1
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Huang WRH, Braam C, Kretschmer C, Villanueva SL, Liu H, Ferik F, van der Burgh AM, Wu J, Zhang L, Nürnberger T, Wang Y, Seidl MF, Evangelisti E, Stuttmann J, Joosten MHAJ. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases of different subfamilies differentially regulate SOBIR1/BAK1-mediated immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4339. [PMID: 38773116 PMCID: PMC11109355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors form the front line of plant immunity. The leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like kinases SOBIR1 and BAK1 are required for the functionality of the tomato LRR-receptor-like protein Cf-4, which detects the secreted effector Avr4 of the pathogenic fungus Fulvia fulva. Here, we show that the kinase domains of SOBIR1 and BAK1 directly phosphorylate each other and that residues Thr522 and Tyr469 of the kinase domain of Nicotiana benthamiana SOBIR1 are required for its kinase activity and for interacting with signalling partners, respectively. By knocking out multiple genes belonging to different receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK)-VII subfamilies in N. benthamiana:Cf-4, we show that members of RLCK-VII-6, -7, and -8 differentially regulate the Avr4/Cf-4-triggered biphasic burst of reactive oxygen species. In addition, members of RLCK-VII-7 play an essential role in resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. Our study provides molecular evidence for the specific roles of RLCKs downstream of SOBIR1/BAK1-containing immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen R H Huang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Ciska Braam
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Landeo Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huan Liu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Filiz Ferik
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Aranka M van der Burgh
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Teaching and Learning Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE UMR 1355, CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, LEMiRE (Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere), 13115, Saint‑Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Cloutier S, Edwards T, Zheng C, Booker HM, Islam T, Nabetani K, Kutcher HR, Molina O, You FM. Fine-mapping of a major locus for Fusarium wilt resistance in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:27. [PMID: 38245903 PMCID: PMC10800302 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Fine-mapping of a locus on chromosome 1 of flax identified an S-lectin receptor-like kinase (SRLK) as the most likely candidate for a major Fusarium wilt resistance gene. Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, is a devastating disease in flax. Genetic resistance can counteract this disease and limit its spread. To map major genes for Fusarium wilt resistance, a recombinant inbred line population of more than 700 individuals derived from a cross between resistant cultivar 'Bison' and susceptible cultivar 'Novelty' was phenotyped in Fusarium wilt nurseries at two sites for two and three years, respectively. The population was genotyped with 4487 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Twenty-four QTLs were identified with IciMapping, 18 quantitative trait nucleotides with 3VmrMLM and 108 linkage disequilibrium blocks with RTM-GWAS. All models identified a major QTL on chromosome 1 that explained 20-48% of the genetic variance for Fusarium wilt resistance. The locus was estimated to span ~ 867 Kb but included a ~ 400 Kb unresolved region. Whole-genome sequencing of 'CDC Bethune', 'Bison' and 'Novelty' produced ~ 450 Kb continuous sequences of the locus. Annotation revealed 110 genes, of which six were considered candidate genes. Fine-mapping with 12 SNPs and 15 Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers narrowed down the interval to ~ 69 Kb, which comprised the candidate genes Lus10025882 and Lus10025891. The latter, a G-type S-lectin receptor-like kinase (SRLK) is the most likely resistance gene because it is the only polymorphic one. In addition, Fusarium wilt resistance genes previously isolated in tomato and Arabidopsis belonged to the SRLK class. The robust KASP markers can be used in marker-assisted breeding to select for this major Fusarium wilt resistance locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cloutier
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - T Edwards
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - C Zheng
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - H M Booker
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - T Islam
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - K Nabetani
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - H R Kutcher
- Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - O Molina
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - F M You
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
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3
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Kourelis J. Interplay between cell-surface receptor and intracellular NLR-mediated immune responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2218-2226. [PMID: 37605623 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The functional link between cell-surface receptors and intracellular NLR immune receptors is a critical aspect of plant immunity. To establish disease, successful pathogens have evolved mechanisms to suppress cell-surface immune signalling. In response, plants have adapted by evolving NLRs that recognize pathogen effectors involved in this suppression, thereby counteracting their immune-suppressing function. This ongoing co-evolutionary struggle has seemingly resulted in intertwined signalling pathways in some plant species, where NLRs form a separate signalling branch downstream of activated cell-surface receptor complexes essential for full immunity. Understanding these interconnected receptor networks could lead to novel strategies for developing durable disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
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4
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Contreras MP, Lüdke D, Pai H, Toghani A, Kamoun S. NLR receptors in plant immunity: making sense of the alphabet soup. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57495. [PMID: 37602936 PMCID: PMC10561179 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinately use cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive pathogens and mount an immune response. Intracellular events of pathogen recognition are largely mediated by immune receptors of the nucleotide binding and leucine rich-repeat (NLR) classes. Upon pathogen perception, NLRs trigger a potent broad-spectrum immune reaction, usually accompanied by a form of programmed cell death termed the hypersensitive response. Some plant NLRs act as multifunctional singleton receptors which combine pathogen detection and immune signaling. However, NLRs can also function in higher order pairs and networks of functionally specialized interconnected receptors. In this article, we cover the basic aspects of plant NLR biology with an emphasis on NLR networks. We highlight some of the recent advances in NLR structure, function, and activation and discuss emerging topics such as modulator NLRs, pathogen suppression of NLRs, and NLR bioengineering. Multi-disciplinary approaches are required to disentangle how these NLR immune receptor pairs and networks function and evolve. Answering these questions holds the potential to deepen our understanding of the plant immune system and unlock a new era of disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Lüdke
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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5
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Oh S, Kim S, Park HJ, Kim MS, Seo MK, Wu CH, Lee HA, Kim HS, Kamoun S, Choi D. Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat network underlies nonhost resistance of pepper against the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023. [PMID: 36912620 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance (NHR) is a robust plant immune response against non-adapted pathogens. A number of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that recognize non-adapted pathogens have been identified, although the underlying molecular mechanisms driving robustness of NHR are still unknown. Here, we screened 57 effectors of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans in nonhost pepper (Capsicum annuum) to identify avirulence effector candidates. Selected effectors were tested against 436 genome-wide cloned pepper NLRs, and we identified multiple functional NLRs that recognize P. infestans effectors and confer disease resistance in the Nicotiana benthamiana as a surrogate system. The identified NLRs were homologous to known NLRs derived from wild potatoes that recognize P. infestans effectors such as Avr2, Avrblb1, Avrblb2, and Avrvnt1. The identified CaRpi-blb2 is a homologue of Rpi-blb2, recognizes Avrblb2 family effectors, exhibits feature of lineage-specifically evolved gene in microsynteny and phylogenetic analyses, and requires pepper-specific NRC (NLR required for cell death)-type helper NLR for proper function. Moreover, CaRpi-blb2-mediated hypersensitive response and blight resistance were more tolerant to suppression by the PITG_15 278 than those mediated by Rpi-blb2. Combined results indicate that pepper has stacked multiple NLRs recognizing effectors of non-adapted P. infestans, and these NLRs could be more tolerant to pathogen-mediated immune suppression than NLRs derived from the host plants. Our study suggests that NLRs derived from nonhost plants have potential as untapped resources to develop crops with durable resistance against fast-evolving pathogens by stacking the network of nonhost NLRs into susceptible host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Oh
- Plant Immunity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sejun Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Park
- Plant Immunity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Ki Seo
- Plant Immunity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Hyun-Ah Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Smart Horticulture, Yonam University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Korean Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Zönnchen J, Gantner J, Lapin D, Barthel K, Eschen-Lippold L, Erickson JL, Villanueva SL, Zantop S, Kretschmer C, Joosten MHAJ, Parker JE, Guerois R, Stuttmann J. EDS1 complexes are not required for PRR responses and execute TNL-ETI from the nucleus in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2249-2264. [PMID: 36151929 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterodimeric complexes incorporating the lipase-like proteins EDS1 with PAD4 or SAG101 are central hubs in plant innate immunity. EDS1 functions encompass signal relay from TIR domain-containing intracellular NLR-type immune receptors (TNLs) towards RPW8-type helper NLRs (RNLs) and, in Arabidopsis thaliana, bolstering of signaling and resistance mediated by cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Increasing evidence points to the activation of EDS1 complexes by small molecule binding. We used CRISPR/Cas-generated mutant lines and agroinfiltration-based complementation assays to interrogate functions of EDS1 complexes in Nicotiana benthamiana. We did not detect impaired PRR signaling in N. benthamiana lines deficient in EDS1 complexes or RNLs. Intriguingly, in assays monitoring functions of SlEDS1-NbEDS1 complexes in N. benthamiana, mutations within the SlEDS1 catalytic triad could abolish or enhance TNL immunity. Furthermore, nuclear EDS1 accumulation was sufficient for N. benthamiana TNL (Roq1) immunity. Reinforcing PRR signaling in Arabidopsis might be a derived function of the TNL/EDS1 immune sector. Although Solanaceae EDS1 functionally depends on catalytic triad residues in some contexts, our data do not support binding of a TNL-derived small molecule in the triad environment. Whether and how nuclear EDS1 activity connects to membrane pore-forming RNLs remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josua Zönnchen
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Johannes Gantner
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Barthel
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Crop Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jessica L Erickson
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Landeo Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Zantop
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raphael Guerois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), IBITECS, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Department of Plant Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle, Germany
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
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7
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Kourelis J, Adachi H. Activation and Regulation of NLR Immune Receptor Networks. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1366-1377. [PMID: 35941738 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have many types of immune receptors that recognize diverse pathogen molecules and activate the innate immune system. The intracellular immune receptor family of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) perceives translocated pathogen effector proteins and executes a robust immune response, including programmed cell death. Many plant NLRs have functionally specialized to sense pathogen effectors (sensor NLRs) or to execute immune signaling (helper NLRs). Sub-functionalized NLRs form a network-type receptor system known as the NLR network. In this review, we highlight the concept of NLR networks, discussing how they are formed, activated and regulated. Two main types of NLR networks have been described in plants: the ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1/N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 network and the NLR-REQUIRED FOR CELL DEATH network. In both networks, multiple helper NLRs function as signaling hubs for sensor NLRs and cell-surface-localized immune receptors. Additionally, the networks are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and are also modulated by other host proteins to ensure proper network activation and prevent autoimmunity. Plant pathogens in turn have converged on suppressing NLR networks, thereby facilitating infection and disease. Understanding the NLR immune system at the network level could inform future breeding programs by highlighting the appropriate genetic combinations of immunoreceptors to use while avoiding deleterious autoimmunity and suppression by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto, 617-0001 Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012 Japan
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8
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Concerted actions of PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:501-511. [PMID: 35762737 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants utilise cell-surface immune receptors (functioning as pattern recognition receptors, PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) to detect pathogens. Perception of pathogens by these receptors activates immune signalling and resistance to infections. PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity have primarily been considered parallel processes contributing to disease resistance. Recent studies suggest that these two pathways are interdependent and converge at multiple nodes. This review summarises and provides a perspective on these convergent points.
