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Kondo Y, Rajapakse S, Ogiwara K. Involvement of cathepsin L in the degradation and degeneration of postovulatory follicle of the medaka ovary†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:904-917. [PMID: 37712895 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L plays physiological and pathological roles in immune responses, cancer, metamorphosis, and oogenesis in several species. However, the function of Cathepsin L in medaka ovaries remains unclear. Therefore, here, we examined the physiological functions of Cathepsin L in the medaka ovaries. Cathepsin L mRNA transcripts and proteins were found to be constitutively expressed in the ovaries of Oryzias latipes over a 24-h spawning cycle. Expression was localized within the oocyte cytoplasm of growing follicles and the follicle layer of preovulatory and postovulatory follicles. Moreover, the active form of Cathepsin L was highly expressed in the follicle layer of periovulatory follicles and the ovaries 2-6 h after ovulation. Recombinant Cathepsin L was activated under acidic conditions and exhibited enzymatic activity in acidic and neutral pH conditions. However, extracellular matrix proteins were degraded by recombinant Cathepsin L under acidic, not neutral pH conditions. Cathepsin L was secreted from preovulatory follicles, while active recombinant Cathepsin L was detected in the conditioned medium of a medaka cell line, OLHNI-2. Mechanistically, recombinant Cathepsin L activates recombinant urokinase-type plasminogen activator-1, which is expressed within the follicle layers post-ovulation. Meanwhile, the treatment of medakas with an E-64 or anti-Cathepsin L antibody effectively blocked follicular layer degeneration and degradation after ovulation, whereas in vitro ovulation was not inhibited by either. Collectively, the findings of this study indicate that although Cathepsin L does not impact ovulation in medakas, it contributes to the degeneration and degradation of the follicle layers following ovulation via activation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator-1, and not via the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Kondo
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sanath Rajapakse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Katsueki Ogiwara
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Li Y, Li C, Fu Y, Wang R, Yang Y, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang G, Jiang H, Zou Y, Hu J, Guo C, Wang Y. Insulin-like growth factor 1 promotes the gonadal development of Pampus argenteus by regulating energy metabolism†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:227-237. [PMID: 37228017 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) is known to promote ovarian maturation by interacting with other hormones. However, the limited research on the role of Igf1 in the energy metabolism supply of gonads has hindered further exploration. To explore the role of Igf1 in gonadal development of silver pomfret, we analyzed the expression levels and the localization of igf1 mRNA and protein during testicular and ovarian development of silver pomfret. The results of the study showed upregulation of Igf1 in the critical period of vitellogenesis and sperm meiosis, which was found to be mainly expressed in the somatic cells of the gonads. Upon adding E2 and Igf1 to cultured gonadal tissues, the expression of energy-related genes was significantly increased, along with the E2-enhanced effect of Igf1 in the testis. Importantly, stimulation of both ovaries and testes with E2 and Igf1 led to a remarkable increase in the expression of vitellogenesis and meiosis-related genes. Therefore, we conclude that Igf1 promotes vitellogenesis and sperm meiosis by regulating gonadal energy production. Moreover, the expression of Igf1 in gonads is significantly regulated by E2. These findings provide new insights for the research of Igf1 in fish breeding, thus allowing the regulation of energy metabolism between growth and reproduction for successful reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yangfei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ruixian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement, Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiangbing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guanlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Huan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yushan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiabao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chunyang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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3
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Wu T, Cao DH, Liu Y, Yu H, Fu DY, Ye H, Xu J. Mating-Induced Common and Sex-Specific Behavioral, Transcriptional Changes in the Moth Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) in Laboratory. INSECTS 2023; 14:209. [PMID: 36835778 PMCID: PMC9964209 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The intermediate process between mating and postmating behavioral changes in insects is still poorly known. Here, we studied mating-induced common and sex-specific behavioral and transcriptional changes in both sexes of Spodoptera frugiperda and tested whether the transcriptional changes are linked to postmating behavioral changes in each sex. A behavioral study showed that mating caused a temporary suppression of female calling and male courting behavior, and females did not lay eggs until the next day after the first mating. The significant differences on daily fecundity under the presence of males or not, and the same or novel males, suggest that females may intentionally retain eggs to be fertilized by