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Yang D, Du C, Zhang J, Pan L, Wei S, Jiang S, Li C, San CC, Huy ND, Ye Y, Fu G. Validation and Application of a Molecular Detection System for Fusarium Wilt of Banana in China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3687-3692. [PMID: 37340555 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-23-0618-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of banana is a devastating disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). It has restricted the development of the banana industry worldwide and is particularly serious in China because of the large planting areas and special planting patterns. However, there is no rapid and accurate approach to detect the Foc strains that specifically occur in China because of the rich genetic diversity observed in this pathosystem. In this study, we evaluated the performance of 10 previously published PCR primer pairs on 103 representative Foc strains in China and neighboring countries and screened out a set of primers (Foc-specific primer pair SIX9-Foc-F/R, Foc R1-specific primer pair SIX6b-210-F/R, Foc R4-specific primer pair Foc-1/2, and Foc TR4-specific primer pair W2987F/R) suitable for the detection of Foc strains in China and the surrounding Southeast Asian countries. Moreover, we developed a molecular detection system to accurately identify the different physiological races of Foc. The findings of this study provide technical support for preventing and controlling the spread of Fusarium wilt of banana in the field in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning 530007, P.R. China
| | - Chanjuan Du
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning 530007, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning 530007, P.R. China
| | - Lianfu Pan
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning 530007, P.R. China
| | - Shaolong Wei
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning 530007, P.R. China
| | - Shangbo Jiang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning 530007, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Cho Cho San
- Plant Pathology Research Section, Department of Agricultural Research, Naypyitaw 15013, Myanmar
| | - Nguyen Duc Huy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam
| | - Yunfeng Ye
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, P.R. China
| | - Gang Fu
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Nanning 530007, P.R. China
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Queiroz CA, Caniato FF, Siqueira VKS, de Moraes Catarino A, Hanada RE, O'Donnell K, Laraba I, Rehner SA, Sousa NR, Silva GF. Population Genetic Analysis of Fusarium decemcellulare, a Guaraná Pathogen, Reveals High Genetic Diversity in the Amazonas State, Brazil. PLANT DISEASE 2023:PDIS01220083RE. [PMID: 36350732 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0083-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Guaraná is indigenous to the Brazilian Amazon where it has cultural and agroeconomic significance. However, its cultivation is constrained by a disease termed oversprouting of guaraná caused by Fusarium decemcellulare, with yield losses reaching as high as 100%. The disease can affect different parts of the plant, causing floral hypertrophy and hyperplasia, stem galls, and oversprouting of vegetative buds. To date, no study has been conducted characterizing the genetic diversity and population structure of this pathogen. Here, we report genetic diversity and genetic structure among 224 isolates from eight guaraná production areas of Amazonas State, Brazil, that were genotyped using a set of 10 inter-simple-sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Despite moderate gene diversity (Hexp = 0.21 to 0.32), genotypic diversity was at or near maximum (223 multilocus genotypes among 224 isolates). Population genetic analysis of the 10 ISSR marker fragments with STRUCTURE software identified two populations designated C1 and C2 within the F. decemcellulare collection from the eight sites. Likewise, UPGMA hierarchical clustering and discriminant analysis of principal components of the strains from guaraná resolved these same two groups. Analysis of molecular variance demonstrated that 71% of genetic diversity occurred within the C1 and C2 populations. A pairwise comparison of sampling sites for both genetic populations revealed that 59 of 66 were differentiated from one another (P < 0.05), and high and significant gene flow was detected only between sampling sites assigned to the same genetic population. The presence of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 strains, in conjunction with the high genotypic diversity and no significant linkage disequilibrium, suggests that each population of F. decemcellulare might be undergoing sexual reproduction. Isolation by distance was not observed (R2 = 0.02885, P > 0.05), which suggests that human-mediated movement of seedlings may have played a role in shaping the F. decemcellulare genetic structure in Amazonas State, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Queiroz
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Caniato
- Departamento de Ciências Fundamentais e Desenvolvimento Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Kerry O'Donnell
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Imane Laraba
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Stephen A Rehner
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
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Induced resistance to Fusarium wilt of banana caused by Tropical Race 4 in Cavendish cv Grand Naine bananas after challenging with avirulent Fusarium spp. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273335. [PMID: 36129882 PMCID: PMC9491598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last century, Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) destroyed the banana cultivar Gros Michel. The Cavendish cultivars saved the global banana industry, and currently they dominate global production (~50%) and the export trade (~95%). However, a new strain called Tropical Race 4 (TR4) surfaced in the late 1960’s, spread globally and greatly damages Cavendish plantations as well as manifold local varieties that are primarily grown by small holders. Presently, there is no commercially available replacement for Cavendish and hence control strategies must be developed and implemented to manage FWB. Here, we studied whether it is possible to induce resistance to TR4 by pre-inoculations with different Fusarium spp. Only pre-treatments with an avirulent Race 1 strain significantly reduced disease development of TR4 in a Cavendish genotype and this effect was stable at various nutritional and pH conditions. We then used transcriptome analysis to study the molecular basis of this response. Several genes involved in plant defence responses were up-regulated during the initial stages of individual infections with TR4 and Race 1, as well as in combined treatments. In addition, a number of genes in the ethylene and jasmonate response pathways as well as several gibberellin synthesis associated genes were induced. We observed upregulation of RGA2 like genes in all treatments. Hence, RGA2 could be a key factor involved in both R1 and TR4 resistance. The data support the hypothesis that activating resistance to Race 1 in Cavendish bananas affects TR4 development and provide a first insight of gene expression during the interaction between various Fusarium spp. and banana.
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Bioprospection of l-asparaginase producing microorganisms and cloning of the l-asparaginase type II gene from a Pseudomonas putida species group isolate. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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A Polyphasic Approach Reveals Novel Genotypes and Updates the Genetic Structure of the Banana Fusarium Wilt Pathogen. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020269. [PMID: 35208723 PMCID: PMC8876670 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is a soil-borne fungus that causes Fusarium wilt, a destructive plant disease that has resulted in devastating economic losses to banana production worldwide. The fungus has a complex evolutionary history and taxonomic repute and consists of three pathogenic races and at least 24 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Surveys conducted in Asia, Africa, the Sultanate of Oman and Mauritius encountered isolates of F. oxysporum pathogenic to banana that were not compatible to any of the known Foc VCGs. Genetic relatedness between the undescribed and known Foc VCGs were determined using a multi-gene phylogeny and diversity array technology (DArT) sequencing. The presence of putative effector genes, the secreted in xylem (SIX) genes, were also determined. Fourteen novel Foc VCGs and 17 single-member VCGs were identified. The multi-gene tree was congruent with the DArT-seq phylogeny and divided the novel VCGs into three clades. Clustering analysis of the DArT-seq data supported the separation of Foc isolates into eight distinct clusters, with the suite of SIX genes mostly conserved within these clusters. Results from this study indicates that Foc is more diverse than hitherto assumed.
