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Trotta V, Russo D, Rivelli AR, Battaglia D, Bufo SA, Caccavo V, Forlano P, Lelario F, Milella L, Montinaro L, Scrano L, Brienza M. Wastewater irrigation and Trichoderma colonization in tomato plants: effects on plant traits, antioxidant activity, and performance of the insect pest Macrosiphum euphorbiae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:18887-18899. [PMID: 38353820 PMCID: PMC10923738 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32407-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The scarcity of freshwater for agriculture in many regions has led to the application of sewage and saline water for irrigation. Irrigation with non-conventional water sources could become a non-harmful process for plant cultivation, and the effects of their use on crops should be monitored in order to develop optimal management strategies. One possibility to overcome potential barriers is to use biostimulants such as Trichoderma spp. fungi. Tomato is a crop of great economic importance in the world. This study investigated the joint effects of Trichoderma afroharzianum T-22 on tomato plants irrigated with simulated unconventional waters. The experiment consisted of a control and three water treatments. In the control, the plants were watered with distilled water. The three water treatments were obtained by using an irrigation water added with nitrogen, a wastewater effluent, and a mixed groundwater-wastewater effluents. Potted tomato plants (variety Bobcat) were grown in a controlled growth chamber. Antioxidant activity, susceptibility to the aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and tomato plant growth parameters were estimated. Trichoderma afroharzianum T-22 had a positive effect on plant growth and antioxidant defenses when plants were irrigated with distilled water. Instead, no significant morphological effects induced by T. afroharzianum T-22 on plants were observed when unconventional water was used for irrigation. However, inoculation with T. afroharzianum T-22 activated a stress response that made the colonized plants more susceptible to aphid development and increased their fecundity and longevity. Thanks to this study, it may be possible for the first time to open a new discussion on the practical possibility of using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation with the addition of a growth-promoting fungal symbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Trotta
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Daniela Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Rivelli
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Donatella Battaglia
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Sabino Aurelio Bufo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Vittoria Caccavo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Forlano
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Filomena Lelario
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Milella
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Montinaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Laura Scrano
- Dipartimento delle Culture Europee e del Mediterraneo, Università della Basilicata, via Lanera 20, 75100, Matera, Italy
| | - Monica Brienza
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
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Meesters C, Weldegergis BT, Dicke M, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Limited effects of plant-beneficial fungi on plant volatile composition and host-choice behavior of Nesidiocoris tenuis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1322719. [PMID: 38235197 PMCID: PMC10791865 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1322719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Biological control using plant-beneficial fungi has gained considerable interest as a sustainable method for pest management, by priming the plant for enhanced defense against pathogens and insect herbivores. However, despite promising outcomes, little is known about how different fungal strains mediate these beneficial effects. In this study, we evaluated whether inoculation of tomato seeds with the plant-beneficial fungi Beauveria bassiana ARSEF 3097, Metarhizium brunneum ARSEF 1095 and Trichoderma harzianum T22 affected the plant's volatile organic compound (VOC) profile and the host-choice behavior of Nesidiocoris tenuis, an emerging pest species in NW-European tomato cultivation, and the related zoophytophagous biocontrol agent Macrolophus pygmaeus. Results indicated that fungal inoculation did not significantly alter the VOC composition of tomato plants. However, in a two-choice cage assay where female insects were given the option to select between control plants and fungus-inoculated plants, N. tenuis preferred control plants over M. brunneum-inoculated plants. Nearly 72% of all N. tenuis individuals tested chose the control treatment. In all other combinations tested, no significant differences were found for none of the insects. We conclude that inoculation of tomato with plant-beneficial fungi had limited effects on plant volatile composition and host-choice behavior of insects. However, the observation that N. tenuis was deterred from the crop when inoculated with M. brunneum and attracted to non-inoculated plants may provide new opportunities for future biocontrol based on a push-pull strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Meesters
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (MS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kaur S, Grewal SK, Taggar GK, Bhardwaj RD. Methylglyoxal metabolism is altered during defence response in pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) against the spotted pod borer ( Maruca vitrata). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23155. [PMID: 38266279 DOI: 10.1071/fp23155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan ) production can be affected by the spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata ). Here, we identified biochemical changes in plant parts of pigeonpea after M. vitrata infestation. Two pigeonpea genotypes (AL 1747, moderately resistant; and MN 1, susceptible) were compared for glyoxalase and non-glyoxalase enzyme systems responsible for methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione content in leaves, flowers and pods under control and insect-infested conditions. MN 1 had major damage due to M. vitrata infestation compared to AL 1747. Lower accumulation of MG in AL 1747 was due to higher activities of enzymes of GSH-dependent (glyoxylase I, glyoxylase II), GSH-independent (glyoxalase III) pathway, and enzyme of non-glyoxalase pathway (methylglyoxal reductase, MGR), which convert MG to lactate. Decreased glyoxylase enzymes and MGR activities in MN 1 resulted in higher accumulation of MG. Higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in AL 1747 indicates utilisation of MG detoxification pathway. Higher glutathione content in AL 1747 genotype might be responsible for efficient working of MG detoxification pathway under insect infestation. Higher activity of γ-GCS in AL 1747 maintains the glutathione pool, necessary for the functioning of glyoxylase pathway to carry out the detoxification of MG. Higher activities of GST and GPX in AL 1747 might be responsible for detoxification of toxic products that accumulates following insect infestation, and elevated activities of glyoxylase and non-glyoxylase enzyme systems in AL 1747 after infestation might be responsible for reducing reactive cabanoyl stress. Our investigation will help the future development of resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhmanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Satvir Kaur Grewal
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Taggar
- Pulses Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Rachana D Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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Thomas G, Rusman Q, Morrison WR, Magalhães DM, Dowell JA, Ngumbi E, Osei-Owusu J, Kansman J, Gaffke A, Pagadala Damodaram KJ, Kim SJ, Tabanca N. Deciphering Plant-Insect-Microorganism Signals for Sustainable Crop Production. Biomolecules 2023; 13:997. [PMID: 37371577 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural crop productivity relies on the application of chemical pesticides to reduce pest and pathogen damage. However, chemical pesticides also pose a range of ecological, environmental and economic penalties. This includes the development of pesticide resistance by insect pests and pathogens, rendering pesticides less effective. Alternative sustainable crop protection tools should therefore be considered. Semiochemicals are signalling molecules produced by organisms, including plants, microbes, and animals, which cause behavioural or developmental changes in receiving organisms. Manipulating semiochemicals could provide a more sustainable approach to the management of insect pests and pathogens across crops. Here, we review the role of semiochemicals in the interaction between plants, insects and microbes, including examples of how they have been applied to agricultural systems. We highlight future research priorities to be considered for semiochemicals to be credible alternatives to the application of chemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Thomas
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Quint Rusman
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - William R Morrison
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Diego M Magalhães
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Jordan A Dowell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Esther Ngumbi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jonathan Osei-Owusu
- Department of Biological, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya EY0329-2478, Ghana
| | - Jessica Kansman
- Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexander Gaffke
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 6383 Mahan Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA
| | | | - Seong Jong Kim
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Nurhayat Tabanca
