sap Flow in Aleppo Pine in Greece in Relation to Sapwood Radial Gradient, Temporal and Climatic Variability. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: The radial gradient of sap flux density (Js) and the effects of climatic factors on sap flow of Aleppo pine were assessed at different time scales in an eastern Mediterranean ecosystem to improve our understanding of the species water balance. Background and Objectives: Aleppo pine’s sap flow radial profile and responses to environmental parameters in the eastern Mediterranean were, to our best knowledge, originating to date from more arid planted forests. Information from natural forests in this region was lacking. Our objectives were to (a) determine the species’ radial variability in Js on a diurnal and seasonal basis and under different climatic conditions, (b) scale up to tree sap flow taking into account the radial profile of Js and (c) determine the responses of Aleppo pine’s sap flow over the year to climatic variability. Materials and Methods: Js was monitored in Aleppo pine in a natural forest in northern Greece with Granier’s method using sensors at three sapwood depths (21, 51, and 81 mm) during two periods differing in climatic conditions, particularly in soil water availability. Results: Js was the highest at 21 mm sapwood depth, and it declined with increasing depth. A steeper gradient of Js in deep sapwood was observed under drier conditions. The same patterns of radial variability in Js were maintained throughout the year, but the contribution of inner sapwood to sap flow was the highest in autumn when the lower seasonal Js was recorded in both study periods. Not taking into account the radial gradient of Js in the studied Aleppo pine would result in a c. 20.2–27.7 % overestimation of total sap flow on a sapwood basis (Qs), irrespective of climatic conditions. On a diurnal and seasonal basis, VPD was the strongest determinant of sap flux density, while at a larger temporal scale, the effect of soil water content was evident. At SWC > 20% sap flow responded positively to increasing solar radiation and VPD, indicating the decisive role of water availability in the studied region. Moreover, in drier days with VPD > 0.7 KPa, SWC controlled the variation of sap flow. Conclusions: There is a considerable radial variability in Js of the studied Aleppo pine and a considerable fluctuation of sap flow with environmental dynamics that should be taken into account when addressing the species water balance.
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16
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Ziemińska K, Rosa E, Gleason SM, Holbrook NM. Wood day capacitance is related to water content, wood density, and anatomy across 30 temperate tree species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:3048-3067. [PMID: 32935340 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water released from wood during transpiration (capacitance) can meaningfully affect daily water use and drought response. To provide context for better understanding of capacitance mechanisms, we investigated links between capacitance and wood anatomy. On twigs of 30 temperate angiosperm tree species, we measured day capacitance (between predawn and midday), water content, wood density, and anatomical traits, that is, vessel dimensions, tissue fractions, and vessel-tissue contact fractions (fraction of vessel circumference in contact with other tissues). Across all species, wood density (WD) and predawn lumen volumetric water content (VWCL-pd ) together were the strongest predictors of day capacitance (r2adj = .44). Vessel-tissue contact fractions explained an additional ~10% of the variation in day capacitance. Regression models were not improved by including tissue lumen fractions. Among diffuse-porous species, VWCL-pd and vessel-ray contact fraction together were the best predictors of day capacitance, whereas among semi/ring-porous species, VWCL-pd , WD and vessel-fibre contact fraction were the best predictors. At predawn, wood was less than fully saturated for all species (lumen relative water content = 0.52 ± 0.17). Our findings imply that day capacitance depends on the amount of stored water, tissue connectivity and the bulk wood properties arising from WD (e.g., elasticity), rather than the fraction of any particular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Ziemińska
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emily Rosa
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Sean M Gleason
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Biot-Granier Sensor: A Novel Strategy to Measuring Sap Flow in Trees. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20123538. [PMID: 32580426 PMCID: PMC7349400 DOI: 10.3390/s20123538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Biot-Granier (Gbt) is a new thermal dissipation-based sap flow measurement methodology, comprising sensors, data management and automatic data processing. It relies on the conventional Granier (Gcv) methodology upgraded with a modified Granier sensor set, as well as on an algorithm to measure the absolute temperatures in the two observation points and perform the Biot number approach. The work described herein addresses the construction details of the Gbt sensors and the characterization of the overall performance of the Gbt method after comparison with a commercial sap flow sensor and independent data (i.e., volumetric water content, vapor pressure deficit and eddy covariance technique). Its performance was evaluated in three trials: potted olive trees in a greenhouse and two vineyards. The trial with olive trees in a greenhouse showed that the transpiration measures provided by the Gbt sensors showed better agreement with the gravimetric approach, compared to those provided by the Gcv sensors. These tended to overestimate sap flow rates as much as 4 times, while Gbt sensors overestimated gravimetric values 1.5 times. The adjustments based on the Biot equations obtained with Gbt sensors contribute to reduce the overestimates yielded by the conventional approach. On the other hand, the heating capacity of the Gbt sensor provided a minimum of around 7 °C and maximum about 9 °C, contrasting with a minimum around 6 °C and a maximum of 12 °C given by the Gcv sensors. The positioning of the temperature sensor on the tip of the sap flow needle proposed in the Gbt sensors, closer to the sap measurement spot, allow to capture sap induced temperature variations more accurately. This explains the higher resolution and sensitivity of the Gbt sensor. Overall, the alternative Biot approach showed a significant improvement in sap flow estimations, contributing to adjust the Granier sap flow index, a vulnerability of that methodology.