novel males or to be fertilized competitively by different males. RNA sequencing in females revealed that there are more reproduction related GO (gene ontology) terms and KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) pathways (mainly related to egg and zygote development) enriched to upregulated DEGs (differentially expressed genes) than to downregulated DEGs at 0 and 24 h postmating. In males, however, mating induced DEGs did not enrich any reproduction related terms/pathways, which may be because male reproductive bioinformatics is relatively limited in moths. Mating also induced upregulation on soma maintenance (such as immune activity and stress reaction) related processes in females at 0, 6 and 24 h postmating. In males, mating also induced upregulation on soma maintenance related processes at 0 h postmating, but induced downregulation on these processes at 6 and 24 h postmating. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that mating induced sex-specific postmating behavioral and transcriptional changes in both sexes of S. frugiperda and suggested that the transcriptional changes are correlated with postmating physiological and behavioral changes in each sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Da-Hu Cao
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Da-Ying Fu
- School of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hui Ye
- School of Ecology and Environment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Hu J, Zhang M, Sun J, Tian X, Jin Y, Zhang D, Wang Y, Xu S, Yan X. Expression and cellular localization of insulin-like growth factor 3 in gonads of the seasonal breeding teleost silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1377-1387. [PMID: 36136164 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 3 plays an important role in gonad development in teleost fish. Previous studies found that igf3 was specifically expressed in gonads of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). Unlike in other fish, IGF3 is a membrane protein in silver pomfret, and its specific role in gonads is unclear. Herein, we explored the importance of IGF3 in oogenesis and spermatogenesis in silver pomfret by analyzing gene expression and cellular localization. During follicular development, igf3 was detected in ovaries at both mRNA and protein levels during the critical stages of vitellogenesis (IV-VI). Localization analysis detected igf3 mRNA and protein in somatic cells, including theca and granulosa cells around oocytes. Similar to cathepsin L and cathepsin K, igf3 was consistently expressed in ovaries during vitellogenesis, suggesting that it might play a key role in vitellogenesis of oocytes. During spermatogenesis, igf3 mRNA and protein levels were high in stages II, IV, and V, similar to sycp3 and dmc1, and the highest igf3 mRNA and protein levels were reached in stage VI. Furthermore, igf3 mRNA and protein were detected in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and surrounding Sertoli cells, but not in spermatozoon, indicating that IGF3 might be involved in differentiation and meiosis of spermatogonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiabao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiachu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinyue Tian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuxuan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dingyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Shanliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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5
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Cathepsin D Plays a Vital Role in Macrobrachium nipponense of Ovary Maturation: Identification, Characterization, and Function Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081495. [PMID: 36011406 PMCID: PMC9408384 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense is an economically important aquacultural species. However, its aquaculture is negatively impacted by the rapid sexual maturation of female M. nipponense. The fast sexual maturation produces a large number of offspring which leads to a reduction in resilience, a low survival rate, and an increased risk of hypoxia, this in turn, seriously affects the economic benefits of prawn farming. Cathepsin D is a lysosomal protease involved in the ovarian maturation of M. nipponense. In the current study, the cDNA of the gene encoding cathepsin D (Mn-CTSD) was cloned from M. nipponense. The total length was 2391 bp and consisted of an open reading frame (ORF) of 1158 bp encoding 385 amino acids. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of conserved N-glycosylation sites and characteristic sequences of nondigestive cathepsin D. The qPCR analysis indicated that Mn-CTSD was highly expressed in all tissues tested, most significantly in the ovaries, whereas in situ hybridization showed that expression occurred mainly in oocyte nuclei. Analysis of its expression during development showed that Mn-CTSD peaked during the O-IV stage of ovarian maturation. For the RNAi interference experiment, female M. nipponense specimens in the ovary stage I were selected. Injection of Mn-CTSD double-stranded (ds)RNA into female M. nipponense decreased the expression of Mn-CTSD in the ovaries, such that the Gonad Somatic Index (GSI) of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (1.79% versus 4.57%; p < 0.05). Ovary development reached the O-III stage in 80% of the control group, compared with 0% in the experimental group. These results suggest that Mn-CTSD dsRNA inhibits ovarian maturation in M. nipponense, highlighting its important role in ovarian maturation in this species and suggesting an approach to controlling ovarian maturation during M. nipponense aquaculture.
