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Etesami H, Glick BR. Bacterial indole-3-acetic acid: A key regulator for plant growth, plant-microbe interactions, and agricultural adaptive resilience. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127602. [PMID: 38228017 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a fundamental phytohormone categorized under auxins, not only influences plant growth and development but also plays a critical role in plant-microbe interactions. This study reviews the role of IAA in bacteria-plant communication, with a focus on its biosynthesis, regulation, and the subsequent effects on host plants. Bacteria synthesize IAA through multiple pathways, which include the indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), and several other routes, whose full mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. The production of bacterial IAA affects root architecture, nutrient uptake, and resistance to various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, enhancing plant resilience and thus offering promising routes to sustainable agriculture. Bacterial IAA synthesis is regulated through complex gene networks responsive to environmental cues, impacting plant hormonal balances and symbiotic relationships. Pathogenic bacteria have adapted mechanisms to manipulate the host's IAA dynamics, influencing disease outcomes. On the other hand, beneficial bacteria utilize IAA to promote plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses, thereby enhancing nutrient use efficiency and reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers. Advancements in analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have improved the quantification of bacterial IAA, enabling accurate measurement and analysis. Future research focusing on molecular interactions between IAA-producing bacteria and host plants could facilitate the development of biotechnological applications that integrate beneficial bacteria to improve crop performance, which is essential for addressing the challenges posed by climate change and ensuring global food security. This integration of bacterial IAA producers into agricultural practice promises to revolutionize crop management strategies by enhancing growth, fostering resilience, and reducing environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Etesami
- Soil Science Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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2
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Lee JH, Lee U, Yoo JH, Lee TS, Jung JH, Kim HS. AraDQ: an automated digital phenotyping software for quantifying disease symptoms of flood-inoculated Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:44. [PMID: 38493119 PMCID: PMC10943777 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant scientists have largely relied on pathogen growth assays and/or transcript analysis of stress-responsive genes for quantification of disease severity and susceptibility. These methods are destructive to plants, labor-intensive, and time-consuming, thereby limiting their application in real-time, large-scale studies. Image-based plant phenotyping is an alternative approach that enables automated measurement of various symptoms. However, most of the currently available plant image analysis tools require specific hardware platform and vendor specific software packages, and thus, are not suited for researchers who are not primarily focused on plant phenotyping. In this study, we aimed to develop a digital phenotyping tool to enhance the speed, accuracy, and reliability of disease quantification in Arabidopsis. RESULTS Here, we present the Arabidopsis Disease Quantification (AraDQ) image analysis tool for examination of flood-inoculated Arabidopsis seedlings grown on plates containing plant growth media. It is a cross-platform application program with a user-friendly graphical interface that contains highly accurate deep neural networks for object detection and segmentation. The only prerequisite is that the input image should contain a fixed-sized 24-color balance card placed next to the objects of interest on a white background to ensure reliable and reproducible results, regardless of the image acquisition method. The image processing pipeline automatically calculates 10 different colors and morphological parameters for individual seedlings in the given image, and disease-associated phenotypic changes can be easily assessed by comparing plant images captured before and after infection. We conducted two case studies involving bacterial and plant mutants with reduced virulence and disease resistance capabilities, respectively, and thereby demonstrated that AraDQ can capture subtle changes in plant color and morphology with a high level of sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS AraDQ offers a simple, fast, and accurate approach for image-based quantification of plant disease symptoms using various parameters. Its fully automated pipeline neither requires prior image processing nor costly hardware setups, allowing easy implementation of the software by researchers interested in digital phenotyping of diseased plants.
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Grants
- Grant No. 2022R1C1C1012137 The National Research Foundation of Korea
- Grant No. 421002-04) The Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, and Forestry (IPET) and Korea Smart Farm R&D (KosFarm) through the Smart Farm Innovation Technology Development Program, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) and Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Rural Development Administration (RDA)
- The Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, and Forestry (IPET) and Korea Smart Farm R&D (KosFarm) through the Smart Farm Innovation Technology Development Program, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) and Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Rural Development Administration (RDA)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Unseok Lee
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yoo
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Sung Lee
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Hyeong Jung
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Seok Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Xu N, Cheng L, Kong Y, Chen G, Zhao L, Liu F. Functional analyses of the NRT2 family of nitrate transporters in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1351998. [PMID: 38501135 PMCID: PMC10944928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1351998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Nitrate is the major form of nitrogen acquired by most crops and also serves as a vital signaling molecule. Nitrate is absorbed from the soil into root cells usually by the low-affinity NRT1 NO3 - transporters and high-affinity NRT2 NO3 - transporters, with NRT2s serving to absorb NO3 - under NO3 -limiting conditions. Seven NRT2 members have been identified in Arabidopsis, and they have been shown to be involved in various biological processes. In this review, we summarize the spatiotemporal expression patterns, localization, and biotic and abiotic responses of these transporters with a focus on recent advances in the current understanding of the functions of the seven AtNRT2 genes. This review offers beneficial insight into the mechanisms by which plants adapt to changing environmental conditions and provides a theoretical basis for crop research in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Guiling Chen
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
| | - Lufei Zhao
- Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, Shandong, China
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4
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Johnson JMB, Kunkel BN. AefR, a TetR Family Transcriptional Repressor, Regulates Several Auxin Responses in Pseudomonas syringae Strain PtoDC3000. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:155-165. [PMID: 38079389 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0170-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), also known as auxin, plays important roles in plant growth and development, as well as in several plant-microbe interactions. IAA also acts as a microbial signal and in many bacteria regulates metabolism, stress responses, and virulence. In the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (PtoDC3000), exposure to IAA results in large-scale transcriptional reprogramming, including the differential expression of several known virulence genes. However, how PtoDC3000 senses and responds to IAA and what aspects of its biology are regulated by IAA is not understood. To investigate the mechanisms involved in perceiving and responding to IAA, we carried out a genetic screen for mutants with altered responses to IAA. One group of mutants of particular interest carried disruptions in the aefR gene encoding a TetR family transcriptional regulator. Gene expression analysis confirmed that the aefR mutants have altered responses to IAA. Thus, AefR is the first demonstrated auxin response regulator in PtoDC3000. We also investigated several aspects of PtoDC3000 biology that are regulated by both AefR and IAA, including antibiotic resistance, motility, and virulence. The observation that the aefR mutant has altered virulence on Arabidopsis, suggests that the sector of the IAA response regulated by aefR is important during pathogenesis. Our findings also provide evidence that AefR plays a role in coordinating changes in gene expression during the transition from early to late stages of infection. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M B Johnson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Barbara N Kunkel
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
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Arnaud D, Deeks MJ, Smirnoff N. RBOHF activates stomatal immunity by modulating both reactive oxygen species and apoplastic pH dynamics in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:404-415. [PMID: 37421599 PMCID: PMC10952706 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal defences are important for plants to prevent pathogen entry and further colonisation of leaves. Apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidases and apoplastic peroxidases play an important role in activating stomatal closure upon perception of bacteria. However, downstream events, particularly the factors influencing cytosolic hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) signatures in guard cells are poorly understood. We used the H2 O2 sensor roGFP2-Orp1 and a ROS-specific fluorescein probe to study intracellular oxidative events during stomatal immune response using Arabidopsis mutants involved in the apoplastic ROS burst. Surprisingly, the NADPH oxidase mutant rbohF showed over-oxidation of roGFP2-Orp1 by a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in guard cells. However, stomatal closure was not tightly correlated with high roGFP2-Orp1 oxidation. In contrast, RBOHF was necessary for PAMP-mediated ROS production measured by a fluorescein-based probe in guard cells. Unlike previous reports, the rbohF mutant, but not rbohD, was impaired in PAMP-triggered stomatal closure resulting in defects in stomatal defences against bacteria. Interestingly, RBOHF also participated in PAMP-induced apoplastic alkalinisation. The rbohF mutants were also partly impaired in H2 O2 -mediated stomatal closure at 100 μm while higher H2 O2 concentration up to 1 mm did not promote stomatal closure in wild-type plants. Our results provide novel insights on the interplay between apoplastic and cytosolic ROS dynamics and highlight the importance of RBOHF in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Arnaud
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Michael J. Deeks
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
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Ramos RN, Zhang N, Lauff DB, Valenzuela-Riffo F, Figueroa CR, Martin GB, Pombo MA, Rosli HG. Loss-of-function mutations in WRKY22 and WRKY25 impair stomatal-mediated immunity and PTI and ETI responses against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s11103-023-01358-0. [PMID: 37226022 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against pathogens using a two-layered immune system. The first response, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), is activated upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Virulent bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), deliver effector proteins into the plant cell to promote susceptibility. However, some plants possess resistance (R) proteins that recognize specific effectors leading to the activation of the second response, effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Resistant tomatoes such as Río Grande-PtoR recognize two Pst effectors (AvrPto and AvrPtoB) through the host Pto/Prf complex and activate ETI. We previously showed that the transcription factors (TF) WRKY22 and WRKY25 are positive regulators of plant immunity against bacterial and potentially non-bacterial pathogens in Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, the CRISPR-Cas9 technique was used to develop three knockout tomato lines for either one or both TFs. The single and double mutants were all compromised in Pto/Prf-mediated ETI and had a weaker PTI response. The stomata apertures in all of the mutant lines did not respond to darkness or challenge with Pst DC3000. The WRKY22 and WRKY25 proteins both localize in the nucleus, but we found no evidence of a physical interaction between them. The WRKY22 TF was found to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of WRKY25, supporting the idea that they are not functionally redundant. Together, our results indicate that both WRKY TFs play a role in modulating stomata and are positive regulators of plant immunity in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina N Ramos