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18
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Mei T, Liu X, Fang D, Zhou G, Ye C, Li P, Shi Y, Du H, Berninger F, Hölscher D. Spring Leafing Phenology Favors Younger Culms of Moso Bamboo: Aspects From Water Use Relations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:550. [PMID: 32457783 PMCID: PMC7225348 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As the most widely distributed giant running bamboo species in China, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) can accomplish both development of newly sprouted culms and leaf renewal of odd-year-old culms within a few months in spring. The two phenological events in spring may together change water distribution among culms in different age categories within a stand, which may differ from our conventional understanding of the negative age effect on bamboo water use. Therefore, to explore the effect of spring shooting and leaf phenology on age-specific water use of Moso bamboo and potential water redistribution, we monitored water use of four culm age categories (newly sprouted, 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old; namely A0, A1, A2, A3) in spring from March to June 2018. For newly sprouting culms, the spring phenological period was classified into five stages (incubation, culm-elongation, branch-development, leafing, established). Over these phenological stages, age-specific accumulated sap flux density showed different patterns. The oldest culms, A3, were not influenced by leaf renewal and kept nearly constant and less water use than the other aged culms. However, A2, which did not renew their leaves, had the most water use at the two initial stages (incubation, culm-elongation) but consumed less water than A0 and A1 after the fourth stage (leafing). At the end of June, water use of the four age categories sorted in order of A0 > A1 > A2 > A3, which confirms the conventional thought and observations, i.e., a negative age effect. The results indicate that new leaf flushing may benefit younger culms (A1 and A0) more than older culms (A2 and A3), i.e., increasing their transpiration response to radiation and share of the stand transpiration. With the underground connected rhizome system, the bamboo stand as an integration seems to balance its water use among culms of different ages to support the water use of freshly sprouted culms during their developing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
| | - Dongming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
| | - Guomo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
| | - Chongyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
| | - Pingheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
| | - Yongjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
| | - Huaqiang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
| | - Frank Berninger
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, China
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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The Dynamics of Transpiration to Evapotranspiration Ratio under Wet and Dry Canopy Conditions in a Humid Boreal Forest. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Humid boreal forests are unique environments characterized by a cold climate, abundant precipitation, and high evapotranspiration. Transpiration ( E T ), as a component of evapotranspiration (E), behaves differently under wet and dry canopy conditions, yet very few studies have focused on the dynamics of transpiration to evapotranspiration ratio ( E T / E ) under transient canopy wetness states. This study presents field measurements of E T / E at the Montmorency Forest, Québec, Canada: a balsam fir boreal forest that receives ∼ 1600 mm of precipitation annually (continental subarctic climate; Köppen classification subtype Dfc). Half-hourly observations of E and E T were obtained over two growing seasons using eddy-covariance and sap flow (Granier’s constant thermal dissipation) methods, respectively, under wet and dry canopy conditions. A series of calibration experiments were performed for sap flow, resulting in species-specific calibration coefficients that increased estimates of sap flux density by 34 % ± 8 % , compared to Granier’s original coefficients. The uncertainties associated with the scaling of sap flow measurements to stand E T , especially circumferential and spatial variations, were also quantified. From 30 wetting–drying events recorded during the measurement period in summer 2018, variations in E T / E were analyzed under different stages of canopy wetness. A combination of low evaporative demand and the presence of water on the canopy from the rainfall led to small E T / E . During two growing seasons, the average E T / E ranged from 35 % ± 2 % to 47 % ± 3 % . The change in total precipitation was not the main driver of seasonal E T / E variation, therefore it is important to analyze the impact of rainfall at half-hourly intervals.
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20
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Teshera-Levye J, Miles B, Terwilliger V, Lovelock CE, Cavender-Bares J. Drivers of habitat partitioning among three Quercus species along a hydrologic gradient. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:142-157. [PMID: 31860720 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A critical process that allows multiple, similar species to coexist in an ecological community is their ability to partition local habitat gradients. The mechanisms that underlie this separation at local scales may include niche differences associated with their biogeographic history, differences in ecological function associated with the degree of shared ancestry and trait-based performance differences, which may be related to spatial or temporal variation in habitat. In this study we measured traits related to water-use, growth and stress tolerance in mature trees and seedlings of three oak species (Quercus alba L., Quercus falcata Michx. and Quercus palustris Münchh). which co-occur in temperate forests across the eastern USA but tend to be found in contrasting hydrologic environments. The three species showed significant differences in their local distributions along a hydrologic gradient. We tested three possible mechanisms that influence their contrasting local environmental distributions and promote their long-term co-existence: (i) differences in their climatic distributions across a broad geographic range, (ii) differences in functional traits related to water use, drought tolerance and growth and (iii) contrasting responses to temporal variation in water availability. We identified key differences between the species in both their range-wide climatic distributions (especially aridity index and mean annual temperature) and physiological traits in mature trees and seedlings, including daily water loss, hydraulic conductance, stress responses, growth rate and biomass allocation. Taken together, these differences explain the habitat partitioning that allows three closely related species to co-occur locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Teshera-Levye
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Brianna Miles
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
- Center for Urban Environmental Research and Education University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Valery Terwilliger
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
- Department of Geography and Atmospheric Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
- School of Biological Science University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
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21
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Speckman H, Ewers BE, Beverly DP. AquaFlux: Rapid, transparent and replicable analyses of plant transpiration. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Speckman
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
- Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
| | - Brent E. Ewers
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
- Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
| | - Daniel P. Beverly
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
- Water Resources/Environmental Science & Engineering University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA
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22
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Wason JW, Brodersen CR, Huggett BA. The functional implications of tracheary connections across growth rings in four northern hardwood trees. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:297-306. [PMID: 31330537 PMCID: PMC6758585 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Deciduous angiosperm trees transport xylem sap through trunks and branches in vessels within annual growth rings. Utilizing previous growth rings for sap transport could increase vessel network size and redundancy but may expose new xylem to residual air embolisms in the network. Despite the important role of vessel networks in sap transport and drought resistance, our understanding of cross-ring connections within and between species is limited. METHODS We studied cross-ring connections in four temperate deciduous trees using dye staining and X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) to detect xylem connectivity across growth rings and quantify their impact on hydraulic conductivity. KEY RESULTS Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana had cross-ring connections visible in microCT but only A. rubrum used previous growth rings for axial sap flow. Fagus grandifolia and Quercus rubra, however, did not have cross-ring connections. Accounting for the number of growth rings that function for axial transport improved hydraulic conductivity estimates. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the presence of cross-ring connections may help explain aspects of whole-tree xylem sap transport and should be considered for plant hydraulics measurements in these species and others with similar anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Wason