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Sharma L, Pipil S, Rawat VS, Sehgal N. Role of cathepsins B and D in proteolysis of yolk in the catfish Clarias gariepinus. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:749-765. [PMID: 35482165 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Yolk processing pathways vary in the oocytes of benthophil and pelagophil teleosts. The present study investigated the yolk processing pattern in the oocytes of the fresh water catfish Clarias gariepinus at vitellogenic, maturation, and ovulated stages. This study concludes that during maturation stage, an electrophoretic shift in the major peptide band on Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) occurs due to a decrease in the size of the yolk protein. The PMF spectrum of corresponding peptides from vitellogenic and ovulated oocytes revealed a difference in the minor ions. A minor difference in the molecular weight of the corresponding peptides occurs due to a difference in their amino acid composition. Maximal activity of the proteases cathepsin D and cathepsin B was observed in the vitellogenic oocytes, thus confirming their role in the processing of yolk. A significant transient increase in the activity of cathepsin B in the mature oocytes also suggests its role in oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luni Sharma
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Supriya Pipil
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | - Neeta Sehgal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Dettleff P, Rodríguez J, Patiño-García D, Orellana R, Castro R, Escobar-Aguirre S, Moreno RD, Palomino J. Molecular Characterization of Embryos with Different Buoyancy Levels in the Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060720. [PMID: 35327117 PMCID: PMC8944698 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Low survival of embryos in Seriola lalandi captivity farming has been attributed to low buoyancy. This process is the result of oocyte hydration, which depends on the osmotic force exerted by free amino acids (FAA) generate of cathepsin-mediated yolk proteins proteolysis. In order to understand the molecular bases of buoyancy acquisition process and its loosing throughout the development of S. lalandi, the aim of this study was to compare gene expression and activity of cathepsins, as well as the FAA content between floating and low-floating embryos. Eggs, morula, blastula, gastrula and 24 h embryos were the stages collected in this study. These assessments were supplemented with morphometric and functional characterization of the embryos, where no differences in embryo and oil drop diameter, and constitutive gene expression were detected between floating and low-floating embryos. Cathepsin B did not show differences in expression or activity related to buoyancy condition. Both expression and activity of cathepsin D were higher in some low-floating developmental stages. By contrast, cathepsin L showed higher expression and activity in some floating early embryos. Higher FAA content was observed in floating embryos at least until gastrula stage in comparison to low-floating ones. In summary, expression and activity of cathepsins and FAA content, revealed specific pattern throughout development or buoyancy conditions of the embryos. This study identifies molecular differences between floating and low floating embryos at specific developmental stages where cathepsins and FAA are promising markers to evaluate the embryo quality in the farming of this species. Abstract The buoyancy of eggs and embryos is associated with successful development in pelagic fish. Buoyancy is the result of oocyte hydration, which depends on the osmotic force exerted by free amino acids (FAA) generated by yolk proteolysis, and cathepsins are the main enzymes involved in this process. Seriola lalandi is a pelagic fish whose farming has been hampered by development failure that have been partially attributed to decreased buoyancy of embryos. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the mRNA expression and activity of cathepsins B, D, and L, as well as the FAA content in floating and low-floating embryos at different developmental stages. The chosen stages were eggs, morula, blastula, gastrula and 24 h embryos. Complementary assessments showed that there were no differences attributed to buoyancy status in embryo and oil droplet diameters, as well as the transcriptional status at any developmental stage. Cathepsin B did not show differences in mRNA expression or activity related to buoyancy at any stage. Cathepsin D displayed higher transcript and activity levels only in low-floating eggs compared with those floating. Cathepsin L showed higher expression in floating eggs and 24 h embryos compared with that of low-floating, but the activity of this enzyme was higher in floating eggs and morula. Total FAA content constantly decreased throughout development in floating embryos, but it was always higher than low-floating embryos until gastrula stage. In 24 h embryos floating and low-floating embryos share similar quantities of FAA. In summary, differences in the expression and activity of cathepsins between floating and low-floating embryos could be revealed at specific embryonic stages, suggesting different functions of these enzymes throughout development. Besides 24 h embryos, FAA content seems to be a decisive factor for buoyancy of embryos during early development of S. lalandi. Overall, considering the main role of cathepsins and FAA in buoyancy acquisition process and therefore in both embryo quality and viability, our study identifies good marker candidates to evaluate embryo quality in the farming of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Dettleff
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8940000, Chile;
| | - Javiera Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago 8820000, Chile;
| | - Daniel Patiño-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile;
| | - Renan Orellana
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Castro
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Sebastián Escobar-Aguirre
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940000, Chile;
| | - Ricardo Daniel Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
- Correspondence: to: (R.D.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Jaime Palomino
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence: to: (R.D.M.); (J.P.)
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8
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Chiang YR, Wang LC, Lin HT, Lin JHY. Bioactivity of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cathepsin L: Proteolysis of bacteria and regulation of the innate immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:399-408. [PMID: 35176469 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a cysteine endopeptidase involved in protein degradation mainly in lysosomes. Following activation in an acidic environment, it plays a key role in a variety of physiological, immunological, and pathological processes. The biological function of CTSL in teleost remains unclear. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CTSL was expressed mainly in lymphoid organs, head kidney, trunk kidney, and liver, which particularly was expressed in leukocyte-like cells. We performed two forms of recombinant CTSL (rCTSL and rTCTSL) derived from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) to elucidate the role of CTSL in teleost innate immunity, based on differences in immune-related gene expression. We determined that rCTSL has a proteolytic function whereas rTCTSL does not. Under CTSL activation, we observed increases in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IFNγ, CCL-1, CCL-3, epinecidin-1, lysozyme, and IgM. The bacteriolytic activity of rCTSL was more pronounced against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Our findings indicate CTSL plays multiple roles in the reactions of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ru Chiang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chiann Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Tso Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John Han-You Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Babio L, Lokman PM, Damsteegt EL, Dutoit L. Are Cell Junctions Implicated in the Regulation of Vitellogenin Uptake? Insights from an RNAseq-Based Study in Eel, Anguilla australis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030550. [PMID: 35159359 PMCID: PMC8834532 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
At the onset of puberty, ovarian follicles become competent to incorporate large amounts of vitellogenin (Vtg). Using an RNAseq-based approach, transcriptomes from pre-vitellogenic (PV) and early vitellogenic (EV) ovaries from wild-caught eel, Anguilla australis, were compared to investigate the expression of specific genes encoding cell junction proteins that could be involved in regulating Vtg uptake. Partial support was found for the mechanical barrier hypothesis proposing that the access of Vtg to the oolemma is restricted by a tight junction (TJ) network within the granulosa cell layer, which changes between the PV and EV stage. Among 25 genes encoding TJ-constituting proteins, five were down-regulated and two were up-regulated. A chemical barrier hypothesis stating that gap junctions (GJs) are involved in modulating Vtg uptake was not supported, as only five GJs were found to be expressed in the ovary with no significant changes in expression between stages. Furthermore, the endocytic pathway was found to be up-regulated during the PV-EV transition. Finally, the study showed that gene expression patterns may help identify suitable candidates involved in the regulation of Vtg uptake, and provided novel sequence data for A. australis, including putative Vtg receptors corresponding to Lr8 and Lrp13 members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family.