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McTaggart AR, James TY, Shivas RG, Drenth A, Wingfield BD, Summerell BA, Duong TA. Population genomics reveals historical and ongoing recombination in the Fusarium oxysporum species complex. Stud Mycol 2022; 99:100132. [PMID: 35027981 PMCID: PMC8693468 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) is a group of closely related plant pathogens long-considered strictly clonal, as sexual stages have never been recorded. Several studies have questioned whether recombination occurs in FOSC, and if it occurs its nature and frequency are unknown. We analysed 410 assembled genomes to answer whether FOSC diversified by occasional sexual reproduction interspersed with numerous cycles of asexual reproduction akin to a model of predominant clonal evolution (PCE). We tested the hypothesis that sexual reproduction occurred in the evolutionary history of FOSC by examining the distribution of idiomorphs at the mating locus, phylogenetic conflict and independent measures of recombination from genome-wide SNPs and genes. A phylogenomic dataset of 40 single copy orthologs was used to define structure a priori within FOSC based on genealogical concordance. Recombination within FOSC was tested using the pairwise homoplasy index and divergence ages were estimated by molecular dating. We called SNPs from assembled genomes using a k-mer approach and tested for significant linkage disequilibrium as an indication of PCE. We clone-corrected and tested whether SNPs were randomly associated as an indication of recombination. Our analyses provide evidence for sexual or parasexual reproduction within, but not between, clades of FOSC that diversified from a most recent common ancestor about 500 000 years ago. There was no evidence of substructure based on geography or host that might indicate how clades diversified. Competing evolutionary hypotheses for FOSC are discussed in the context of our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R McTaggart
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - T Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - R G Shivas
- Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia
| | - A Drenth
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - B D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - B A Summerell
- Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia
| | - T A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Tree Protection Co-operative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Migheli Q, Vloutoglou I, Maiorano A, Streissl F, Reignault PL. Pest categorisation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07092. [PMID: 35079290 PMCID: PMC8780018 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), an ascomycete fungus causing Fusarium wilt (Panama disease) on Musa spp. Foc TR4 is pathogenic to the commercial banana varieties including those of the 'Cavendish' group and is considered as the most destructive among Foc haplotypes. Uncertainty exists on the host range of Foc TR4, since it has not been demonstrated whether it can infect plant species other than Musa spp., which were previously reported as hosts of other Foc races. Foc TR4 is morphologically and physiologically identical to other representatives of the Fusarium oxysporum Species Complex (FOSC), but all Foc TR4 isolates belong to a single clonal lineage within the vegetative compatibility groups 01213-01216. Several PCR protocols are described in the literature, but their specificity has been questioned as they may generate false positives. The pathogen is not included in EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072 and is not reported as present in the EU territory. Several potential entry pathways and means of spread were identified, including host plants for planting other than vitroplants, fresh fruits and leaves of host plants, soil and other substrates originating in infested third countries. Host availability and climate suitability occurring in some areas of the EU are favourable for the establishment of Foc TR4. Being a soil-borne pathogen, eradication of Foc TR4 once it enters a new area is very difficult. Therefore, effective quarantine measures are essential in pathogen-free areas. Although not specifically targeting against Foc TR4, phytosanitary measures are currently available to prevent the introduction of the pathogen into the EU. Considering that banana-growing EU countries account for over 12% of the EU banana supply, it is expected that the economic impact of Foc TR4 on the European banana production areas would be devastating. Foc TR4 satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this pathogen to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.
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Torres Bedoya E, Bebber DP, Studholme DJ. Taxonomic Revision of the Banana Fusarium Wilt TR4 Pathogen Is Premature. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2141-2145. [PMID: 34100303 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0089-le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Taxonomic revisions for pathogens of crops should be based on robust underpinning evidence. Recently, a substantial revision was proposed for the taxonomy of the causative agent of Fusarium wilt on banana. We reanalyzed the data on which this revision was based and discovered that the data do not robustly support the proposals. Several apparent discrepancies and errors in the published phylogenies cast further doubt on the conclusions drawn from them. Although we do not assert that the authors' conclusions are incorrect, we posit that the taxonomic changes are premature, given the data currently in the public domain.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel P Bebber
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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Raman T, Edwin Raj E, Muthukathan G, Loganathan M, Periyasamy P, Natesh M, Manivasakan P, Kotteeswaran S, Rajendran S, Subbaraya U. Comparative Whole-Genome Sequence Analyses of Fusarium Wilt Pathogen ( Foc R1, STR4 and TR4) Infecting Cavendish (AAA) Bananas in India, with a Special Emphasis on Pathogenicity Mechanisms. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090717. [PMID: 34575755 PMCID: PMC8469521 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) and is the most serious disease affecting bananas (Musa spp.). The fungus is classified into Foc race 1 (R1), Foc race 2, and Foc race 4 based on host specificity. As the rate of spread and the ranges of the devastation of the Foc races exceed the centre of the banana’s origin, even in non-targeted cultivars, there is a possibility of variation in virulence-associated genes. Therefore, the present study investigates the genome assembly of Foc races that infect the Cavendish (AAA) banana group in India, specifically those of the vegetative compatibility group (VCG) 0124 (race 1), 0120 (subtropical race 4), and 01213/16 (tropical race 4). While comparing the general features of the genome sequences (e.g., RNAs, GO, SNPs, and InDels), the study also looked at transposable elements, phylogenetic relationships, and virulence-associated effector genes, and sought insights into race-specific molecular mechanisms of infection based on the presence of unique genes. The results of the analyses revealed variations in the organisation of genome assembly and virulence-associated genes, specifically secreted in xylem (SIX) genes, when compared to their respective reference genomes. The findings contributed to a better understanding of Indian Foc genomes, which will aid in the development of effective Fusarium wilt management techniques for various Foc VCGs in India and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavelu Raman
- Plant Pathology Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620102, India; (E.E.R.); (G.M.); (M.L.); (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Esack Edwin Raj
- Plant Pathology Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620102, India; (E.E.R.); (G.M.); (M.L.); (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
- Research and Development Division, MIRO Forestry SL Ltd., Mile 91, Tonkolili District, Northern Provenance P.O. Box GP20200, Sierra Leone
| | - Gopi Muthukathan
- Plant Pathology Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620102, India; (E.E.R.); (G.M.); (M.L.); (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
| | - Murugan Loganathan
- Plant Pathology Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620102, India; (E.E.R.); (G.M.); (M.L.); (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
| | - Pushpakanth Periyasamy
- Plant Pathology Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620102, India; (E.E.R.); (G.M.); (M.L.); (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
| | - Marimuthu Natesh
- Plant Pathology Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620102, India; (E.E.R.); (G.M.); (M.L.); (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
| | - Prabaharan Manivasakan
- Plant Pathology Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620102, India; (E.E.R.); (G.M.); (M.L.); (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
| | - Sharmila Kotteeswaran
- Plant Pathology Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620102, India; (E.E.R.); (G.M.); (M.L.); (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
| | - Sasikala Rajendran
- Plant Pathology Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620102, India; (E.E.R.); (G.M.); (M.L.); (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
| | - Uma Subbaraya
- Plant Pathology Division, ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620102, India; (E.E.R.); (G.M.); (M.L.); (P.P.); (M.N.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (S.R.); (U.S.)
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Faria CB, de Castro FF, Martim DB, Abe CAL, Prates KV, de Oliveira MAS, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Production of Galactose Oxidase Inside the Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex and Recombinant Expression and Characterization of the Galactose Oxidase GaoA Protein from Fusarium subglutinans. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 61:633-649. [PMID: 31177409 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Galactose oxidase catalyzes a two-electron oxidation, mainly from the C6 hydroxyl group of D-galactose, with the concomitant reduction of water to hydrogen peroxide. This enzyme is secreted by Fusarium species and has several biotechnological applications. In this study, a screening of galactose oxidase production among species of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex demonstrated Fusarium subglutinans to be the main producer. The truncated F. subglutinans gaoA gene coding for the mature galactose oxidase was expressed from the prokaryotic vector pTrcHis2B in the E. coli Rosetta™ (DE3) strain. The purified recombinant enzyme presented temperature and pH optima of 30 °C and 7.0, respectively, KM of 132.6 ± 18.18 mM, Vmax of 3.2 ± 0.18 µmol of H2O2/min, kcat of 12,243 s-1, and a catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of 9.2 × 104 M-1 s-1. In the presence of 50% glycerol, the enzyme showed a T50 of 59.77 °C and was stable for several hours at pH 8.0 and 4 °C. Besides D-(+)-galactose, the purified enzyme also acted against D-(+)-raffinose, α-D-(+)-melibiose, and methyl-α-D-galactopyranoside, and was strongly inhibited by SDS. Although the F. subglutinans gaoA gene was successfully expressed in E. coli, its endogenous transcription was not confirmed by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bertechini Faria
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Fausto Fernandes de Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Damaris Batistão Martim
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Agnes Lumi Abe
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Kelly Valério Prates
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ione Parra Barbosa-Tessmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil.