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Grossiord C, Christoffersen B, Alonso-Rodríguez AM, Anderson-Teixeira K, Asbjornsen H, Aparecido LMT, Carter Berry Z, Baraloto C, Bonal D, Borrego I, Burban B, Chambers JQ, Christianson DS, Detto M, Faybishenko B, Fontes CG, Fortunel C, Gimenez BO, Jardine KJ, Kueppers L, Miller GR, Moore GW, Negron-Juarez R, Stahl C, Swenson NG, Trotsiuk V, Varadharajan C, Warren JM, Wolfe BT, Wei L, Wood TE, Xu C, McDowell NG. Precipitation mediates sap flux sensitivity to evaporative demand in the neotropics. Oecologia 2019; 191:519-530. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nhean S, Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya S, Rocheteau A, Do FC. Multi-species test and calibration of an improved transient thermal dissipation system of sap flow measurement with a single probe. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1061-1070. [PMID: 30865277 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transient thermal dissipation (TTD) systems provide a simple way to measure xylem sap flow with dual or single Granier-type probe, which gives lower energy consumption and higher accuracy due to its lessor sensitivity to thermal interferences. A new system, TTD heat within 5 min (TTD5), proposed on the reduction of the heating duration. This evolution captured interest through decreased energy consumption and increased temporal resolution. Within our study, the first objective was to test and calibrate this new system with a single probe for young rubber tree - Hevea brasiliensis. The second objective was to explore the sources of variability in calibration such as species, individual cut-stems and probe-wood contact. The complementary species consisted of two diffuse-porous species (mango tree - Mangifera indica, eucalyptus tree - Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and one ring-porous species (teak tree - Tectonia grandis). Twenty-eight response curves were assessed over a large range of flux densities from 0.5 to 10 l dm-2 h-1. The incremental rise of temperature from 30 to 300 s (T300-30) after commencement of heating was sensitive to flux density over the complete range. Compared with the full signal at 300 s, the incremental signal markedly reduced the variability between response curves within species and between species. Moreover, a new index K2, defined as (T0 - Tu)/T0, normalized the responses between 0 and 1. However, the responses had a non-linear trend above 5 l dm-2 h-1. Within diffuse-porous wood type, the species did not differ in calibration, whereas the ring-porous species was markedly different. A sigmoid function provided the best fit for the diffuse-porous species. Individual stems were identified as the main source of within-species variability in calibration. The normalizing K2 index removed the influence of probe-wood contacts, controlled through drilling difference; however, there was still an effect of individual stems interacting with flux density (P = 0.019). Replications of cut-stems and response curves are necessary to assess a reliable averaged calibration. In conclusion, the applicability of the TTD5 system with a single probe has been confirmed and several sources of variability in calibration have been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophea Nhean
- Horticultural Section, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Rubber Development Department, General Directorate of Rubber, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Alain Rocheteau
- IRD, University of Montpellier, Eco&Sols Unit, CIRAD, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Frederic C Do
- IRD, University of Montpellier, Eco&Sols Unit, CIRAD, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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Pasqualotto G, Carraro V, Menardi R, Anfodillo T. Calibration of Granier-Type (TDP) Sap Flow Probes by a High Precision Electronic Potometer. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19102419. [PMID: 31137901 PMCID: PMC6566514 DOI: 10.3390/s19102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermal dissipation probe (TDP) method (Granier, 1985) is widely used to estimate tree transpiration (i.e., the water evaporated from the leaves) because it is simple to build, easy to install, and relatively inexpensive. However, the universality of the original calibration has been questioned and, in many cases, proved to be inaccurate. Thus, when the TDP is used in a new species, specific tests should be carried out. Our aim was to propose a new method for improving the accuracy of TDP on trees in the field. Small hazelnut trees (diameter at breast height 5 cm) were used for the experiment. The response of TDP sensors was compared with a reference water uptake measured with an electronic potometer system provided with a high precision liquid flow meter. We equipped three stems where we measured the sap flow density, the sapwood area (by using fuchsine), the total tree water uptake (reference), and the main meteorological parameters during summer 2018. Results confirmed that the original Granier’s calibration underestimated the effective tree transpiration (relative error about −60%). We proposed a new equation for improving the measurement accuracy within an error of about 4%. The system proposed appeared an easier solution compared to potted trees and particularly suitable for orchards, thus contributing to improve the irrigation management worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pasqualotto
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Vinicio Carraro
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Roberto Menardi
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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Gutierrez Lopez J, Licata J, Pypker T, Asbjornsen H. Effects of heater wattage on sap flux density estimates using an improved tree-cut experiment. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:679-693. [PMID: 30597089 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of heater wattage on sap flux estimates from heat dissipation sensors and generated calibrated equations for 1-year-old Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden trees. We used a total of eight trees ranging from 3 to 6 cm in diameter. Our calibration experiment was performed with a modified tree-cut approach, which allowed us to estimate gravimetric water use manually weighing 20 l buckets every 15 min while sap flux was monitored on each tree. Our results indicate that changes the current supplied to the heaters from 0.15 to 0.25 W does not significantly influence sap flux estimates, as long as the maximum temperature (Tmax) is properly determined for each period when wattage is different, and natural temperature gradients are corrected. Using the original parameters developed for this method, sap flux density and sap flow had an average underestimation of 53%, which according to our analysis had a reduced but relevant correlation with tree diameter (R2 = 0.3, linear regression). These results may allow researchers to supply different currents to heat dissipation sensors to increase sensitivity or to reduce power consumption. They also provide evidence in favor of the correction and use of raw data collected when unwanted changes in wattage occur. The relationship observed between estimation error and tree diameter, while not strongly significant, suggests that diameter plays an important role in the estimation errors that has not been previously considered, and requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gutierrez Lopez
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå Sweden
| | - Julian Licata
- Institutional Research and Effectiveness, Bemidji State University, Bemidji, MN, USA
| | - Thomas Pypker
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada
| | - Heidi Asbjornsen
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Crop Coefficients and Transpiration of a Super Intensive Arbequina Olive Orchard using the Dual Kc Approach and the Kcb Computation with the Fraction of Ground Cover and Height. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The SIMDualKc model was used to simulate crop water requirements for a super high density olive orchard in the region of Alentejo, Portugal. This model uses the dual crop coefficient approach to estimate and partitioning the actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act) and therefore to perform the soil water balance. The model was calibrated with 2011 tree transpiration using trunk sap flow measurements and was validated using similar data from 2012 and tested with 2013 data. Low root mean square errors (RMSE < 0.53 mm·d−1) and acceptable modelling efficiency indicators (EF > 0.25) were obtained. Further validation was performed comparing modelled ETc act with eddy covariance measurements. These indicators support the appropriateness of using SIMDualKc to guide irrigation management. The basal crop coefficient (Kcb) curves obtained with SIMDualKc for those 3 years were compared with the Kcb values computed with the Allen and Pereira approach (A&P approach) where Kcb is estimated from the fraction of ground cover and plant height considering an adjustment factor for crop stomatal control (Fr). Fr values were obtained through a trial and error procedure through comparing the Kcb estimated with this approach and with SIMDualKc. The Kcb curves obtained by both methods resulted highly correlated, which indicates that the A&P approach may be used in the irrigation management practice to estimate crop water requirements. Results of performing the soil water balance with SIMDualKc have shown that soil evaporation is a large fraction of ETc act, varying between 41% and 45% for the 3 years under study. Irrigation, applied with a drip system, represented 39 to 56% of ETc act, which shows the great importance of irrigation to achieve the water requirements of super intensive olive orchards. Nevertheless, the analysis has shown that the irrigation management adopted at the orchard produces a water deficit larger than desirable, with a ratio of ETc act to non-stressed crop evapotranspiration (ETc) varying from 70% to 94% during the mid-season, when that ratio for a eustress irrigation management could be around 90%.