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, INFIVE, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ning Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Diana B Lauff
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, INFIVE, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felipe Valenzuela-Riffo
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Talca, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos R Figueroa
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Talca, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Millenium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Marina A Pombo
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, INFIVE, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Hernan G Rosli
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, INFIVE, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Paauw M, van Hulten M, Chatterjee S, Berg JA, Taks NW, Giesbers M, Richard MMS, van den Burg HA. Hydathode immunity protects the Arabidopsis leaf vasculature against colonization by bacterial pathogens. Curr Biol 2023; 33:697-710.e6. [PMID: 36731466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants prevent disease by passively and actively protecting potential entry routes against invading microbes. For example, the plant immune system actively guards roots, wounds, and stomata. How plants prevent vascular disease upon bacterial entry via guttation fluids excreted from specialized glands at the leaf margin remains largely unknown. These so-called hydathodes release xylem sap when root pressure is too high. By studying hydathode colonization by both hydathode-adapted (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) and non-adapted pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) in immunocompromised Arabidopsis mutants, we show that the immune hubs BAK1 and EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 restrict bacterial multiplication in hydathodes. Both immune hubs effectively confine bacterial pathogens to hydathodes and lower the number of successful escape events of an hydathode-adapted pathogen toward the xylem. A second layer of defense, which is dependent on the plant hormones' pipecolic acid and to a lesser extent on salicylic acid, reduces the vascular spread of the pathogen. Thus, besides glands, hydathodes represent a potent first line of defense against leaf-invading microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Paauw
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van Hulten
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Berg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne W Taks
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Giesbers
- Wageningen Electron Microscopy Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manon M S Richard
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Ishiga T, Sakata N, Usuki G, Nguyen VT, Gomi K, Ishiga Y. Large-Scale Transposon Mutagenesis Reveals Type III Secretion Effector HopR1 Is a Major Virulence Factor in Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:plants12010141. [PMID: 36616271 PMCID: PMC9823363 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial canker of kiwifruit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is a serious threat to kiwifruit production worldwide. Four biovars (Psa biovar 1; Psa1, Psa biovar 3; Psa3, Psa biovar 5; Psa5, and Psa biovar 6; Psa6) were reported in Japan, and virulent Psa3 strains spread rapidly to kiwifruit production areas worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop critical management strategies for bacterial canker based on dissecting the dynamic interactions between Psa and kiwifruit. To investigate the molecular mechanism of Psa3 infection, we developed a rapid and reliable high-throughput flood-inoculation method using kiwifruit seedlings. Using this inoculation method, we screened 3000 Psa3 transposon insertion mutants and identified 91 reduced virulence mutants and characterized the transposon insertion sites in these mutants. We identified seven type III secretion system mutants, and four type III secretion effectors mutants including hopR1. Mature kiwifruit leaves spray-inoculated with the hopR1 mutant showed significantly reduced virulence compared to Psa3 wild-type, indicating that HopR1 has a critical role in Psa3 virulence. Deletion mutants of hopR1 in Psa1, Psa3, Psa5, and Psa6 revealed that the type III secretion effector HopR1 is a major virulence factor in these biovars. Moreover, hopR1 mutants of Psa3 failed to reopen stomata on kiwifruit leaves, suggesting that HopR1 facilitates Psa entry through stomata into plants. Furthermore, defense related genes were highly expressed in kiwifruit plants inoculated with hopR1 mutant compared to Psa wild-type, indicating that HopR1 suppresses defense-related genes of kiwifruit. These results suggest that HopR1 universally contributes to virulence in all Psa biovars by overcoming not only stomatal-based defense, but also apoplastic defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nanami Sakata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Giyu Usuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Viet Tru Nguyen
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
- Western Highlands Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute, 53 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Buon Ma Thuot City 630000, Vietnam
| | - Kenji Gomi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki 761-0795, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
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Yu G, Derkacheva M, Rufian JS, Brillada C, Kowarschik K, Jiang S, Derbyshire P, Ma M, DeFalco TA, Morcillo RJL, Stransfeld L, Wei Y, Zhou J, Menke FLH, Trujillo M, Zipfel C, Macho AP. The Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 regulates BIK1 and is targeted by a bacterial type-III effector. EMBO J 2022; 41:e107257. [PMID: 36314733 PMCID: PMC9713774 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity is tightly controlled by a complex and dynamic regulatory network, which ensures optimal activation upon detection of potential pathogens. Accordingly, each component of this network is a potential target for manipulation by pathogens. Here, we report that RipAC, a type III-secreted effector from the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, targets the plant E3 ubiquitin ligase PUB4 to inhibit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). PUB4 plays a positive role in PTI by regulating the homeostasis of the central immune kinase BIK1. Before PAMP perception, PUB4 promotes the degradation of non-activated BIK1, while after PAMP perception, PUB4 contributes to the accumulation of activated BIK1. RipAC leads to BIK1 degradation, which correlates with its PTI-inhibitory activity. RipAC causes a reduction in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-induced PUB4 accumulation and phosphorylation. Our results shed light on the role played by PUB4 in immune regulation, and illustrate an indirect targeting of the immune signalling hub BIK1 by a bacterial effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Maria Derkacheva
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
The Earlham InstituteNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Jose S Rufian
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Carla Brillada
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology IIAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Shushu Jiang
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Present address:
Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Miaomiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rafael J L Morcillo
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Yali Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jian‐Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Marco Trujillo
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology IIAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Leibniz Institute for Plant BiochemistryHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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10
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Liu L, Li Y, Xu Z, Chen H, Zhang J, Manion B, Liu F, Zou L, Fu ZQ, Chen G. The Xanthomonas type III effector XopAP prevents stomatal closure by interfering with vacuolar acidification. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1994-2008. [PMID: 35972796 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant stomata close rapidly in response to a rise in the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) or salicylic acid (SA) and after recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Stomatal closure is the result of vacuolar convolution, ion efflux, and changes in turgor pressure in guard cells. Phytopathogenic bacteria secrete type III effectors (T3Es) that interfere with plant defense mechanisms, causing severe plant disease symptoms. Here, we show that the virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), which is the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak disease, drastically increased in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants overexpressing the Xoc T3E gene XopAP, which encodes a protein annotated as a lipase. We discovered that XopAP binds to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2 ), a membrane phospholipid that functions in pH control in lysosomes, membrane dynamics, and protein trafficking. XopAP inhibited the acidification of vacuoles by competing with vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) for binding to PtdIns(3,5)P2 , leading to stomatal opening. Transgenic rice overexpressing XopAP also showed inhibition of stomatal closure when challenged by Xoc infection and treatment with the PAMP flg22. Moreover, XopAP suppressed flg22-induced gene expression, reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition in host plants, demonstrating that XopAP subverts PAMP-triggered immunity during Xoc infection. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that XopAP overcomes stomatal immunity in plants by binding to lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhengyin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Brittany Manion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lifang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
| | - Gongyou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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11
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Bi G, Hu M, Fu L, Zhang X, Zuo J, Li J, Yang J, Zhou JM. The cytosolic thiol peroxidase PRXIIB is an intracellular sensor for H 2O 2 that regulates plant immunity through a redox relay. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1160-1175. [PMID: 36241731 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid production of H2O2 is a hallmark of plant responses to diverse pathogens and plays a crucial role in signalling downstream of various receptors that perceive immunogenic patterns. However, mechanisms by which plants sense H2O2 to regulate immunity remain poorly understood. We show that endogenous H2O2 generated upon immune activation is sensed by the thiol peroxidase PRXIIB via oxidation at Cys51, and this is essential for stomatal immunity against Pseudomonas syringae. We further show that in immune-stimulated cells, PRXIIB conjugates via Cys51 with the type 2C protein phosphatase ABA insensitive 2 (ABI2), subsequently transducing H2O2 signal to ABI2. This oxidation dramatically sensitizes H2O2-mediated inhibition of the ABI2 phosphatase activity in vitro and is required for stomatal immunity in plants. Together, our results illustrate a redox relay, with PRXIIB as a sensor for H2O2 and ABI2 as a target protein, that mediates reactive oxygen species signalling during plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Man Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianru Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.