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9
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Kourelis J, Contreras MP, Harant A, Pai H, Lüdke D, Adachi H, Derevnina L, Wu CH, Kamoun S. The helper NLR immune protein NRC3 mediates the hypersensitive cell death caused by the cell-surface receptor Cf-4. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010414. [PMID: 36137148 PMCID: PMC9543701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activate immune responses that can include the hypersensitive cell death. However, the pathways that link PRRs to the cell death response are poorly understood. Here, we show that the cell surface receptor-like protein Cf-4 requires the intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) NRC3 to trigger a confluent cell death response upon detection of the fungal effector Avr4 in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. This NRC3 activity requires an intact N-terminal MADA motif, a conserved signature of coiled-coil (CC)-type plant NLRs that is required for resistosome-mediated immune responses. A chimeric protein with the N-terminal α1 helix of Arabidopsis ZAR1 swapped into NRC3 retains the capacity to mediate Cf-4 hypersensitive cell death. Pathogen effectors acting as suppressors of NRC3 can suppress Cf-4-triggered hypersensitive cell-death. Our findings link the NLR resistosome model to the hypersensitive cell death caused by a cell surface PRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio P. Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Adeline Harant
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lüdke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CHW); (SK)
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CHW); (SK)
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10
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Wu Z, Tian L, Liu X, Huang W, Zhang Y, Li X. The N-terminally truncated helper NLR NRG1C antagonizes immunity mediated by its full-length neighbors NRG1A and NRG1B. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1621-1640. [PMID: 34871452 PMCID: PMC9048947 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Both plants and animals utilize nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) to perceive the presence of pathogen-derived molecules and induce immune responses. NLR genes are far more abundant and diverse in vascular plants than in animals. Truncated NLRs, which lack one or more of the canonical domains, are also commonly encoded in plant genomes. However, little is known about their functions, especially the N-terminally truncated ones. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana N-terminally truncated helper NLR (hNLR) gene N REQUIREMENT GENE1 (NRG1C) is highly induced upon pathogen infection and in autoimmune mutants. The immune response and cell death conferred by some Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-type NLRs (TNLs) were compromised in Arabidopsis NRG1C overexpression lines. Detailed genetic analysis revealed that NRG1C antagonizes the immunity mediated by its full-length neighbors NRG1A and NRG1B. Biochemical tests suggested that NRG1C might interfere with the EDS1-SAG101 complex, which functions in immunity signaling together with NRG1A/1B. Interestingly, Brassicaceae NRG1Cs are functionally exchangeable and that the Nicotiana benthamiana N-terminally truncated hNLR NRG2 also antagonizes NRG1 activity. Together, our study uncovers an unexpected negative role of N-terminally truncated hNLRs in immunity in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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11
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Helderman TA, Deurhof L, Bertran A, Richard MMS, Kormelink R, Prins M, Joosten MHAJ, van den Burg HA. Members of the ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) family act as pro-viral factor for tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus infectivity in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:431-446. [PMID: 34913556 PMCID: PMC8828452 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To identify host factors for tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) screen using tobacco rattle virus (TRV) was performed on Nicotiana benthamiana for TSWV susceptibility. To rule out any negative effect on the plants' performance due to a double viral infection, the method was optimized to allow screening of hundreds of clones in a standardized fashion. To normalize the results obtained in and between experiments, a set of controls was developed to evaluate in a consist manner both VIGS efficacy and the level of TSWV resistance. Using this method, 4532 random clones of an N. benthamiana cDNA library were tested, resulting in five TRV clones that provided nearly complete resistance against TSWV. Here we report on one of these clones, of which the insert targets a small gene family coding for the ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) that is part of the 40S ribosomal subunit. This RPS6 family is represented by three gene clades in the genome of Solanaceae family members, which were jointly important for TSWV susceptibility. Interestingly, RPS6 is a known host factor implicated in the replication of different plant RNA viruses, including the negative-stranded TSWV and the positive-stranded potato virus X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieme A. Helderman
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Laurens Deurhof
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - André Bertran
- Laboratory of VirologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Manon M. S. Richard
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of VirologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
| | - Marcel Prins
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- KeyGene N.V.WageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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12
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Characterization of the Roles of SGT1/RAR1, EDS1/NDR1, NPR1, and NRC/ADR1/NRG1 in Sw-5b-Mediated Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081447. [PMID: 34452313 PMCID: PMC8402918 DOI: 10.3390/v13081447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The tomato Sw-5b gene confers resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and encodes a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein with an N-terminal Solanaceae-specific domain (SD). Although our understanding of how Sw-5b recognizes the viral NSm elicitor has increased significantly, the process by which Sw-5b activates downstream defense signaling remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system to investigate the roles of the SGT1/RAR1, EDS1/NDR1, NPR1, and NRC/ADR1/NRG1 genes in the Sw-5b-mediated signaling pathway. We found that chaperone SGT1 was required for Sw-5b function, but co-chaperone RAR1 was not. Sw-5b-mediated immune signaling was independent of both EDS1 and NDR1. Silencing NPR1, which is a central component in SA signaling, did not result in TSWV systemic infection in Sw-5b-transgenic N. benthamiana plants. Helper NLR NRCs (NLRs required for cell death) were required for Sw-5b-mediated systemic resistance to TSWV infection. Suppression of NRC2/3/4 compromised the Sw-5b resistance. However, the helper NLRs ADR1 and NRG1 may not participate in the Sw-5b signaling pathway. Silencing ADR1, NRG1, or both genes did not affect Sw-5b-mediated resistance to TSWV. Our findings provide new insight into the requirement for conserved key components in Sw-5b-mediated signaling pathways.