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Hu Y, Zhao P, Zhu L, Zhao X, Ni G, Ouyang L, Schäfer KVR, Shen W. Responses of sap flux and intrinsic water use efficiency to canopy and understory nitrogen addition in a temperate broadleaved deciduous forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:325-336. [PMID: 30121032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition could profoundly impact structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. Therefore, we conducted a two-year (2014-2015) experiment to assess the responses of tree sap flux density (Js) and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) of dominant tree species (Liquidambar formosana, Quercus acutissima and Quercus variabilis) to increased N deposition at a manipulative experiment with canopy and understory N addition in a deciduous broadleaved forest. Five treatments were administered including N addition of 25 kg ha-1 year-1 and 50 kg ha-1 year-1 onto canopy (C25 and C50) and understory (U25 and U50), and control treatment (CK, without N addition). Our results showed neither canopy nor understory N addition had an impact on leaf N content and C:N ratio (P > 0.05). Due to the distinct influencing ways, canopy and understory N addition generated different impacts on Js and WUEi of the dominant tree species. Canopy N addition increased WUEi of Q. variabilis, whereas understory addition treatment had a minimal impact on WUEi. Both N additions did not exert impacts on WUEi of L. formosana and Q. acutissima. Canopy N addition exerted negative impacts on Js and its sensitivity to micrometeorological factors of Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis in 2014, while understory addition showed no effect. Neither canopy nor understory N addition had an influence on Js of L. formosana in 2014. Probably owing to the increased soil acidification as the experiment proceeded, Js of L. formosana and Q. variabilis was decreased by understory N addition while canopy addition had a minimal effect in 2015. Thus, the traditional understory addition approach could not fully reflect the effects of increased N deposition on the canopy-associated transpiration process indicated by the different responses of Js and WUEi to canopy and understory N addition, and exaggerated its influences induced by the variation of soil chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Guangyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lei Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Karina V R Schäfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 195 University Avenue, Newark 07102, NJ, USA; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 195 University Avenue, Newark 07102, NJ, USA
| | - Weijun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
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29
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Grossiord C, Gessler A, Reed SC, Borrego I, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Ryan M, Schönbeck L, Sevanto S, Vilagrosa A, McDowell NG. Reductions in tree performance during hotter droughts are mitigated by shifts in nitrogen cycling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2627-2637. [PMID: 29974965 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming should result in hotter droughts of unprecedented severity in this century. Such droughts have been linked with massive tree mortality, and data suggest that warming interacts with drought to aggravate plant performance. Yet how forests will respond to hotter droughts remains unclear, as does the suite of mechanisms trees use to deal with hot droughts. We used an ecosystem-scale manipulation of precipitation and temperature on piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) trees to investigate nitrogen (N) cycling-induced mitigation processes related to hotter droughts. We found that while negative impacts on plant carbon and water balance are manifest after prolonged drought, performance reductions were not amplified by warmer temperatures. Rather, increased temperatures for 5 years stimulated soil N cycling under piñon trees and modified tree N allocation for both species, resulting in mitigation of hotter drought impacts on tree water and carbon functions. These findings suggest that adjustments in N cycling are likely after multi-year warming conditions and that such changes may buffer reductions in tree performance during hotter droughts. The results highlight our incomplete understanding of trees' ability to acclimate to climate change, raising fundamental questions about the resistance potential of forests to long-term, compound climatic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sasha C Reed
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT
| | - Isaac Borrego
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Lee T Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Max Ryan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- Fundación CEAM, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante - CEAM, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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30
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Peters RL, Fonti P, Frank DC, Poyatos R, Pappas C, Kahmen A, Carraro V, Prendin AL, Schneider L, Baltzer JL, Baron-Gafford GA, Dietrich L, Heinrich I, Minor RL, Sonnentag O, Matheny AM, Wightman MG, Steppe K. Quantification of uncertainties in conifer sap flow measured with the thermal dissipation method. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1283-1299. [PMID: 29862531 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trees play a key role in the global hydrological cycle and measurements performed with the thermal dissipation method (TDM) have been crucial in providing whole-tree water-use estimates. Yet, different data processing to calculate whole-tree water use encapsulates uncertainties that have not been systematically assessed. We quantified uncertainties in conifer sap flux density (Fd ) and stand water use caused by commonly applied methods for deriving zero-flow conditions, dampening and sensor calibration. Their contribution has been assessed using a stem segment calibration experiment and 4 yr of TDM measurements in Picea abies and Larix decidua growing in contrasting environments. Uncertainties were then projected on TDM data from different conifers across the northern hemisphere. Commonly applied methods mostly underestimated absolute Fd . Lacking a site- and species-specific calibrations reduced our stand water-use measurements by 37% and induced uncertainty in northern hemisphere Fd . Additionally, although the interdaily variability was maintained, disregarding dampening and/or applying zero-flow conditions that ignored night-time water use reduced the correlation between environment and Fd . The presented ensemble of calibration curves and proposed dampening correction, together with the systematic quantification of data-processing uncertainties, provide crucial steps in improving whole-tree water-use estimates across spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Peters
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - David C Frank
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, 1215 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 8572, USA
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Falkenplatz 16, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christoforos Pappas
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vinicio Carraro
- Department TeSAF Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Angela Luisa Prendin
- Department TeSAF Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- Department of Bioscience, Ecoinformatic & Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Loïc Schneider
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L Baltzer
- Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Greg A Baron-Gafford
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Lars Dietrich
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Heinrich
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Minor
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Ashley M Matheny
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, 2305 Speedway Stop, C1160, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maxwell G Wightman
- College of Forestry, Oregon State University, 1500 SW Jefferson St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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31