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, 13601 Old Cutler Rd., Miami, FL 33158, USA
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Rubio MB, Monti MM, Gualtieri L, Ruocco M, Hermosa R, Monte E. Trichoderma harzianum Volatile Organic Compounds Regulated by the THCTF1 Transcription Factor Are Involved in Antifungal Activity and Beneficial Plant Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:654. [PMID: 37367590 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor THCTF1 from Trichoderma harzianum, previously linked to the production of 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP) derivatives and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, has been related in this study to conidiation, production of an array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and expression of methyltransferase genes. VOCs emitted by three T. harzianum strains (wild type T34, transformant ΔD1-38 that is disrupted in the Thctf1 gene encoding the transcription factor THCTF1, and ectopic integration transformant ΔJ3-16) were characterized by Proton Transfer Reaction-Quadrupole interface-Time-Of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-Qi-TOF-MS). Thctf1 disruption affected the production of numerous VOCs such as the antifungal volatiles 2-pentyl furan and benzaldehyde which were under-emitted, and acetoine, a plant systemic defense inductor, which was over-emitted. Biological assays show that VOCs regulated by THCTF1 are involved in the T. harzianum antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and in the beneficial effects leading to Arabidopsis plant development. The VOC blend from the disruptant ΔD1-38: (i) inhibited Arabidopsis seed germination for at least 26 days and (ii) when applied to Arabidopsis seedlings resulted in increased jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-dependent defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Rubio
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus de Villamayor, C/Duero, 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maurilia Maria Monti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Liberata Gualtieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Piazzale Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus de Villamayor, C/Duero, 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus de Villamayor, C/Duero, 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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Nawrocka J, Szymczak K, Skwarek-Fadecka M, Małolepsza U. Toward the Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds from Tomato Plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) Treated with Trichoderma virens or/and Botrytis cinerea. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091271. [PMID: 37174671 PMCID: PMC10177525 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea causes significant losses in tomato crops. B. cinerea infection may be halted by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which may exhibit fungistatic activity or enhance the defense responses of plants against the pathogen. The enhanced VOC generation was observed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), with the soil-applied biocontrol agent Trichoderma virens (106 spores/1 g soil), which decreased the gray mold disease index in plant leaves at 72 hpi with B. cinerea suspension (1 × 106 spores/mL). The tomato leaves were found to emit 100 VOCs, annotated and putatively annotated, assigned to six classes by the headspace GCxGC TOF-MS method. In Trichoderma-treated plants with a decreased grey mold disease index, the increased emission or appearance of 2-hexenal, (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadienal, 2-hexyn-1-ol, 3,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, 1-octen-3-ol, 1,5-octadien-3-ol, 2-octenal, octanal, 2-penten-1-ol, (Z)-6-nonenal, prenol, and acetophenone, and 2-hydroxyacetophenone, β-phellandrene, β-myrcene, 2-carene, δ-elemene, and isocaryophyllene, and β-ionone, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and 2-ethyl-, and 2-pentylfuran, ethyl, butyl, and hexyl acetate were most noticeable. This is the first report of the VOCs that were released by tomato plants treated with Trichoderma, which may be used in practice against B. cinerea, although this requires further analysis, including the complete identification of VOCs and determination of their potential as agents that are capable of the direct and indirect control of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Nawrocka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamil Szymczak
- Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Skwarek-Fadecka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Urszula Małolepsza
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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Papantoniou D, Chang D, Martínez-Medina A, van Dam NM, Weinhold A. Root symbionts alter herbivore-induced indirect defenses of tomato plants by enhancing predator attraction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1003746. [PMID: 36338467 PMCID: PMC9634184 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1003746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Beneficial root microbes are among the most frequently used biocontrol agents in cropping systems, since they have been shown to promote plant growth and crop yield. Moreover, they are able to enhance protection against pathogens and insect herbivores by activating plant resistance mechanisms. Plant defense responses against herbivorous insects include the induction of metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of defense-related metabolites. These metabolites include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which attract natural enemies of the herbivores as a form of indirect resistance. Considering that beneficial root microbes may affect direct herbivore resistance, we hypothesized that also indirect resistance may be affected. We tested this hypothesis in a study system composed of tomato, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, the growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma harzianum, the generalist chewing herbivore Spodoptera exigua and the omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus. Using a Y-tube olfactometer we found that M. pygmaeus preferred plants with S. exigua herbivory, but microbe-inoculated plants more than non-inoculated ones. We used a targeted GC-MS approach to assess the impact of beneficial microbes on the emission of volatiles 24 h after herbivory to explain the choice of M. pygmaeus. We observed that the volatile composition of the herbivore-infested plants differed from that of the non-infested plants, which was driven by the higher emission of green leaf volatile compounds, methyl salicylate, and several monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Inoculation with microbes had only a marginal effect on the emission of some terpenoids in our experiment. Gene expression analysis showed that the marker genes involved in the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways were differentially expressed in the microbe-inoculated plants after herbivory. Our results pinpoint the role of root symbionts in determining plant-microbe-insect interactions up to the third trophic level, and elucidates their potential to be used in plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Papantoniou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Dongik Chang
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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Caccavo V, Forlano P, Mang SM, Fanti P, Nuzzaci M, Battaglia D, Trotta V. Effects of Trichoderma harzianum Strain T22 on the Arthropod Community Associated with Tomato Plants and on the Crop Performance in an Experimental Field. INSECTS 2022; 13:418. [PMID: 35621754 PMCID: PMC9147967 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma have received much attention in recent years due to their beneficial effects on crop health and their use as pest control agents. Trichoderma activates direct plant defenses against phytophagous arthropods and reinforces indirect plant defense through the attraction of predators. Although the plant defenses against insect herbivores were demonstrated in laboratory experiments, little attention has been paid to the use of Trichoderma spp. in open field conditions. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the inoculation of the commercial Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 on the arthropod community associated with tomato plants and on the crop performance in an experimental field located in South Italy. Our results showed that inoculation with T. harzianum could alter the arthropod community and reduce the abundance of specific pests under field conditions with respect to the sampling period. The present study also confirmed the beneficial effect of T. harzianum against plant pathogens and on tomato fruit. The complex tomato-arthropod-microorganism interactions that occurred in the field are discussed to enrich our current information on the possibilities of using Trichoderma as a green alternative agent in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Caccavo
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (P.F.); (S.M.M.); (M.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Pierluigi Forlano
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (P.F.); (S.M.M.); (M.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Stefania Mirela Mang
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (P.F.); (S.M.M.); (M.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Paolo Fanti
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Maria Nuzzaci
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (P.F.); (S.M.M.); (M.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Donatella Battaglia
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (P.F.); (S.M.M.); (M.N.); (D.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Trotta
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences (SAFE), University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (V.C.); (P.F.); (S.M.M.); (M.N.); (D.B.)