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12
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Liu Z, Li Z, Wu S, Yu C, Wang X, Wang Y, Peng Z, Gao Y, Li R, Shen Y, Duan L. Coronatine Enhances Chilling Tolerance of Tomato Plants by Inducing Chilling-Related Epigenetic Adaptations and Transcriptional Reprogramming. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10049. [PMID: 36077443 PMCID: PMC9456409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperature is an important environmental factor limiting the widespread planting of tropical and subtropical crops. The application of plant regulator coronatine, which is an analog of Jasmonic acid (JA), is an effective approach to enhancing crop's resistance to chilling stress and other abiotic stresses. However, the function and mechanism of coronatine in promoting chilling resistance of tomato is unknown. In this study, coronatine treatment was demonstrated to significantly increase tomato chilling tolerance. Coronatine increases H3K4me3 modifications to make greater chromatin accessibility in multiple chilling-activated genes. Corresponding to that, the expression of CBFs, other chilling-responsive transcription factor (TF) genes, and JA-responsive genes is significantly induced by coronatine to trigger an extensive transcriptional reprogramming, thus resulting in a comprehensive chilling adaptation. These results indicate that coronatine enhances the chilling tolerance of tomato plants by inducing epigenetic adaptations and transcriptional reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhuoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunxin Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuerong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanyue Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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13
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Alam ST, Sarowar S, Mondal HA, Makandar R, Chowdhury Z, Louis J, Shah J. Opposing effects of MYZUS PERSICAE-INDUCED LIPASE 1 and jasmonic acid influence the outcome of Arabidopsis thaliana-Fusarium graminearum interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1141-1153. [PMID: 35396792 PMCID: PMC9276950 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is an important fungal pathogen of small grain cereals that can also infect Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, jasmonic acid (JA) signalling involving JASMONATE RESISTANT 1 (JAR1), which synthesizes JA-isoleucine, a signalling form of JA, promotes susceptibility to Fg. Here we show that Arabidopsis MYZUS PERSICAE-INDUCED LIPASE 1 (MPL1), via its influence on limiting JA accumulation, restricts Fg infection. MPL1 expression was up-regulated in response to Fg infection, and MPL1-OE plants, which overexpress MPL1, exhibited enhanced resistance against Fg. In comparison, disease severity was higher on the mpl1 mutant than the wild type. JA content was lower in MPL1-OE and higher in mpl1 than in the wild type, indicating that MPL1 limits JA accumulation. Pharmacological experiments confirmed the importance of MPL1-determined restriction of JA accumulation on curtailment of Fg infection. Methyl-JA application attenuated the MPL1-OE-conferred resistance, while the JA biosynthesis inhibitor ibuprofen enhanced resistance in mpl1. Also, the JA biosynthesis-defective opr3 mutant was epistatic to mpl1, resulting in enhanced resistance in mpl1 opr3 plants. In comparison, JAR1 was not essential for the mpl1-conferred susceptibility to Fg. Considering that methyl-JA promotes Fg growth in culture, we suggest that in part MPL1 curtails disease by limiting the availability of a plant-derived Fg growth-promoting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda T. Alam
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - Sujon Sarowar
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- Present address:
Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research ServiceChatsworthNew JerseyUSA
| | - Hossain A. Mondal
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- College of Postgraduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences (CPGS‐AS)under Central Agricultural UniversityImphalIndia
| | - Ragiba Makandar
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of HyderabadGachibowliIndia
| | - Zulkarnain Chowdhury
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- Department of Entomology and Department of BiochemistryUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- BioDiscovery InstituteUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
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14
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Basu D, Codjoe JM, Veley KM, Haswell ES. The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel MSL10 Modulates Susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:567-582. [PMID: 34775835 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-21-0207-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense and respond to molecular signals associated with the presence of pathogens and their virulence factors. Mechanical signals generated during pathogenic invasion may also be important, but their contributions have rarely been studied. Here, we investigate the potential role of a mechanosensitive ion channel, MscS-like (MSL)10, in defense against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. We previously showed that overexpression of MSL10-GFP, phospho-mimetic versions of MSL10, and the gain-of-function allele msl10-3G all produce dwarfing, spontaneous cell death, and the hyperaccumulation of reactive oxygen species. These phenotypes are shared by many autoimmune mutants and are frequently suppressed by growth at high temperature in those lines. We found that the same was true for all three MSL10 hypermorphs. In addition, we show that the SGT1/RAR1/HSP90 cochaperone complex was required for dwarfing and ectopic cell death, PAD4 and SID2 were partially required, and the immune regulators EDS1 and NDR1 were dispensable. All MSL10 hypermorphs exhibited reduced susceptibility to infection by P. syringae strain Pto DC3000 and Pto DC3000 expressing the avirulence genes avrRpt2 or avrRpm1 but not Pto DC3000 hrpL and showed an accelerated induction of PR1 expression compared with wild-type plants. Null msl10-1 mutants were delayed in PR1 induction and displayed modest susceptibility to infection by coronatine-deficient P. syringae pv. tomato. Finally, stomatal closure was reduced in msl10-1 loss-of-function mutants in response to P. syringae pv. tomato COR-. These data show that MSL10 modulates pathogen responses and begin to address the possibility that mechanical signals are exploited by the plant for pathogen perception.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Jennette M Codjoe
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Kira M Veley
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
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15
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Liu J, Zhang X, Deng S, Wang H, Zhao Y. Thiamine Is Required for Virulence and Survival of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 on Tomatoes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:903258. [PMID: 35783427 PMCID: PMC9247456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.903258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PstDC3000) is an important plant pathogen that infects tomatoes and Arabidopsis. Thiamine and its derivative thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) are cofactors that play an important role in the growth and survival of many bacterial microorganisms. However, the role of thiamine-related genes has not been determined in PstDC3000. Hence, to investigate the role of TPP in growth, resistance to stresses, and virulence of PstDC3000, double and quadruple mutants of thiamine biosynthesis-related genes (thiD/E, thiS/G, and thiD/E/S/G deletion mutants) as well as a single mutant of a lipoprotein-related gene (apbE) were constructed. Our results showed that growth of the thiD/E, thiS/G, and thiD/E/S/G mutants in the mannitol-glutamate (MG) medium was significantly lower than that of the wild type (WT) and their growth could be restored to the WT level with the addition of exogenous thiamine, whereas mutation of the apbE gene did not affect its growth in vitro. While tolerance to acid, osmotic, and oxidative stresses for the double mutants was similar to the WT, tolerance to stresses for the apbE mutant was reduced as compared to the WT. In addition, all four mutants exhibited reduced virulence and growth in tomatoes. However, when the double and quadruple mutants were inoculated with exogenous thiamine, the virulence and growth rate of these mutants were restored to the WT level. These results indicated that the thiD/E, thiS/G, and thiD/E/S/G mutants exhibiting growth deficiency in planta are probably due to a lack of thiamine biosynthesis, thus reducing colonization in tomatoes. On the other hand, it is possible that the apbE mutant exhibited reduced stress tolerances, thus resulting in reduced colonization. Overall, our findings suggest that the thiamine biosynthetic (TBS) pathway plays an important role in the colonization and infection of PstDC3000. Therefore, the thiamine biosynthetic pathway could be used as the target to develop new control measures for a bacterial spot in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuejiang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyi Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Disease, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States
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16
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Roussin-Léveillée C, Lajeunesse G, St-Amand M, Veerapen VP, Silva-Martins G, Nomura K, Brassard S, Bolaji A, He SY, Moffett P. Evolutionarily conserved bacterial effectors hijack abscisic acid signaling to induce an aqueous environment in the apoplast. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:489-501.e4. [PMID: 35247330 PMCID: PMC9012689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High atmospheric humidity levels profoundly impact host-pathogen interactions in plants by enabling the establishment of an aqueous living space that benefits pathogens. The effectors HopM1 and AvrE1 of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae have been shown to induce an aqueous apoplast under such conditions. However, the mechanisms by which this happens remain unknown. Here, we show that HopM1 and AvrE1 work redundantly to establish an aqueous living space by inducing a major reprogramming of the Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome landscape. These effectors induce a strong abscisic acid (ABA) signature, which promotes stomatal closure, resulting in reduced leaf transpiration and water-soaking lesions. Furthermore, these effectors preferentially increase ABA accumulation in guard cells, which control stomatal aperture. Notably, a guard-cell-specific ABA transporter, ABCG40, is necessary for HopM1 induction of water-soaking lesions. This study provides molecular insights into a chain of events of stomatal manipulation that create an ideal microenvironment to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaële Lajeunesse
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Méliane St-Amand
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Kinya Nomura
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sandrine Brassard
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Ayooluwa Bolaji
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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17
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Fan L, Fröhlich K, Melzer E, Pruitt RN, Albert I, Zhang L, Joe A, Hua C, Song Y, Albert M, Kim ST, Weigel D, Zipfel C, Chae E, Gust AA, Nürnberger T. Genotyping-by-sequencing-based identification of Arabidopsis pattern recognition receptor RLP32 recognizing proteobacterial translation initiation factor IF1. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1294. [PMID: 35277499 PMCID: PMC8917236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) relies on the recognition of microbe-derived structures, termed patterns, through plant-encoded surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). We show that proteobacterial translation initiation factor 1 (IF1) triggers PTI in Arabidopsis thaliana and related Brassicaceae species. Unlike for most other immunogenic patterns, IF1 elicitor activity cannot be assigned to a small peptide epitope, suggesting that tertiary fold features are required for IF1 receptor activation. We have deployed natural variation in IF1 sensitivity to identify Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein 32 (RLP32) as IF1 receptor using a restriction site-associated DNA sequencing approach. RLP32 confers IF1 sensitivity to rlp32 mutants, IF1-insensitive Arabidopsis accessions and IF1-insensitive Nicotiana benthamiana, binds IF1 specifically and forms complexes with LRR receptor kinases SOBIR1 and BAK1 to mediate signaling. Similar to other PRRs, RLP32 confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae, highlighting an unexpectedly complex array of bacterial pattern sensors within a single plant species. Pattern-triggered immunity is activated by recognition of microbe-derived structures by host pattern recognition receptors. Here the authors use a genotype-by sequencing approach to show that bacterial translation initiation factor 1 triggers PTI in Arabidopsis thaliana after recognition by the RLP32 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fan
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Fröhlich
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric Melzer
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,BioChem agrar, Labor für biologische und chemische Analytik GmbH, Machern, Germany
| | - Rory N Pruitt
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabell Albert
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Joe
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yanyue Song
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Medical & Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, South Korea
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Andrea A Gust
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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18
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Matsumoto A, Schlüter T, Melkonian K, Takeda A, Nakagami H, Mine A. A versatile Tn 7 transposon-based bioluminescence tagging tool for quantitative and spatial detection of bacteria in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100227. [PMID: 35059625 PMCID: PMC8760037 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of plant-bacteria interactions requires quantification of in planta bacterial titers by means of cumbersome and time-consuming colony-counting assays. Here, we devised a broadly applicable tool for bioluminescence-based quantitative and spatial detection of bacteria in plants. We developed vectors that enable Tn7 transposon-mediated integration of the luxCDABE luciferase operon into a specific genomic location found ubiquitously across bacterial phyla. These vectors allowed for the generation of bioluminescent transformants of various plant pathogenic bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas, Rhizobium (Agrobacterium), and Ralstonia. Direct luminescence measurements of plant tissues inoculated with bioluminescent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto-lux) reported bacterial titers as accurately as conventional colony-counting assays in Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Marchantia polymorpha. We further showed the usefulness of our vectors in converting previously generated Pto derivatives to isogenic bioluminescent strains. Importantly, quantitative bioluminescence assays using these Pto-lux strains accurately reported the effects of plant immunity and bacterial effectors on bacterial growth, with a dynamic range of four orders of magnitude. Moreover, macroscopic bioluminescence imaging illuminated the spatial patterns of Pto-lux growth in/on inoculated plant tissues. In conclusion, our vectors offer untapped opportunities to develop bioluminescence-based assays for a variety of plant-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsumoto