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Improved Water Consumption Estimates of Black Locust Plantations in China’s Loess Plateau. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9040201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Stand Transpiration Estimates from Recalibrated Parameters for the Granier Equation in a Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) Plantation in Southern China. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Using Sap Flow Data to Parameterize the Feddes Water Stress Model for Norway Spruce. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10030279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Marañón-Jiménez S, Van den Bulcke J, Piayda A, Van Acker J, Cuntz M, Rebmann C, Steppe K. X-ray computed microtomography characterizes the wound effect that causes sap flow underestimation by thermal dissipation sensors. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:287-301. [PMID: 28981912 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Insertion of thermal dissipation (TD) sap flow sensors in living tree stems causes damage of the wood tissue, as is the case with other invasive methods. The subsequent wound formation is one of the main causes of underestimation of tree water-use measured by TD sensors. However, the specific alterations in wood anatomy in response to inserted sensors have not yet been characterized, and the linked dysfunctions in xylem conductance and sensor accuracy are still unknown. In this study, we investigate the anatomical mechanisms prompting sap flow underestimation and the dynamic process of wound formation. Successive sets of TD sensors were installed in the early, mid and end stage of the growing season in diffuse- and ring-porous trees, Fagus sylvatica (Linnaeus) and Quercus petraea ((Mattuschka) Lieblein), respectively. The trees were cut in autumn and additional sensors were installed in the cut stem segments as controls without wound formation. The wounded area and volume surrounding each sensor was then visually determined by X-ray computed microtomography (X-ray microCT). This technique allowed the characterization of vessel anatomical transformations such as tyloses formation, their spatial distribution and quantification of reduction in conductive area. MicroCT scans showed considerable formation of tyloses that reduced the conductive area of vessels surrounding the inserted TD probes, thus causing an underestimation in sap flux density (SFD) in both beech and oak. Discolored wood tissue was ellipsoidal, larger in the radial plane, more extensive in beech than in oak, and also for sensors installed for longer times. However, the severity of anatomical transformations did not always follow this pattern. Increased wound size with time, for example, did not result in larger SFD underestimation. This information helps us to better understand the mechanisms involved in wound effects with TD sensors and allows the provision of practical recommendations to reduce biases associated with wounding in field sap flow measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marañón-Jiménez
- University of Granada, Department of Applied Physics, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J Van den Bulcke
- UGCT - Woodlab-UGent, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Piayda
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Van Acker
- UGCT - Woodlab-UGent, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Forest and Water Management, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Cuntz
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - C Rebmann
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Computational Hydrosystems, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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35
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Zhao H, Yang S, Guo X, Peng C, Gu X, Deng C, Chen L. Anatomical explanations for acute depressions in radial pattern of axial sap flow in two diffuse-porous mangrove species: implications for water use. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:276-286. [PMID: 29346677 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove species have developed uniquely efficient water-use strategies in order to survive in highly saline and anaerobic environments. Herein, we estimated the stand water use of two diffuse-porous mangrove species of the same age, Sonneratia apetala Buch. Ham and Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl., growing in a similar intertidal environment. Specifically, to investigate the radial patterns of axial sap flow density (Js) and understand the anatomical traits associated with them, we measured axial sap flow density in situ together with micromorphological observations. A significant decrease of Js was observed for both species. This result was accompanied by the corresponding observations of wood structure and blockages in xylem sapwood, which appeared to influence and, hence, explained the acute radial reductions of axial sap flow in the stems of both species. However, higher radial resistance in sapwood of S. caseolaris caused a steeper decline of Js radially when compared with S. apetala, thus explaining the latter's more efficient use of water. Without first considering acute reductions in Js into the sapwood from the outer bark, a total of ~55% and 51% of water use would have been overestimated, corresponding to average discrepancies in stand water use of 5.6 mm day-1 for S. apetala trees and 2.5 mm day-1 for S. caseolaris trees. This suggests that measuring radial pattern of Js is a critical factor in determining whole-tree or stand water use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shengchang Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Congjiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chuanyuan Deng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Luzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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36
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Ma C, Luo Y, Shao M, Li X, Sun L, Jia X. Environmental controls on sap flow in black locust forest in Loess Plateau, China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13160. [PMID: 29030585 PMCID: PMC5640688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Black locust accounts for over 90% of artificial forests in China's Loess Plateau region. However, water use of black locust is an uphill challenge for this semi-arid region. To accurately quantify tree water use and to explain the related hydrological processes, it is important to collect reliable data for application in the estimation of sap flow and its response to environmental factors. This study measured sap flow in black locust in the 2015 and 2016 growth seasons using the thermal dissipation probes technique and laboratory-calibrated Granier's equation. The study showed that the laboratory calibrated coefficient α was much larger than the original value presented by Granier, while the coefficient β was similar to the original one. The average daily transpiration was 2.1 mm day-1 for 2015 and 1.6 mm day-1 for 2016. Net solar radiation (Rn) was the key meteorological factor controlling sap flow, followed by vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and then temperature (T). VPD had a threshold control on sap flow at threshold values of 1.9 kPa for 2015 and 1.6 kPa for 2016. The effects of diurnal hysteresis of Rn, VPD and T on sap flow were evident, indicating that black locust water use was conservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkun Ma
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Mingan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Xiangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaoxu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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37
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Responses of Tree Transpiration and Growth to Seasonal Rainfall Redistribution in a Subtropical Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Grossiord C, Sevanto S, Borrego I, Chan AM, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Hudson PJ, McBranch N, Michaletz ST, Pockman WT, Ryan M, Vilagrosa A, McDowell NG. Tree water dynamics in a drying and warming world. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1861-1873. [PMID: 28556263 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Disentangling the relative impacts of precipitation reduction and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on plant water dynamics and determining whether acclimation may influence these patterns in the future is an important challenge. Here, we report sap flux density (FD ), stomatal conductance (Gs ), hydraulic conductivity (KL ) and xylem anatomy in piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) trees subjected to five years of precipitation reduction, atmospheric warming (elevated VPD) and their combined effects. No acclimation occurred under precipitation reduction: lower Gs and FD were found for both species compared to ambient conditions. Warming reduced the sensibility of stomata to VPD for both species but resulted in the maintenance of Gs and FD to ambient levels only for piñon. For juniper, reduced soil moisture under warming negated benefits of stomatal adjustments and resulted in reduced FD , Gs and KL . Although reduced stomatal sensitivity to VPD also occurred under combined stresses, reductions in Gs , FD and KL took place to similar levels as under single stresses for both species. Our results show that stomatal conductance adjustments to high VPD could minimize but not entirely prevent additive effects of warming and drying on water use and carbon acquisition of trees in semi-arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Isaac Borrego
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Allison M Chan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Lee T Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Patrick J Hudson
- Department of Biology, MSC03 202, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Natalie McBranch
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sean T Michaletz