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Agbessenou A, Akutse KS, Yusuf AA, Khamis FM. The Endophyte Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4 Induces the Systemic Release of Methyl Salicylate and ( Z)-jasmone in Tomato Plant Affecting Host Location and Herbivory of Tuta absoluta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860309. [PMID: 35449888 PMCID: PMC9016226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The use of endophytic fungi has dramatically increased plant performance through the enhancement of plant protection against abiotic and biotic stressors. We previously demonstrated that the endophytic fungus Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4 improves tomato defenses against the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta through the reduction of oviposition, leafmining, pupation, and adult emergence. However, the underlying mechanism by which the presence of this endophytic fungus within tomato host plant affects T. absoluta host selection and life-history traits is unknown. We tested the behavioral responses of T. absoluta in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays and found that females preferred non-inoculated tomato plants against those inoculated by endophytes. Additionally, T. absoluta females were not attracted to non-inoculated infested nor to inoculated-infested tomato plants. Chemical analysis revealed the emission of methyl salicylate in inoculated tomato plant and an increase in the amounts of monoterpenes emitted from non-inoculated infested plants. Additionally, we found that upon herbivory, T. asperellum M2RT4 modulates tomato plant chemistry through the production of (Z)-jasmone thus activating both salicylic and jasmonic acid defense pathways. Further, T. absoluta females were attracted to monoterpernes including α-pinene, 2-carene, and β-phellandrene but repelled by methyl salicylate. Methyl salicylate could therefore be considered as a good semiochemical-based candidate for sustainable T. absoluta management using a "push-pull" approach. However, in dose-response bioassays, females of T. absoluta did not show any preference to the four component-blend (α-pinene, 2-carene, β-phellandrene, and methyl salicylate). (Z)-jasmone-treated tomato leaflets significantly reduced the leafmining activity of the pest at the concentration of 10 ng/μL and causing the highest larval mortality rate (83%) with the shortest LT50 (1.73 days) 7 days post-treatment. T. asperellum M2RT4 effect on herbivore performance was then (Z)-jasmone-mediated. These findings expand our understanding of how the endophytic fungus T. asperellum M2RT4 could mediate chemical interactions between T. absoluta and its host plant which are potentially important for development of environmentally friendly T. absoluta management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaovi Agbessenou
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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10
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Mantzoukas S, Tamez-Guerra P, Zavala-Garcia F, Lagogiannis I, Ek-Ramos MJ. Entomopathogenic fungi tested in planta on pepper and in field on sorghum, to control commercially important species of aphids. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:84. [PMID: 35378608 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the aphids high reproductive capacity, assessing their biocontrol by using entomopathogenic fungi is crucial; to determine their potential, fungi were tested in planta and in field conditions. Significant decrease of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) population was observed in planta after applying Beauveria bassiana (strain 7R), Trichoderma gamsii (strain Z) or Metarhizium brunneum (strain Meta Br1) at 1 × 107 or 1 × 108 conidia/mL on pepper plants. Significant differences of aphids' populations were detected between fungus concentration and control (F = 68.743, df = 6.980, P < 0.001), where M. brunneum at 1 × 108 conidia/mL reduced aphids population close to zero. At 20 °C, dead aphids' mycosis by B. bassiana and T. gamsii was 78% and 84%; at 25 °C was 83% and 88%; and at 30 °C was 75% and 79%, respectively. In field conditions, Mexican PTG4 and commercial GHA B. bassiana strains were tested [(1 × 106 conidia/mL + corn starch) seed treatments] against the Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) aphid populations, on naturally infested sorghum plants. Results showed that plant germination and emergence were not affected, whereas yield (grams of sugar/plant) was significantly higher among treated compared with untreated plants. The aphid population decreased in plants from PTG4 treated seeds; indeed, this treatment had a significant positive effect on the flowering index, whereas the stem fresh weight and juice volume was significantly increased among plants from GHA treated seeds. Taken together, tested strains can be used as a tool to control aphids' population on several crops such as pepper and even increase the yield in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology-Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66400, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Francisco Zavala-Garcia
- School of Agronomy, Experimental field, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, 66700, Marin, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Ioannis Lagogiannis
- Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Department of Plant Protection, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organization "Dimitra", 26442, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Julissa Ek-Ramos
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology-Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. .,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 66400, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León, México.
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11
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Negative Effects of Rhizobacteria Association on Plant Recruitment of Generalist Predators. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070920. [PMID: 35406900 PMCID: PMC9003080 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant-associated microbes can influence above- and belowground interactions between plants and other organisms and thus have significant potential for use in the management of agricultural ecosystems. However, fully realizing this potential will require improved understanding of the specific ways in which microbes influence plant ecology, which are both more complex and less well studied than the direct effects of microbes on host-plant physiology. Microbial effects on mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between plants and insects are of particular interest in this regard. This study examines the effects of two strains of Pseudomonas rhizobacteria on the direct and indirect (predator-mediated) resistance of tomato plants to a generalist herbivore (Spodoptera littoralis) and associated changes in levels of defense compounds. We observed no significant effects of rhizobacteria inoculation on caterpillar weight, suggesting that rhizobacteria did not influence direct resistance. However, the generalist predator Podisus maculiventris avoided plants inoculated with one of our rhizobacteria strains, Pseudomonas simiae. Consistent with these results, we found that inoculation with P. simiae influenced plant volatile emissions, but not levels of defense-related compounds. These findings show that rhizobacteria can negatively affect the attraction of generalist predators, while highlighting the complexity and context dependence of microbial effects on plant–insect interactions.
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12
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Nicoletti R, Becchimanzi A. Ecological and Molecular Interactions between Insects and Fungi. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010096. [PMID: 35056545 PMCID: PMC8779020 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects and fungi represent two of the most widespread groupings of organisms in nature, occurring in every kind of ecological context and impacting agriculture and other human activities in various ways. Moreover, they can be observed to reciprocally interact, establishing a wide range of symbiotic relationships, from mutualism to antagonism. The outcome of these relationships can in turn affect the extent at which species of both organisms can exert their noxious effects, as well as the management practices which are to be adopted to counter them. In conjunction with the launch of a Special Issue of Microorganisms with the same title, this article offers a general overview of the manifold aspects related to such interactions from the perspective of implementing our capacity to regulate them in a direction more favorable for the environment, crop production and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Nicoletti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
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13
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, Larsen J. The Role of Secondary Metabolites in Rhizosphere Competence of Trichoderma. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, Real-Santillán RO, López-Carmona D, García-Gómez G, Galicia-Gallardo AP, Alfaro-Cuevas R, González-Esquivel CE, Najera-Rincón MB, Adame-Garnica SG, Rebollar-Alviter A, Álvarez-Navarrete M, Larsen J. In a belowground multitrophic interaction, Trichoderma harzianum induces maize root herbivore tolerance against Phyllophaga vetula. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3952-3963. [PMID: 33851514 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma spp. are soil fungi that interact with plant roots and associated biota such as other microorganisms and soil fauna. However, information about their interactions with root-feeding insects is limited. Here, interactions between Trichoderma harzianum and the root-feeding insect Phyllophaga vetula, a common insect pest in maize agroecosystems, were examined. RESULTS Applications of T. harzianum and P. vetula to the root system increased and decreased maize growth, respectively. Induced tolerance against herbivore attack was provided by T. harzianum maintaining a robust and functional root system as evidenced by the increased uptake of Cu, Ca, Mg, Na and K. Herbivore tolerance also coincided with changes in the emission of root volatile terpenes known to induce indirect defense responses and attract natural enemies of the herbivore. More importantly, T. harzianum induced de novo emission of several sesquiterpenes such as β-caryophyllene and δ-cadinene. In addition, single and combined applications of T. harzianum and P. vetula altered the sucrose content of the roots. Finally, T. harzianum produced 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP) a volatile compound that may act as an antifeedant-signaling compound mitigating root herbivory by P. vetula. CONCLUSION Our results provide novel information about belowground multitrophic plant-microbe-arthropod interactions between T. harzianum and P. vetula in the maize rhizosphere resulting in alterations in maize phenotypic plant responses, inducing root herbivore tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Raúl Omar Real-Santillán