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10
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Li J, Lyu L, Wen H, Li Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yao Y, Qi X. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of gonadal development and renewal in the ovoviviparous black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:874. [PMID: 34863110 PMCID: PMC8642938 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) has an ovoviviparous reproductive pattern and long-term sperm storage, resulting in asynchronous gonadal development between the sexes. However, the comprehensive understanding of gonadal development in black rockfish has not yet been achieved. Here, we studied gonadal development and germ cell renewal using histology and RNA-seq. RESULTS In this study, RNA-seq was performed on testes and ovaries to characterize key pathways and genes that are active during development and gamete maturation in black rockfish. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and annotated in 4 comparisons (F_III vs. F_IV, F_IV vs. F_V, M_III vs. M_IV and M_IV vs. M_V). Based on analysis of DEGs enriched in the testis, 11 and 14 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were mapped to the M_III vs. M_IV group and the M_IV vs. M_V group, respectively. DEGs in ovarian development were also classified into 10 groups according to their biological functions. The expression patterns of the selected genes determined by qPCR were significantly correlated with the RNA-Seq results, supporting the reliability and accuracy of the RNA-Seq analysis. E2 levels showed down regulation from previtellogenesis to mature stage in female and T level showed down regulation from spermatogenesis to regressed stage in the male. CONCLUSIONS The categories "intercellular interaction and cytoskeleton", "molecule amplification" and "repair in the cell cycle" were revealed to be crucial in testis development and spermatogenesis, as was the biosynthesis of a series of metabolites. Our results provide comprehensive insight into black rockfish gonadal development and provide a basis for further study of reproductive physiology and molecular biology in ovoviviparity teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshuang Li
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Likang Lyu
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Haishen Wen
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Yijia Yao
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Xin Qi
- College of Fishery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China.
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11
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Meng X, Jayasundara N, Zhang J, Ren X, Gao B, Li J, Liu P. Integrated physiological, transcriptome and metabolome analyses of the hepatopancreas of the female swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus under ammonia exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:113026. [PMID: 34839137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a common environmental pollutant in aquatic ecosystem and is also a significant concern in closed aquaculture systems. The threat of ammonia has been increasing with rising anthropogenic activities including intensified aquaculture. In this study, we aimed to investigate ammonia toxicity and metabolism mechanisms in the hepatopancreas, a major organ for Vitellogenin (Vtg) synthesis and defending against ammonia stress, of female swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus which is an important fishery and aquaculture species, by integrating physiological, transcriptome and metabolome analyses. The results revealed that ammonia exposure (10 mg/L, an environmentally relevant concentration) resulted in a remarkable reduction in vtg expression and depression of multiple signaling pathways for reproductive regulators including methyl farnesoate, ecdysone and neuroparsin, demonstrating for the first time that ammonia impairs swimming crab female reproduction. In addition, a number of important genes and metabolites in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, fatty acid β-oxidation and synthesis were significantly downregulated, indicating that changes in ammonia levels lead to a general depression of energy metabolism in hepatopancreas. After ammonia exposure, an increased level of urea and a reduction of amino acid catabolism were observed in hepatopancreas, suggesting that urea cycle was utilized to biotransform ammonia, and amino acid catabolism was decreased to reduce endogenous ammonia generation. Furthermore, antioxidant systems were altered following ammonia exposure, which was accompanied by proteins and lipid oxidations, as well as cellular apoptosis. These results indicate that ammonia leads to metabolic suppression, oxidative stress and apoptosis in P. trituberculatus hepatopancreas. The findings improve the understanding for the mechanisms of ammonia toxicity and metabolism in P. trituberculatus, and provide valuable information for assessing potential ecological risk of environmental ammonia and improving aquaculture management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Nishad Jayasundara
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27713, United States
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianyun Ren
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoquan Gao
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Hu S, Gong H, Zhu J, Rong Y, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Li L, Wang J. Molecular Characterisation, Tissue Distribution, and Expression Profiling of the Cathepsin B Gene during Ovarian Follicle Development in Geese. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:328-335. [PMID: 33263415 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1857336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. Although there is evidence that Cathepsin B (CTSB) regulates the degradation and absorption of yolk precursors during avian ovarian follicle development, nothing is known about its molecular characteristics, tissue distribution or expression profiles in goose ovarian follicular compartments.2. The intact 1023 bp coding sequence of the goose CTSB gene was obtained for the first time. It encoded a polypeptide of 340 amino acids (AA) containing two conserved functional domains (i.e., Propeptide_C1 and Peptidase_C1A_Cathpsin B) and three active amino acid residues (+108, +279, and +299). Both the nucleotide and AA sequences of goose CTSB gene showed more than 90% similarity with its respective homologs from other avian species.3. The qRT-PCR results showed that CTSB mRNA was ubiquitously expressed in all examined goose tissues, with moderate to high levels in the reproductive organs including the ovarian stroma and oviduct.4. Expression of goose CTSB mRNA in the granulosa layers increased gradually from the 2-4 mm F5 follicles but declined to relatively low levels in the F4-F1 follicles while remaining statistically unchanged in the theca layers throughout follicle development.5. High sequence similarity of goose CTSB gene to other avian species suggested functional conservation of avian CTSB genes, and its fluctuating levels in the granulosa layers may be associated with the orderly progression of goose follicle development. These data laid a foundation for further elucidating the role of CTSB in the avian ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Gong