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Gostinčar C, Turk M, Zajc J, Gunde‐Cimerman N. Fifty Aureobasidium pullulans genomes reveal a recombining polyextremotolerant generalist. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3638-3652. [PMID: 31112354 PMCID: PMC6852026 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans is a textbook example of a generalistic and ubiquitous fungus thriving in a wide variety of environments. To investigate whether A. pullulans is a true generalist, or alternatively, whether part of its versatility can be attributed to intraspecific specialization masked by cryptic diversification undetectable by traditional phylogenetic analyses, we sequenced and analysed the genomes of 50 strains of A. pullulans from different habitats and geographic locations. No population structure was observed in the sequenced strains. Decay of linkage disequilibrium over shorter physical distances (<100 bp) than in many sexually reproducing fungi indicates a high level of recombination in the species. A homothallic mating locus was found in all of the sequenced genomes. Aureobasidium pullulans appears to have a homogeneous population genetics structure, which is best explained by good dispersal and high levels of recombination. This means that A. pullulans is a true generalist that can inhabit different habitats without substantial specialization to any of these habitats at the genomic level. Furthermore, in the future, the high level of A. pullulans recombination can be exploited for the identification of genomic loci that are involved in the many biotechnologically useful traits of this black yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI‐1000LjubljanaSlovenia
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI‐QingdaoQingdao 266555China
| | - Martina Turk
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI‐1000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Janja Zajc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI‐1000LjubljanaSlovenia
- National Institute of BiologyVečna pot 111, SI‐1000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Nina Gunde‐Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI‐1000LjubljanaSlovenia
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Gostinčar C, Sun X, Zajc J, Fang C, Hou Y, Luo Y, Gunde-Cimerman N, Song Z. Population Genomics of an Obligately Halophilic Basidiomycete Wallemia ichthyophaga. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2019. [PMID: 31551960 PMCID: PMC6738226 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wallemia ichthyophaga is a highly specialized basidiomycetous fungus. It is one of the most halophilic fungi ever described, only able to grow at low water activity. This specialization is thought to explain why it is only rarely isolated from nature. Results Genomes of 21 W. ichthyophaga strains were sequenced with PE150 reads on BGISEQ500 platform. The genomes shared high similarity with the reference genome of the species, they were all smaller than 10 Mbp and had a low number of predicted genes. Groups of strains isolated in the same location encompassed clones as well as very divergent strains. There was little concordance between phylogenies of predicted genes. Linkage disequilibrium of pairs of polymorphic loci decayed relatively quickly as a function of distance between the loci (LD decay distance 1270 bp). For the first time a putative mating-type locus was identified in the genomes of W. ichthyophaga. Conclusion Based on the comparison of W. ichthyophaga genomes it appears that some phylogenetic lineages of the species can persist in the same location over at least several years. Apart from this, the differences between the strains do not reflect the isolation habitat or geographic location. Together with results supporting the existence of (sexual) recombination in W. ichthyophaga, the presented results indicate that strains of W. ichthyophaga can form a single recombining population even between different habitats and over large geographical distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cene Gostinčar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohuan Sun
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Janja Zajc
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chao Fang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Hou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zewei Song
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Magdama F, Monserrate-Maggi L, Serrano L, Sosa D, Geiser DM, Jiménez-Gasco MDM. Comparative analysis uncovers the limitations of current molecular detection methods for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 strains. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222727. [PMID: 31545825 PMCID: PMC6756539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4) is threatening banana production worldwide. Despite quarantine efforts, the pathogen continues to spread; thus, early diagnosis plays an essential role for the proper execution of contingency plans. Here, we assess the accuracy of four PCR-based molecular methods described in the literature for the identification and detection of race 4 strains, including Subtropical (Foc STR4) and Tropical Race 4 causing Fusarium wilt of banana. We screened a total of 302 isolates using these four markers, and performed phylogenetic analyses, Vegetative Compatibility Group (VCG) testing, sequence comparison, and pathogenicity tests for selected isolates. Our results show that three out of the four markers tested are not reliable for identification of Foc STR4 and TR4, as DNA from isolates from Ecuador, pathogenic and nonpathogenic to banana, obtained from different banana cultivars, displayed cross-reaction with these methods; that is, false positives can occur during the diagnostic process for race 4. Phylogenetic analyses, VCG testing, sequence comparison, and pathogenicity tests suggest the presence of non-target F. oxysporum isolates that share genomic regions with pathogenic strains but lack true pathogenicity to banana. The findings of this work are of foremost importance for international regulatory agencies performing surveillance tests in pathogen-free areas using the current diagnostic methods. We suggest the use of a genetic locus possibly related to virulence, previously identified by T-DNA, and amplified with primers W2987F/ W2987R, for diagnosis of Foc TR4 as the most reliable alternative. We urge the adoption of a more holistic view in the study of F. oxysporum as a plant pathogen that considers the biology and diversity of the species for the development of better diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Magdama
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Lorena Monserrate-Maggi
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Lizette Serrano
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Daynet Sosa
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas del Ecuador, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - David M. Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - María del Mar Jiménez-Gasco
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Petkar A, Harris-Shultz K, Wang H, Brewer MT, Sumabat L, Ji P. Genetic and phenotypic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum populations from watermelon in the southeastern United States. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219821. [PMID: 31318912 PMCID: PMC6638948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON), occurs worldwide and is responsible for substantial yield losses in watermelon-producing areas of the southeastern United States. Management of this disease largely relies on the use of integrated pest management (i.e., fungicides, resistant cultivars, crop rotation, etc.). Knowledge about race structure and genetic diversity of FON in the southeastern US is limited. To determine genetic diversity of the pathogen, FON isolates were collected from symptomatic watermelon plants in commercial fields in Georgia and Florida, USA, and identified based on morphological characteristics and PCR analysis using FON-specific primers. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) of 99 isolates genotyped with 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers grouped the isolates in eight distinct clusters with two prominent clusters (clusters 1 and 8). Cluster 1 consisted of a total of 14 isolates, out of which 85.7% of the isolates were collected in Florida. However, most of the isolates (92.4%) in cluster 8 were collected in Georgia. Both DAPC and pairwise population differentiation analysis (ФPT) revealed that the genetic groups were closely associated with geographical locations of pathogen collection. Three races of FON (races 0, 2 and 3) were identified in the phenotypic analysis; with race 3 identified for the first time in Georgia. Overall, 5.1%, 38.9% and 55.9% of the isolates were identified as race 0, race 2 and race 3, respectively. The majority of the isolates in cluster 1 and cluster 8 belonged to either race 2 (35.6%) or race 3 (45.8%). Additionally, no relationship between genetic cluster assignment and races of the isolates was observed. The information obtained on genotypic and phenotypic diversity of FON in the southeastern US will help in development of effective disease management programs to combat Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Petkar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karen Harris-Shultz
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hongliang Wang
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marin Talbot Brewer
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Leilani Sumabat
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pingsheng Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Tessmann DJ, Charudattan R, Kistler HC, Rosskopf EN. A molecular characterization of Cercospora species pathogenic to water hyacinth and emendation of C. piaropi. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2001.12063164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dauri J. Tessmann
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, 1453 Fifield Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0680
| | - Raghavan Charudattan
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, 1453 Fifield Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0680
| | - H. Corby Kistler
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Disease Laboratory, Plant Pathology Department, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Erin N. Rosskopf
- USDA-ARS, Horticultural Research Unit, 2001 S. Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, Florida 34945
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16
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Hiremani NS, Dubey SC. Phylogenetic relationship among Indian population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis infecting lentil and development of specific SCAR markers for detection. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:196. [PMID: 31065496 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was taken up to understand the phylogenetic relationship using ITS and TEF markers among 22 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis (Fol) causing lentil wilt belonging to eight races isolated from different geographic locations of India and to develop specific markers for its detection. The nucleotide sequences of ITS region varied from 490 to 560 bp whereas, 670-725 bp for TEF 1α. The phylogeny analysis revealed that the isolates were more than 98% similar based on the neighbour joining analysis and were grouped into two major clusters in both ITS and TEF. The first major cluster of ITS had twenty isolates whereas for TEF, there were 15 isolates. Two sets of SCAR markers MS1 (162 bp) and MS2 (125 bp) were designed and synthesised. These markers were used against race representative Fol isolates for amplification. While, MS 1 marker was able to detect the genomic DNA up to 0.1 ng, MS 2 could detect the Fol genomic DNA up to 0.05 ng. The specificity of these two markers to detect Fol and their inability to amplify most common lentil pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, R. bataticola, Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sclerotiarum, and Aschochyta rabiei) makes them a reliable tool for detection. The phylogenetic analysis is helpful in the understanding of variability in Fol populations and the SCAR markers help in rapid and reliable detection of an important pathogen of lentil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakanth S Hiremani
- 1Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
- 2Present Address: Division of Crop Protection, ICAR- Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, 440010 India
| | - Sunil C Dubey
- 1Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
- 3Present Address: Division of Plant Quarantine, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110012 India
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17
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Maryani N, Lombard L, Poerba Y, Subandiyah S, Crous P, Kema G. Phylogeny and genetic diversity of the banana Fusarium wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in the Indonesian centre of origin. Stud Mycol 2019; 92:155-194. [PMID: 30122796 PMCID: PMC6086327 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt or Panama disease on banana, is one of the major constraints in banana production worldwide. Indonesia is the centre of origin for wild and cultivated bananas, which likely co-evolved with Foc. This study explored the widest possible genetic diversity of Foc by sampling across Indonesia at 34 geographically and environmentally different locations in 15 provinces at six islands. This resulted in a comprehensive collection of ∼200 isolates from 40 different local banana varieties. Isolates were identified and assessed using sequence analysis of the translation elongation factor-1alpha (tef1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb1), and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2). Phylogenetic analyses of these genes allowed the identification of 180 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), and 20 isolates of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC), the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), and the Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSSC). Further analyses, incorporating a worldwide collection of Foc strains, revealed nine independent genetic lineages for Foc, and one novel clade in the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC). Selected isolates from each lineage were tested on the banana varieties Gros Michel and Cavendish to characterise their pathogenicity profiles. More than 65 % of the isolates were diagnosed as Tropical Race 4 (Foc-TR4) due to their pathogenicity to Cavendish banana, which supports the hypothesis that Foc-TR4 is of Indonesian origin. Nine independent genetic lineages for Foc are formally described in this study. This biodiversity has not been studied since the initial description of Foc in 1919. This study provides a detailed overview of the complexity of Fusarium wilt on banana and its diversity and distribution across Indonesia.