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Titus Schlüter
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Katharina Melkonian
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Akira Mine
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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19
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Nguyen VT, Sakata N, Usuki G, Ishiga T, Hashimoto Y, Ishiga Y. Multiple virulence factors regulated by AlgU contribute to the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea in soybean. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12405. [PMID: 34760389 PMCID: PMC8559602 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea (Psg) causes bacterial blight of soybean. To identify candidate virulence factors, transposon-mediated mutational analysis of Psg was carried out. We syringe-inoculated soybean leaves with Psg transposon mutants and identified 28 mutants which showed reduced virulence from 1,000 mutants screened. Next, we spray-inoculated soybean leaves with these mutants and demonstrated that the algU mutant showed significantly reduced virulence together with reduced bacterial populations in planta. Expression profiles comparison between the Psg wild-type (WT) and algU mutant in HSC broth revealed that expression of coronatine (COR)-related genes (including cmaA and corR) were down-regulated in the algU mutant compared with Psg WT. Moreover, we also showed that COR production were reduced in the algU mutant compared with WT. We also demonstrated that algD, which is related to alginate biosynthesis, showed reduced expression and biofilm formation was significantly suppressed in the algU mutant. Furthermore, hrpL also showed less expression in the algU mutant. These results indicate that AlgU plays a critical role in promoting Psg pathogenesis by regulating multiple virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Tru Nguyen
- Western Highlands Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute, Buon Ma Thuot, Daklak, Vietnam.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nanami Sakata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Giyu Usuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takako Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Hashimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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20
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Chini A, Monte I, Fernández-Barbero G, Boter M, Hicks G, Raikhel N, Solano R. A small molecule antagonizes jasmonic acid perception and auxin responses in vascular and nonvascular plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1399-1413. [PMID: 34618088 PMCID: PMC8566257 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) regulates many stress responses and developmental processes in plants. A co-receptor complex formed by the F-box protein Coronatine Insensitive 1 (COI1) and a Jasmonate (JA) ZIM-domain (JAZ) repressor perceives the hormone. JA-Ile antagonists are invaluable tools for exploring the role of JA-Ile in specific tissues and developmental stages, and for identifying regulatory processes of the signaling pathway. Using two complementary chemical screens, we identified three compounds that exhibit a robust inhibitory effect on both the hormone-mediated COI-JAZ interaction and degradation of JAZ1 and JAZ9 in vivo. One molecule, J4, also restrains specific JA-induced physiological responses in different angiosperm plants, including JA-mediated gene expression, growth inhibition, chlorophyll degradation, and anthocyanin accumulation. Interaction experiments with purified proteins indicate that J4 directly interferes with the formation of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) COI1-JAZ complex otherwise induced by JA. The antagonistic effect of J4 on COI1-JAZ also occurs in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, suggesting the mode of action is conserved in land plants. Besides JA signaling, J4 works as an antagonist of the closely related auxin signaling pathway, preventing Transport Inhibitor Response1/Aux-indole-3-acetic acid interaction and auxin responses in planta, including hormone-mediated degradation of an auxin repressor, gene expression, and gravitropic response. However, J4 does not affect other hormonal pathways. Altogether, our results show that this dual antagonist competes with JA-Ile and auxin, preventing the formation of phylogenetically related receptor complexes. J4 may be a useful tool to dissect both the JA-Ile and auxin pathways in particular tissues and developmental stages since it reversibly inhibits these pathways. One-sentence summary: A chemical screen identified a molecule that antagonizes jasmonate perception by directly interfering with receptor complex formation in phylogenetically distant vascular and nonvascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chini
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Isabel Monte
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Present address: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Gemma Fernández-Barbero
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Marta Boter
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Present address: Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid –Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Glenn Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Natasha Raikhel
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Roberto Solano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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21
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Rufián JS, Elmore JM, Bejarano ER, Beuzon CR, Coaker GL. ER Bodies Are Induced by Pseudomonas syringae and Negatively Regulate Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1001-1009. [PMID: 34110257 PMCID: PMC8635791 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-20-0330-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ER bodies are endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles present in plants belonging to the Brassicales order. In Arabidopsis thaliana, ER bodies are ubiquitous in cotyledons and roots and are present only in certain cell types in rosette leaves. However, both wounding and jasmonic acid treatment induce the formation of ER bodies in leaves. Formation of this structure is dependent on the transcription factor NAI1. The main components of the ER bodies are β-glucosidases (BGLUs), enzymes that hydrolyze specialized compounds. In Arabidopsis, PYK10 (BGLU23) and BGLU18 are the most abundant ER body proteins. In this work, we found that ER bodies are downregulated as a consequence of the immune responses induced by bacterial flagellin perception. Arabidopsis mutants defective in ER body formation show enhanced responses upon flagellin perception and enhanced resistance to bacterial infections. Furthermore, the bacterial toxin coronatine induces the formation of de novo ER bodies in leaves and its virulence function is partially dependent on this structure. Finally, we show that performance of the polyphagous beet armyworm herbivore Spodoptera exigua increases in plants lacking ER bodies. Altogether, we provide new evidence for the role of the ER bodies in plant immune responses.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S. Rufián
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dept. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga E-29071, Spain
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - James M. Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dept. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga E-29071, Spain
| | - Carmen R. Beuzon
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Dept. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga E-29071, Spain
| | - Gitta L. Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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22
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Sakata N, Ishiga T, Masuo S, Hashimoto Y, Ishiga Y. Coronatine Contributes to Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis Virulence by Overcoming Both Stomatal and Apoplastic Defenses in Dicot and Monocot Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:746-757. [PMID: 33587000 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0261-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis is a causative agent of bacterial blight of crucifers including cabbage, radish, and broccoli. Importantly, P. cannabina pv. alisalensis can infect not only a wide range of Brassicaceae spp. but, also, green manure crops such as oat. However, P. cannabina pv. alisalensis virulence mechanisms have not been investigated and are not fully understood. We focused on coronatine (COR) function, which is one of the well-known P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 virulence factors, in P. cannabina pv. alisalensis infection processes on both dicot and monocot plants. Cabbage and oat plants dip-inoculated with a P. cannabina pv. alisalensis KB211 COR mutant (ΔcmaA) exhibited reduced virulence compared with P. cannabina pv. alisalensis wild type (WT). Moreover, ΔcmaA failed to reopen stomata on both cabbage and oat, suggesting that COR facilitates P. cannabina pv. alisalensis entry through stomata into both plants. Furthermore, cabbage and oat plants syringe-infiltrated with ΔcmaA also showed reduced virulence, suggesting that COR is involved in overcoming not only stomatal-based defense but also apoplastic defense. Indeed, defense-related genes, including PR1 and PR2, were highly expressed in plants inoculated with ΔcmaA compared with WT, indicating that COR suppresses defense-related genes of both cabbage and oat. Additionally, salicylic acid accumulation increases after ΔcmaA inoculation compared with WT. Taken together, COR contributes to causing disease by suppressing stomatal-based defense and apoplastic defense in both dicot and monocot plants. Here, we investigated COR functions in the interaction of P. cannabina pv. alisalensis and different host plants (dicot and monocot plants), using genetically and biochemically defined COR deletion mutants.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Sakata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takako Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Masuo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Hashimoto
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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23
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Zhang ZC, He B, Sun S, Zhang X, Li T, Wang HH, Xu LR, Afzal AJ, Geng XQ. The phytotoxin COR induces transcriptional reprogramming of photosynthetic, hormonal and defence networks in tomato. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:69-79. [PMID: 33512048 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronatine (COR) is a non-host specific phytotoxin secreted by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato that can induce leaf chlorosis and increase the virulence of pathogens during plant-pathogen interactions. Studies have shown that COR can regulate multiple physiological processes in plants, but its involvement in bacterial pathogenesis and plant growth regulation is not well understood. In this study, transcriptome sequencing was carried out on 4-week-old tomato leaves that were either mock-treated or treated with COR. Transcriptome sequencing led to the identification of 6144 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 4361 genes were downregulated and 1783 genes were upregulated upon COR treatment. To obtain functional information on the DEGs, we annotated these genes using GO and KEGG databases. Functional classification analysis showed that the DEGs were primarily involved in photosynthesis, chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and phenylpropane metabolism. A total of 23 genes related to chlorophyll biosynthesis had significant changes, of which 22 genes were downregulated and one gene was upregulated, indicating that chlorophyll biosynthesis was inhibited upon COR treatment. A total of 17 photosystem I related genes and 22 photosystem II related genes involving 20 protein subunits were also downregulated. In the JA synthesis pathway, 25 genes were up regulated, and six genes were downregulated in COR treated samples. COR was also involved in the regulation of multiple secondary metabolites. The identified DEGs will help us better understand the virulence effects and physiological functions of COR and provide a theoretical basis for breeding resistance into economically important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - B He
- Institute of Quality and Safety Testing Center for Agro-products, Xining City, China
| | - S Sun
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - X Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - T Li
- Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - H H Wang
- Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Blackville, SC, USA
| | - L R Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - A J Afzal
- Division of Science, New York University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - X Q Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Zhang X, He B, Sun S, Zhang Z, Li T, Wang H, Liu Z, Afzal AJ, Geng X. Transcriptome Analysis Identified Gene Regulation Networks in Soybean Leaves Perturbed by the Coronatine Toxin. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.663238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-host specific Pseudomonas syringae phytotoxin Coronatine (COR) causes chlorosis and promotes toxicity by inducing physiological changes in plants. We performed transcriptome analysis to better understand plants' transcriptional and metabolic response to COR. Toward this end, mock-treated and COR-treated soybean plants were analyzed by RNA-Seq. A total of 4,545 genes were differentially expressed between the two treatments, of which 2,170 were up-regulated whereas 2,375 were down-regulated in COR treated samples. Gene annotation and pathway analysis conducted using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) databases revealed that the differential genes were involved in photosynthesis, jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis, signal transduction, and phenylpropane metabolism. This study will provide new insights into COR mediated responses and extend our understanding of COR function in plants.