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Rong
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Lu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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13
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Jiang S, Xiong Y, Zhang W, Zhu J, Cheng D, Gong Y, Wu Y, Qiao H, Fu H. Molecular Characterization of a Novel Cathepsin L in Macrobrachium nipponense and Its Function in Ovary Maturation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:816813. [PMID: 35082760 PMCID: PMC8784880 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.816813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L genes, which belonged to cysteine proteases, were a series of multifunctional protease and played important roles in a lot of pathological and physiological processes. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics a cathepsin L (named Mn-CL2) in the female oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense which was involved in ovary maturation. The Mn-CL2 was1,582 bp in length, including a 978 bp open reading frame that encoded 326 amino acids. The Mn-CL2 was classified into the cathepsin L group by phylogenetic analysis. Real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis indicated that Mn-CL2 was highly expressed in the hepatopancreas and ovaries of female prawns. During the different ovarian stages, Mn-CL2 expression in the hepatopancreas and ovaries peaked before ovarian maturation. In situ hybridization studies revealed that Mn-CL2 was localized in the oocyte of the ovary. Injection of Mn-CL2 dsRNA significantly reduced the expression of vitellogenin. Changes in the gonad somatic index also confirmed the inhibitory effects of Mn-CL2 dsRNA on ovary maturation. These results suggest that Mn-CL2 has a key role in promoting ovary maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Yiwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Junpeng Zhu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Hongtuo Fu, ; Hui Qiao,
| | - Hongtuo Fu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Hongtuo Fu, ; Hui Qiao,
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14
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Küster E, Kalkhof S, Aulhorn S, von Bergen M, Gündel U. Effects of Five Substances with Different Modes of Action on Cathepsin H, C and L Activities in Zebrafish Embryos. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3956. [PMID: 31627361 PMCID: PMC6843663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins have been proposed as biomarkers of chemical exposure in the zebrafish embryo model but it is unclear whether they can also be used to detect sublethal stress. The present study evaluates three cathepsin types as candidate biomarkers in zebrafish embryos. In addition to other functions, cathepsins are also involved in yolk lysosomal processes for the internal nutrition of embryos of oviparous animals until external feeding starts. The baseline enzyme activity of cathepsin types H, C and L during the embryonic development of zebrafish in the first 96 h post fertilisation was studied. Secondly, the effect of leupeptin, a known cathepsin inhibitor, and four embryotoxic xenobiotic compounds with different modes of action (phenanthrene-baseline toxicity; rotenone-an inhibitor of electron transport chain in mitochondria; DNOC (Dinitro-ortho-cresol)-an inhibitor of ATP synthesis; and tebuconazole-a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor) on in vivo cathepsin H, C and L total activities have been tested. The positive control leupeptin showed effects on cathepsin L at a 20-fold lower concentration compared to the respective LC50 (0.4 mM) of the zebrafish embryo assay (FET). The observed effects on the enzyme activity of the four other xenobiotics were not or just slightly more sensitive (factor of 1.5 to 3), but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Results of this study indicate that the analysed cathepsins are not susceptible to toxins other than the known peptide-like inhibitors. However, specific cathepsin inhibitors might be identified using the zebrafish embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Küster
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ- Helmholtz -Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ- Helmholtz -Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Bioanalysis, University of Applied Sciences Coburg, 96450 Coburg, Germany
- IZI, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Therapy Validation, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Silke Aulhorn
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ- Helmholtz -Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, UFZ- Helmholtz -Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Gündel
- Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ- Helmholtz -Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Department Chemicals and Product Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Oogenesis and Egg Quality in Finfish: Yolk Formation and Other Factors Influencing Female Fertility. FISHES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes3040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Egg quality in fishes has been a topic of research in aquaculture and fisheries for decades as it represents an important life history trait and is critical for captive propagation and successful recruitment. A major factor influencing egg quality is proper yolk formation, as most fishes are oviparous and the developing offspring are entirely dependent on stored egg yolk for nutritional sustenance. These maternally derived nutrients consist of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and ions that are transported from the liver to the ovary by lipoprotein particles including vitellogenins. The yolk composition may be influenced by broodstock diet, husbandry, and other intrinsic and extrinsic conditions. In addition, a number of other maternal factors that may influence egg quality also are stored in eggs, such as gene transcripts, that direct early embryonic development. Dysfunctional regulation of gene or protein expression may lead to poor quality eggs and failure to thrive within hours of fertilization. These gene transcripts may provide important markers as their expression levels may be used to screen broodstock for potential spawning success. In addition to such intrinsic factors, stress may lead to ovarian atresia or reproductive failure and can impact fish behavior, fecundity, and ovulation rate. Finally, postovulatory aging may occur when eggs become overripe and the fish fails to spawn in a timely fashion, leading to low fertility, often encountered during manual strip spawning of fish.