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Dante López-Carmona
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Griselda García-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Ana Paola Galicia-Gallardo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Ruth Alfaro-Cuevas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Carlos E González-Esquivel
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Mexico
| | - Miguel Bernardo Najera-Rincón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarías, Campo Experimental Uruapan, Uruapan, Mexico
| | - Sandra Goretti Adame-Garnica
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Angel Rebollar-Alviter
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Centro Regional Universitario Centro Occidente, Morelia, Mexico
| | | | - John Larsen
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelia, Mexico
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15
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Gutiérrez-Moreno K, Ruocco M, Monti MM, de la Vega OM, Heil M. Context-Dependent Effects of Trichoderma Seed Inoculation on Anthracnose Disease and Seed Yield of Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris): Ambient Conditions Override Cultivar-Specific Differences. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081739. [PMID: 34451784 PMCID: PMC8400414 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Root colonizing Trichoderma fungi can stimulate plant immunity, but net effects are strain × cultivar-specific and changing ambient conditions further contribute to variable outcomes. Here, we used four Trichoderma spp. to inoculate seeds of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars and explored in three different experimental setups the effects on fungal anthracnose after leaf inoculation with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Plants growing in pots with field soil under greenhouse conditions exhibited the highest and those in the open field the lowest overall levels of disease. Among 48 Trichoderma strain × bean cultivar × setup combinations, Trichoderma-inoculation enhanced disease in six and decreased disease in ten cases, but with the exception of T. asperellum B6-inoculated Negro San Luis beans, the strain × cultivar-specific effects on anthracnose severity differed among the setups, and anthracnose severity did not predict seed yield in the open field. In the case of Flor de Mayo beans, Trichoderma even reduced yield in anthracnose-free field plots, although this effect was counterbalanced in anthracnose-infected plots. We consider our work as a case study that calls for stronger emphasis on field experiments in the early phases of screenings of Trichoderma inoculants as plant biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Gutiérrez-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad Irapuato, 36824 Irapuato, Mexico;
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR-IPSP), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Maurilia Maria Monti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR-IPSP), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Octavio Martínez de la Vega
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, 36824 Irapuato, Mexico;
| | - Martin Heil
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad Irapuato, 36824 Irapuato, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (M.H.)
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16
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Di Lelio I, Coppola M, Comite E, Molisso D, Lorito M, Woo SL, Pennacchio F, Rao R, Digilio MC. Temperature Differentially Influences the Capacity of Trichoderma Species to Induce Plant Defense Responses in Tomato Against Insect Pests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:678830. [PMID: 34177994 PMCID: PMC8221184 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, Trichoderma are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, Trichoderma atroviride P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The in vitro development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and the noctuid moth, Spodoptera littoralis. Tomato plants treated with T. afroharzianum T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while T. atroviride P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two Trichoderma species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in Trichoderma-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable Trichoderma isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Comite
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Donata Molisso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sheridan Lois Woo
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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17
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Ferreira FV, Musumeci MA. Trichoderma as biological control agent: scope and prospects to improve efficacy. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:90. [PMID: 33899136 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A major current challenge is to increase the food production while preserving natural resources. Agricultural practices that enhance the productivity and progressively improve the soil quality are relevant to face this challenge. Trichoderma species are widely used in agriculture to stimulate the plant growth and to control different pathogens affecting crops, representing useful tools for sustainable food production. This mini-review summarizes applications of Trichoderma strains in agriculture to control fungal pathogens, nematodes and insects, the involved biocontrol mechanisms, efficacy and inoculation forms in greenhouse, field and post-harvest conditions. Aspects of Trichoderma handling that influence on biocontrol efficacy such as preventive treatments, frequency of applications and delivery methods are discussed. Strategies useful to improve the antagonistic performance such as the use of native strains, protoplast fusion, formulation, growth on pathogen cell wall medium and combination with other antagonists in integrated treatments are discussed. This mini-review provides practical knowledge to design safe and optimal biocontrol strategies based on Trichoderma and pose challenges to expand its antagonist performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia V Ferreira
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos (CITER), Monseñor Tavella 1450 (E3202 BCJ), Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Matías A Musumeci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos (CITER), Monseñor Tavella 1450 (E3202 BCJ), Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina. .,Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Monseñor Tavella 1450 (E3202 BCJ), Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
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18
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Deciphering Trichoderma-Plant-Pathogen Interactions for Better Development of Biocontrol Applications. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010061. [PMID: 33477406 PMCID: PMC7830842 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the fungal genus Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) are ubiquitous and commonly encountered as soil inhabitants, plant symbionts, saprotrophs, and mycoparasites. Certain species have been used to control diverse plant diseases and mitigate negative growth conditions. The versatility of Trichoderma’s interactions mainly relies on their ability to engage in inter- and cross-kingdom interactions. Although Trichoderma is by far the most extensively studied fungal biocontrol agent (BCA), with a few species already having been commercialized as bio-pesticides or bio-fertilizers, their wide application has been hampered by an unpredictable efficacy under field conditions. Deciphering the dialogues within and across Trichoderma ecological interactions by identification of involved effectors and their underlying effect is of great value in order to be able to eventually harness Trichoderma’s full potential for plant growth promotion and protection. In this review, we focus on the nature of Trichoderma interactions with plants and pathogens. Better understanding how Trichoderma interacts with plants, other microorganisms, and the environment is essential for developing and deploying Trichoderma-based strategies that increase crop production and protection.
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19
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From Diverse Origins to Specific Targets: Role of Microorganisms in Indirect Pest Biological Control. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080533. [PMID: 32823898 PMCID: PMC7469166 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Integrated pest management (IPM) is today a widely accepted pest management strategy to select and use the most efficient control tactics and at the same time reduce over-dependence on chemical insecticides and their potentially negative environmental effects. One of the main pillars of IPM is biological control. While biological control programs of pest insects commonly rely on natural enemies such as predatory insects, parasitoids and microbial pathogens, there is increasing evidence that plant, soil and insect microbiomes can also be exploited to enhance plant defense against herbivores. In this mini-review, we illustrate how microorganisms from diverse origins can contribute to plant fitness, functional traits and indirect defense responses against pest insects, and therefore be indirectly used to improve biological pest control practices. Microorganisms in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endosphere have not only been shown to enhance plant growth and plant strength, but also promote plant defense against herbivores both above- and belowground by providing feeding deterrence or antibiosis. Also, herbivore associated molecular patterns may be induced by microorganisms that come from oral phytophagous insect secretions and elicit plant-specific responses to herbivore attacks. Furthermore, microorganisms that inhabit floral nectar and insect honeydew produce volatile organic compounds that attract beneficial insects like natural enemies, thereby providing indirect pest control. Given the multiple benefits of microorganisms to plants, we argue that future IPMs should consider and exploit the whole range of possibilities that microorganisms offer to enhance plant defense and increase attraction, fecundity and performance of natural enemies.