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25
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Liu J, Yu M, Ge Y, Tian Y, Hu B, Zhao Y. The RsmA RNA-Binding Proteins in Pseudomonas syringae Exhibit Distinct and Overlapping Roles in Modulating Virulence and Survival Under Different Nutritional Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:637595. [PMID: 33719314 PMCID: PMC7952654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The post-transcriptional regulator RsmA globally controls gene expression in bacteria. Previous studies showed that RsmA2 and RsmA3 played critical roles in regulating type III secretion system (T3SS), motility, syringafactin, and alginate productions in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (PstDC3000). In this study, we investigated global gene expression profiles of the wild-type PstDC3000, the rsmA3 mutant, and the rsmA2/A3 double mutant in the hrp-inducing minimum medium (HMM) and King's B (KB) medium. By comparing the rsmA2/A3 and rsmA3 mutants to PstDC3000, a total of 1358 and 1074 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HMM, and 870 and 1463 DEGs in KB were uncovered, respectively. When comparing the rsmA2/A3 mutant with the rsmA3 mutant, 277 and 741 DEGs in HMM and KB, respectively, were revealed. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the rsmY, rsmZ, and rsmX1-5 non-coding small RNAs (ncsRNAs) were positively affected by RsmA2 and RsmA3, while RsmA3 positively regulates the expression of the rsmA2 gene and negatively regulates both rsmA1 and rsmA5 gene expression. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that RsmA2 and RsmA3 synergistically influenced the expression of genes involved in T3SS and alginate biosynthesis in HMM and chemotaxis in KB. RsmA2 and RsmA3 inversely affected genes involved in syringafactin production in HMM and ribosomal protein biosynthesis in KB. In addition, RsmA2 played a major role in influencing genes involved in sarcosine and thiamine biosynthesis in HMM and in mannitol and phosphate metabolism in KB. On the other hand, genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, cellulose biosynthesis, signal transduction, and stress responses were mainly impacted by RsmA3 in both HMM and KB; whereas RsmA3 played a major role in controlling genes involved in c-di-GMP, phosphate metabolism, chemotaxis, and capsular polysaccharide in HMM. Furthermore, regulation of syringafactin production and oxidative stress by RsmA2 and RsmA3 was experimentally verified. Our results suggested the potential interplay among the RsmA proteins, which exhibit distinct and overlapping roles in modulating virulence and survival in P. syringae under different nutritional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Menghao Yu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yixin Ge
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yanli Tian
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baishi Hu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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26
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Xie Y, Liu W, Shao X, Zhang W, Deng X. Signal transduction schemes in Pseudomonas syringae. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3415-3424. [PMID: 33294136 PMCID: PMC7691447 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To cope with their continually fluctuating surroundings, pathovars of the unicellular phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae have developed rapid and sophisticated signalling networks to sense extracellular stimuli, which allow them to adjust their cellular composition to survive and cause diseases in host plants. Comparative genomic analyses of P. syringae strains have identified various genes that encode several classes of signalling proteins, although how this bacterium directly perceives these environmental cues remains elusive. Recent work has revealed new mechanisms of a cluster of bacterial signal transduction systems that mainly include two-component systems (such as RhpRS, GacAS, CvsRS and AauRS), extracytoplasmic function sigma factors (such as HrpL and AlgU), nucleotide-based secondary messengers, methyl-accepting chemotaxis sensor proteins and several other intracellular surveillance systems. In this review, we compile a list of the signal transduction mechanisms that P. syringae uses to monitor and respond in a timely manner to intracellular and external conditions. Further understanding of these surveillance processes will provide new perspectives from which to combat P. syringae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wenbao Liu
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaolong Shao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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27
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Tran TM, Ma Z, Triebl A, Nath S, Cheng Y, Gong BQ, Han X, Wang J, Li JF, Wenk MR, Torta F, Mayor S, Yang L, Miao Y. The bacterial quorum sensing signal DSF hijacks Arabidopsis thaliana sterol biosynthesis to suppress plant innate immunity. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e202000720. [PMID: 32788227 PMCID: PMC7425213 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a recognized phenomenon that is crucial for regulating population-related behaviors in bacteria. However, the direct specific effect of QS molecules on host biology is largely understudied. In this work, we show that the QS molecule DSF (cis-11-methyl-dodecenoic acid) produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris can suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in Arabidopsis thaliana, mediated by flagellin-induced activation of flagellin receptor FLS2. The DSF-mediated attenuation of innate immunity results from the alteration of FLS2 nanoclusters and endocytic internalization of plasma membrane FLS2. DSF altered the lipid profile of Arabidopsis, with a particular increase in the phytosterol species, which impairs the general endocytosis pathway mediated by clathrin and FLS2 nano-clustering on the plasma membrane. The DSF effect on receptor dynamics and host immune responses could be entirely reversed by sterol removal. Together, our results highlighted the importance of sterol homeostasis to plasma membrane organization and demonstrate a novel mechanism by which pathogenic bacteria use their communicating molecule to manipulate pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ben-Qiang Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Tran TM, Ma Z, Triebl A, Nath S, Cheng Y, Gong BQ, Han X, Wang J, Li JF, Wenk MR, Torta F, Mayor S, Yang L, Miao Y. The bacterial quorum sensing signal DSF hijacks Arabidopsis thaliana sterol biosynthesis to suppress plant innate immunity. Life Sci Alliance 2020. [PMID: 32788227 DOI: 10.1101/927731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is a recognized phenomenon that is crucial for regulating population-related behaviors in bacteria. However, the direct specific effect of QS molecules on host biology is largely understudied. In this work, we show that the QS molecule DSF (cis-11-methyl-dodecenoic acid) produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris can suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in Arabidopsis thaliana, mediated by flagellin-induced activation of flagellin receptor FLS2. The DSF-mediated attenuation of innate immunity results from the alteration of FLS2 nanoclusters and endocytic internalization of plasma membrane FLS2. DSF altered the lipid profile of Arabidopsis, with a particular increase in the phytosterol species, which impairs the general endocytosis pathway mediated by clathrin and FLS2 nano-clustering on the plasma membrane. The DSF effect on receptor dynamics and host immune responses could be entirely reversed by sterol removal. Together, our results highlighted the importance of sterol homeostasis to plasma membrane organization and demonstrate a novel mechanism by which pathogenic bacteria use their communicating molecule to manipulate pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Triebl
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ben-Qiang Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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29
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Saile SC, Jacob P, Castel B, Jubic LM, Salas-Gonzáles I, Bäcker M, Jones JDG, Dangl JL, El Kasmi F. Two unequally redundant "helper" immune receptor families mediate Arabidopsis thaliana intracellular "sensor" immune receptor functions. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000783. [PMID: 32925907 PMCID: PMC7514072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding (NB) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor (NLR) proteins function as intracellular immune receptors that perceive the presence of pathogen-derived virulence proteins (effectors) to induce immune responses. The 2 major types of plant NLRs that “sense” pathogen effectors differ in their N-terminal domains: these are Toll/interleukin-1 receptor resistance (TIR) domain-containing NLRs (TNLs) and coiled-coil (CC) domain-containing NLRs (CNLs). In many angiosperms, the RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW 8 (RPW8)-CC domain containing NLR (RNL) subclass of CNLs is encoded by 2 gene families, ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (ADR1) and N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 (NRG1), that act as “helper” NLRs during multiple sensor NLR-mediated immune responses. Despite their important role in sensor NLR-mediated immunity, knowledge of the specific, redundant, and synergistic functions of helper RNLs is limited. We demonstrate that the ADR1 and NRG1 families act in an unequally redundant manner in basal resistance, effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and regulation of defense gene expression. We define RNL redundancy in ETI conferred by some TNLs and in basal resistance against virulent pathogens. We demonstrate that, in Arabidopsis thaliana, the 2 RNL families contribute specific functions in ETI initiated by specific CNLs and TNLs. Time-resolved whole genome expression profiling revealed that RNLs and “classical” CNLs trigger similar transcriptome changes, suggesting that RNLs act like other CNLs to mediate ETI downstream of sensor NLR activation. Together, our genetic data confirm that RNLs contribute to basal resistance, are fully required for TNL signaling, and can also support defense activation during CNL-mediated ETI. This study shows that two intracellular plant Nod-like immune receptor (NLR-) subfamilies act with unequal redundancy in their roles in plant disease resistance to virulent and avirulent pathogens, in effector-triggered immunity induced gene expression and in immunity-associated cell death. This function is most likely in parallel with, and not downstream of, other canonical intracellular plant immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja C. Saile
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre Jacob
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Baptiste Castel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lance M. Jubic
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Isai Salas-Gonzáles
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marcel Bäcker
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jeffery L. Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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30
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Djami-Tchatchou AT, Harrison GA, Harper CP, Wang R, Prigge MJ, Estelle M, Kunkel BN. Dual Role of Auxin in Regulating Plant Defense and Bacterial Virulence Gene Expression During Pseudomonas syringae PtoDC3000 Pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1059-1071. [PMID: 32407150 PMCID: PMC7810136 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-20-0047-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Modification of host hormone biology is a common strategy used by plant pathogens to promote disease. For example, the bacterial pathogen strain Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 (PtoDC3000) produces the plant hormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) to promote PtoDC3000 growth in plant tissue. Previous studies suggest that auxin may promote PtoDC3000 pathogenesis through multiple mechanisms, including both suppression of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated host defenses and via an unknown mechanism that appears to be independent of SA. To test if host auxin signaling is important during pathogenesis, we took advantage of Arabidopsis thaliana lines impaired in either auxin signaling or perception. We found that disruption of auxin signaling in plants expressing an inducible dominant axr2-1 mutation resulted in decreased bacterial growth and that this phenotype was suppressed by introducing the sid2-2 mutation, which impairs SA synthesis. Thus, host auxin signaling is required for normal susceptibility to PtoDC3000 and is involved in suppressing SA-mediated defenses. Unexpectedly, tir1 afb1 afb4 afb5 quadruple-mutant plants lacking four of the six known auxin coreceptors that exhibit decreased auxin perception, supported increased levels of bacterial growth. This mutant exhibited elevated IAA levels and reduced SA-mediated defenses, providing additional evidence that auxin promotes disease by suppressing host defense. We also investigated the hypothesis that IAA promotes PtoDC3000 virulence through a direct effect on the pathogen and found that IAA modulates expression of virulence genes, both in culture and in planta. Thus, in addition to suppressing host defenses, IAA acts as a microbial signaling molecule that regulates bacterial virulence gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chris P. Harper
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A
| | - Renhou Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, University California San Diego, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Michael J. Prigge
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, University California San Diego, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Mark Estelle
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, University California San Diego, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Barbara N. Kunkel
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A
- Corresponding author: B. N. Kunkel;
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31
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Differential Response of Tomato Plants to the Application of Three Trichoderma Species When Evaluating the Control of Pseudomonas syringae Populations. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050626. [PMID: 32422955 PMCID: PMC7285377 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are well known biocontrol agents that are able to induce responses in the host plants against an array of abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we investigate, when applied to tomato seeds, the potential of Trichoderma strains belonging to three different species, T. parareesei T6, T. asperellum T25, and T. harzianum T34, to control the fully pathogenic strain Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, able to produce the coronatine (COR) toxin, and the COR-deficient strain Pst DC3118 in tomato plants, and the molecular mechanisms by which the plant can modulate its systemic defense. Four-week old tomato plants, seed-inoculated, or not, with a Trichoderma strain, were infected, or not, with a Pst strain, and the changes in the expression of nine marker genes representative of salicylic acid (SA) (ICS1 and PAL5) and jasmonic acid (JA) (TomLoxC) biosynthesis, SA- (PR1b1), JA- (PINII and MYC2) and JA/Ethylene (ET)-dependent (ERF-A2) defense pathways, as well as the abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive gene AREB2 and the respiratory burst oxidase gene LERBOH1, were analyzed at 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with the bacteria. The significant increase obtained for bacterial population sizes in the leaves, disease index, and the upregulation of tomato genes related to SA, JA, ET and ABA in plants inoculated with Pst DC3000 compared with those obtained with Pst DC3118, confirmed the COR role as a virulence factor, and showed that both Pst and COR synergistically activate the JA- and SA-signaling defense responses, at least at 72 hpi. The three Trichoderma strains tested reduced the DC3118 levels to different extents and were able to control disease symptoms at the same rate. However, a minor protection (9.4%) against DC3000 was only achieved with T. asperellum T25. The gene deregulation detected in Trichoderma-treated plus Pst-inoculated tomato plants illustrates the complex system of a phytohormone-mediated signaling network that is affected by the pathogen and Trichoderma applications but also by their interaction. The expression changes for all nine genes analyzed, excepting LERBOH1, as well as the bacterial populations in the leaves were significantly affected by the interaction. Our results show that Trichoderma spp. are not adequate to control the disease caused by fully pathogenic Pst strains in tomato plants.