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16
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Oh HJ, Kim JH, Mun SH, Kim JH, Kim DJ, Kwon JY. Expression of Yolk Processing Enzyme Genes in Fertilized Eggs from Artificially Matured Female Eel, Anguilla japonica. Dev Reprod 2018; 22:289-295. [PMID: 30324166 PMCID: PMC6182232 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2018.22.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Large quantity of eggs fail to be fertilized and many of fertilized eggs are
unable to hatch in the eel, Anguilla japonica. Larvae of eel
absorb egg yolk up to 8 days after hatching but the majority of hatched larvae
die before they reach the stage of first feeding in this species. Genes of key
enzymes for yolk processing (cathepsin B, D, L and lipoprotein lipase -
abbreviated as ctsb, ctsd, ctsl and lpl,
respectively) could be associated with egg quality. In this study, we
investigated differences in the expression of these genes between floating eggs
and sinking eggs, and also the relationship between the gene expressions of the
enzymes and fertilization rates in the fertilized eggs obtained from
artificially matured female eels. Expressions of yolk processing enzyme genes
did not show significant difference between floating and sinking egg groups.
Expression of ctsb decreased when fertilization rate was high.
Expression of ctsd, ctsl and lpl, however, did
not show any significant differences. These results suggest that
ctsb expression could be an indicator of egg quality, and
that some proteins prone to be digested by ctsb could be very
important in the process of fertilization and normal cleavage in this species.
Further study should identify these critical proteins to improve our
understanding on the quality of fish eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ji Oh
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Aquaculture Research Team, NFRDI, Busan 46083, Korea.,Dept. of Future Culture Center, NFRDI, Jeju 63610, Korea
| | - Seong Hee Mun
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Jin Hui Kim
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Dae-Jung Kim
- Aquaculture Research Team, NFRDI, Busan 46083, Korea.,Dept. of Future Culture Center, NFRDI, Jeju 63610, Korea
| | - Joon Yeong Kwon
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Sciences, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
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17
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Gwon SH, Kim HK, Baek HJ, Lee YD, Kwon JY. Cathepsin B & D and the Survival of Early Embryos in Red Spotted Grouper, Ephinephelus akaara. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:457-466. [PMID: 29354791 PMCID: PMC5769140 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Survival of embryos largely depends on yolk processing during early development. Proteolytic enzymes, cathepsin B & D (ctsb & ctsd) are known to have some important roles in yolk processing of various fish species. Mature female red spotted groupers were injected with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to induce ovulation. The fertilized eggs and embryos were sampled at 0, 4 and 24 HPF (hours post fertilization). Survivals of each groups of embryos were checked at 24 and 48 HPH (hours post hatching). Transcripts of ctsb & ctsd showed the highest level at 0 HPF and relatively high at 4 HPF, but greatly decreased at 24 HPF. In bad egg quality group (BE, embryos survived until 24 HPH), transcript level of ctsb at 4 HPF were significantly lower than the transcript level at the same stage in good egg quality group (GE, embryos survived until 48 HPH) while no significant change of ctsb transcript level was observed at 0 or 24 HPF between BE and GE. Transcript level of ctsd was decreased at 24 HPF, but the difference was not as strong as the case of ctsb transcript. These results suggest that maternal ctsb transcript rather than ctsd transcript is likely to be involved in egg quality resulting in the difference of survival rate of embryos at early developmental period in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hui Gwon
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Science, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyu Kim
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Science, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
| | - Hea Ja Baek
- Dept. of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Young-Don Lee
- Dept. of Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63333, Korea
| | - Joon Yeong Kwon
- Dept. of Aquatic Life Medical Science, Sunmoon University, Asan 31460, Korea
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18
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Palomino J, Herrera G, Torres-Fuentes J, Dettleff P, Patel A, Martínez V. Assessment of cathepsin mRNA expression and enzymatic activity during early embryonic development in the yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 180:23-29. [PMID: 28262464 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In pelagic species such as Seriola lalandi, survival of both the eggs and embryos depends on yolk processing during oocyte maturation and embryo development. The main enzymes involved in these processes are the cathepsins, which are essential for the hydration process, acquiring buoyancy and nutrition of the embryo before hatching. This study aimed to investigate the mRNA expression profiles of cathepsins B, D and L (catb, catd and catl) and the activity of these enzymes during early development in S. lalandi. We included previtellogenic oocytes (PO). All three enzymes were highly expressed in PO, but the expression was reduced throughout development. Between PO and recently spawned eggs (E1) the transcript to catb and catd decreased, unlike catl. Cathepsin B activity, showed stable levels between PO until blastula stage (E4). High activities levels of cathepsins D and L were observed in E1 in comparison with later developmental stages. Cathepsin L activity remained constant until E1, consistent with observations in other pelagic spawners, where its participation in a second protolithic cleavage of the yolk proteins, has been proposed for this enzyme. Their profiles of both mRNA expression and enzymatic activity indicate the importance of these enzymes during early development and suggest different roles in egg yolk processing for the hydration process and nutrition in early embryos in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Palomino