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20
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Macías-Rodríguez L, Contreras-Cornejo HA, Adame-Garnica SG, Del-Val E, Larsen J. The interactions of Trichoderma at multiple trophic levels: inter-kingdom communication. Microbiol Res 2020; 240:126552. [PMID: 32659716 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are universal saprotrophic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems, and as rhizosphere inhabitants, they mediate interactions with other soil microorganisms, plants, and arthropods at multiple trophic levels. In the rhizosphere, Trichoderma can reduce the abundance of phytopathogenic microorganisms, which involves the action of potent inhibitory molecules, such as gliovirin and siderophores, whereas endophytic associations between Trichoderma and the seeds and roots of host plants can result in enhanced plant growth and crop productivity, as well as the alleviation of abiotic stress. Such beneficial effects are mediated via the activation of endogenous mechanisms controlled by phytohormones such as auxins and abscisic acid, as well as by alterations in host plant metabolism. During either root colonization or in the absence of physical contact, Trichoderma can trigger early defense responses mediated by Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species, and subsequently stimulate plant immunity by enhancing resistance mechanisms regulated by the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. In addition, Trichoderma release volatile organic compounds and nitrogen or oxygen heterocyclic compounds that serve as signaling molecules, which have effects on plant growth, phytopathogen levels, herbivorous insects, and at the third trophic level, play roles in attracting the natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of herbivores. In this paper, we review some of the most recent advances in our understanding of the environmental influences of Trichoderma spp., with particular emphasis on their multiple interactions at different trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico.
| | - Sandra Goretti Adame-Garnica
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ek Del-Val
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico
| | - John Larsen
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico
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21
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Jafarbeigi F, Samih MA, Alaei H, Shirani H. Induced Tomato Resistance Against Bemisia tabaci Triggered by Salicylic Acid, β-Aminobutyric Acid, and Trichoderma. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:456-467. [PMID: 32361943 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-020-00771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B is a key pest of Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) throughout the world. In this study, we examined the induction of resistance on tomato plants treated with SA, BABA, and Trichoderma either individually or in combination against B. tabaci biotype B through the assessment of some biological and behavioral aspects of this insect pest. Also, to understand the mode of action of these inducers, we correlated and analyzed the biochemical basis of plant resistance, by measuring levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and phenolic content in leaves of treated tomato plants. The longest development time of whitefly immature stages was recorded for plants treated with root β-aminobutyric acid application (RBABA) + root Trichoderma application (RT), root salicylic acid application (RSA) + RT, and RT. In a free-choice assay, B. tabaci adults showed a significantly lower preference for settling and oviposition in RBABA + RT, RSA + RT, and RT in comparison with control. In a no-choice assay, B. tabaci females laid significantly fewer eggs on treatments than those in control, with better results observed in RBABA + RT. Plants responded to different treatments and showed higher induction of PPO, POD, and PAL activities, besides the higher accumulation of phenols in RBABA + RT, RSA + RT, and RT treatments. These results suggest that RBABA + RT, RSA + RT, and RT could be utilized for the induction of effective plant defense against B. tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jafarbeigi
- Dept of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr Univ of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - M A Samih
- Dept of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr Univ of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - H Alaei
- Dept of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr Univ of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - H Shirani
- Dept of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr Univ of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Bell K, Naranjo-Guevara N, dos Santos RC, Meadow R, Bento JMS. Predatory Earwigs are Attracted by Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles Linked with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11050271. [PMID: 32365691 PMCID: PMC7290886 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-associated microbes may induce plant defenses against herbivores. Plants, in turn, can attract natural enemies, such as predators, using herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Intricate communication occurs between microorganisms, plants, and insects. Given that many aspects related to mechanisms involved in this symbiotic system remain unknown, we evaluated how beneficial soil-borne microorganisms can affect the interactions between plants, herbivores, and natural enemies. For this study, we established a multitrophic system composed of the predatory earwig Doru luteipes (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), arugula (Eruca sativa, Brassicaceae) as the host plant, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae as a specialist herbivore, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae as a generalist herbivore, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), in a series of nocturnal olfactometry experiments. By assessing earwig preference towards herbivore-induced and PGPR-inoculated plants in different combinations, we showed that the interaction between rhizobacteria, plants, and herbivores can affect the predatory earwig's behavior. Furthermore, we observed a synergistic effect in which earwigs were attracted by plants that presented as PGPR inoculated and herbivore damaged, for both specialist and generalist herbivores. Our findings help fill the important knowledge gap regarding multitrophic interactions and should provide useful guidelines for their application to agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Bell
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (K.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Natalia Naranjo-Guevara
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo State 13418-900, Brazil; (N.N.-G.); (R.C.d.S.)
- Fontys International Business School Venlo, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, 5912 Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Rafaela C. dos Santos
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo State 13418-900, Brazil; (N.N.-G.); (R.C.d.S.)
| | - Richard Meadow
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway; (K.B.); (R.M.)
| | - José M. S. Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo State 13418-900, Brazil; (N.N.-G.); (R.C.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Pappas ML, Broufas GD, Pozzebon A, Duso C, Wäckers F. Editorial: Ecosystem Services and Disservices Provided by Plant-Feeding Predatory Arthropods. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Wilkinson TDJ, Miranda JP, Ferrari J, Hartley SE, Hodge A. Aphids Influence Soil Fungal Communities in Conventional Agricultural Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:895. [PMID: 31354767 PMCID: PMC6640087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with the roots of most plant species, including cereals. AMF can increase the uptake of nutrients including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and of silicon (Si) as well as increase host resistance to various stresses. Plants can simultaneously interact with above-ground insect herbivores such as aphids, which can alter the proportion of plant roots colonized by AMF. However, it is unknown if aphids impact the structure of AMF communities colonizing plants or the extent of the extraradical mycelium produced in the soil, both of which can influence the defensive and nutritional benefit a plant derives from the symbiosis. This study investigated the effect of aphids on the plant-AMF interaction in a conventionally managed agricultural system. As plants also interact with other soil fungi, the non-AMF fungal community was also investigated. We hypothesized that aphids would depress plant growth, and reduce intraradical AMF colonization, soil fungal hyphal density and the diversity of AM and non-AM fungal communities. To test the effects of aphids, field plots of barley enclosed with insect proof cages were inoculated with Sitobion avenae or remained uninoculated. AMF specific and total fungal amplicon sequencing assessed root fungal communities 46 days after aphid addition. Aphids did not impact above-ground plant biomass, but did increase the grain N:P ratio. Whilst aphid presence had no impact on AMF intraradical colonization, soil fungal hyphal length density, or AMF community characteristics, there was a trend for the aphid treatment to increase vesicle numbers and the relative abundance of the AMF family Gigasporaceae. Contrary to expectations, the aphid treatment also increased the evenness of the total fungal community. This suggests that aphids can influence soil communities in conventional arable systems, a result that could have implications for multitrophic feedback loops between crop pests and soil organisms across the above-below-ground interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sue E. Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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25