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Key Words
- 11 New taxa
- F. duoseptatum N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- F. grosmichelii N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- F. hexaseptatum N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- F. kalimantanense N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- F. odoratissimum N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- F. phialophorum N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- F. purpurascens N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- F. sangayamense N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- F. tardichlamydosporum N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- F. tardicrescens N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- Fusarium cugenangense N. Maryani, L. Lombard, Kema & Crous
- Morphology
- New species
- Panama disease
- Pathogenicity
- Tropical Race 4
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Maryani
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biology Education, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa (UNTIRTA), Banten, Indonesia
| | - L. Lombard
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Y.S. Poerba
- Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - S. Subandiyah
- Entomology and Phytopathology Department, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - P.W. Crous
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G.H.J. Kema
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen Plant Research, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Variane ACF, Santos FCD, Castro FFD, Barbosa-Tessmann IP, Santos GTD, Pozza MSDS. The occurrence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. in dairy cattle feed in Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49:919-928. [PMID: 30174202 PMCID: PMC6175728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins or related fungi in animal feed is a major problem for animal and human health. Silage and concentrated feed samples were collected from 21 dairy farms in the Western part of Paraná state in Southern Brazil. Water activity and pH of all samples were measured, and each sample was analyzed to check for the presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus. Water activity was observed to be lower in the concentrated feed samples. The pH was lower in the silage samples, indicating fermentation processes. Two silage samples and four concentrated feed samples were contaminated with Aspergillus spp. Seven isolates of Aspergillus spp. were obtained and their potential to produce aflatoxins was evaluated. Four of the isolates, two from the silage samples and two from the concentrated feed samples, produced the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in culture media. These isolates were identified as Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius. The presence of aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus spp. in silage and concentrated feed samples is a matter of concern, because of the risk of aflatoxin production and contamination of the animal feed.
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19
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Czislowski E, Fraser‐Smith S, Zander M, O'Neill WT, Meldrum RA, Tran‐Nguyen LTT, Batley J, Aitken EAB. Investigation of the diversity of effector genes in the banana pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, reveals evidence of horizontal gene transfer. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1155-1171. [PMID: 28802020 PMCID: PMC6638072 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that the virulence of phytopathogenic fungi is mediated through the secretion of small effector proteins that interfere with the defence responses of the host plant. In Fusarium oxysporum, one family of effectors, the Secreted In Xylem (SIX) genes, has been identified. We sought to characterize the diversity and evolution of the SIX genes in the banana-infecting lineages of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Whole-genome sequencing data were generated for the 23 genetic lineages of Foc, which were subsequently queried for the 14 known SIX genes (SIX1-SIX14). The sequences of the identified SIX genes were confirmed in a larger collection of Foc isolates. Genealogies were generated for each of the SIX genes identified in Foc to further investigate the evolution of the SIX genes in Foc. Within Foc, variation of the SIX gene profile, including the presence of specific SIX homologues, correlated with the pathogenic race structure of Foc. Furthermore, the topologies of the SIX gene trees were discordant with the topology of an infraspecies phylogeny inferred from EF-1α/RPB1/RPB2 (translation elongation factor-1α/RNA polymerase II subunit I/RNA polymerase II subunit II). A series of topological constraint models provided strong evidence for the horizontal transmission of SIX genes in Foc. The horizontal inheritance of pathogenicity genes in Foc counters previous assumptions that convergent evolution has driven the polyphyletic phylogeny of Foc. This work has significant implications for the management of Foc, including the improvement of diagnostics and breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Czislowski
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQld 4072Australia
| | - Sam Fraser‐Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQld 4072Australia
| | - Manuel Zander
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQld 4072Australia
| | - Wayne T. O'Neill
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences PrecinctBrisbaneQld 4001Australia
| | - Rachel A. Meldrum
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQld 4072Australia
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesNorthern Territory GovernmentDarwinNT 0801Australia
| | - Lucy T. T. Tran‐Nguyen
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesNorthern Territory GovernmentDarwinNT 0801Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQld 4072Australia
- School of Plant BiologyThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA 6009Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. B. Aitken
- School of Agriculture and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQld 4072Australia
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20
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Karangwa P, Mostert D, Ndayihanzamaso P, Dubois T, Niere B, Zum Felde A, Schouten A, Blomme G, Beed F, Viljoen A. Genetic Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in East and Central Africa. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:552-560. [PMID: 30673475 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-17-0282-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Banana Fusarium wilt is a major production constraint globally and a significant threat to the livelihoods of millions of people in East and Central Africa (ECA). A proper understanding of the diversity and population dynamics of the causal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), could be useful for the development of sustainable disease management strategies for the pathogen. The current study investigated the diversity of Foc in ECA using vegetative compatibility group (VCG) analysis, PCR-RFLPs of the ribosomal DNA's intergenic spacer region, as well as phylogenetic analysis of the elongation factor-1α gene. Six VCGs (0124, 0125, 0128, 01212, 01220, and 01222), which all belong to one lineage (Foc lineage VI), were widely distributed throughout the region. VCGs 0128 and 01220 are reported for the first time in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, while VCG 01212 is reported in the DRC and Rwanda. Isolates that did not belong to any of the known VCGs were identified as Foc lineage VI members by phylogenetic analysis and may represent novel VCGs. CAV 2734, a banana pathogen collected in Rwanda, clustered with nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates in lineage VIII. Results from this study will contribute significantly toward the implementation of banana Fusarium wilt disease management practices in the region, such as the restricted movement of infected planting material and the selective planting of resistant banana varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Karangwa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa, and Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Diane Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Privat Ndayihanzamaso
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | | | - Björn Niere
- Julius Kühn-Institut, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandra Zum Felde
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schouten
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Guy Blomme
- Bioversity International Addis Office, c/o ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fenton Beed
- World Vegetable Center, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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21
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Nieuwenhuis BPS, James TY. The frequency of sex in fungi. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0540. [PMID: 27619703 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms with a huge variation in reproductive strategy. While almost all species can reproduce sexually, many reproduce asexually most of the time. When sexual reproduction does occur, large variation exists in the amount of in- and out-breeding. While budding yeast is expected to outcross only once every 10 000 generations, other fungi are obligate outcrossers with well-mixed panmictic populations. In this review, we give an overview of the costs and benefits of sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi, and the mechanisms that evolved in fungi to reduce the costs of either mode. The proximate molecular mechanisms potentiating outcrossing and meiosis appear to be present in nearly all fungi, making them of little use for predicting outcrossing rates, but also suggesting the absence of true ancient asexual lineages. We review how population genetic methods can be used to estimate the frequency of sex in fungi and provide empirical data that support a mixed mode of reproduction in many species with rare to frequent sex in between rounds of mitotic reproduction. Finally, we highlight how these estimates might be affected by the fungus-specific mechanisms that evolved to reduce the costs of sexual and asexual reproduction.This article is part of the themed issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart P S Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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22