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, Casilla 2 Correo 15, Santiago, Chile; Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, Casilla 2 Correo 15, Santiago, Chile
| | - Giannina Herrera
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, Casilla 2 Correo 15, Santiago, Chile; Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, Casilla 2 Correo 15, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Torres-Fuentes
- Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, Casilla 2 Correo 15, Santiago, Chile
| | - Phillip Dettleff
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, Casilla 2 Correo 15, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alok Patel
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, Casilla 2 Correo 15, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Martínez
- FAVET-INBIOGEN, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, Casilla 2 Correo 15, Santiago, Chile.
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Akhavan SR, Salati AP, Falahatkar B, Jalali SAH. Changes of vitellogenin and Lipase in captive Sterlet sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus females during previtellogenesis to early atresia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:967-978. [PMID: 26732070 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasma chemistry, lipid metabolism and vitellogenin gene expression of captive Sterlet sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus were studied in different maturity stages. A total of 32 fish were sampled, and maturity stages were identified on the basis of histological criteria and direct observation. Females were classified to four groups: previtellogenic, vitellogenic, post-vitellogenic, and atresia. Blood, gonad and liver tissue samples were taken through non-lethal biopsy. Our results showed that plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity, albumin and total protein increased during ovarian development and were highest at post-vitellogenic stage. The lowest amounts in atresia stage demonstrate that lipid and energy imbalance was related to reabsorption and digestion of the yolk. These results suggested that the VLDL was the main plasma lipoprotein component of Sterlet. We determined that lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activity increased during vitellogenesis process which suggested the role of lipase enzymes in regulating blood lipid metabolism. RT-PCR analysis indicates that Vitellogenin (VTG) mRNA could be detected both in livers and ovaries of female Sterlet. Throughout the study, the expression level of VTG gene showed an increase both in ovaries and in livers reaching its peak at late vitellogenesis stage. This strongly indicated a relation between VTG mRNA and ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhan Ranay Akhavan
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Amir Parviz Salati
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.
| | - Bahram Falahatkar
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 1144, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Jalali
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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20
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Langdon YG, Fuentes R, Zhang H, Abrams EW, Marlow FL, Mullins MC. Split top: a maternal cathepsin B that regulates dorsoventral patterning and morphogenesis. Development 2016; 143:1016-28. [PMID: 26893345 PMCID: PMC4813285 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic dorsoventral axis is established and patterned by Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways, respectively. Whereas Wnt signaling establishes the dorsal side of the embryo and induces the dorsal organizer, a BMP signaling gradient patterns tissues along the dorsoventral axis. Early Wnt signaling is provided maternally, whereas BMP ligand expression in the zebrafish is zygotic, but regulated by maternal factors. Concomitant with BMP activity patterning dorsoventral axial tissues, the embryo also undergoes dramatic morphogenetic processes, including the cell movements of gastrulation, epiboly and dorsal convergence. Although the zygotic regulation of these cell migration processes is increasingly understood, far less is known of the maternal regulators of these processes. Similarly, the maternal regulation of dorsoventral patterning, and in particular the maternal control of ventral tissue specification, is poorly understood. We identified split top, a recessive maternal-effect zebrafish mutant that disrupts embryonic patterning upstream of endogenous BMP signaling. Embryos from split top mutant females exhibit a dorsalized embryonic axis, which can be rescued by BMP misexpression or by derepressing endogenous BMP signaling. In addition to dorsoventral patterning defects, split top mutants display morphogenesis defects that are both BMP dependent and independent. These morphogenesis defects include incomplete dorsal convergence, delayed epiboly progression and an early lysis phenotype during gastrula stages. The latter two morphogenesis defects are associated with disruption of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton within the yolk cell and defects in the outer enveloping cell layer, which are both known mediators of epiboly movements. Through chromosomal mapping and RNA sequencing analysis, we identified the lysosomal endopeptidase cathepsin Ba (ctsba) as the gene deficient in split top embryos. Our results identify a novel role for Ctsba in morphogenesis and expand our understanding of the maternal regulation of dorsoventral patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette G Langdon
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Millsaps College, Department of Biology, Jackson, MS 39210, USA
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elliott W Abrams
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Florence L Marlow
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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21