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Coppola M, Cascone P, Lelio ID, Woo SL, Lorito M, Rao R, Pennacchio F, Guerrieri E, Digilio MC. Trichoderma atroviride P1 Colonization of Tomato Plants Enhances Both Direct and Indirect Defense Barriers Against Insects. Front Physiol 2019; 10:813. [PMID: 31333483 PMCID: PMC6624734 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous microbial root symbionts are known to induce different levels of enhanced plant protection against a variety of pathogens. However, more recent studies have demonstrated that beneficial microbes are able to induce plant systemic resistance that confers some degree of protection against insects. Here, we report how treatments with the fungal biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride strain P1 in tomato plants induce responses that affect pest insects with different feeding habits: the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) and the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). We observed that the tomato plant-Trichoderma P1 interaction had a negative impact on the development of moth larvae and on aphid longevity. These effects were attributed to a plant response induced by Trichoderma that was associated with transcriptional changes of a wide array of defense-related genes. While the impact on aphids could be related to the up-regulation of genes involved in the oxidative burst reaction, which occur early in the defense reaction, the negative performance of moth larvae was associated with the enhanced expression of genes encoding for protective enzymes (i.e., Proteinase inhibitor I (PI), Threonine deaminase, Leucine aminopeptidase A1, Arginase 2, and Polyphenol oxidase) that are activated downstream in the defense cascade. In addition, Trichoderma P1 produced alterations in plant metabolic pathways leading to the production and release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are involved in the attraction of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi, thus reinforcing the indirect plant defense barriers. Our findings, along with the evidence available in the literature, indicate that the outcome of the tripartite interaction among plant, Trichoderma, and pests is highly specific and only a comprehensive approach, integrating both insect phenotypic changes and plant transcriptomic alterations, can allow a reliable prediction of its potential for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Coppola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sheridan Lois Woo
- CNR–IPSP, Portici, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CNR–IPSP, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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26
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Coppola M, Diretto G, Digilio MC, Woo SL, Giuliano G, Molisso D, Pennacchio F, Lorito M, Rao R. Transcriptome and Metabolome Reprogramming in Tomato Plants by Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 Primes and Enhances Defense Responses Against Aphids. Front Physiol 2019; 10:745. [PMID: 31293434 PMCID: PMC6599157 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial fungi in the genus Trichoderma are among the most widespread biocontrol agents of plant pathogens. Their role in triggering plant defenses against pathogens has been intensely investigated, while, in contrast, very limited information is available on induced barriers active against insects. The growing experimental evidence on this latter topic looks promising, and paves the way toward the development of Trichoderma strains and/or consortia active against multiple targets. However, the predictability and reproducibility of the effects that these beneficial fungi is still somewhat limited by the lack of an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the specificity of their interaction with different crop varieties, and on how the environmental factors modulate this interaction. To fill this research gap, here we studied the transcriptome changes in tomato plants (cultivar "Dwarf San Marzano") induced by Trichoderma harzianum (strain T22) colonization and subsequent infestation by the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. A wide transcriptome reprogramming, related to metabolic processes, regulation of gene expression and defense responses, was induced both by separate experimental treatments, which showed a synergistic interaction when concurrently applied. The most evident expression changes of defense genes were associated with the multitrophic interaction Trichoderma-tomato-aphid. Early and late genes involved in direct defense against insects were induced (i.e., peroxidase, GST, kinases and polyphenol oxidase, miraculin, chitinase), along with indirect defense genes, such as sesquiterpene synthase and geranylgeranyl phosphate synthase. Targeted and untargeted semi-polar metabolome analysis revealed a wide metabolome alteration showing an increased accumulation of isoprenoids in Trichoderma treated plants. The wide array of transcriptomic and metabolomics changes nicely fit with the higher mortality of aphids when feeding on Trichoderma treated plants, herein reported, and with the previously observed attractiveness of these latter toward the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi. Moreover, Trichoderma treated plants showed the over-expression of transcripts coding for several families of defense-related transcription factors (bZIP, MYB, NAC, AP2-ERF, WRKY), suggesting that the fungus contributes to the priming of plant responses against pest insects. Collectively, our data indicate that Trichoderma treatment of tomato plants induces transcriptomic and metabolomic changes, which underpin both direct and indirect defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sheridan Lois Woo
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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27
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Eschweiler J, van Holstein-Saj R, Kruidhof HM, Schouten A, Messelink GJ. Tomato Inoculation With a Non-pathogenic Strain of Fusarium oxysporum Enhances Pest Control by Changing the Feeding Preference of an Omnivorous Predator. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Volpe V, Chitarra W, Cascone P, Volpe MG, Bartolini P, Moneti G, Pieraccini G, Di Serio C, Maserti B, Guerrieri E, Balestrini R. The Association With Two Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Differently Affects Water Stress Tolerance in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1480. [PMID: 30356724 PMCID: PMC6189365 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are very widespread, forming symbiotic associations with ∼80% of land plant species, including almost all crop plants. These fungi are considered of great interest for their use as biofertilizer in low-input and organic agriculture. In addition to an improvement in plant nutrition, AM fungi have been reported to enhance plant tolerance to important abiotic and biotic environmental conditions, especially to a reduced availability of resources. These features, to be exploited and applied in the field, require a thorough identification of mechanisms involved in nutrient transfer, metabolic pathways induced by single and multiple stresses, physiological and eco-physiological mechanisms resulting in improved tolerance. However, cooperation between host plants and AM fungi is often related to the specificity of symbiotic partners, the environmental conditions and the availability of resources. In this study, the impact of two AM fungal species (Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices) on the water stress tolerance of a commercial tomato cultivar (San Marzano nano) has been evaluated in pots. Biometric and eco-physiological parameters have been recorded and gene expression analyses in tomato roots have been focused on plant and fungal genes involved in inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake and transport. R. intraradices, which resulted to be more efficient than F. mosseae to improve physiological performances, was selected to assess the role of AM symbiosis on tomato plants subjected to combined stresses (moderate water stress and aphid infestation) in controlled conditions. A positive effect on the tomato indirect defense toward aphids in terms of enhanced attraction of their natural enemies was observed, in agreement with the characterization of volatile organic compound (VOC) released. In conclusion, our results offer new insights for understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in the tolerance toward water deficit as mediated by a specific AM fungus. Moreover, they open new perspectives for the exploitation of AM symbiosis to enhance crop tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses in a scenario of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Centre of Viticulture and Enology Research, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cascone
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Turin-Florence-Portici (NA) Units, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bartolini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Turin-Florence-Portici (NA) Units, Portici, Italy
| | - Gloriano Moneti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Di Serio
- Geriatric Intensive Care Unit, Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Biancaelena Maserti
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Turin-Florence-Portici (NA) Units, Portici, Italy
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Turin-Florence-Portici (NA) Units, Portici, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Turin-Florence-Portici (NA) Units, Portici, Italy
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29
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Lombardi N, Vitale S, Turrà D, Reverberi M, Fanelli C, Vinale F, Marra R, Ruocco M, Pascale A, d'Errico G, Woo SL, Lorito M. Root Exudates of Stressed Plants Stimulate and Attract Trichoderma Soil Fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:982-994. [PMID: 29547355 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots release complex mixtures of bioactive molecules, including compounds that affect the activity and modify the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome. In this work, we investigated the initial phase of the interaction between tomato and an effective biocontrol strain of Trichoderma harzianum (T22). We found that root exudates (RE), obtained from plants grown in a split-root system and exposed to various biotic and abiotic stress factors (wounding, salt, pathogen attack), were able to stimulate the growth and act as chemoattractants of the biocontrol fungus. On the other hand, some of the treatments did not result in an enhanced chemotropism on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, indicating a mechanism that may be selective for nonpathogenic microbes. The involvement of peroxidases and oxylipins, both known to be released by roots in response to stress, was demonstrated by using RE fractions containing these molecules or their commercial purified analogs, testing the effect of an inhibitor, and characterizing the complex pattern of these metabolites released by tomato roots both locally and systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lombardi
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Stefania Vitale
- 3 Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Rabanales 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- 3 Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Rabanales 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- 4 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università la Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Corrado Fanelli