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Rocha DFO, Cunha CMS, Belaz KRA, Dos Santos FN, Hinz RH, Pereira A, Wicket E, Andrade LM, Nascimento CAO, Visconti A, Eberlin MN. Lipid and protein fingerprinting for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense strain-level classification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6803-6812. [PMID: 28948318 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Banana is one of the most popular fruits in the world but has been substantially impaired by Panama disease in the last years. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the causal agent and colonizes banana cultivars from many subgroups with different aggressiveness levels, often leading to plant death while compromising new crops in infested areas. This study has evaluated the ability of MALDI-MS protein and lipid fingerprinting to provide intraspecies classification of Foc isolates and to screen biomolecules related to host-pathogen relationship. The MS data, when inspected via partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), distinguished the isolates by aggressiveness as well as by specific location and host. Although both lipids and proteins show discriminating tendencies, these differences were more clearly perceived via the protein profiles. Considering that Cavendish cultivar is the more resistant option to endure Foc presence in the field, the lipids and proteins related to this subgroup might have an important role in pathogen adaptation. This study reports a new application of MALDI-MS for the analysis of a banana pathogen with intraspecies classification ability. Graphical abstract MALDI-MS classified Foc isolates by aggressiveness level on banana revealing the additional influence of location and host cultivar on the expression of lipids and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele F O Rocha
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Josué Castro Street, University City, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-872, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane M S Cunha
- Flora Biotecnologia Ltda, Rua Silvio Ernesto da Silva 100, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, 88307-751, Brazil
| | - Katia Roberta A Belaz
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Josué Castro Street, University City, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-872, Brazil
| | - Fábio N Dos Santos
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Josué Castro Street, University City, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-872, Brazil
| | - Robert H Hinz
- Empresa Sitio Barreiras Fruticultura Ltda, Missão Velha, Ceará, 63200, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pereira
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina-EPAGRI, Rodovia Antônio Heil, 6.800, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, 88112-318, Brazil
| | - Ester Wicket
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina-EPAGRI, Rodovia Antônio Heil, 6.800, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, 88112-318, Brazil
| | - Lidiane M Andrade
- Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Claudio A O Nascimento
- Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 380, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Visconti
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina-EPAGRI, Rodovia Antônio Heil, 6.800, Itajaí, Santa Catarina, 88112-318, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Josué Castro Street, University City, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-872, Brazil
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Muraosa Y, Oguchi M, Yahiro M, Watanabe A, Yaguchi T, Kamei K. Epidemiological Study of Fusarium Species Causing Invasive and Superficial Fusariosis in Japan. Med Mycol J 2017; 58:E5-E13. [PMID: 28250364 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.16-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, Fusarium species are known etiological agents of human fungal infection; however, there has been no report of a large-scale epidemiological study on the etiological agents of fusariosis. A total of 73 Fusarium isolates from patients with invasive fusariosis (IF, n= 36) or superficial fusariosis (SF, n= 37), which were obtained at hospitals located in 28 prefectures in Japan between 1998 and 2015, were used for this study. Fusarium isolates were identified using Fusarium- and Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) -specific real-time PCR and partial DNA sequences of the elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) gene and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. FSSC was predominately isolated from both patients with IF and SF (IF, 77.8% and SF, 67.6%). Distribution of the phylogenetic species of FSSC isolates from patients with IF and SF exhibited different spectra; specifically, F. keratoplasticum (FSSC 2) (25.0%) was the most frequent isolate from patients with IF, whereas F. falciforme (FSSC 3+4) (32.4%) was the most frequent isolate from patients with SF. Fusarium sp. (FSSC 5) was the second most frequent isolate from both patients with IF and SF (IF, 22.2% and SF, 24.3%). Notably, F. petroliphilum (FSSC 1) was isolated only from patients with IF. Each species was isolated from a broad geographic area, and an epidemic was not observed. This is the first epidemiological study of Fusarium species causing IF and SF in Japan.
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Abstract
The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) comprises a multitude of strains that cause vascular wilt diseases of economically important crops throughout the world. Although sexual reproduction is unknown in the FOSC, horizontal gene transfer may contribute to the observed diversity in pathogenic strains. Development of disease in a susceptible crop requires F. oxysporum to advance through a series of transitions, beginning with spore germination and culminating with establishment of a systemic infection. In principle, each transition presents an opportunity to influence the risk of disease. This includes modifications of the microbial community in soil, which can affect the ability of pathogen propagules to survive, germinate, and infect plant roots. In addition, many host attributes, including the composition of root exudates, the structure of the root cortex, and the capacity to recognize and respond quickly to invasive growth of a pathogen, can impede development of F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Gordon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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Mostert D, Molina AB, Daniells J, Fourie G, Hermanto C, Chao CP, Fabregar E, Sinohin VG, Masdek N, Thangavelu R, Li C, Yi G, Mostert L, Viljoen A. The distribution and host range of the banana Fusarium wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, in Asia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181630. [PMID: 28719631 PMCID: PMC5515439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum formae specialis cubense (Foc) is a soil-borne fungus that causes Fusarium wilt, which is considered to be the most destructive disease of bananas. The fungus is believed to have evolved with its host in the Indo-Malayan region, and from there it was spread to other banana-growing areas with infected planting material. The diversity and distribution of Foc in Asia was investigated. A total of 594 F. oxysporum isolates collected in ten Asian countries were identified by vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) analysis. To simplify the identification process, the isolates were first divided into DNA lineages using PCR-RFLP analysis. Six lineages and 14 VCGs, representing three Foc races, were identified in this study. The VCG complex 0124/5 was most common in the Indian subcontinent, Vietnam and Cambodia; whereas the VCG complex 01213/16 dominated in the rest of Asia. Sixty-nine F. oxysporum isolates in this study did not match any of the known VCG tester strains. In this study, Foc VCG diversity in Bangladesh, Cambodia and Sri Lanka was determined for the first time and VCGs 01221 and 01222 were first reported from Cambodia and Vietnam. New associations of Foc VCGs and banana cultivars were recorded in all the countries where the fungus was collected. Information obtained in this study could help Asian countries to develop and implement regulatory measures to prevent the incursion of Foc into areas where it does not yet occur. It could also facilitate the deployment of disease resistant banana varieties in infested areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Agustin B. Molina
- Bioversity International–Asia Pacific, IRRI campus, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Jeff Daniells
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, South Johnstone, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerda Fourie
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Catur Hermanto
- Indonesian Agency for Agriculture Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Emily Fabregar
- Lapanday Foods Corporation, Barrio Pampanga, Lanang, Davao City, Philippines
| | - Vida G. Sinohin
- Bioversity International–Asia Pacific, IRRI campus, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Nik Masdek
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raman Thangavelu
- ICAR-National Research Center for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chunyu Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ganyun Yi
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lizel Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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de Castro FF, Pinheiro ABP, Nassur CB, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Mycelium-bound lipase from a locally isolated strain of Aspergillus westerdijkiae. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Development of a hydrolysis probe-based real-time assay for the detection of tropical strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171767. [PMID: 28178348 PMCID: PMC5298334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is one of the most important threats to global banana production. Strategies to control the pathogen are lacking, with plant resistance offering the only long-term solution, if sources of resistance are available. Prevention of introduction of Foc into disease-free areas thus remains a key strategy to continue sustainable banana production. In recent years, strains of Foc affecting Cavendish bananas have destroyed plantations in a number of countries in Asia and in the Middle East, and one African country. One vegetative compatibility group (VCG), 01213/16, is considered the major threat to bananas in tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. However, other genetically related VCGs, such as 0121, may potentially jeopardize banana cultures if they were introduced into disease-free areas. To prevent the introduction of these VCGs into disease-free Cavendish banana-growing countries, a real-time PCR test was developed to accurately detect both VCGs. A previously described putative virulence gene was used to develop a specific combination of hydrolysis probe/primers for the detection of tropical Foc race 4 strains. The real-time PCR parameters were optimized by following a statistical approach relying on orthogonal arrays and the Taguchi method in an attempt to enhance sensitivity and ensure high specificity of the assay. This study also assessed critical performance criteria, such as repeatability, reproducibility, robustness, and specificity, with a large including set of 136 F. oxysporum isolates, including 73 Foc pathogenic strains representing 24 VCGs. The validation data demonstrated that the new assay could be used for regulatory testing applications on banana plant material and can contribute to preventing the introduction and spread of Foc strains affecting Cavendish bananas in the tropics.