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13
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Schreiber KJ, Lewis JD. Identification of a Putative DNA-Binding Protein in Arabidopsis That Acts as a Susceptibility Hub and Interacts With Multiple Pseudomonas syringae Effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:410-425. [PMID: 33373263 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-20-0291-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogens use secreted effector proteins to suppress host immunity and promote pathogen virulence, and there is increasing evidence that the host-pathogen interactome comprises a complex network. To identify novel interactors of the Pseudomonas syringae effector HopZ1a, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen that identified a previously uncharacterized Arabidopsis protein that we designate HopZ1a interactor 1 (ZIN1). Additional analyses in yeast and in planta revealed that ZIN1 also interacts with several other P. syringae effectors. We show that an Arabidopsis loss-of-function zin1 mutant is less susceptible to infection by certain strains of P. syringae, while overexpression of ZIN1 results in enhanced susceptibility. Functionally, ZIN1 exhibits topoisomerase-like activity in vitro. Transcriptional profiling of wild-type and zin1 Arabidopsis plants inoculated with P. syringae indicated that while ZIN1 regulates a wide range of pathogen-responsive biological processes, the list of genes more highly expressed in zin1 versus wild-type plants is particularly enriched for ribosomal protein genes. Altogether, these data illuminate ZIN1 as a potential susceptibility hub that interacts with multiple effectors to influence the outcome of plant-microbe interactions.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Schreiber
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer D Lewis
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, U.S.A
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710-1105, U.S.A
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14
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Landeo Villanueva S, Malvestiti MC, van Ieperen W, Joosten MHAJ, van Kan JAL. Red light imaging for programmed cell death visualization and quantification in plant-pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:361-372. [PMID: 33497519 PMCID: PMC7865082 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies on plant-pathogen interactions often involve monitoring disease symptoms or responses of the host plant to pathogen-derived immunogenic patterns, either visually or by staining the plant tissue. Both these methods have limitations with respect to resolution, reproducibility, and the ability to quantify the results. In this study we show that red light detection by the red fluorescent protein (RFP) channel of a multipurpose fluorescence imaging system that is probably available in many laboratories can be used to visualize plant tissue undergoing cell death. Red light emission is the result of chlorophyll fluorescence on thylakoid membrane disassembly during the development of a programmed cell death process. The activation of programmed cell death can occur during either a hypersensitive response to a biotrophic pathogen or an apoptotic cell death triggered by a necrotrophic pathogen. Quantifying the intensity of the red light signal enables the magnitude of programmed cell death to be evaluated and provides a readout of the plant immune response in a faster, safer, and nondestructive manner when compared to previously developed chemical staining methodologies. This application can be implemented to screen for differences in symptom severity in plant-pathogen interactions, and to visualize and quantify in a more sensitive and objective manner the intensity of the plant response on perception of a given immunological pattern. We illustrate the utility and versatility of the method using diverse immunogenic patterns and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wim van Ieperen
- Horticulture and Product PhysiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
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15
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Ramu VS, Dawane A, Lee S, Oh S, Lee H, Sun L, Senthil‐Kumar M, Mysore KS. Ribosomal protein QM/RPL10 positively regulates defence and protein translation mechanisms during nonhost disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1481-1494. [PMID: 32964634 PMCID: PMC7548997 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes play an integral part in plant growth, development, and defence responses. We report here the role of ribosomal protein large (RPL) subunit QM/RPL10 in nonhost disease resistance. The RPL10-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed compromised disease resistance against nonhost pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1. The RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that many genes involved in defence and protein translation mechanisms were differentially affected due to silencing of NbRPL10. Arabidopsis AtRPL10 RNAi and rpl10 mutant lines showed compromised nonhost disease resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato T1 and P. syringae pv. tabaci. Overexpression of AtRPL10A in Arabidopsis resulted in reduced susceptibility against host pathogen P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. RPL10 interacts with the RNA recognition motif protein and ribosomal proteins RPL30, RPL23, and RPS30 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Silencing or mutants of genes encoding these RPL10-interacting proteins in N. benthamiana or Arabidopsis, respectively, also showed compromised disease resistance to nonhost pathogens. These results suggest that QM/RPL10 positively regulates the defence and translation-associated genes during nonhost pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemanna S. Ramu
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Labortory of Plant Functional GenomicsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Akashata Dawane
- Labortory of Plant Functional GenomicsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
Gulf Coast Research and Education CenterInstitute of Food and Agricultural ScienceUniversity of FloridaWimaumaFloridaUSA
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | | | - Liang Sun
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | - Muthappa Senthil‐Kumar
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
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16
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van Wersch S, Tian L, Hoy R, Li X. Plant NLRs: The Whistleblowers of Plant Immunity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100016. [PMID: 33404540 PMCID: PMC7747998 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant diseases is almost as old as agriculture itself. Advancements in molecular biology have given us much more insight into the plant immune system and how it detects the many pathogens plants may encounter. Members of the primary family of plant resistance (R) proteins, NLRs, contain three distinct domains, and appear to use several different mechanisms to recognize pathogen effectors and trigger immunity. Understanding the molecular process of NLR recognition and activation has been greatly aided by advancements in structural studies, with ZAR1 recently becoming the first full-length NLR to be visualized. Genetic and biochemical analysis identified many critical components for NLR activation and homeostasis control. The increased study of helper NLRs has also provided insights into the downstream signaling pathways of NLRs. This review summarizes the progress in the last decades on plant NLR research, focusing on the mechanistic understanding that has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan Hoy
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Labs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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17
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van der Burgh AM, Postma J, Robatzek S, Joosten MHAJ. Kinase activity of SOBIR1 and BAK1 is required for immune signalling. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:410-422. [PMID: 30407725 PMCID: PMC6637861 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) and LRR-receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) trigger immune signalling to promote plant resistance against pathogens. LRR-RLPs lack an intracellular kinase domain, and several of these receptors have been shown to constitutively interact with the LRR-RLK Suppressor of BIR1-1/EVERSHED (SOBIR1/EVR) to form signalling-competent receptor complexes. Ligand perception by LRR-RLPs initiates recruitment of the co-receptor BRI1-Associated Kinase 1/Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase 3 (BAK1/SERK3) to the LRR-RLP/SOBIR1 complex, thereby activating LRR-RLP-mediated immunity. We employed phosphorylation analysis of in planta-produced proteins, live cell imaging, gene silencing and co-immunoprecipitation to investigate the roles of SOBIR1 and BAK1 in immune signalling. We show that Arabidopsis thaliana (At) SOBIR1, which constitutively activates immune responses when overexpressed in planta, is highly phosphorylated. Moreover, in addition to the kinase activity of SOBIR1 itself, kinase-active BAK1 is essential for AtSOBIR1-induced constitutive immunity and for the phosphorylation of AtSOBIR1. Furthermore, the defence response triggered by the tomato LRR-RLP Cf-4 on perception of Avr4 from the extracellular pathogenic fungus Cladosporium fulvum is dependent on kinase-active BAK1. We argue that, in addition to the trans-autophosphorylation of SOBIR1, it is likely that SOBIR1 and BAK1 transphosphorylate, and thereby activate the receptor complex. The signalling-competent cell surface receptor complex subsequently activates downstream cytoplasmic signalling partners to initiate RLP-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranka M. van der Burgh
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jelle Postma
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research Park, NorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenGeneticsGroßhaderner Str. 2–482152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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18
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Kapos P, Devendrakumar KT, Li X. Plant NLRs: From discovery to application. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:3-18. [PMID: 30709490 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants require a complex immune system to defend themselves against a wide range of pathogens which threaten their growth and development. The nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs) are immune sensors that recognize effectors delivered by pathogens. The first NLR was cloned more than twenty years ago. Since this initial discovery, NLRs have been described as key components of plant immunity responsible for pathogen recognition and triggering defense responses. They have now been described in most of the well-studied mulitcellular plant species, with most having large NLR repertoires. As research has progressed so has the understanding of how NLRs interact with their recognition substrates and how they in turn activate downstream signalling. It has also become apparent that NLR regulation occurs at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. Even before the first NLR was cloned, breeders were utilising such genes to increase crop performance. Increased understanding of the mechanistic details of the plant immune system enable the generation of plants resistant against devastating pathogens. This review aims to give an updated summary of the NLR field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kapos
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen Thulasi Devendrakumar
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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19
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Xue DQ, Chen XL, Zhang H, Chai XF, Jiang JB, Xu XY, Li JF. Transcriptome Analysis of the Cf-12-Mediated Resistance Response to Cladosporium fulvum in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:2012. [PMID: 28105042 PMCID: PMC5212946 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cf-12 is an effective gene for resisting tomato leaf mold disease caused by Cladosporium fulvum (C. fulvum). Unlike many other Cf genes such as Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5, and Cf-9, no physiological races of C. fulvum that are virulent to Cf-12 carrying plant lines have been identified. In order to better understand the molecular mechanism of Cf-12 gene resistance response, RNA-Seq was used to analyze the transcriptome changes at three different stages of C. fulvum infection (0, 4, and 8 days post infection [dpi]). A total of 9100 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 4 and 0 dpi, 8643 DEGs between 8 and 0 dpi and 2547 DEGs between 8 and 4 dpi were identified. In addition, we found that 736 DEGs shared among the above three groups, suggesting the presence of a common core of DEGs in response to C. fulvum infection. These DEGs were significantly enriched in defense-signaling pathways such as the calcium dependent protein kinases pathway and the jasmonic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, we found that many transcription factor genes were among the DEGs, indicating that transcription factors play an important role in C. fulvum defense response. Our study provides new insight on the molecular mechanism of Cf resistance to C. fulvum, especially the unique features of Cf-12 in responding to C. fulvum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qi Xue