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32
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Lee M, Jeon HS, Kim SH, Chung JH, Roppolo D, Lee H, Cho HJ, Tobimatsu Y, Ralph J, Park OK. Lignin-based barrier restricts pathogens to the infection site and confers resistance in plants. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101948. [PMID: 31559647 PMCID: PMC6885736 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria invade plant tissues and proliferate in the extracellular space. Plants have evolved the immune system to recognize and limit the growth of pathogens. Despite substantial progress in the study of plant immunity, the mechanism by which plants limit pathogen growth remains unclear. Here, we show that lignin accumulates in Arabidopsis leaves in response to incompatible interactions with bacterial pathogens in a manner dependent on Casparian strip membrane domain protein (CASP)-like proteins (CASPLs). CASPs are known to be the organizers of the lignin-based Casparian strip, which functions as a diffusion barrier in roots. The spread of invading avirulent pathogens is prevented by spatial restriction, which is disturbed by defects in lignin deposition. Moreover, the motility of pathogenic bacteria is negatively affected by lignin accumulation. These results suggest that the lignin-deposited structure functions as a physical barrier similar to the Casparian strip, trapping pathogens and thereby terminating their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seu Ha Kim
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | | | - Daniele Roppolo
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Present address:
European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseaseBaselSwitzerland
| | - Hye‐Jung Lee
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hong Joo Cho
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
- Present address:
Cutigen Research InstituteTegoscience Inc.SeoulKorea
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityUjiKyotoJapan
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, and US Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterThe Wisconsin Energy InstituteUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Ohkmae K Park
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
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33
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Sakata N, Ishiga T, Saito H, Nguyen VT, Ishiga Y. Transposon mutagenesis reveals Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis optimizes its virulence factors for pathogenicity on different hosts. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7698. [PMID: 31579596 PMCID: PMC6756136 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis (Pcal), which causes bacterial blight disease of Brassicaceae, is an economically important pathogen worldwide. To identify Pcal genes involved in pathogenesis, we conducted a screen for 1,040 individual Pcal KB211 Tn5 mutants with reduced virulence on cabbage plants using a dip-inoculation method. We isolated 53 reduced virulence mutants and identified several potential virulence factors involved in Pcal virulence mechanisms such as the type III secretion system, membrane transporters, transcription factors, and amino acid metabolism. Importantly, Pcal is pathogenic on a range of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Therefore, we also carried out the inoculation test on oat plants, which are cultivated after cabbage cultivation as green manure crops. Interestingly among the 53 mutants, 31 mutants also exhibited reduced virulence on oat seedlings, indicating that Pcal optimizes its virulence factors for pathogenicity on different host plants. Our results highlight the importance of revealing the virulence factors for each plant host-bacterial interaction, and will provide new insights into Pcal virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Sakata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takako Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Viet Tru Nguyen
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ishiga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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34
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Ge Y, Lee JH, Liu J, Yang H, Tian Y, Hu B, Zhao Y. Homologues of the RNA binding protein RsmA in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 exhibit distinct binding affinities with non-coding small RNAs and have distinct roles in virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1217-1236. [PMID: 31218814 PMCID: PMC6715622 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PstDC3000) contains five RsmA protein homologues. In this study, four were functionally characterized, with a focus on RsmA2, RsmA3 and RsmA4. RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that RsmA1 and RsmA4 exhibited similar low binding affinities to non-coding small RNAs (ncsRNAs), whereas RsmA2 and RsmA3 exhibited similar, but much higher, binding affinities to ncsRNAs. Our results showed that both RsmA2 and RsmA3 were required for disease symptom development and bacterial growth in planta by significantly affecting virulence gene expression. All four RsmA proteins, especially RsmA2 and RsmA3, influenced γ-amino butyric acid utilization and pyoverdine production to some degree, whereas RsmA2, RsmA3 and RsmA4 influenced protease activities. A single RsmA, RsmA3, played a dominant role in regulating motility. Furthermore, reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR and western blot results showed that RsmA proteins, especially RsmA2 and RsmA3, regulated target genes and possibly other RsmA proteins at both transcriptional and translational levels. These results indicate that RsmA proteins in PstDC3000 exhibit distinct binding affinities to ncsRNAs and have distinct roles in virulence. Our results also suggest that RsmA proteins in PstDC3000 interact with each other, where RsmA2 and RsmA3 play a major role in regulating various functions in a complex manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ge
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095P. R. China
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095P. R. China
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Ho‐wen Yang
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Yanli Tian
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095P. R. China
| | - Baishi Hu
- College of Plant Protection and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and PestsNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095P. R. China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop SciencesUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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35
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Omega hydroxylated JA-Ile is an endogenous bioactive jasmonate that signals through the canonical jasmonate signaling pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158520. [PMID: 31473347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonates are fatty acid derivatives that control several plant processes including growth, development and defense. Despite the chemical diversity of jasmonates, only jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) has been clearly characterized as the endogenous ligand of the jasmonate co-receptors (COI1-JAZs) in higher plants. Currently, it is accepted that ω-hydroxylation of JA-Ile leads to inactivation of the molecule. This study shows that ω-hydroxylated JA-Ile (12-OH-JA-Ile) retains bioactivity and signals through the canonical JA-pathway. The results suggest that 12-OH-JA-Ile differentially activates a subset of JA-Ile co-receptors that may control and/or modulate particular jasmonate dependent responses. It is proposed that after a strong immune response mediated by JA-Ile, the ω-hydroxylated form modulates JA-Ile activated processes thereby improving plant resilience.
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36
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Gimenez-Ibanez S, Zamarreño AM, García-Mina JM, Solano R. An Evolutionarily Ancient Immune System Governs the Interactions between Pseudomonas syringae and an Early-Diverging Land Plant Lineage. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2270-2281.e4. [PMID: 31303486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) is an emerging field bridging the gap between molecular phytopathology and evolutionary studies. EvoMPMI research is currently challenging due to the scarcity of pathogenic model systems in early-diverging land plants. Liverworts are among the earliest diverging land-plant lineages, and Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a liverwort model for evolutionary studies. However, bacterial pathogens of Marchantia have not yet been discovered, and the molecular mechanisms controlling plant-pathogen interactions in this early-diverging land plant remain unknown. Here, we describe a robust experimental plant-bacterial pathosystem for EvoMPMI studies and discover that an ancient immune system governs plant-microbe interactions between M. polymorpha and the hemi-biotrophic pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. We show that P. syringae pv tomato (Pto) DC3000, causal agent of tomato bacterial speck disease, colonizes M. polymorpha and activates typical hallmarks of plant innate immunity. Virulence of Pto DC3000 on M. polymorpha relies on effector activities inside liverwort cells, including conserved AvrPto and AvrPtoB functions. Host specificity analyses uncovered pathogenic differences among P. syringae strains, suggesting that M. polymorpha-P. syringae interactions are controlled by the genetic backgrounds of both host and pathogen. Finally, we show that ancient phytohormone defensive networks govern M. polymorpha-P. syringae interactions. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the basic structure of the plant immune system of extant angiosperms is evolutionarily ancient and conserved in early-diverging land plants. This basic immune system may have been instrumental for land colonization by the common ancestor of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Angel M Zamarreño
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, Navarra 31008, Spain
| | - Jose M García-Mina
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, Navarra 31008, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Madrid 28049, Spain.