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FARIA CB, SANTOS FCD, CASTRO FFD, SUTIL AR, SERGIO LM, SILVA MV, MACHINSKI JUNIOR M, BARBOSA-TESSMANN IP. Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus in commercial Bulgur wheat. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.09316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Croll D, McDonald BA. The genetic basis of local adaptation for pathogenic fungi in agricultural ecosystems. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:2027-2040. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Croll
- Plant Pathology; Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zurich; 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bruce A. McDonald
- Plant Pathology; Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zurich; 8092 Zurich Switzerland
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Abstract
Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the world's most important fruits. In 2011, 145 million metric tons, worth an estimated $44 billion, were produced in over 130 countries. Fusarium wilt (also known as Panama disease) is one of the most destructive diseases of this crop. It devastated the 'Gros Michel'-based export trades before the mid-1900s, and threatens the Cavendish cultivars that were used to replace it; in total, the latter cultivars are now responsible for approximately 45% of all production. An overview of the disease and its causal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, is presented below. Despite a substantial positive literature on biological, chemical, or cultural measures, management is largely restricted to excluding F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense from noninfested areas and using resistant cultivars where the pathogen has established. Resistance to Fusarium wilt is poor in several breeding targets, including important dessert and cooking cultivars. Better resistance to this and other diseases is needed. The history and impact of Fusarium wilt is summarized with an emphasis on tropical race 4 (TR4), a 'Cavendish'-killing variant of the pathogen that has spread dramatically in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy C Ploetz
- University of Florida, Tropical Research & Education Center, 18905 SW 280th Street, Homestead 33031-3314
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31
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Ordonez N, Seidl MF, Waalwijk C, Drenth A, Kilian A, Thomma BPHJ, Ploetz RC, Kema GHJ. Worse Comes to Worst: Bananas and Panama Disease--When Plant and Pathogen Clones Meet. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005197. [PMID: 26584184 PMCID: PMC4652896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ordonez
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael F. Seidl
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Waalwijk
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Drenth
- Centre for Plant Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrzej Kilian
- Diversity Arrays Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Randy C. Ploetz
- University of Florida, IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Tropical Research & Education Center, Homestead, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gert H. J. Kema
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce a great variety of enzymes, and research on their biotechnological potential has recently intensified. The objective of this work was to identify, at the species level, using DNA barcoding, 46 fungal isolates obtained from maize grains with rot symptoms. We also analyzed the production of extracellular amylases, cellulases, proteases and lipases of 33 of those fungal isolates. The enzymatic activities were evaluated by the formation of a clear halo or a white precipitate around the colonies in defined substrate media. The found fungi belong to the genera Talaromyces, Stenocarpella, Penicillium, Phlebiopsis, Cladosporium, Hyphopichia, Epicoccum, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Irpex, Fusarium, Microdochium, Mucor and Sarocladium. In the genus Fusarium, the species Fusarium verticillioides was predominant and this genus presented the highest diversity, followed by the genera Aspergillus. The best genera for lipase production were Cladosporium and Penicillium; while Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Penicillium were best for cellulase activity; Hyphopichia, Aspergillus and Irpex for amylase activity; and Cladosporium and Sarocladium for proteases activity. In conclusion, a collection of fungi from maize seeds presenting rotten symptoms were obtained, among which exist important producers of hydrolases.
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Activation of salicylic acid metabolism and signal transduction can enhance resistance to Fusarium wilt in banana (Musa acuminata L. AAA group, cv. Cavendish). Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:47-62. [PMID: 25277445 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubens (Foc) is the most serious disease that attacks banana plants. Salicylic acid (SA) can play a key role in plant-microbe interactions. Our study is the first to examine the role of SA in conferring resistance to Foc TR4 in banana (Musa acuminata L. AAA group, cv. Cavendish), which is the greatest commercial importance cultivar in Musa. We used quantitative real-time reverse polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to analyze the expression profiles of 45 genes related to SA biosynthesis and downstream signaling pathways in a susceptible banana cultivar (cv. Cavendish) and a resistant banana cultivar (cv. Nongke No. 1) inoculated with Foc TR4. The expression of genes involved in SA biosynthesis and downstream signaling pathways was suppressed in a susceptible cultivar and activated in a resistant cultivar. The SA levels in each treatment arm were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. SA levels were decreased in the susceptible cultivar and increased in the resistant cultivar. Finally, we examined the contribution of exogenous SA to Foc TR4 resistance in susceptible banana plants. The expression of genes involved in SA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways as well as SA levels were significantly increased. The results suggest that one reason for banana susceptibility to Foc TR4 is that expression of genes involved in SA biosynthesis and SA levels are suppressed and that the induced resistance observed in banana against Foc TR4 might be a case of salicylic acid-dependent systemic acquired resistance.
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Zhao B, Yan J, Zhang S, Liu X, Gao Z. Phylogeny and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. isolated from greenhouse melon soil in Liaoning Province. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014; 21:374-9. [PMID: 25183948 PMCID: PMC4150224 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the Fusarium oxysporum are widely distributed around the world in all types of soils, and they are all anamorphic species. In order to investigate the relationships and differences among Fusarium spp., 25 Fusarium spp. were isolated from greenhouse melon soils in Liaoning Province, China. With these 25 strains, three positive control Fusarium strains were analyzed using universally primed PCR (UP-PCR). Seventy-three bands appeared after amplification using 6 primers, and 66 of these bands (90.4%) were polymorphic. All strains were clustered into eight groups, though 14 strains of F. oxysporum were clustered into a single group. We concluded that UP-PCR could reveal the genetic relationships and differences among Fusarium strains. Moreover, the UP-PCR results suggested that F. oxysporum is distinguishable from other Fusarium spp. Thus, UP-PCR is a useful method for Fusarium classification. The pathogenicity of 13 strains of F. oxysporum to muskmelon, cucumber and watermelon seedlings was studied by infecting the seedlings with a spore suspension after cutting the root. The results showed that the F. oxysporum strains were pathogenic to all three melon types, although the pathogenicity differed significantly among the 13 strains. In addition, all strains had the greatest pathogenicity toward watermelon. Since the factors affecting pathogenicity vary widely, they should be considered in future studies on Fusarium spp. The results of such studies may then yield an accurate description of the pathogenicity of Fusarium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixia Zhao
- Dalian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Dalian 116036, China
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jianfang Yan
- College of Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian 116600, China
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xian Liu
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zenggui Gao
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Thangavelu R, Kumar KM, Devi PG, Mustaffa MM. Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense isolates (Foc) of India by inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) analysis. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 51:203-11. [PMID: 21983913 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To find out the genetic diversity of Indian Foc isolates of banana, a total of 107 isolates of Fusarium which includes 98 Foc isolates obtained from different banana growing regions of India and seven Foc isolates belong to all known VCGs obtained from Australia and two non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum (npFo) isolates were subjected to ISSR analysis. In the initial screening of ISSR primers, out of 34, 10 primers which generated more polymorphic bands were selected for further analysis. The Phylogenetic analysis carried out based on the fingerprints obtained through ISSR analysis indicated the presence of wide genetic diversity among the Foc isolates of India and also its polyphyletic nature. Totally, seven different clusters were obtained and these clusters differentiated the Foc isolates of India based on the races/VCGs. Besides, the cluster analysis clearly distinguished the freshly emerged Foc strain obtained from cv. Grand Naine (Cavendish-AAA) and Poovan (Mysore-AAB) from the other Foc isolates. The non-pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates which have been included for comparison purpose also clustered separately. All these above said findings indicates for the first time the discriminatory power of ISSR to clearly distinguish and separate the Foc isolates according to its race/VCGs and also its virulence. This study would be useful not only to design and develop effective management strategies but also useful for quarantine purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thangavelu
- National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamali main road, Thayanur post, Thiruchirapalli 620102, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Southwood MJ, Viljoen A, Mostert L, Rose LJ, McLeod A. Phylogenetic and Biological Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum Isolates Associated with Onion in South Africa. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1250-1261. [PMID: 30727153 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-11-0820-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae causes Fusarium basal rot of onion, a disease of worldwide importance. Limited information is available on the phylogenetic diversity, vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), mating type idiomorphs, and virulence of F. oxysporum isolates associated with onion. Therefore, these characteristics were investigated in 19 F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae isolates from Colorado, 27 F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae and 33 F. oxysporum isolates nonpathogenic to onion from South Africa. Six F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae VCGs (0421 to 0426) were identified, of which three were new. The dominant VCGs in Colorado and South Africa were VCG 0421 (47% of isolates) and VCG 0425 (74%), respectively. VCG 0423 was the only VCG that was shared between the two regions. Molecular phylogenies (intergenic spacer region of the rDNA, elongation factor 1α, and mitochondrial small-subunit) confirmed the polyphyletic nature of F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae and showed that some F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae and nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates were genetically related. Most F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae isolates clustered into two distinct, well-supported clades. The largest clade only contained highly virulent isolates, including the two main VCGs (0421 and 0425), whereas the basal clade mostly contained moderately virulent isolates. These groupings along with the VCG data provide an important basis for selection of isolates for use in breeding programs, and for the development of molecular makers to identify VCGs. Mating type genotyping revealed the distribution of both mating type (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) idiomorphs across phylogenetic clades, and the fact that several isolates contained both idiomorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Southwood
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - Altus Viljoen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - Lizel Mostert
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - Lindy J Rose
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
| | - Adéle McLeod
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7600, South Africa
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Faria CB, Almeida-Ferreira GC, Gagliardi KB, Alves TCA, Tessmann DJ, Machinski Junior M, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for detection of Fusarium graminearum in bulgur wheat. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612012005000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in foodstuff is important because their presence may indicate the possible associated mycotoxin contamination. Fusarium graminearum is a wheat pathogen and a producer of micotoxins. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been employed for the specific identification of F. graminearum. However, this methodology has not been commonly used for detection of F. graminearum in food. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop a molecular methodology to detect F. graminearum in commercial samples of bulgur wheat. Two methods were tested. In the first method, a sample of this cereal was contaminated with F. graminearum mycelia. The genomic DNA was extracted from this mixture and used in a F. graminearum specific PCR reaction. The F. graminearum species was detected only in samples that were heavily contaminated. In the second method, samples of bulgur wheat were inoculated on a solid medium, and isolates having F. graminearum culture characteristics were obtained. The DNA extracted from these isolates was tested in F. graminearum specific PCR reactions. An isolate obtained had its trichothecene genotype identified by PCR. The established methodology could be used in surveys of food contamination with F. graminearum.