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xin-Feng Chai
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jing-Bin Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jing-Fu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural UniversityHarbin, China
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20
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Chen J, Li N, Ma X, Gupta VK, Zhang D, Li T, Dai X. The Ectopic Overexpression of the Cotton Ve1 and Ve2-Homolog Sequences Leads to Resistance Response to Verticillium Wilt in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:844. [PMID: 28611793 PMCID: PMC5447073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by the Verticillium dahliae phytopathogen, is a devastating disease affecting many economically important crops. A receptor-like protein (RLP) gene, Ve1, has been reported to confer resistance to V. dahliae in tomato plants, but few genes have been found to be involved in cotton Verticillium wilt resistance. Here, we cloned two RLP gene homologs, Gossypium barbadense resistance gene to Verticillium dahliae 1 (GbaVd1) and GbaVd2, from the Verticillium wilt-resistant cultivar G. barbadense cv. Hai7124. GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 display sequence divergence, but both encode typical RLPs. Virus-induced gene silencing of GbaVd1 or GbaVd2 compromised the resistance of cotton to V. dahliae, and both genes conferred Verticillium wilt resistance after interfamily transfer into Arabidopsis. Microarray analysis revealed that GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 participate in Verticillium wilt resistance in Arabidopsis through activation of defense responses, including the endocytosis process, signaling factors, transcription factors and reinforcement of the cell wall, as demonstrated by lignification in Arabidopsis transgenic plants. In addition, microarray analysis showed that GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 differentially mediate resistance signaling and activation of defense responses after overexpression in Arabidopsis. Thus, GbaVd1 and GbaVd2 encode RLPs and act as disease resistance genes that mediate the defense response against V. dahliae in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Nanyang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Ma
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Vijai K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, School of Science, Tallinn University of TechnologyTallinn, Estonia
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Tinggang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Diseases, The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaofeng Dai
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21
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Postma J, Liebrand TWH, Bi G, Evrard A, Bye RR, Mbengue M, Kuhn H, Joosten MHAJ, Robatzek S. Avr4 promotes Cf-4 receptor-like protein association with the BAK1/SERK3 receptor-like kinase to initiate receptor endocytosis and plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:627-42. [PMID: 26765243 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The first layer of plant immunity is activated by cell surface receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and proteins (RLPs) that detect infectious pathogens. Constitutive interaction with the SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 (SOBIR1) RLK contributes to RLP stability and kinase activity. As RLK activation requires transphosphorylation with a second associated RLK, it remains elusive how RLPs initiate downstream signaling. We employed live-cell imaging, gene silencing and coimmunoprecipitation to investigate the requirement of associated kinases for functioning and ligand-induced subcellular trafficking of Cf RLPs that mediate immunity of tomato against Cladosporium fulvum. Our research shows that after elicitation with matching effector ligands Avr4 and Avr9, BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (BAK1/SERK3) associates with Cf-4 and Cf-9. BAK1/SERK3 is required for the effector-triggered hypersensitive response and resistance of tomato against C. fulvum. Furthermore, Cf-4 interacts with SOBIR1 at the plasma membrane and is recruited to late endosomes upon Avr4 trigger, also depending on BAK1/SERK3. These observations indicate that RLP-mediated resistance and endocytosis require ligand-induced recruitment of BAK1/SERK3, reminiscent of BAK1/SERK3 interaction and subcellular fate of the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) RLK. This reveals that diverse classes of cell surface immune receptors share common requirements for initiation of resistance and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Postma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guozhi Bi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Evrard
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ruby R Bye
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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22
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Wu CH, Belhaj K, Bozkurt TO, Birk MS, Kamoun S. Helper NLR proteins NRC2a/b and NRC3 but not NRC1 are required for Pto-mediated cell death and resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1344-52. [PMID: 26592988 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Khaoula Belhaj
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marlène S Birk
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Zhao T, Jiang J, Liu G, He S, Zhang H, Chen X, Li J, Xu X. Mapping and candidate gene screening of tomato Cladosporium fulvum-resistant gene Cf-19, based on high-throughput sequencing technology. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:51. [PMID: 26912238 PMCID: PMC4766677 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato leaf mold is a common disease in tomato cultivation. This disease is caused by Cladosporium fulvum, which has many physiological races and differentiates rapidly. Cf genes confer resistance to C. fulvum, and the C. fulvum-tomato pathosystem is a model for the study of gene-for-gene interactions. Plants carrying the Cf-19 gene show effective resistance to C. fulvum in the field, and can be used in breeding and resistance mechanism studies as new resistant materials. In this study, we used F2 bulk specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) and parental resequencing methods to locate and characterize the Cf-19 gene. RESULTS A total of 4108 Diff_markers and three association regions were found in association analysis. A 2.14-Mb region containing seven Cf-type genes was identified in further analysis based on data from SLAF-seq and parental resequencing. Two candidate genes, Solyc01g006550.2.1 and Solyc01g005870.1.1, were screened out by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Sequence analysis showed that Solyc01g006550.2.1 (an allelic locus of Cf-0) in CGN18423 was a novel homologue of the Cladosporium resistance gene Cf-9 (Hcr9s) in the Cf-4/9 locus. The marker P7, which cosegregated with the resistant trait, was developed based on sequence mutation of the Solyc01g006550.2.1 locus in CGN18423. CONCLUSIONS The Cf-19 gene was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 1. The candidate genes Solyc01g006550.2.1 and Solyc01g005870.1.1 showed related amino acid sequence structures and expression patterns. Solyc01g006550.2.1 had a close evolutionary relationship with the functional Hcr9 members Cf-4 and Cf-9, and was very different from non-functional members. The results from this study will facilitate the breeding of cultivars carrying the Cf-19 gene and provide a basis for further gene cloning, resistance gene evolution and plant resistance mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Guan Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Shanshan He
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - He Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Mesarich CH, Stergiopoulos I, Beenen HG, Cordovez V, Guo Y, Karimi Jashni M, Bradshaw RE, de Wit PJGM. A conserved proline residue in Dothideomycete Avr4 effector proteins is required to trigger a Cf-4-dependent hypersensitive response. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:84-95. [PMID: 25845605 PMCID: PMC6638486 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
CfAvr4, a chitin-binding effector protein produced by the Dothideomycete tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, protects the cell wall of this fungus against hydrolysis by secreted host chitinases during infection. However, in the presence of the Cf-4 immune receptor of tomato, CfAvr4 triggers a hypersensitive response (HR), which renders the pathogen avirulent. Recently, several orthologues of CfAvr4 have been identified from phylogenetically closely related species of Dothideomycete fungi. Of these, DsAvr4 from Dothistroma septosporum also triggers a Cf-4-dependent HR, but CaAvr4 and CbAvr4 from Cercospora apii and Cercospora beticola, respectively, do not. All, however, bind chitin. To identify the region(s) and specific amino acid residue(s) of CfAvr4 and DsAvr4 required to trigger a Cf-4-dependent HR, chimeric and mutant proteins, in which specific protein regions or single amino acid residues, respectively, were exchanged between CfAvr4 and CaAvr4 or DsAvr4 and CbAvr4, were tested for their ability to trigger an HR in Nicotiana benthamiana plants transgenic for the Cf-4 immune receptor gene. Based on this approach, a single region common to CfAvr4 and DsAvr4 was determined to carry a conserved proline residue necessary for the elicitation of this HR. In support of this result, a Cf-4-dependent HR was triggered by mutant CaAvr4 and CbAvr4 proteins carrying an arginine-to-proline substitution at this position. This study provides the first step in deciphering how Avr4 orthologues from different Dothideomycete fungi trigger a Cf-4-dependent HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H Mesarich
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Stergiopoulos
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8751, USA
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, PO Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henriek G Beenen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Viviane Cordovez
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yanan Guo
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mansoor Karimi Jashni
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-336, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pierre J G M de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, PO Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Wang Y, Cordewener JHG, America AHP, Shan W, Bouwmeester K, Govers F. Arabidopsis Lectin Receptor Kinases LecRK-IX.1 and LecRK-IX.2 Are Functional Analogs in Regulating Phytophthora Resistance and Plant Cell Death. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1032-1048. [PMID: 26011556 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-15-0025-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
L-type lectin receptor kinases (LecRK) are potential immune receptors. Here, we characterized two closely-related Arabidopsis LecRK, LecRK-IX.1 and LecRK-IX.2, of which T-DNA insertion mutants showed compromised resistance to Phytophthora brassicae and Phytophthora capsici, with double mutants showing additive susceptibility. Overexpression of LecRK-IX.1 or LecRK-IX.2 in Arabidopsis and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana increased Phytophthora resistance but also induced cell death. Phytophthora resistance required both the lectin domain and kinase activity, but for cell death, the lectin domain was not needed. Silencing of the two closely related mitogen-activated protein kinase genes NbSIPK and NbNTF4 in N. benthamiana completely abolished LecRK-IX.1-induced cell death but not Phytophthora resistance. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of protein complexes coimmunoprecipitated in planta with LecRK-IX.1 or LecRK-IX.2 as bait, resulted in the identification of the N. benthamiana ABC transporter NbPDR1 as a potential interactor of both LecRK. The closest homolog of NbPDR1 in Arabidopsis is ABCG40, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that ABCG40 associates with LecRK-IX.1 and LecRK-IX.2 in planta. Similar to the LecRK mutants, ABCG40 mutants showed compromised Phytophthora resistance. This study shows that LecRK-IX.1 and LecRK-IX.2 are Phytophthora resistance components that function independent of each other and independent of the cell-death phenotype. They both interact with the same ABC transporter, suggesting that they exploit similar signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Weixing Shan
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- 4 Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- 1 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), along with many other economically valuable species, belongs to the Solanaceae family. Understanding how plants in this family defend themselves against pathogens offers the opportunity of improving yield and quality of their edible products. The use of functional genomics has contributed to this purpose through both traditional and recently developed techniques that allow determination of changes in transcript abundance during pathogen attack. Such changes can implicate the affected gene as participating in plant defense. Testing the involvement of these candidate genes in defense has relied largely on posttranscriptional gene silencing, particularly virus-induced gene silencing. We discuss how functional genomics has played a key role in our current understanding of the defense response in tomato and related species and what are the challenges and opportunities for the future.