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 202, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Max Ryan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- Fundación CEAM, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante - CEAM, Univ. Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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39
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Chan AM, Bowling DR. Assessing the thermal dissipation sap flux density method for monitoring cold season water transport in seasonally snow-covered forests. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:984-995. [PMID: 28549168 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Productivity of conifers in seasonally snow-covered forests is high before and during snowmelt when environmental conditions are optimal for photosynthesis. Climate change is altering the timing of spring in many locations, and changes in the date of transition from winter dormancy can have large impacts on annual productivity. Sap flow methods provide a promising approach to monitor tree activity during the cold season and the winter-spring and fall-winter transitions. Although sap flow techniques have been widely used, cold season results are generally not reported. Here we examine the feasibility of using the Granier thermal dissipation (TD) sap flux density method to monitor transpiration and dormancy of evergreen conifers during the cold season. We conducted a laboratory experiment which demonstrated that the TD method reliably detects xylem water transport (when it occurs) both at near freezing temperature and at low flow rate, and that the sensors can withstand repeated freeze-thaw events. However, the dependence between sensor output and water transport rate in these experiments differed from the established TD relation. In field experiments, sensors installed in two Abies forests lasted through two winters and a summer with low failure. The baseline (no-flow) sensor output varied considerably with temperature during the cold season, and a new baseline algorithm was developed to accommodate this variation. The Abies forests differed in elevation (2070 and 2620 m), and there was a clear difference in timing of initiation and cessation of transpiration between them. We conclude that the TD method can be reliably used to examine water transport during cold periods with associated low flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Environmental Management Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - David R Bowling
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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40
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Transpiration of trees in a cool temperate forest on Mt. Aso, Japan: comparison of model simulation and measurements. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Wiedemann A, Marañón-Jiménez S, Rebmann C, Herbst M, Cuntz M. An empirical study of the wound effect on sap flux density measured with thermal dissipation probes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1471-1484. [PMID: 27587487 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The insertion of thermal dissipation (TD) sensors on tree stems for sap flux density (SFD) measurements can lead to SFD underestimations due to a wound formation close to the drill hole. However, the wound effect has not been assessed experimentally for this method yet. Here, we propose an empirical approach to investigate the effect of the wound healing on measured sap flux with TD probes. The approach was performed for both, diffuse-porous (Fagus sylvatica (Linnaeus)) and ring-porous (Quercus petraea (Lieblein)) species. Thermal dissipation probes were installed on different dates along the growing season to document the effects of the dynamic wound formation. The trees were cut in autumn and additional sensors were installed in the cut stems, therefore, without potential effects of wound development. A range of water pressures was applied to the stem segments and SFDs were simultaneously measured by TD sensors as well as gravimetrically in the laboratory. The formation of wounds around sensors installed in living tree stems led to underestimation of SFD by 21.4 ± 3 and 47.5 ± 3.8% in beech and oak, respectively. The differences between SFD underestimations of diffuse-porous beech and ring-porous oak were, however, not statistically significant. Sensors with 5-, 11- and 22-week-old wounds also showed no significant differences, which implies that the influence of wound formation on SFD estimates was completed within the first few weeks after perforation. These results were confirmed by time courses of SFD measurements in the field. Field SFD values decreased immediately after sensor installation and reached stable values after ~2 weeks with similar underestimations to the ones observed in the laboratory. We therefore propose a feasible approach to correct directly field observations of SFD for potential underestimations due to the wound effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wiedemann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Geological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Burgweg 11, 07749 Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Marañón-Jiménez
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Geological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Burgweg 11, 07749 Jena, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Herbst
- Thünen Institute of Climate Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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42
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Berdanier AB, Miniat CF, Clark JS. Predictive models for radial sap flux variation in coniferous, diffuse-porous and ring-porous temperate trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:932-941. [PMID: 27126230 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Accurately scaling sap flux observations to tree or stand levels requires accounting for variation in sap flux between wood types and by depth into the tree. However, existing models for radial variation in axial sap flux are rarely used because they are difficult to implement, there is uncertainty about their predictive ability and calibration measurements are often unavailable. Here we compare different models with a diverse sap flux data set to test the hypotheses that radial profiles differ by wood type and tree size. We show that radial variation in sap flux is dependent on wood type but independent of tree size for a range of temperate trees. The best-fitting model predicted out-of-sample sap flux observations and independent estimates of sapwood area with small errors, suggesting robustness in the new settings. We develop a method for predicting whole-tree water use with this model and include computer code for simple implementation in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Berdanier
- University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center A311, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chelcy F Miniat
- Coweeta Hydrologic Lab, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Otto, NC 28763, USA
| | - James S Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center A311, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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43
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Fukuda K, Kawaguchi D, Aihara T, Ogasa MY, Miki NH, Haishi T, Umebayashi T. Vulnerability to cavitation differs between current-year and older xylem: non-destructive observation with a compact magnetic resonance imaging system of two deciduous diffuse-porous species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2508-18. [PMID: 25630712 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Development of xylem embolism during water stress in two diffuse-porous hardwoods, Katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) and Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica), was observed non-destructively under a compact magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system in addition to conventional quantitation of hydraulic vulnerability to cavitation from excised stem segments. Distribution of white and dark areas in MR images corresponded well to the distribution of water-filled/embolized vessels observed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy in both species. Water-filled vessels were observed in MR images as white areas in Katsura and as white dots in Japanese white birch, respectively, and embolisms could be detected as a change to dark areas. The increase in the relative embolized area (REA: %) in the cross-sectional area of total xylem during water stress, which was estimated from the binarized MR images, was consistent with the hydraulic vulnerability curves of these species. From the non-destructive MRI observations, cavitation induced by water stress was shown to develop earlier in 1- or 2-year-old xylem than in the current-year xylem in both species; that is, the vulnerability to cavitation differs between vessels in the current-year xylem and those in older annual rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fukuda
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8563, Japan
| | - Daichi Kawaguchi
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8563, Japan
| | - Tomo Aihara
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mayumi Y Ogasa