- 4 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università la Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Francesco Vinale
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Roberta Marra
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Alberto Pascale
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Giada d'Errico
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Sheridan L Woo
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 5 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
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30
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Garantonakis N, Pappas ML, Varikou K, Skiada V, Broufas GD, Kavroulakis N, Papadopoulou KK. Tomato Inoculation With the Endophytic Strain Fusarium solani K Results in Reduced Feeding Damage by the Zoophytophagous Predator Nesidiocoris tenuis. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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Pappas ML, Liapoura M, Papantoniou D, Avramidou M, Kavroulakis N, Weinhold A, Broufas GD, Papadopoulou KK. The Beneficial Endophytic Fungus Fusarium solani Strain K Alters Tomato Responses Against Spider Mites to the Benefit of the Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1603. [PMID: 30459791 PMCID: PMC6232530 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms are known to promote plant growth and confer resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. Soil-borne beneficial microbes in particular have shown potential in protecting plants against pathogens and herbivores via the elicitation of plant responses. In this study, we evaluated the role of Fusarium solani strain K (FsK) in altering plant responses to the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae in tomato. We found evidence that FsK, a beneficial endophytic fungal strain isolated from the roots of tomato plants grown on suppressive compost, affects both direct and indirect tomato defenses against spider mites. Defense-related genes were differentially expressed on FsK-colonized plants after spider mite infestation compared to clean or spider mite-infested un-colonized plants. In accordance, spider mite performance was negatively affected on FsK-colonized plants and feeding damage was lower on these compared to control plants. Notably, FsK-colonization led to increased plant biomass to both spider mite-infested and un-infested plants. FsK was shown to enhance indirect tomato defense as FsK-colonized plants attracted more predators than un-colonized plants. In accordance, headspace volatile analysis revealed significant differences between the volatiles emitted by FsK-colonized plants in response to attack by spider mites. Our results highlight the role of endophytic fungi in shaping plant-mite interactions and may offer the opportunity for the development of a novel tool for spider mite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Pappas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
- *Correspondence: Maria L. Pappas,
| | - Maria Liapoura
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Dimitra Papantoniou
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Marianna Avramidou
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nektarios Kavroulakis
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical Plants & Viticulture, Hellenic Agricultural Organization – DEMETER, Chania, Greece
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - George D. Broufas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Kalliope K. Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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Tao L, Hunter MD, de Roode JC. Microbial Root Mutualists Affect the Predators and Pathogens of Herbivores above Ground: Mechanisms, Magnitudes, and Missing Links. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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33
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Rasmann S, Bennett A, Biere A, Karley A, Guerrieri E. Root symbionts: Powerful drivers of plant above- and belowground indirect defenses. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:947-960. [PMID: 28374534 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial mutualists of plants, including mycorrhizal fungi, non-mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, have been typically characterized for increasing nutrient acquisition and plant growth. More recently, soil microbes have also been shown to increase direct plant defense against above- and belowground herbivores. Plants, however, do not only rely on direct defenses when attacked, but they can also recruit pest antagonists such as predators and parasitoids, both above and belowground, mainly via the release of volatile organic compounds (i.e., indirect defenses). In this review, we illustrate the main features and effects of soil microbial mutualists of plants on plant indirect defenses and discuss possible applications within the framework of sustainable crop protection against root- and shoot-feeding arthropod pests. We indicate the main knowledge gaps and the future challenges to be addressed in the study and application of these multifaceted interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alison Bennett
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Arjen Biere
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alison Karley
- Department of Ecological Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, UK
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Portici, Italy
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Coppola M, Cascone P, Chiusano ML, Colantuono C, Lorito M, Pennacchio F, Rao R, Woo SL, Guerrieri E, Digilio MC. Trichoderma harzianum enhances tomato indirect defense against aphids. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:1025-1033. [PMID: 28475289 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many fungal root symbionts of the genus Trichoderma are well-known for their beneficial effects on agronomic performance and protection against plant pathogens; moreover, they may enhance protection from insect pests, by triggering plant resistance mechanisms. Defense barriers against insects are induced by the activation of metabolic pathways involved in the production of defense-related plant compounds, either directly active against herbivore insects, or exerting an indirect effect, by increasing the attraction of herbivore natural enemies. In a model system composed of the tomato plant, the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae and the parasitoid Aphidius ervi, plant metabolic changes induced by Trichoderma harzianum and their effects on higher trophic levels have been assessed. T. harzianum T22 treatments induce a primed state that upon aphid attacks leads to an increased attraction of aphid parasitoids, mediated by the enhanced production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are known to induce Aphidius ervi flight. Transcriptome sequencing of T22-treated plants infested by aphids showed a remarkable upregulation of genes involved in terpenoids biosynthesis and salicylic acid pathway, which are consistent with the observed flight response of A. ervi and the VOC bouquet profile underlying this behavioral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Coppola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Chiara Colantuono
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Sheridan Lois Woo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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De Palma M, D'Agostino N, Proietti S, Bertini L, Lorito M, Ruocco M, Caruso C, Chiusano ML, Tucci M. Suppression Subtractive Hybridization analysis provides new insights into the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) response to the plant probiotic microorganism Trichoderma longibrachiatum MK1. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 190:79-94. [PMID: 26705844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species include widespread rhizosphere-colonising fungi that may establish an opportunistic interaction with the plant, resulting in growth promotion and/or increased tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. For this reason, Trichoderma-based formulations are largely used in agriculture to improve yield while reducing the application of agro-chemicals. By using the Suppression Subtractive Hybridization method, we identified molecular mechanisms activated during the in vitro interaction between tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and the selected strain MK1 of Trichoderma longibrachiatum, and which may participate in the stimulation of plant growth and systemic resistance. Screening and sequence analysis of the subtractive library resulted in forty unique transcripts. Their annotation in functional categories revealed enrichment in cell defence/stress and primary metabolism categories, while secondary metabolism and transport were less represented. Increased transcription of genes involved in defence, cell wall reinforcement and signalling of reactive oxygen species suggests that improved plant pathogen resistance induced by T. longibrachiatum MK1 in tomato may occur through stimulation of the above mechanisms. The array of activated defence-related genes indicates that different signalling pathways, beside the jasmonate/ethylene-dependent one, collaborate to fine-tune the plant response. Our results also suggest that the growth stimulation effect of MK1 on tomato may involve a set of genes controlling protein synthesis and turnover as well as energy metabolism and photosynthesis. Transcriptional profiling of several defence-related genes at different time points of the tomato-Trichoderma interaction, and after subsequent inoculation with the pathogen Botrytis cinerea, provided novel information on genes that may specifically modulate the tomato response to T. longibrachiatum, B. cinerea or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Palma
- CNR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Research Division Portici, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Nunzio D'Agostino
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per l'orticoltura, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano (SA), Italy
| | - Silvia Proietti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura Bertini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Carla Caruso
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria L Chiusano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Marina Tucci
- CNR, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Research Division Portici, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy.