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37
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Yan Q, Rogan CJ, Anderson JC. Development of a Pseudomonas syringae- Arabidopsis Suspension Cell Infection System for Investigating Host Metabolite-Dependent Regulation of Type III Secretion and Pattern-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:527-539. [PMID: 30431399 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0295-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The importance of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plant defense has been clearly established through genetic studies of mutants lacking functional pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and signaling components downstream of PRR activation. Despite extensive knowledge of PRR-mediated signaling responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), little is known about which of these responses, if any, are directly responsible for limiting bacterial growth. In this work, we established a protocol for coculturing the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Arabidopsis suspension cells. The system closely mirrors infection processes that occur in leaves, with bacteria relying on the type III secretion system (T3SS) for maximal growth and PAMP-induced plant defenses effectively limiting bacterial growth. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we investigated the molecular basis of PAMP-induced growth inhibition and discovered that T3SS-associated genes are inhibited when DC3000 is cocultured with PAMP-treated plant suspension cells. To determine the underlying mechanism of decreased T3SS gene expression, we performed metabolomics and biochemical analyses of suspension cell exudates and identified 14 metabolites that significantly increased or decreased following PAMP treatment. Citric acid, a known inducer of T3SS gene expression in DC3000, was among several organic acids decreased in exudates from PAMP-treated plant cells. Exogenous addition of citric acid increased T3SS gene expression and partially recovered growth of DC3000 in the presence of PAMP-treated cells, indicating that a portion of PAMP-induced defense in this system is decreased extracellular release of this metabolite. We envision that the well-defined infection conditions of this coculture system will be valuable for quantitative studies of type III effector delivery by P. syringae. Furthermore, this system provides a unique 'top-down' approach to unravel the molecular basis of PTI against P. syringae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Conner J Rogan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey C Anderson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
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Lammertz M, Kuhn H, Pfeilmeier S, Malone J, Zipfel C, Kwaaitaal M, Lin NC, Kvitko BH, Panstruga R. Widely Conserved Attenuation of Plant MAMP-Induced Calcium Influx by Bacteria Depends on Multiple Virulence Factors and May Involve Desensitization of Host Pattern Recognition Receptors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:608-621. [PMID: 30664393 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-18-0291-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Successful pathogens must efficiently defeat or delay host immune responses, including those triggered by release or exposure of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Knowledge of the molecular details leading to this phenomenon in genuine plant-pathogen interactions is still scarce. We took advantage of the well-established Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 pathosystem to explore the molecular prerequisites for the suppression of MAMP-triggered host defense by the bacterial invader. Using a transgenic Arabidopsis line expressing the calcium sensor apoaequorin, we discovered that strain DC3000 colonization results in a complete inhibition of MAMP-induced cytosolic calcium influx, a key event of immediate-early host immune signaling. A range of further plant-associated bacterial species is also able to prevent, either partially or fully, the MAMP-triggered cytosolic calcium pattern. Genetic analysis revealed that this suppressive effect partially relies on the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) but cannot be attributed to individual members of the currently known arsenal of strain DC3000 effector proteins. Although the phytotoxin coronatine and bacterial flagellin individually are dispensable for the effective inhibition of MAMP-induced calcium signatures, they contribute to the attenuation of calcium influx in the absence of the T3SS. Our findings suggest that the capacity to interfere with early plant immune responses is a widespread ability among plant-associated bacteria that, at least in strain DC3000, requires the combinatorial effect of multiple virulence determinants. This may also include the desensitization of host pattern recognition receptors by the prolonged exposure to MAMPs during bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Lammertz
- 1 Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- 1 Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pfeilmeier
- 2 John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- 3 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Jacob Malone
- 2 John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
- 4 University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- 3 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- 1 Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nai-Chun Lin
- 5 Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Brian H Kvitko
- 6 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- 1 Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Zhang L, Paasch BC, Chen J, Day B, He SY. An important role of l-fucose biosynthesis and protein fucosylation genes in Arabidopsis immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:981-994. [PMID: 30552820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants mount coordinated immune responses to defend themselves against pathogens. However, the cellular components required for plant immunity are not fully understood. The jasmonate-mimicking coronatine (COR) toxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 functions to overcome plant immunity. We previously isolated eight Arabidopsis (scord) mutants that exhibit increased susceptibility to a COR-deficient mutant of PstDC3000. Among them, the scord6 mutant exhibits defects both in stomatal closure response and in restricting bacterial multiplication inside the apoplast. However, the identity of SCORD6 remained elusive. In this study, we aim to identify the SCORD6 gene. We identified SCORD6 via next-generation sequencing and found it to be MURUS1 (MUR1), which is involved in the biosynthesis of GDP-l-fucose. Discovery of SCORD6 as MUR1 led to a series of experiments that revealed a multi-faceted role of l-fucose biosynthesis in stomatal and apoplastic defenses as well as in pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity, including glycosylation of pattern-recognition receptors. Furthermore, compromised stomatal and/or apoplastic defenses were observed in mutants of several fucosyltransferases with specific substrates (e.g. O-glycan, N-glycan or the DELLA transcriptional repressors). Collectively, these results uncover a novel and broad role of l-fucose and protein fucosylation in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Bradley C Paasch
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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40
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Ortigosa A, Gimenez‐Ibanez S, Leonhardt N, Solano R. Design of a bacterial speck resistant tomato by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of SlJAZ2. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:665-673. [PMID: 30183125 PMCID: PMC6381780 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to their different lifestyles, effective defence against biotrophic pathogens normally leads to increased susceptibility to necrotrophs, and vice versa. Solving this trade-off is a major challenge for obtaining broad-spectrum resistance in crops and requires uncoupling the antagonism between the jasmonate (JA) and salicylate (SA) defence pathways. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000, the causal agent of tomato bacterial speck disease, produces coronatine (COR) that stimulates stomata opening and facilitates bacterial leaf colonization. In Arabidopsis, stomata response to COR requires the COR co-receptor AtJAZ2, and dominant AtJAZ2Δjas repressors resistant to proteasomal degradation prevent stomatal opening by COR. Here, we report the generation of a tomato variety resistant to the bacterial speck disease caused by PtoDC3000 without compromising resistance to necrotrophs. We identified the functional ortholog of AtJAZ2 in tomato, found that preferentially accumulates in stomata and proved that SlJAZ2 is a major co-receptor of COR in stomatal guard cells. SlJAZ2 was edited using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate dominant JAZ2 repressors lacking the C-terminal Jas domain (SlJAZ2Δjas). SlJAZ2Δjas prevented stomatal reopening by COR and provided resistance to PtoDC3000. Water transpiration rate and resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, causal agent of the tomato gray mold, remained unaltered in Sljaz2Δjas plants. Our results solve the defence trade-off in a crop, by spatially uncoupling the SA-JA hormonal antagonism at the stomata, entry gates of specific microbes such as PtoDC3000. Moreover, our results also constitute a novel CRISPR/Cas-based strategy for crop protection that could be readily implemented in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Ortigosa
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de BiotecnologíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Selena Gimenez‐Ibanez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de BiotecnologíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des PlantesCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies alternatives (CEA) CadaracheCNRS/CEA/Aix‐Marseille UniversitéSaint‐Paul‐lez‐DuranceFrance
| | - Roberto Solano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de BiotecnologíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
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Application of Data-Independent Acquisition Approach to Study the Proteome Change from Early to Later Phases of Tomato Pathogenesis Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040863. [PMID: 30781546 PMCID: PMC6413104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and pathogens are entangled in a continual arms race. Plants have evolved dynamic defence and immune mechanisms to resist infection and enhance immunity for second wave attacks from the same or different types of pathogenic species. In addition to evolutionarily and physiological changes, plant-pathogen interaction is also highly dynamic at the molecular level. Recently, an emerging quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach named data-independent acquisition (DIA), has been developed for the analysis of the proteome in a high-throughput fashion. In this study, the DIA approach was applied to quantitatively trace the change in the plant proteome from the early to the later stage of pathogenesis progression. This study revealed that at the early stage of the pathogenesis response, proteins directly related to the chaperon were regulated for the defence proteins. At the later stage, not only the defence proteins but also a set of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI)-related proteins were highly induced. Our findings show the dynamics of the plant regulation of pathogenesis at the protein level and demonstrate the potential of using the DIA approach for tracing the dynamics of the plant proteome during pathogenesis responses.