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Faria CB, Abe CAL, da Silva CN, Tessmann DJ, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. New PCR assays for the identification of Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium subglutinans, and other species of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 13:115-32. [PMID: 22312242 PMCID: PMC3269676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium subglutinans are important fungal pathogens of maize and other cereals worldwide. In this study, we developed PCR-based protocols for the identification of these pathogens targeting the gaoB gene, which codes for galactose oxidase. The designed primers recognized isolates of F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans that were obtained from maize seeds from several producing regions of Brazil but did not recognize other Fusarium spp. or other fungal genera that were either obtained from fungal collections or isolated from maize seeds. A multiplex PCR protocol was established to simultaneously detect the genomic DNA from F. verticillioides and F. subglutinans. This protocol could detect the DNA from these fungi growing in artificially or naturally infected maize seeds. Another multiplex reaction with a pair of primers developed in this work combined with a pre-existing pair of primers has allowed identifying F. subglutinans, F. konzum, and F. thapsinum. In addition, the identification of F. nygamai was also possible using a combination of two PCR reactions described in this work, and another described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bertechini Faria
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.B.F.); (C.A.L.A.)
| | - Camila Agnes Lumi Abe
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.N.S.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Cleiltan Novais da Silva
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.N.S.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Dauri José Tessmann
- Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.N.S.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Ione Parra Barbosa-Tessmann
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.B.F.); (C.A.L.A.)
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de Vega-Bartol JJ, Martín-Dominguez R, Ramos B, García-Sánchez MA, Díaz-Mínguez JM. New virulence groups in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli: the expression of the gene coding for the transcription factor ftf1 correlates with virulence. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:470-479. [PMID: 21091181 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-10-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli strains isolated from runner bean plants showing Fusarium wilt symptoms were characterized. The analysis of the genetic diversity of these strains and the comparison with strains formerly isolated from diseased common bean plants grown in the same region of Spain indicated a close genetic similarity among them. Pathogenicity assays carried out on runner bean plants showed virulence differences that allowed the classification of these strains into three groups: super virulent, highly virulent, and weakly virulent. However, all the analyzed strains behaved as highly virulent when inoculated on common bean plants, indicating that virulence is specific of the host-pathogen interaction. We also analyzed the number of copies and expression of the gene encoding the transcription factor ftf1, which has been shown to be specific of virulent F. oxysporum strains and highly up-regulated during plant infection. In planta real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction expression analysis showed that expression of ftf1 was correlated with the degree of virulence. The comparative analysis of the polymorphic copies of ftf1 detected in the strains here characterized and those detected in the genome sequence of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici strain 4287 indicates that some of the copies are likely nonfunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J de Vega-Bartol
- Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Dpto. Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Duero 12, Villamayor, 37185–Salamanca, Spain
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Aparecido Cordeiro F, Bertechini Faria C, Parra Barbosa-Tessmann I. Identification of new galactose oxidase genes in Fusarium spp. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 50:527-37. [PMID: 21077113 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Galactose oxidase (GO) converts galactose to an aldehyde and has several biotechnological applications, including cancer diagnosis. It is mainly produced by Fusarium austroamericanum but is also produced by Fusarium acuminatum and by isolates of the Fusarium graminearum and Gibberella fujikuroi complexes. The F. austroamericanum GO gaoA gene has been cloned, but the GO genes from other secreting species have not been characterized. Problems associated with the F. austroamericanum GO such as high pI and low catalytic efficiency and thermostability, and the difficult purification process makes the search for homologous genes attractive. In this work, the GO genes from Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium subglutinans, two species of the G. fujikuroi complex, were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. New GO genes were found in databases and were used to construct a phylogenetic tree, which revealed the existence of three orthologous lineages of GO genes in Fusarium spp. In addition, RT-PCR analyses revealed that the new GO cloned gene may be endogenously expressed in F. subglutinans but not in F. verticillioides, in the used culture conditions.
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Fourie G, Steenkamp ET, Ploetz RC, Gordon TR, Viljoen A. Current status of the taxonomic position of Fusarium oxysporum formae specialis cubense within the Fusarium oxysporum complex. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:533-42. [PMID: 21256980 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an asexual fungal species that includes human and animal pathogens and a diverse range of nonpathogens. Pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of this species can be distinguished from each other with pathogenicity tests, but not with morphological analysis or sexual compatibility studies. Substantial genetic diversity among isolates has led to the realization that F. oxysporum represents a complex of cryptic species. F. oxysporum f. sp cubense (Foc), causal agent of Fusarium wilt of banana, is one of the more than 150 plant pathogenic forms of F. oxysporum. Multi-gene phylogenetic studies of Foc revealed at least eight phylogenetic lineages, a finding that was supported by random amplified polymorphic DNAs, restriction fragment length polymorphisms and amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Most of these lineages consist of isolates in closely related vegetative compatibility groups, some of which possess opposite mating type alleles, MAT-1 and MAT-2; thus, the evolutionary history of this fungus may have included recent sexual reproduction. The ability to cause disease on all or some of the current race differential cultivars has evolved convergently in the taxon, as members of some races appear in different phylogenetic lineages. Therefore, various factors including co-evolution the plant host and horizontal gene transfer are thought to have shaped the evolutionary history of Foc. This review discusses the evolution of Foc as a model formae specialis in F. oxysporum in relation to recent research findings involving DNA-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fourie
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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Gale LR, Harrison SA, Ward TJ, O'Donnell K, Milus EA, Gale SW, Kistler HC. Nivalenol-type populations of Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum are prevalent on wheat in southern Louisiana. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 101:124-34. [PMID: 20822434 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-10-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
U.S. populations of the Fusarium graminearum clade cause head blight on wheat and barley and usually contaminate grain with the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Recently, however, individual nivalenol (NIV)-type isolates from the United States were described that belonged to either the newly described species F. gerlachii or the genetically distinct Gulf Coast population of F. graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.). Here, we describe the discovery of NIV-type F. graminearum s.s. populations that were found in high proportion (79%) among isolates from small-grain-growing regions of Louisiana. We genotyped 237 isolates from Louisiana with newly developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism markers and multiplex PCR primers that distinguish among the three trichothecene types: the two DON types (15ADON and 3ADON) and NIV. These isolates were compared with 297 isolates from 11 other U.S. states, predominantly from the Midwest. Using Bayesian-model-based clustering, we discovered a southern Louisiana population of F. graminearum s.s. that was genetically distinct from the previously recognized pathogen population in the Midwest (MW15ADON population). Population membership was correlated with trichothecene type. Most isolates from the southern Louisiana population were of the NIV type, while the majority of the isolates from the Midwest were of the 15ADON type. A smaller proportion of isolates from Louisiana belonged to the previously described Gulf Coast population that was mostly of the 3ADON type. The NIV type was also identified in collections from Arkansas (12%), North Carolina (40%), and Missouri (2%), with the collections from Arkansas and North Carolina being small and unrepresentative. F. asiaticum was detected from the two southern Louisiana parishes Acadia and Alexandria. All identified 41 F. asiaticum isolates were of the NIV type. Greenhouse tests indicated that U.S. NIV types accumulated four times less trichothecene toxin than DON types on inoculated wheat. This is the first report of NIV-type populations of F. graminearum s. s. and F. asiaticum in the United States.