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8563, Japan
| | - Naoko H Miki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Umebayashi
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8563, Japan
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44
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Yang SJ, Zhang YJ, Goldstein G, Sun M, Ma RY, Cao KF. Determinants of water circulation in a woody bamboo species: afternoon use and night-time recharge of culm water storage. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:964-74. [PMID: 26232783 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To understand water-use strategies of woody bamboo species, sap flux density (Fd) in the culms of a woody bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris Schrader ex Wendland) was monitored using the thermal dissipation method. The daytime and night-time Fd were analyzed in the dry and rainy seasons. Additionally, diurnal changes in root pressure, culm circumference, and stomatal conductance (gs) were investigated to characterize the mechanisms used to maintain diurnal water balance of woody bamboos. Both in the dry and rainy seasons, daytime Fd responded to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in an exponential fashion, with a fast initial increase in Fd when VPD increased from 0 to 1 kPa. The Fd and gs started to increase very fast as light intensity and VPD increased in the morning, but they decreased sharply once the maximum value was achieved. The Fd response of this woody bamboo to VPD was much faster than that of representative trees and palms growing in the same study site, suggesting its fast sap flow and stomatal responses to changes in ambient environmental factors. The Fd in the lower and higher culm positions started to increase at the same time in the morning, but the Fd in the higher culm position was higher than that of the lower culm in the afternoon. Consistently, distinct decreases in its culm circumference in the afternoon were detected. Therefore, unlike trees, water storage of bamboo culms was not used for its transpiration in the morning but in the afternoon. Nocturnal sap flow of this woody bamboo was also detected and related to root pressure. We conclude that this bamboo has fast sap flow/stomatal responses to irradiance and evaporative demands, and it uses substantial water storage for transpiration in the afternoon, while root pressure appears to be a mechanism resulting in culm water storage recharge during the night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, PO Box 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA Departamento de Ecología Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. II 2°piso, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Ren-Yi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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45
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Bell DM, Ward EJ, Oishi AC, Oren R, Flikkema PG, Clark JS. A state-space modeling approach to estimating canopy conductance and associated uncertainties from sap flux density data. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:792-802. [PMID: 26063709 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainties in ecophysiological responses to environment, such as the impact of atmospheric and soil moisture conditions on plant water regulation, limit our ability to estimate key inputs for ecosystem models. Advanced statistical frameworks provide coherent methodologies for relating observed data, such as stem sap flux density, to unobserved processes, such as canopy conductance and transpiration. To address this need, we developed a hierarchical Bayesian State-Space Canopy Conductance (StaCC) model linking canopy conductance and transpiration to tree sap flux density from a 4-year experiment in the North Carolina Piedmont, USA. Our model builds on existing ecophysiological knowledge, but explicitly incorporates uncertainty in canopy conductance, internal tree hydraulics and observation error to improve estimation of canopy conductance responses to atmospheric drought (i.e., vapor pressure deficit), soil drought (i.e., soil moisture) and above canopy light. Our statistical framework not only predicted sap flux observations well, but it also allowed us to simultaneously gap-fill missing data as we made inference on canopy processes, marking a substantial advance over traditional methods. The predicted and observed sap flux data were highly correlated (mean sensor-level Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.88). Variations in canopy conductance and transpiration associated with environmental variation across days to years were many times greater than the variation associated with model uncertainties. Because some variables, such as vapor pressure deficit and soil moisture, were correlated at the scale of days to weeks, canopy conductance responses to individual environmental variables were difficult to interpret in isolation. Still, our results highlight the importance of accounting for uncertainty in models of ecophysiological and ecosystem function where the process of interest, canopy conductance in this case, is not observed directly. The StaCC modeling framework provides a statistically coherent approach to estimating canopy conductance and transpiration and propagating estimation uncertainty into ecosystem models, paving the way for improved prediction of water and carbon uptake responses to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Bell
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Eric J Ward
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Ram Oren
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul G Flikkema
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - James S Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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46
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Renninger HJ, Carlo NJ, Clark KL, Schäfer KVR. Resource use and efficiency, and stomatal responses to environmental drivers of oak and pine species in an Atlantic Coastal Plain forest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:297. [PMID: 25999966 PMCID: PMC4423344 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pine-oak ecosystems are globally distributed even though differences in anatomy and leaf habit between many co-occurring oaks and pines suggest different strategies for resource use, efficiency and stomatal behavior. The New Jersey Pinelands contain sandy soils with low water- and nutrient-holding capacity providing an opportunity to examine trade-offs in resource uptake and efficiency. Therefore, we compared resource use in terms of transpiration rates and leaf nitrogen content and resource-use efficiency including water-use efficiency (WUE) via gas exchange and leaf carbon isotopes and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) between oaks (Quercus alba, Q. prinus, Q. velutina) and pines (Pinus rigida, P. echinata). We also determined environmental drivers [vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil moisture, solar radiation] of canopy stomatal conductance (GS) estimated via sap flow and stomatal sensitivity to light and soil moisture. Net assimilation rates were similar between genera, but oak leaves used about 10% more water and pine foliage contained about 20% more N per unit leaf area. Therefore, oaks exhibited greater PNUE while pines had higher WUE based on gas exchange, although WUE from carbon isotopes was not significantly different. For the environmental drivers of GS, oaks had about 10% lower stomatal sensitivity to VPD normalized by reference stomatal conductance compared with pines. Pines exhibited a significant positive relationship between shallow soil moisture and GS, but only GS in Q. velutina was positively related to soil moisture. In contrast, stomatal sensitivity to VPD was significantly related to solar radiation in all oak species but only pines at one site. Therefore, oaks rely more heavily on groundwater resources but have lower WUE, while pines have larger leaf areas and nitrogen acquisition but lower PNUE demonstrating a trade-off between using water and nitrogen efficiently in a resource-limited ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J. Renninger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Carlo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Clark
- Silas Little Experimental Forest, Northern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture Forest ServiceNew Lisbon, NJ, USA
| | - Karina V. R. Schäfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA
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47