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Ma L, Borhan MH. The receptor-like kinase SOBIR1 interacts with Brassica napus LepR3 and is required for Leptosphaeria maculans AvrLm1-triggered immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:933. [PMID: 26579176 PMCID: PMC4625043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Leptosphaeria maculans (L. maculans) is the causal agent of blackleg disease of canola/oilseed rape (Brassica napus) worldwide. We previously reported cloning of the B. napus blackleg resistance gene, LepR3, which encodes a receptor-like protein. LepR3 triggers localized cell death upon recognition of its cognate Avr protein, AvrLm1. Here, we exploited the Nicotiana benthamiana model plant to investigate the recognition mechanism of AvrLm1 by LepR3. Co-expression of the LepR3/AvrLm1 gene pair in N. benthamiana resulted in development of a hypersensitive response (HR). However, a truncated AvrLm1 lacking its indigenous signal peptide was compromised in its ability to induce LepR3-mediated HR, indicating that AvrLm1 is perceived by LepR3 extracellularly. Structure-function analysis of the AvrLm1 protein revealed that the C-terminal region of AvrLm1 was required for LepR3-mediated HR in N. benthamiana and for resistance to L. maculans in B. napus. LepR3 was shown to be physically interacting with the B. napus receptor like kinase, SOBIR1 (BnSOBIR1). Silencing of NbSOBIR1 or NbSERK3 (BAK1) compromised LepR3-AvrLm1-dependent HR in N. benthamiana, suggesting that LepR3-mediated resistance to L. maculans in B. napus requires SOBIR1 and BAK1/SERK3. Using this model system, we determined that BnSOBIR1 and SERK3/BAK1 are essential partners in the LepR3 signaling complex and were able to define the AvrLm1 effector domain.
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Goodin MM, Zaitlin D, Naidu RA, Lommel SA. Nicotiana benthamiana: Its History and Future as a Model for Plant-Pathogen Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 2015:28-39. [PMID: 27839076 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-00-00-1015-rev.testissue] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana is the most widely used experimental host in plant virology, due mainly to the large number of diverse plant viruses that can successfully infect it. Addi- tionally, N. benthamiana is susceptible to a wide variety of other plant-pathogenic agents (such as bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and so on), making this species a cornerstone of host-pathogen research, particularly in the context of innate immunity and defense signaling. Moreover, because it can be genetically transformed and regenerated with good efficiency and is amenable to facile methods for virus- induced gene silencing or transient protein expression, N. benthamiana is rapidly gaining popularity in plant biology, particularly in studies requiring protein localization, inter- action, or plant-based systems for protein expression and purification. Paradoxically, despite being an indispensable research model, little is known about the origins, genetic variation, or ecology of the N. benthamiana accessions cur- rently used by the research community. In addition to ad- dressing these latter topics, the purpose of this review is to provide information regarding sources for tools and reagents that can be used to support research in N. benthamiana. Finally, we propose that N. benthamiana is well situated to become a premier plant cell biology model, particularly for the virology community, who as a group were the first to recognize the potential of this unique Australian native.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Zaitlin
- 2 Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center (KTRDC), University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, U.S.A
| | - Rayapati A Naidu
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agriculture Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser 99350, U.S.A
| | - Steven A Lommel
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, U.S.A
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Nagaraj S, Senthil-Kumar M, Ramu VS, Wang K, Mysore KS. Plant Ribosomal Proteins, RPL12 and RPL19, Play a Role in Nonhost Disease Resistance against Bacterial Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1192. [PMID: 26779226 PMCID: PMC4702080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the molecular mechanism involved in nonhost disease resistance is important to understand the adaptations of plant-pathogen interactions. In this study, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-based forward genetics screen was utilized to identify genes involved in nonhost resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Genes encoding ribosomal proteins, RPL12 and RPL19, were identified in the screening. These genes when silenced in N. benthamiana caused a delay in nonhost bacteria induced hypersensitive response (HR) with concurrent increase in nonhost bacterial multiplication. Arabidopsis mutants of AtRPL12 and AtRPL19 also compromised nonhost resistance. The studies on NbRPL12 and NbRPL19 double silenced plants suggested that both RPL12 and RPL19 act in the same pathway to confer nonhost resistance. Our work suggests a role for RPL12 and RPL19 in nonhost disease resistance in N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis. In addition, we show that these genes also play a minor role in basal resistance against virulent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Nagaraj
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc.Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc.Ardmore, OK, USA
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | - Vemanna S. Ramu
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc.Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Keri Wang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc.Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc.Ardmore, OK, USA
- *Correspondence: Kirankumar S. Mysore
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Bastiaanse H, Muhovski Y, Parisi O, Paris R, Mingeot D, Lateur M. Gene expression profiling by cDNA-AFLP reveals potential candidate genes for partial resistance of 'Président Roulin' against Venturia inaequalis. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1043. [PMID: 25433532 PMCID: PMC4302150 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, is one of the most important diseases of cultivated apple. While a few scab resistance genes (R genes) governing qualitative resistance have been isolated and characterized, the biological roles of genes governing quantitative resistance, supposed to be more durable, are still unknown. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the partial resistance of the old Belgian apple cultivar ‘Président Roulin’ against V. inaequalis. Results A global gene expression analysis was conducted in ‘Président Roulin’ (partially resistant) and in ‘Gala’ (susceptible) challenged by V. inaequalis by using the cDNA-AFLP method (cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism). Transcriptome analysis revealed significant modulation (up- or down-regulation) of 281 out of approximately 20,500 transcript derived fragments (TDFs) in ‘Président Roulin’ 48 hours after inoculation. Sequence annotation revealed similarities to several genes encoding for proteins belonging to the NBS-LRR and LRR-RLK classes of plant R genes and to other defense-related proteins. Differentially expressed genes were sorted into functional categories according to their gene ontology annotation and this expression signature was compared to published apple cDNA libraries by Gene Enrichment Analysis. The first comparison was made with two cDNA libraries from Malus x domestica uninfected leaves, and revealed in both libraries a signature of enhanced expression in ‘Président Roulin’ of genes involved in response to stress and photosynthesis. In the second comparison, the pathogen-responsive TDFs from the partially resistant cultivar were compared to the cDNA library from inoculated leaves of Rvi6 (HcrVf2)-transformed ‘Gala’ lines (complete disease resistance) and revealed both common physiological events, and notably differences in the regulation of defense response, the regulation of hydrolase activity, and response to DNA damage. TDFs were in silico mapped on the ‘Golden Delicious’ apple reference genome and significant co-localizations with major scab R genes, but not with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for scab resistance nor resistance gene analogues (RGAs) were found. Conclusions This study highlights possible candidate genes that may play a role in the partial scab resistance mechanisms of ‘Président Roulin’ and increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the partial resistance against apple scab. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1043) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Bastiaanse
- Life Sciences Department, Breeding and Biodiversity Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Center, Rue de Liroux, 4, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Sueldo D, Ahmed A, Misas-Villamil J, Colby T, Tameling W, Joosten MHAJ, van der Hoorn RAL. Dynamic hydrolase activities precede hypersensitive tissue collapse in tomato seedlings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:913-25. [PMID: 24890496 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolases such as subtilases, vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) and the proteasome play important roles during plant programmed cell death (PCD). We investigated hydrolase activities during PCD using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), which displays the active proteome using probes that react covalently with the active site of proteins. We employed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings undergoing synchronized hypersensitive cell death by co-expressing the avirulence protein Avr4 from Cladosporium fulvum and the tomato resistance protein Cf-4. Cell death is blocked in seedlings grown at high temperature and humidity, and is synchronously induced by decreasing temperature and humidity. ABPP revealed that VPEs and the proteasome are not differentially active, but that activities of papain-like cysteine proteases and serine hydrolases, including Hsr203 and P69B, increase before hypersensitive tissue collapse, whereas the activity of a carboxypeptidase-like enzyme is reduced. Similar dynamics were observed for these enzymes in the apoplast of tomato challenged with C. fulvum. Unexpectedly, these challenged plants also displayed novel isoforms of secreted putative VPEs. In the absence of tissue collapse at high humidity, the hydrolase activity profile is already altered completely, demonstrating that changes in hydrolase activities precede hypersensitive tissue collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sueldo