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Gupta V, Misra A, Gaur R, Jain P, Gaur D, Sharma S. Current Status of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Guava
(Psidium guajava L.) in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2010.176.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lievens B, van Baarlen P, Verreth C, van Kerckhove S, Rep M, Thomma BPHJ. Evolutionary relationships between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici isolates inferred from mating type, elongation factor-1alpha and exopolygalacturonase sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 113:1181-91. [PMID: 19679185 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is a ubiquitous species complex of soilborne plant pathogens that comprises many different formae speciales, each characterized by a high degree of host specificity. In this study, the evolutionary relationships between different isolates of the F. oxysporum species complex have been examined, with a special emphasis on the formae speciales lycopersici and radicis-lycopersici, sharing tomato as host while causing different symptoms. Phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences of a housekeeping gene, the elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha) gene, and a gene encoding a pathogenicity trait, the exopolygalacturonase (pgx4) gene, were conducted on a worldwide collection of F. oxysporum strains representing the most frequently observed vegetative compatibility groups of these formae speciales. Based on the reconstructed phylogenies, multiple evolutionary lineages were found for both formae speciales. However, different tree topologies and statistical parameters were obtained for the cladograms as several strains switched from one cluster to another depending on the locus that was used to infer the phylogeny. In addition, mating type analysis showed a mixed distribution of the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 alleles in the F. oxysporum species complex, irrespective of the geographic origin of the tested isolates. This observation, as well as the topological conflicts that were detected between EF-1alpha and pgx4, are discussed in relation to the evolutionary history of the F. oxysporum species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Lievens
- Scientia Terrae Research Institute, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium.
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Evolutionary relationships among the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense vegetative compatibility groups. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4770-81. [PMID: 19482953 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00370-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, the causal agent of fusarium wilt of banana (Musa spp.), is one of the most destructive strains of the vascular wilt fungus F. oxysporum. Genetic relatedness among and within vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense was studied by sequencing two nuclear and two mitochondrial DNA regions in a collection of 70 F. oxysporum isolates that include representatives of 20 VCGs of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense, other formae speciales, and nonpathogens. To determine the ability of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense to sexually recombine, crosses were made between isolates of opposite mating types. Phylogenetic analysis separated the F. oxysporum isolates into two clades and eight lineages. Phylogenetic relationships between F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense and other formae speciales of F. oxysporum and the relationships among VCGs and races of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense clearly showed that F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense's ability to cause disease on banana has emerged multiple times, independently, and that the ability to cause disease to a specific banana cultivar is also a polyphyletic trait. These analyses further suggest that both coevolution with the host and horizontal gene transfer may have played important roles in the evolutionary history of the pathogen. All examined isolates harbored one of the two mating-type idiomorphs, but never both, which suggests a heterothallic mating system should sexual reproduction occur. Although, no sexual structures were observed, some lineages of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense harbored MAT-1 and MAT-2 isolates, suggesting a potential that these lineages have a sexual origin that might be more recent than initially anticipated.
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Wunsch MJ, Baker AH, Kalb DW, Bergstrom GC. Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. loti Forma Specialis nov., a Monophyletic Pathogen Causing Vascular Wilt of Birdsfoot Trefoil. PLANT DISEASE 2009; 93:58-66. [PMID: 30764259 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-93-1-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt, a vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum, has been a serious problem for birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) production in parts of New York and Vermont since the 1970s, causing wilt, severe root necrosis, and rapid plant death. Analysis of F. oxysporum isolates causing this disease indicated that the pathogen has a unique host range relative to previously designated F. oxysporum formae speciales and is monophyletic. Pathogenic isolates from New York and Vermont caused severe vascular wilt of trefoil and moderate vascular wilt of pea but no disease on alfalfa, red clover, soybean, or dry bean. The host range of trefoil isolates was distinct from F. oxysporum isolates pathogenic to other legumes. F. oxysporum isolates pathogenic to trefoil belonged to a single vegetative compatibility group separate from nonpathogenic isolates and shared identical mitochondrial small subunit rDNA, translation elongation factor 1-alpha, and nuclear rDNA intergenic spacer haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequence data assigned isolates pathogenic to trefoil to a single, well-supported clade distinct from other pathogenic F. oxysporum. We propose designating the fungus Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl emend. Snyder & Hansen f. sp. loti forma specialis nova.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wunsch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Alexandra H Baker
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - David W Kalb
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Gary C Bergstrom
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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Cai G, Schneider RW. Population structure of Cercospora kikuchii, the causal agent of Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain in soybean. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 98:823-9. [PMID: 18943259 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-98-7-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction (MP-PCR) were used to characterize 164 isolates of Cercospora kikuchii, most of which were collected from Louisiana. Plant tissue (seeds versus leaves), but not host cultivar, had a significant impact on pathogen population differentiation. Cluster analysis showed that the Louisiana population was dominated by a primary lineage (group I) with only a few Louisiana isolates belonging to the minor lineage that also included the non-Louisiana isolates (group II). A previous study showed that isolates could be differentiated according to vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). However, RAPD and MP-PCR data demonstrated that isolates of C. kikuchii were not generally clustered according to these VCGs. Furthermore, genetic relationships within and between VCGs were examined using sequences of the intergenic spacer region of rDNA. These analyses showed that VCG is not an indicator of evolutionary lineage in this fungus. Our results suggest the likely existence of a cryptically functioning sexual stage in some portion of the C. kikuchii population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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de Biazio GR, Leite GGS, Tessmann DJ, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. A new PCR approach for the identification of Fusarium graminearum. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:554-60. [PMID: 24031265 PMCID: PMC3768439 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080003000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to develop a PCR protocol for the identification of Fusarium graminearum, based on a pair of primers targeted to a segment of the 3´coding region of the gaoA gene that codes for the enzyme galactose oxidase (GO). This region has low homology with the same region of GO genes from other fungi. Genomic DNA from 17 strains of Fusarium spp. isolated from diseased cereals, from several other Fusarium species, and from other fungi genera was analyzed in a PCR assay using this primer set. The 17 strains of Fusarium spp. were also analyzed for the GO enzyme production in submerse fermentation in a new formulated liquid medium. All strains that were morphologically and molecularly identified as F. graminearum were able to secrete the enzyme and had a positive result in the used PCR protocol. No DNA fragment was amplified using genomic DNA from other Fusarium species and species of other fungi genera. The results suggest that the proposed PCR protocol is specific and can be considered as a new molecular tool for the identification of F. graminearum. In addition, the new formulated medium is a cheap alternative for screening for GO screening production by F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dauri José Tessmann
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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Pest risk assessment made by France on Fusarium oxysporum. f. sp. cubense considered by France as harmful in French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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50
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van der Does HC, Lievens B, Claes L, Houterman PM, Cornelissen BJC, Rep M. The presence of a virulence locus discriminates Fusarium oxysporum isolates causing tomato wilt from other isolates. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:1475-85. [PMID: 18312397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum is an asexual fungus that inhabits soils throughout the world. As a species, F. oxysporum can infect a very broad range of plants and cause wilt or root rot disease. Single isolates of F. oxysporum, however, usually infect one or a few plant species only. They have therefore been grouped into formae speciales (f.sp.) based on host specificity. Isolates able to cause tomato wilt (f.sp. lycopersici) do not have a single common ancestor within the F. oxysporum species complex. Here we show that, despite their polyphyletic origin, isolates belonging to f.sp. lycopersici all contain an identical genomic region of at least 8 kb that is absent in other formae speciales and non-pathogenic isolates, and comprises the genes SIX1, SIX2 and SHH1. In addition, SIX3, which lies elsewhere on the same chromosome, is also unique for f.sp. lycopersici. SIX1 encodes a virulence factor towards tomato, and the Six1, Six2 and Six3 proteins are secreted in xylem during colonization of tomato plants. We speculate that these genes may be part of a larger, dispensable region of the genome that confers the ability to cause tomato wilt and has spread among clonal lines of F. oxysporum through horizontal gene transfer. Our findings also have practical implications for the detection and identification of f.sp. lycopersici.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Charlotte van der Does
- Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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