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Cotes B, Rännbäck LM, Björkman M, Norli HR, Meyling NV, Rämert B, Anderson P. Habitat selection of a parasitoid mediated by volatiles informing on host and intraguild predator densities. Oecologia 2015; 179:151-62. [PMID: 25943193 PMCID: PMC4553151 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To locate and evaluate host patches before oviposition, parasitoids of herbivorous insects utilize plant volatiles and host-derived cues, but also evaluate predator-derived infochemicals to reduce predation risks. When foraging in host habitats infested with entomopathogenic fungi that can infect both a parasitoid and its host, parasitoids may reduce the risk of intraguild predation (IGP) by avoiding such patches. In this study, we examined whether the presence of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana in soil habitats of a root herbivore, Delia radicum, affects the behavior of Trybliographa rapae, a parasitoid of D. radicum. Olfactometer bioassays revealed that T. rapae avoided fungal infested host habitats and that this was dependent on fungal species and density. In particular, the parasitoid avoided habitats with high densities of the more virulent fungus, M. brunneum. In addition, host density was found to be important for the attraction of T. rapae. Volatiles collected from host habitats revealed different compound profiles depending on fungal presence and density, which could explain the behavior of T. rapae. We conclude that T. rapae females may use volatile compounds to locate high densities of prey, but also compounds related to fungal presence to reduce the risk of IGP towards themselves and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Cotes
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Integrated Plant Protection, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 102, Växtskyddsvägen 3, Alnarp, SE-230 53, Sweden,
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37
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Pangesti N, Weldegergis BT, Langendorf B, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Pineda A. Rhizobacterial colonization of roots modulates plant volatile emission and enhances the attraction of a parasitoid wasp to host-infested plants. Oecologia 2015. [PMID: 25783487 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3277-3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial root-associated microbes modify the physiological status of their host plants and affect direct and indirect plant defense against insect herbivores. While the effects of these microbes on direct plant defense against insect herbivores are well described, knowledge of the effect of the microbes on indirect plant defense against insect herbivores is still limited. In this study, we evaluate the role of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r in indirect plant defense against the generalist leaf-chewing insect Mamestra brassicae through a combination of behavioral, chemical, and gene-transcriptional approaches. We show that rhizobacterial colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana roots results in an increased attraction of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator to caterpillar-infested plants. Volatile analysis revealed that rhizobacterial colonization suppressed the emission of the terpene (E)-α-bergamotene and the aromatics methyl salicylate and lilial in response to caterpillar feeding. Rhizobacterial colonization decreased the caterpillar-induced transcription of the terpene synthase genes TPS03 and TPS04. Rhizobacteria enhanced both the growth and the indirect defense of plants under caterpillar attack. This study shows that rhizobacteria have a high potential to enhance the biocontrol of leaf-chewing herbivores based on enhanced attraction of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurmi Pangesti
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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38
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Pangesti N, Weldegergis BT, Langendorf B, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Pineda A. Rhizobacterial colonization of roots modulates plant volatile emission and enhances the attraction of a parasitoid wasp to host-infested plants. Oecologia 2015; 178:1169-80. [PMID: 25783487 PMCID: PMC4506461 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial root-associated microbes modify the physiological status of their host plants and affect direct and indirect plant defense against insect herbivores. While the effects of these microbes on direct plant defense against insect herbivores are well described, knowledge of the effect of the microbes on indirect plant defense against insect herbivores is still limited. In this study, we evaluate the role of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r in indirect plant defense against the generalist leaf-chewing insect Mamestra brassicae through a combination of behavioral, chemical, and gene-transcriptional approaches. We show that rhizobacterial colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana roots results in an increased attraction of the parasitoid Microplitis mediator to caterpillar-infested plants. Volatile analysis revealed that rhizobacterial colonization suppressed the emission of the terpene (E)-α-bergamotene and the aromatics methyl salicylate and lilial in response to caterpillar feeding. Rhizobacterial colonization decreased the caterpillar-induced transcription of the terpene synthase genes TPS03 and TPS04. Rhizobacteria enhanced both the growth and the indirect defense of plants under caterpillar attack. This study shows that rhizobacteria have a high potential to enhance the biocontrol of leaf-chewing herbivores based on enhanced attraction of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurmi Pangesti
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Benjamin Langendorf
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Pineda
- Laboratory of Entomology, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ruocco M, Lanzuise S, Lombardi N, Woo SL, Vinale F, Marra R, Varlese R, Manganiello G, Pascale A, Scala V, Turrà D, Scala F, Lorito M. Multiple roles and effects of a novel Trichoderma hydrophobin. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:167-79. [PMID: 25317667 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-14-0194-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma are among the most active and ecologically successful microbes found in natural environments, because they are able to use a variety of substrates and affect the growth of other microbes and virtually any plant species. We isolated and characterized a novel type II hydrophobin secreted by the biocontrol strain MK1 of Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The corresponding gene (Hytlo1) has a multiple role in the Trichoderma-plant-pathogen three-way interaction, while the purified protein displayed a direct antifungal as well as a microbe-associated molecular pattern and a plant growth promotion (PGP) activity. Leaf infiltration with the hydrophobin systemically increased resistance to pathogens and activated defense-related responses involving reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, oxylipin, phytoalexin, and pathogenesis-related protein formation or activity. The hydrophobin was found to enhance development of a variety of plants when applied at very low doses. It particularly stimulated root formation and growth, as demonstrated also by transient expression of the encoding gene in tobacco and tomato. Targeted knock-out of Hytlo1 significantly reduced both antagonistic and PGP effect of the wild-type strain. We conclude that this protein represents a clear example of a molecular factor developed by Trichoderma spp. to establish a mutually beneficial interaction with the colonized plant.
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Caporale AG, Sommella A, Lorito M, Lombardi N, Azam SMGG, Pigna M, Ruocco M. Trichoderma spp. alleviate phytotoxicity in lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) irrigated with arsenic-contaminated water. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1378-84. [PMID: 25046759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of two strains of Trichoderma (T. harzianum strain T22 and T. atroviride strain P1) on the growth of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) irrigated with As-contaminated water, and their effect on the uptake and accumulation of the contaminant in the plant roots and leaves, were studied. Accumulation of this non-essential element occurred mainly into the root system and reduced both biomass development and net photosynthesis rate (while altering the plant P status). Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) of both Trichoderma species alleviated, at least in part, the phytotoxicity of As, essentially by decreasing its accumulation in the tissues and enhancing plant growth, P status and net photosynthesis rate. Our results indicate that inoculation of lettuce with selected Trichoderma strains may be helpful, beside the classical biocontrol application, in alleviating abiotic stresses such as that caused by irrigation with As-contaminated water, and in reducing the concentration of this metalloid in the edible part of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Caporale
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alessia Sommella
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy; Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nadia Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy; Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Shah M G G Azam
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Pigna
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Napoli, Italy
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