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Niu F, Röll A, Hardanto A, Meijide A, Köhler M, Hölscher D. Oil palm water use: calibration of a sap flux method and a field measurement scheme. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:563-573. [PMID: 25787332 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) water use was assessed by sap flux density measurements with the aim to establish the method and derive water-use characteristics. Thermal dissipation probes were inserted into leaf petioles of mature oil palms. In the laboratory, we tested our set-up against gravimetric measurements and derived new parameters for the original calibration equation that are specific to oil palm petioles. In the lowlands of Jambi, Indonesia, in a 12-year-old monoculture plantation, 56 leaves on 10 palms were equipped with one sensor per leaf. A 10-fold variation in individual leaf water use among leaves was observed, but we did not find significant correlations to the variables trunk height and diameter, leaf azimuthal orientation, leaf inclination or estimated horizontal leaf shading. We thus took an un-stratified approach to determine an appropriate sampling design to estimate stand transpiration (Es, mm day(-1)) rates of oil palm. We used the relative standard error of the mean (SEn, %) as a measure for the potential estimation error of Es associated with sample size. It was 14% for a sample size of 13 leaves to determine the average leaf water use and four palms to determine the average number of leaves per palm. Increasing these sample sizes only led to minor further decreases of the SEn of Es. The observed 90-day average of Es was 1.1 mm day(-1) (error margin ± 0.2 mm day(-1)), which seems relatively low, but does not contradict Penman-Monteith-derived estimates of evapotranspiration. Examining the environmental drivers of Es on an intra-daily scale indicates an early, pre-noon maximum of Es rates (11 am) due to a very sensitive reaction of Es to increasing vapor pressure deficit in the morning. This early peak is followed by a steady decline of Es rates for the rest of the day, despite further rising levels of vapor pressure deficit and radiation; this results in pronounced hysteresis, particularly between Es and vapor pressure deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Niu
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Röll
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Afik Hardanto
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto 53122, Indonesia
| | - Ana Meijide
- Bioclimatology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Köhler
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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48
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Bloemen J, Agneessens L, Van Meulebroek L, Aubrey DP, McGuire MA, Teskey RO, Steppe K. Stem girdling affects the quantity of CO2 transported in xylem as well as CO2 efflux from soil. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:897-907. [PMID: 24400900 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is recent clear evidence that an important fraction of root-respired CO2 is transported upward in the transpiration stream in tree stems rather than fluxing to the soil. In this study, we aimed to quantify the contribution of root-respired CO2 to both soil CO2 efflux and xylem CO2 transport by manipulating the autotrophic component of belowground respiration. We compared soil CO2 efflux and the flux of root-respired CO2 transported in the transpiration stream in girdled and nongirdled 9-yr-old oak trees (Quercus robur) to assess the impact of a change in the autotrophic component of belowground respiration on both CO2 fluxes. Stem girdling decreased xylem CO2 concentration, indicating that belowground respiration contributes to the aboveground transport of internal CO2 . Girdling also decreased soil CO2 efflux. These results confirmed that root respiration contributes to xylem CO2 transport and that failure to account for this flux results in inaccurate estimates of belowground respiration when efflux-based methods are used. This research adds to the growing body of evidence that efflux-based measurements of belowground respiration underestimate autotrophic contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Bloemen
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Laura Agneessens
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Doug P Aubrey
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, PO Box 8042, Statesboro, GA, 30460-8042, USA
| | - Mary Anne McGuire
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green St, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
| | - Robert O Teskey
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green St, Athens, GA, 30602-2152, USA
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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49
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Renninger HJ, Carlo N, Clark KL, Schäfer KVR. Physiological strategies of co-occurring oaks in a water- and nutrient-limited ecosystem. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:159-73. [PMID: 24488856 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Oak species are well suited to water-limited conditions by either avoiding water stress through deep rooting or tolerating water stress through tight stomatal control. In co-occurring species where resources are limited, species may either partition resources in space and/or time or exhibit differing efficiencies in the use of limited resources. Therefore, this study seeks to determine whether two co-occurring oak species (Quercus prinus L. and Quercus velutina Lam.) differ in physiological parameters including photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, water-use (WUE) and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), as well as to characterize transpiration and average canopy stomatal responses to climatic variables in a sandy, well-drained and nutrient-limited ecosystem. The study was conducted in the New Jersey Pinelands and we measured sap flux over a 3-year period, as well as leaf gas exchange, leaf nitrogen and carbon isotope concentrations. Both oak species showed relatively steep increases in leaf-specific transpiration at low vapor pressure deficit (VPD) values before maximum transpiration rates were achieved, which were sustained over a broad range in VPD. This suggests tight stomatal control over transpiration in both species, although Q. velutina showed significantly higher leaf-level and canopy-level stomatal conductance than Q. prinus. Average daytime stomatal conductance was positively correlated with soil moisture and both oak species maintained at least 75% of their maximum canopy stomatal conductance at soil moistures in the upper soil layer (0-0.3 m) as low as 0.03 m(3) m(3)(-3). Quercus velutina had significantly higher photosynthetic rates, maximum Rubisco-limited and electron-transport-limited carboxylation rates, dark respiration rates and nitrogen concentration per unit leaf area than Q. prinus. However, both species exhibited similar WUEs and NUEs. Therefore, Q. prinus has a more conservative resource-use strategy, while Q. velutina may need to exploit niches that are locally higher in nutrients and water. Likewise, both species appear to tap deep, stable water sources, highlighting the importance of rooting depth in modeling transpiration and stomatal conductance in many oak ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Renninger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 195 University Ave., Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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50
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Plaut JA, Wadsworth WD, Pangle R, Yepez EA, McDowell NG, Pockman WT. Reduced transpiration response to precipitation pulses precedes mortality in a piñon-juniper woodland subject to prolonged drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:375-387. [PMID: 23844951 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is predicted to alter the intensity and duration of droughts, but the effects of changing precipitation patterns on vegetation mortality are difficult to predict. Our objective was to determine whether prolonged drought or above-average precipitation altered the capacity to respond to the individual precipitation pulses that drive productivity and survival. We analyzed 5 yr of data from a rainfall manipulation experiment in piñon-juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus monosperma) woodland using mixed effects models of transpiration response to event size, antecedent soil moisture, and post-event vapor pressure deficit. Replicated treatments included irrigation, drought, ambient control and infrastructure control. Mortality was highest under drought, and the reduced post-pulse transpiration in the droughted trees that died was attributable to treatment effects beyond drier antecedent conditions and reduced event size. In particular, trees that died were nearly unresponsive to antecedent shallow soil moisture, suggesting reduced shallow absorbing root area. Irrigated trees showed an enhanced response to precipitation pulses. Prolonged drought initiates a downward spiral whereby trees are increasingly unable to utilize pulsed soil moisture. Thus, the additive effects of future, more frequent droughts may increase drought-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Plaut
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - W Duncan Wadsworth
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, MS 138, PO Box 1892, Houston, TX, 77251, USA
| | - Robert Pangle
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Enrico A Yepez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y del Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón Sonora, 85000, Mexico
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Department of Biology, 1 University of New Mexico, MSC03 2020, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
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