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Stergiopoulos I, Cordovez V, Okmen B, Beenen HG, Kema GHJ, de Wit PJGM. Positive selection and intragenic recombination contribute to high allelic diversity in effector genes of Mycosphaerella fijiensis, causal agent of the black leaf streak disease of banana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:447-60. [PMID: 24245940 PMCID: PMC6638713 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have determined the nonhost-mediated recognition of the MfAvr4 and MfEcp2 effector proteins from the banana pathogen Mycosphaerella fijiensis in tomato, by the cognate Cf-4 and Cf-Ecp2 resistance proteins, respectively. These two resistance proteins could thus mediate resistance against M. fijiensis if genetically transformed into banana (Musa spp.). However, disease resistance controlled by single dominant genes can be overcome by mutated effector alleles, whose products are not recognized by the cognate resistance proteins. Here, we surveyed the allelic variation within the MfAvr4, MfEcp2, MfEcp2-2 and MfEcp2-3 effector genes of M. fijiensis in a global population of the pathogen, and assayed its impact on recognition by the tomato Cf-4 and Cf-Ecp2 resistance proteins, respectively. We identified a large number of polymorphisms that could reflect a co-evolutionary arms race between host and pathogen. The analysis of nucleotide substitution patterns suggests that both positive selection and intragenic recombination have shaped the evolution of M. fijiensis effectors. Clear differences in allelic diversity were observed between strains originating from South-East Asia relative to strains from other banana-producing continents, consistent with the hypothesis that M. fijiensis originated in the Asian-Pacific region. Furthermore, transient co-expression of the MfAvr4 effector alleles and the tomato Cf-4 resistance gene, as well as of MfEcp2, MfEcp2-2 and MfEcp2-3 and the putative Cf-Ecp2 resistance gene, indicated that effector alleles able to overcome these resistance genes are already present in natural populations of the pathogen, thus questioning the durability of resistance that can be provided by these genes in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stergiopoulos
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8751, USA; Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands; Centre for BioSystems Genomics, PO Box 98, Wageningen, 6700 AB, the Netherlands
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Identification of genes differentially expressed between resistant and susceptible tomato lines during time-course interactions with Xanthomonas perforans race T3. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93476. [PMID: 24686403 PMCID: PMC3970963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spot caused by several Xanthomonas sp. is one of the most devastating diseases in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The genetics of hypersensitive resistance to X. perforans race T3 has been intensively investigated and regulatory genes during the infection of race T3 have been identified through transcriptional profiling. However, no work on isolating regulatory genes for field resistance has been reported. In this study, cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism technique was used to identify differentially expressed transcripts between resistant tomato accession PI 114490 and susceptible variety OH 88119 at 3, 4 and 5 days post-inoculation of the pathogen. Using 256 selective primer combinations, a total of 79 differentially expressed transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) representing 71 genes were obtained. Of which, 60 were up-regulated and 4 were down-regulated in both tomato lines, 4 were uniquely up-regulated and 2 were uniquely down-regulated in PI 114490, and 1 was specifically up-regulated in OH 88119. The expression patterns of 19 representative TDFs were further confirmed by semi-quantitative and/or quantitative real time RT-PCR. These results suggested that the two tomato lines activated partly similar defensive mechanism in response to race T3 infection. The data obtained here will provide some fundamental information for elucidating the molecular mechanism of response to race T3 infection in tomato plants with field resistance.
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Zhang Z, Thomma BPHJ. Virus-induced gene silencing and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana tabacum. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1127:173-81. [PMID: 24643561 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-986-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a rapid method for transient silencing of plant genes. In this chapter, we describe the methodology for Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS in Nicotiana tabacum. In combination with subsequent co-expression of the tomato immune receptor Ve1 and the corresponding Verticillium effector Ave1 through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient transformation (agroinfiltration), we established a rapid system for assessing the requirement of candidate plant genes for Ve1-mediated immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhang Z, van Esse HP, van Damme M, Fradin EF, Liu CM, Thomma BPHJ. Ve1-mediated resistance against Verticillium does not involve a hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:719-27. [PMID: 23710897 PMCID: PMC6638679 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogen effectors by plant immune receptors leads to the activation of immune responses that often include a hypersensitive response (HR): rapid and localized host cell death surrounding the site of attempted pathogen ingress. We have demonstrated previously that the recognition of the Verticillium dahliae effector protein Ave1 by the tomato immune receptor Ve1 triggers an HR in tomato and tobacco. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that tomato Ve1 provides Verticillium resistance in Arabidopsis upon Ave1 recognition. In this study, we investigated whether the co-expression of Ve1 and Ave1 in Arabidopsis results in an HR, which could facilitate a forward genetics screen. Surprisingly, we found that the co-expression of Ve1 and Ave1 does not induce an HR in Arabidopsis. These results suggest that an HR may occur as a consequence of Ve1/Ave1-induced immune signalling in tomato and tobacco, but is not absolutely required for Verticillium resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Rodewald J, Trognitz B. Solanum resistance genes against Phytophthora infestans and their corresponding avirulence genes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:740-57. [PMID: 23710878 PMCID: PMC6638693 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resistance genes against Phytophthora infestans (Rpi genes), the most important potato pathogen, are still highly valued in the breeding of Solanum spp. for enhanced resistance. The Rpi genes hitherto explored are localized most often in clusters, which are similar between the diverse Solanum genomes. Their distribution is not independent of late maturity traits. This review provides a summary of the most recent important revelations on the genomic position and cloning of Rpi genes, and the structure, associations, mode of action and activity spectrum of Rpi and corresponding avirulence (Avr) proteins. Practical implications for research into and application of Rpi genes are deduced and combined with an outlook on approaches to address remaining issues and interesting questions. It is evident that the potential of Rpi genes has not been exploited fully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rodewald
- Department of Health and Environment, Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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Etalo DW, Stulemeijer IJ, Peter van Esse H, de Vos RC, Bouwmeester HJ, Joosten MH. System-wide hypersensitive response-associated transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1599-617. [PMID: 23719893 PMCID: PMC3707553 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.217471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is considered to be the hallmark of the resistance response of plants to pathogens. To study HR-associated transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we used plants that express both a resistance gene to Cladosporium fulvum and the matching avirulence gene of this pathogen. In these plants, massive reprogramming occurred, and we found that the HR and associated processes are highly energy demanding. Ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, hydrolysis of sugars, and lipid catabolism are used as alternative sources of amino acids, energy, and carbon skeletons, respectively. We observed strong accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as hydroxycinnamic acid amides. Coregulated expression of WRKY transcription factors and genes known to be involved in the HR, in addition to a strong enrichment of the W-box WRKY-binding motif in the promoter sequences of the coregulated genes, point to WRKYs as the most prominent orchestrators of the HR. Our study has revealed several novel HR-related genes, and reverse genetics tools will allow us to understand the role of each individual component in the HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn W. Etalo
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology (D.W.E., H.J.B.), Plant Research International Bioscience (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V.), and Laboratory of Phytopathology (I.J.E.S., H.P.v.E., M.H.A.J.J.), Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V., H.J.B., M.H.A.J.J.); and
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | | | - H. Peter van Esse
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology (D.W.E., H.J.B.), Plant Research International Bioscience (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V.), and Laboratory of Phytopathology (I.J.E.S., H.P.v.E., M.H.A.J.J.), Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V., H.J.B., M.H.A.J.J.); and
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Ric C.H. de Vos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology (D.W.E., H.J.B.), Plant Research International Bioscience (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V.), and Laboratory of Phytopathology (I.J.E.S., H.P.v.E., M.H.A.J.J.), Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V., H.J.B., M.H.A.J.J.); and
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | | | - Matthieu H.A.J. Joosten
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology (D.W.E., H.J.B.), Plant Research International Bioscience (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V.), and Laboratory of Phytopathology (I.J.E.S., H.P.v.E., M.H.A.J.J.), Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V., H.J.B., M.H.A.J.J.); and
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands (D.W.E., R.C.H.d.V., M.H.A.J.J.)