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David L, Harmon AC, Chen S. Plant immune responses - from guard cells and local responses to systemic defense against bacterial pathogens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:e1588667. [PMID: 30907231 PMCID: PMC6512940 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1588667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
When plants are infected by pathogens two distinct responses can occur, the early being a local response in the infected area, and later a systemic response in non-infected tissues. Closure of stomata has recently been found to be a local response to bacterial pathogens. Stomata closure is linked to both salicylic acid (SA), an essential hormone in local responses and systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and absisic acid (ABA) a key regulator of drought and other abiotic stresses. SAR reduces the effects of later infections. In this review we discuss recent research elucidating the role of guard cells in local and systemic immune responses, guard cell interactions with abiotic and hormone signals, as well as putative functions and interactions between long-distance SAR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa David
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alice C. Harmon
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute (UFGI), Gainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- CONTACT Sixue Chen Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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43
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Conjugation of antifungal benzoic acid derivatives as a path for detoxification in Penicillium brasilianum, an endophyte from Melia azedarach. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:367-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nakano M, Mukaihara T. Ralstonia solanacearum Type III Effector RipAL Targets Chloroplasts and Induces Jasmonic Acid Production to Suppress Salicylic Acid-Mediated Defense Responses in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2576-2589. [PMID: 30165674 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease of plants. This pathogen injects more than 70 type III effector proteins called Rips (Ralstonia-injected proteins) into plant cells to succeed in infection. One of the Rips, RipAL, contains a putative lipase domain that shared homology with Arabidopsis DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1 (DAD1). RipAL significantly suppressed pattern-triggered immunity in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Subcellular localization analyses suggest that RipAL localizes to chloroplasts and targets chloroplast lipids in plant cells. Notably, the expression of RipAL markedly increased the jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-isoleucine levels, and induced the expressions of JA-signaling marker genes in plant leaves. Simultaneously, RipAL greatly reduced the salicylic acid (SA) level and decreased the expression levels of SA-signaling marker genes. Mutations in two putative catalytic residues in the DAD1-like lipase domain abolished the ability of RipAL to induce JA production and suppress SA signaling. Infection of R. solanacearum also induced JA production and simultaneously decreased the SA level in susceptible pepper leaves in a ripAL-dependent manner. The growth of R. solanacearum enhanced in plants with silenced CaICS1, which encodes the SA synthesis enzyme isochorismate synthase 1. These results indicate that SA signaling is involved in the defense response against R. solanacearum and that R. solanacearum uses RipAL to induce JA production and suppress SA signaling in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Nakano
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mukaihara
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama, Japan
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45
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Li L, Yuan L, Shi Y, Xie X, Chai A, Wang Q, Li B. Comparative genomic analysis of Pseudomonas amygdali pv. lachrymans NM002: Insights into its potential virulence genes and putative invasion determinants. Genomics 2018; 111:1493-1503. [PMID: 30336277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas amygdali pv. lachrymans is currently of important plant pathogenic bacteria that causes cucumber angular leaf spot worldwide. The pathogen has been studied for its roles in pathogenicity and plant inheritance resistance. To further delineate traits critical to virulence, invasion and survival in the phyllosphere, we reported the first complete genome of P. amygdali pv. lachrymans NM002. Analysis of the whole genome in comparison with three closely-related representative pathovars of P. syringae identified the conservation of virulence genes, including flagella and chemotaxis, quorum-sensing systems, two-component systems, and lipopolysaccharide and antiphagocytosis. It also revealed differences of invasion determinants, such as type III effectors, phytotoxin (coronatine, syringomycin and phaseolotoxin) and cell wall-degrading enzyme, which may contribute to infectivity. The aim of this study was to derive genomic information that would reveal the probable molecular mechanisms underlying the virulence, infectivity and provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the P. syringae pathovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lifang Yuan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuewen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ali Chai
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoju Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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46
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Santamaría-Hernando S, Rodríguez-Herva JJ, Martínez-García PM, Río-Álvarez I, González-Melendi P, Zamorano J, Tapia C, Rodríguez-Palenzuela P, López-Solanilla E. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato exploits light signals to optimize virulence and colonization of leaves. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4261-4280. [PMID: 30058114 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light is pervasive in the leaf environment, creating opportunities for both plants and pathogens to cue into light as a signal to regulate plant-microbe interactions. Light enhances plant defences and regulates opening of stomata, an entry point for foliar bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (PsPto). The effect of light perception on gene expression and virulence was investigated in PsPto. Light induced genetic reprogramming in PsPto that entailed significant changes in stress tolerance and virulence. Blue light-mediated up-regulation of type three secretion system genes and red light-mediated down-regulation of coronatine biosynthesis genes. Cells exposed to white light, blue light or darkness before inoculation were more virulent when inoculated at dawn than dusk probably due to an enhanced entry through open stomata. Exposure to red light repressed coronatine biosynthesis genes which could lead to a reduced stomatal re-opening and PsPto entry. Photoreceptor were required for the greater virulence of light-treated and dark-treated PsPto inoculated at dawn as compared to dusk, indicating that these proteins sense the absence of light and contribute to priming of virulence in the dark. These results support a model in which PsPto exploits light changes to maximize survival, entry and virulence on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Santamaría-Hernando
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Rodríguez-Herva
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro M Martínez-García
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Río-Álvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Zamorano
- Departamento de Astrofísica y CC. de la Atmósfera, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Tapia
- Departamento de Astrofísica y CC. de la Atmósfera, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Palenzuela
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia López-Solanilla
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Wei H, Collmer A. Defining essential processes in plant pathogenesis with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 disarmed polymutants and a subset of key type III effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1779-1794. [PMID: 29277959 PMCID: PMC6638048 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and its derivatives cause disease in tomato, Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. The primary virulence factors include a repertoire of 29 effector proteins injected into plant cells by the type III secretion system and the phytotoxin coronatine. The complete repertoire of effector genes and key coronatine biosynthesis genes have been progressively deleted and minimally reassembled to reconstitute basic pathogenic ability in N. benthamiana, and in Arabidopsis plants that have mutations in target genes that mimic effector actions. This approach and molecular studies of effector activities and plant immune system targets have highlighted a small subset of effectors that contribute to essential processes in pathogenesis. Most notably, HopM1 and AvrE1 redundantly promote an aqueous apoplastic environment, and AvrPtoB and AvrPto redundantly block early immune responses, two conditions that are sufficient for substantial bacterial growth in planta. In addition, disarmed DC3000 polymutants have been used to identify the individual effectors responsible for specific activities of the complete repertoire and to more effectively study effector domains, effector interplay and effector actions on host targets. Such work has revealed that AvrPtoB suppresses cell death elicitation in N. benthamiana that is triggered by another effector in the DC3000 repertoire, highlighting an important aspect of effector interplay in native repertoires. Disarmed DC3000 polymutants support the natural delivery of test effectors and infection readouts that more accurately reveal effector functions in key pathogenesis processes, and enable the identification of effectors with similar activities from a broad range of other pathogens that also defeat plants with cytoplasmic effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Lei Wei
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceSection of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Alan Collmer
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceSection of Plant Pathology and Plant–Microbe Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
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48
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Izquierdo Y, Kulasekaran S, Benito P, López B, Marcos R, Cascón T, Hamberg M, Castresana C. Arabidopsis nonresponding to oxylipins locus NOXY7 encodes a yeast GCN1 homolog that mediates noncanonical translation regulation and stress adaptation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1438-1452. [PMID: 29499090 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress adaptation and translational regulation was studied using noxy7 (nonresponding to oxylipins7) from a series of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants. We identified the noxy7 mutation in At1g64790, which encodes a homolog of the yeast translational regulator General Control Nonderepressible1 (GCN1) that activates the GCN2 kinase; GCN2 in turn phosphorylates the α subunit of the translation initiation factor eIF2. This regulatory circuit is conserved in yeast and mammals, in which phosphorylated eIF2α (P-eIF2α) facilitates stress adaptation by inhibiting protein synthesis. In phenotypic and de novo protein synthesis studies with Arabidopsis mutants, we found that NOXY7/GCN1 and GCN2 mediate P-eIF2α formation and adaptation to amino acid deprivation; however, P-eIF2α formation is not linked to general protein synthesis arrest. Additional evidence suggested that NOXY7/GCN1 but not GCN2 regulates adaptation to mitochondrial dysfunction, high boron concentration, and activation of plant immunity to infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst). In these responses, NOXY7/GCN1 acts with GCN20 to regulate translation in a noncanonical pathway independently of GCN2 and P-eIF2α. These results show the lesser functional relevance of GCN2 and P-eIF2α in plants relative to other eukaryotes and highlight the prominent role of NOXY7/GCN1 and GCN20 in regulation of translation and stress adaptation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovanny Izquierdo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Satish Kulasekaran
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbett Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Pablo Benito
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Bran López
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Ruth Marcos
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Tomás Cascón
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, S-171 77, Sweden
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Cantoblanco, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
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49
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Yekondi S, Liang FC, Okuma E, Radziejwoski A, Mai HW, Swain S, Singh P, Gauthier M, Chien HC, Murata Y, Zimmerli L. Nonredundant functions of Arabidopsis LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 in controlling stomatal immunity and jasmonate-mediated stomatal closure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:253-268. [PMID: 29250804 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal immunity restricts bacterial entry to leaves through the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and downstream abscisic acid and salicylic acid signaling. Through a reverse genetics approach, we characterized the function of the L-type lectin receptor kinase-V.2 (LecRK-V.2) and -VII.1 (LecRK-VII.1). Analyses of interactions with the PRR FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) were performed by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation and whole-cell patch-clamp analyses were used to evaluate guard cell Ca2+ -permeable cation channels. The Arabidopsis thaliana LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 and notably their kinase activities were required for full activation of stomatal immunity. Knockout lecrk-V.2 and lecrk-VII.1 mutants were hyper-susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae infection and showed defective stomatal closure in response to bacteria or to the MAMPs flagellin and EF-Tu. By contrast, Arabidopsis over-expressing LecRK-V.2 or LecRK-VII.1 demonstrated a potentiated stomatal immunity. LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 are shown to be part of the FLS2 PRR complex. In addition, LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 were critical for methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-mediated stomatal closure, notably for MeJA-induced activation of guard cell Ca2+ -permeable cation channels. This study highlights the role of LecRK-V.2 and LecRK-VII.1 in stomatal immunity at the FLS2 PRR complex and in MeJA-mediated stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Yekondi
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chun Liang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Amandine Radziejwoski
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Wei Mai
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Swadhin Swain
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Mathieu Gauthier
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chiao Chien
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Chakravarthy S, Worley JN, Montes‐Rodriguez A, Collmer A. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 polymutants deploying coronatine and two type III effectors produce quantifiable chlorotic spots from individual bacterial colonies in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:935-947. [PMID: 28677296 PMCID: PMC6637995 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Primary virulence factors of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 include the phytotoxin coronatine (COR) and a repertoire of 29 effector proteins injected into plant cells by the type III secretion system (T3SS). DC3000 derivatives differentially producing COR, the T3SS machinery and subsets of key effectors were constructed and assayed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Bacteria were inoculated by the dipping of whole plants and assayed for population growth and the production of chlorotic spots on leaves. The strains fell into three classes. Class I strains are T3SS+ but functionally effectorless, grow poorly in planta and produce faint chlorotic spots only if COR+ . Class II strains are T3SS- or, if T3SS+ , also produce effectors AvrPtoB and HopM1. Class II strains grow better than class I strains in planta and, if COR+ , produce robust chlorotic spots. Class III strains are T3SS+ and minimally produce AvrPtoB, HopM1 and three other effectors encoded in the P. syringae conserved effector locus. These strains differ from class II strains in growing better in planta, and produce chlorotic spots without COR if the precursor coronafacic acid is produced. Assays for chlorotic spot formation, in conjunction with pressure infiltration of low-level inoculum and confocal microscopy of fluorescent protein-labelled bacteria, revealed that single bacteria in the apoplast are capable of producing colonies and associated leaf spots in a 1 : 1 : 1 manner. However, COR makes no significant contribution to the bacterial colonization of the apoplast, but, instead, enables a gratuitous, semi-quantitative, surface indicator of bacterial growth, which is determined by the strain's effector composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma Chakravarthy
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
- Present address:
University of Maryland and Food and Drug Administration Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied NutritionCollege ParkMD 20742USA
| | - Jay N. Worley
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
- Present address:
United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Section of Biotechnology Regulatory ServicesRiverdaleMD 20737USA
| | - Adriana Montes‐Rodriguez
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
- Present address:
Department of Cell BiologyFriedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐NurembergBavariaGermany
| | - Alan Collmer
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant‐Microbe BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY 14853USA
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