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Alvarez AE, Broglia VG, Alberti D'Amato AM, Wouters D, van der Vossen E, Garzo E, Tjallingii WF, Dicke M, Vosman B. Comparative analysis of Solanum stoloniferum responses to probing by the green peach aphid Myzus persicae and the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:207-27. [PMID: 23955861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants protect themselves against aphid attacks by species-specific defense mechanisms. Previously, we have shown that Solanum stoloniferum Schlechtd has resistance factors to Myzus persicae Sulzer (Homoptera: Aphididae) at the epidermal/mesophyll level that are not effective against Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Homoptera: Aphididae). Here, we compare the nymphal mortality, the pre-reproductive development time, and the probing behavior of M. persicae and M. euphorbiae on S. stoloniferum and Solanum tuberosum L. Furthermore, we analyze the changes in gene expression in S. stoloniferum 96 hours post infestation by either aphid species. Although the M. euphorbiae probing behavior shows that aphids encounter more probing constrains on phloem activities-longer probing and salivation time- on S. stoloniferum than on S. tuberosum, the aphids succeeded in reaching a sustained ingestion of phloem sap on both plants. Probing by M. persicae on S. stoloniferum plants resulted in limited feeding only. Survival of M. euphorbiae and M. persicae was affected on young leaves, but not on senescent leaves of S. stoloniferum. Infestation by M. euphorbiae changed the expression of more genes than M. persicae did. At the systemic level both aphids elicited a weak response. Infestation of S. stoloniferum plants with a large number of M. persicae induced morphological changes in the leaves, leading to the development of pustules that were caused by disrupted vascular parenchyma and surrounding tissue. In contrast, an infestation by M. euphorbiae had no morphological effects. Both plant species can be regarded as good host for M. euphorbiae, whereas only S. tuberosum is a good host for M. persicae and S. stoloniferum is not. Infestation of S. stoloniferum by M. persicae or M. euphorbiae changed the expression of a set of plant genes specific for each of the aphids as well as a set of common genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana E Alvarez
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Plant Breeding, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhang Z, Fradin E, de Jonge R, van Esse HP, Smit P, Liu CM, Thomma BPHJ. Optimized agroinfiltration and virus-induced gene silencing to study Ve1-mediated Verticillium resistance in tobacco. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:182-90. [PMID: 22991998 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-12-0161-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen effectors by plant immune receptors often leads to the activation of a hypersensitive response (HR), which is a rapid and localized cell death of plant tissue surrounding the site at which recognition occurs. Due to its particular amenability to transient assays for functional genetics, tobacco is a model for immune signaling in the Solanaceae plant family. Here, we show that coexpression of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immune receptor Ve1 and the corresponding Verticillium effector protein Ave1 leads to HR only in particular tobacco species. Whereas HR is obtained in Nicotiana tabacum, no such response is obtained in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, our analysis revealed an endogenous Ve1 ortholog in Nicotiana glutinosa, as expression of Ave1 in absence of Ve1 induced a HR, and N. glutinosa was found to be resistant against race 1 Verticillium dahliae. We furthermore report the establishment of virus-induced gene silencing in N. tabacum for functional analysis of Ve1 signaling. Collectively, our data show that N. tabacum can be used as a model plant to study Ve1-mediated immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Liebrand TW, Smit P, Abd-El-Haliem A, de Jonge R, Cordewener JH, America AH, Sklenar J, Jones AM, Robatzek S, Thomma BP, Tameling WI, Joosten MH. Endoplasmic reticulum-quality control chaperones facilitate the biogenesis of Cf receptor-like proteins involved in pathogen resistance of tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1819-33. [PMID: 22649272 PMCID: PMC3425215 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.196741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cf proteins are receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that mediate resistance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to the foliar pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. These transmembrane immune receptors, which carry extracellular leucine-rich repeats that are subjected to posttranslational glycosylation, perceive effectors of the pathogen and trigger a defense response that results in plant resistance. To identify proteins required for the functionality of these RLPs, we performed immunopurification of a functional Cf-4-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, followed by mass spectrometry. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) heat shock protein70 binding proteins (BiPs) and lectin-type calreticulins (CRTs), which are chaperones involved in ER-quality control, were copurifying with Cf-4-enhanced green fluorescent protein. The tomato and N. benthamiana genomes encode four BiP homologs and silencing experiments revealed that these BiPs are important for overall plant viability. For the three tomato CRTs, virus-induced gene silencing targeting the plant-specific CRT3a gene resulted in a significantly compromised Cf-4-mediated defense response and loss of full resistance to C. fulvum. We show that upon knockdown of CRT3a the Cf-4 protein accumulated, but the pool of Cf-4 protein carrying complex-type N-linked glycans was largely reduced. Together, our study on proteins required for Cf function reveals an important role for the CRT ER chaperone CRT3a in the biogenesis and functionality of this type of RLP involved in plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W.H. Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Patrick Smit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | | | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Jan H.G. Cordewener
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Antoine H.P. America
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Jan Sklenar
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Alexandra M.E. Jones
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Silke Robatzek
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Bart P.H.J. Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
| | - Wladimir I.L. Tameling
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., P.S., A.A.-E.-H., R.d.J., B.P.H.J.T., W.I.L.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A.)
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (J.S., A.M.E.J., S.R.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands (T.W.H.L., J.H.G.C., A.H.P.A., B.P.H.J.T., M.H.A.J.J.)
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Xu QF, Cheng WS, Li SS, Li W, Zhang ZX, Xu YP, Zhou XP, Cai XZ. Identification of genes required for Cf-dependent hypersensitive cell death by combined proteomic and RNA interfering analyses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2421-35. [PMID: 22275387 PMCID: PMC3346213 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of hypersensitive cell death (HCD) regulators is essential to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying plant disease resistance. In this study, combined proteomic and RNA interfering (RNAi) analyses were employed to identify genes required for the HCD conferred by the tomato resistance gene Cf-4 and the Cladosporium fulvum avirulence gene Avr4. Forty-nine proteins differentially expressed in the tomato seedlings mounting and those not mounting Cf-4/Avr4-dependent HCD were identified through proteomic analysis. Among them were a variety of defence-related proteins including a cysteine protease, Pip1, an operative target of another C. fulvum effector, Avr2. Additionally, glutathione-mediated antioxidation is a major response to Cf-4/Avr4-dependent HCD. Functional analysis through tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing and transient RNAi assays of the chosen 16 differentially expressed proteins revealed that seven genes, which encode Pip1 homologue NbPip1, a SIPK type MAP kinase Nbf4, an asparagine synthetase NbAsn, a trypsin inhibitor LeMir-like protein NbMir, a small GTP-binding protein, a late embryogenesis-like protein, and an ASR4-like protein, were required for Cf-4/Avr4-dependent HCD. Furthermore, the former four genes were essential for Cf-9/Avr9-dependent HCD; NbPip1, NbAsn, and NbMir, but not Nbf4, affected a nonadaptive bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae-induced HCD in Nicotiana benthamiana. These data demonstrate that Pip1 and LeMir may play a general role in HCD and plant immunity and that the application of combined proteomic and RNA interfering analyses is an efficient strategy to identify genes required for HCD, disease resistance, and probably other biological processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Fang Xu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Shun Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuang-Sheng Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Centre of Analysis and measurement, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Ping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Huang C, Qian Y, Li Z, Zhou X. Virus-induced gene silencing and its application in plant functional genomics. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:99-108. [PMID: 22415680 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing is regarded as a powerful and efficient tool for the analysis of gene function in plants because it is simple, rapid and transformation-free. It has been used to perform both forward and reverse genetics to identify plant functional genes. Many viruses have been developed into virus-induced gene silencing vectors and gene functions involved in development, biotic and abiotic stresses, metabolism, and cellular signaling have been reported. In this review, we discuss the development and application of virus-induced gene silencing in plant functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Molecular Analysis of Drought Tolerance in Tea by cDNA-AFLP Based Transcript Profiling. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 53:237-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Zhang H, Wang M, Wang W, Li D, Huang Q, Wang Y, Zheng X, Zhang Z. Silencing of G proteins uncovers diversified plant responses when challenged by three elicitors in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:72-85. [PMID: 21895695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Signalling through heterotrimeric G protein composed of α-, β- and γ-subunits is essential in numerous physiological processes. Here we show that this prototypical G protein complex acts mechanistically by controlling elicitor sensitivity towards hypersensitive response (HR) and stomatal closure in Nicotiana benthamiana. Gα-, Gβ1-, and Gβ2-silenced plants were generated using virus-induced gene silencing. All silenced plants were treated with Xanthomonas oryzae harpin, Magnaporthe oryzae Nep1 and Phytophthora boehmeriae boehmerin, respectively. HR was dramatically impaired in Gα- and Gβ2-silenced plants treated with harpin, indicating that harpin-, rather than Nep1- or boehmerin-triggered HR, is Gα- and Gβ2-dependent. Moreover, all Gα-, Gβ1- and Gβ2-silenced plants significantly impaired elicitor-induced stomatal closure, elicitor-promoted nitric oxide (NO) production and active oxygen species accumulation in guard cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Gα and Gβ subunits involvement in stomatal closure in response to elicitors. Furthermore, silencing of Gα, Gβ1 and Gβ2 has an effect on the transcription of plant defence-related genes when challenged by three elicitors. In conclusion, silencing of G protein subunits results in many interesting plant cell responses, revealing that plant immunity systems employ both conserved and distinct G protein pathways to sense elicitors from distinct phytopathogens formed during plant-microbe evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Li H, Cui Y, Wu L, Tu R, Chen S. cDNA-AFLP analysis of differential gene expression related to cell chemotactic and encystment of Azospirillum brasilense. Microbiol Res 2011; 166:595-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bita CE, Zenoni S, Vriezen WH, Mariani C, Pezzotti M, Gerats T. Temperature stress differentially modulates transcription in meiotic anthers of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive tomato plants. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:384. [PMID: 21801454 PMCID: PMC3162933 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluctuations in temperature occur naturally during plant growth and reproduction. However, in the hot summers this variation may become stressful and damaging for the molecular mechanisms involved in proper cell growth, impairing thus plant development and particularly fruit-set in many crop plants. Tolerance to such a stress can be achieved by constitutive gene expression or by rapid changes in gene expression, which ultimately leads to protection against thermal damage. We have used cDNA-AFLP and microarray analyses to compare the early response of the tomato meiotic anther transcriptome to moderate heat stress conditions (32°C) in a heat-tolerant and a heat-sensitive tomato genotype. In the light of the expected global temperature increases, elucidating such protective mechanisms and identifying candidate tolerance genes can be used to improve breeding strategies for crop tolerance to heat stress. RESULTS The cDNA-AFLP analysis shows that 30 h of moderate heat stress (MHS) alter the expression of approximately 1% of the studied transcript-derived fragments in a heat-sensitive genotype. The major effect is gene down-regulation after the first 2 h of stress. The microarray analysis subsequently applied to elucidate early responses of a heat-tolerant and a heat-sensitive tomato genotype, also shows about 1% of the genes having significant changes in expression after the 2 h of stress. The tolerant genotype not only reacts with moderate transcriptomic changes but also exhibits constitutively higher expression levels of genes involved in protection and thermotolerance. CONCLUSION In contrast to the heat-sensitive genotype, the heat-tolerant genotype exhibits moderate transcriptional changes under moderate heat stress. Moreover, the heat-tolerant genotype also shows a different constitutive gene expression profile compared to the heat-sensitive genotype, indicating genetic differences in adaptation to increased temperatures. In the heat-tolerant genotype, the majority of changes in gene expression is represented by up-regulation, while in the heat-sensitive genotype there is a general trend to down-regulate gene expression upon MHS. The putative functions associated with the genes identified by cDNA-AFLP or microarray indicate the involvement of heat shock, metabolism, antioxidant and development pathways. Based on the observed differences in response to MHS and on literature sources, we identified a number of candidate transcripts involved in heat-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craita E Bita
- Radboud University, IWWR, Plant Cell Biology and Plant Genetics, Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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[Differential expression of genes related to bacterial wilt resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:389-96. [PMID: 21482530 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peanut bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most devastating diseases for peanut production in the world. It is believed that breeding and subsequent planting BW-resistant cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) should represent the most effective and economic means of controlling the disease. To illustrate the molecular mechanism of peanut resistant to BW, a BW-resistant cultivar, 'Yuanza 9102', and a BW-sensitive one, 'Zhonghua 12', were infected with Ralstonia solanacearum and differential expression of the genes related to BW-resistance was analyzed using complementary DNA amplified length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique. The infected 3-leaflet seedlings were followed for 48 h and root samples were taken at 0, 2, 10, 24 and 48 h after inoculation, respectively. A total of 12596 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were amplified with 256 primer combinations, including 709 differential expressed TDFs, which were generated from 119 primer combinations. Ninety-eight TDFs were randomly chosen for DNA sequence analysis. BLASTx analysis of the obtained sequences revealed that 40 TDFs encoded gene products associated with energy, transcription, signal transduction, defense, metabolism, cell growth, cell structure or/and protein synthesis. Analysis of the expression of four genes by qRT-PCR verified the results from cDNA-AFLP. Strikingly, one of the identified TDFs, 32-54-1, occurred for 47 times in a known BW-resistant SSH library. These results suggest that resistance to BW in peanut involves multifaceted biochemical and physiological reactions, including regulation of the genes involved in different pathways, such as defense, singal transduction, metabolism, transcription and abiotic stresses. The TDF 32-54-1 was predicted to be closely related to BW resistance in peanut.
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Slootweg E, Roosien J, Spiridon LN, Petrescu AJ, Tameling W, Joosten M, Pomp R, van Schaik C, Dees R, Borst JW, Smant G, Schots A, Bakker J, Goverse A. Nucleocytoplasmic distribution is required for activation of resistance by the potato NB-LRR receptor Rx1 and is balanced by its functional domains. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:4195-215. [PMID: 21177483 PMCID: PMC3027179 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.077537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Rx1 protein, as many resistance proteins of the nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) class, is predicted to be cytoplasmic because it lacks discernable nuclear targeting signals. Here, we demonstrate that Rx1, which confers extreme resistance to Potato virus X, is located both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Manipulating the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of Rx1 or its elicitor revealed that Rx1 is activated in the cytoplasm and cannot be activated in the nucleus. The coiled coil (CC) domain was found to be required for accumulation of Rx1 in the nucleus, whereas the LRR domain promoted the localization in the cytoplasm. Analyses of structural subdomains of the CC domain revealed no autonomous signals responsible for active nuclear import. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and nuclear fractionation indicated that the CC domain binds transiently to large complexes in the nucleus. Disruption of the Rx1 resistance function and protein conformation by mutating the ATP binding phosphate binding loop in the NB domain, or by silencing the cochaperone SGT1, impaired the accumulation of Rx1 protein in the nucleus, while Rx1 versions lacking the LRR domain were not affected in this respect. Our results support a model in which interdomain interactions and folding states determine the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of Rx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Slootweg
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhang H, Dong S, Wang M, Wang W, Song W, Dou X, Zheng X, Zhang Z. The role of vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) from Nicotiana benthamiana in the elicitor-triggered hypersensitive response and stomatal closure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3799-812. [PMID: 20603283 PMCID: PMC2921209 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Elicitors/pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) trigger the plant immune system, leading to rapid programmed cell death (hypersensitive response, HR) and stomatal closure. Previous reports have shown that the vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), a cysteine proteinase responsible for the maturation of vacuolar proteins, has caspase-1-like activity and mediates TMV- and mycotoxin-induced cell death. The role of VPE from Nicotiana benthamiana in the response to three elicitors: bacterial harpin, fungal Nep1, and oomycete boehmerin, is described here. Single-silenced (NbVPE1a or NbVPE1b) and dual-silenced (NbVPE1a/1b) N. benthamiana plants were produced by virus-induced gene silencing. Although NbVPE silencing does not affect H(2)O(2) accumulation triggered by boehmerin, harpin, or Nep1, the HR is absent in NbVPE1a- and NbVPE1a/1b-silenced plants treated with harpin alone. However, NbVPE-silenced plants develop a normal HR after boehmerin and Nep1 treatment. These results suggest that harpin-triggered HR is VPE-dependent. Surprisingly, all gene-silenced plants show significantly impaired elicitor-induced stomatal closure and elicitor-promoted nitric oxide (NO) production in guard cells. Dual-silenced plants show increased elicitor-triggered AOS production in guard cells. The accumulation of transcripts associated with defence and cell redox is modified by VPE silencing in elicitor signalling. Overall, these results indicate that VPE from N. benthamiana functions not only in elicitor-induced HR, but also in elicitor-induced stomatal closure, suggesting that VPE may be involved in elicitor-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Identification of stress-responsive genes in plants using suppression subtraction hybridization: ozone stress as an example. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2010; 639:157-70. [PMID: 20387045 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-702-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the open-ended techniques for identifying differentially expressed genes in response to stress, the PCR-based suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) is widely used. The popularity of this technique stems from the ease of conducting this procedure in any laboratory set up for basic molecular biology research. Further, the availability of a comprehensive kit for conducting suppression subtractions from BD Biosciences has made this technique easy to adapt and adopt to any biological system. In this chapter we describe in detail the SSH procedure and explain the subtle changes that have been incorporated to make this technique adaptable for identifying stress-responsive genes in plants.
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