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Yang J, Liu H, Zheng G, Xiang X, Lv Z, Wang T. Cathepsin L of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus-molecular characterization and transcriptional response to Vibrio splendidus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:387-395. [PMID: 26777896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L, a lysosomal endopeptidase, has been noted for its involvement in the innate immune response in invertebrates. Here, the cathepsin L cDNA of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (AjCatL) is identified from an EST library and then cloned by the rapid amplification of the cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The full-length cDNA is 1678 bp long containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 1002 bp, an 80 bp 5' UTR and a 599 bp 3' UTR. The cDNA encodes 333 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 37.07 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 5.01. The full-length AjCatL contains three active sites of eukaryotic thiol (cysteine) protease at positions 133-144, 278-288 and 295-314. Analysis of the predicted tertiary structure of prepro-CatL (17-333 aa) and mature-CatL (116-333 aa) reveals that the propeptide region (17-115 aa) blocks access to the substrate-binding cleft. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the AjCatL is clustered together with two other CatLs from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The enzymatic activity of AjCatL was verified using a substrate hydrolyzing assay with recombinant mAjCatL. Further analysis of real time-PCR demonstrates that the expression of AjCatL mRNA is significantly up-regulated in the coelomocytes in cases of infection with the common bacterial pathogen, Vibrio splendidus. This suggests that the AjCatL is likely to be involved in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Ocean Research Center of Zhoushan, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316021, China
| | - Xiaowei Xiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China.
| | - Tianming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China.
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22
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Li Q, Ao J, Mu Y, Yang Z, Li T, Zhang X, Chen X. Cathepsin S, but not cathepsin L, participates in the MHC class II-associated invariant chain processing in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:743-50. [PMID: 26475363 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two cysteine proteases, cathepsin S (CatS) and cathepsin L (CatL), have been identified as the key enzymes involved in the processing of invariant chain (Ii chain) in mammals. However, little is known about the roles of fish cathepsins in the Ii chain processing. In this study, large yellow croaker cathepsin S (LycCatS) and L (LycCatL) were identified and characterized. Based on the sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis, both LycCatS and LycCatL are highly conserved to their counterparts in teleost. These two cathepsins were constitutively expressed in all tissues and immune-related cells tested, although at different levels. Both recombinant LycCatS (rLycCatS) and LycCatL (rLycCatL) possess the typical cysteine protease activity. Like other mammalian endopeptidase cathepsins, rLycCatS and rLycCatL could be autocatalytically activated to remove propeptides and release active mature peptides. On the other hand, the autocatalytic activation of rLycCatL could be inhibited by recombinant large yellow croaker Ii chain (rLyc-TR-Ii), but the autocatalytic activation of rLycCatS was not affected by rLyc-TR-Ii. Furthermore, the activated rLycCatS can efficiently process rLyc-TR-Ii in a stepwise manner in vitro, while the activated rLycCatL can not. These data indicate that cathepsin S may be the main cathepsin involved in the Ii chain processing in bony fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploration and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, China
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23
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Damsteegt EL, Mizuta H, Hiramatsu N, Lokman PM. How do eggs get fat? Insights into ovarian fatty acid accumulation in the shortfinned eel, Anguilla australis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 221:94-100. [PMID: 25660471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous research using eels has shown that 11-ketotestosterone can induce ovarian triacylglyceride accumulation both in vivo and in vitro. Further, accumulation is dramatically enhanced in the presence of very-low density lipoprotein. This study examined the involvement of the low density lipoprotein receptor and vitellogenin receptor in oocyte lipid accumulation. Specific antisera were used in an attempt to block the vitellogenin receptor and/or the low density lipoprotein receptor. Accordingly, incubation with the low density lipoprotein receptor antiserum clearly reduced the oocyte diameter and the amount of oil present within the oocyte. In contrast, blocking the vitellogenin receptor had little effect on either oocyte surface area or the abundance of oil droplets in the cytosol. In keeping with birds, we conclude that the low density lipoprotein receptor is a major player involved in mediating ovarian fatty acid accumulation in the eel. However, lipoprotein lipase-mediated fatty acid accumulation also remains conceivable, for example through interactions between this enzyme and the low density lipoprotein receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Damsteegt
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Hiroko Mizuta
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Naoshi Hiramatsu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - P Mark Lokman
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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24
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Hiramatsu N, Todo T, Sullivan CV, Schilling J, Reading BJ, Matsubara T, Ryu YW, Mizuta H, Luo W, Nishimiya O, Wu M, Mushirobira Y, Yilmaz O, Hara A. Ovarian yolk formation in fishes: Molecular mechanisms underlying formation of lipid droplets and vitellogenin-derived yolk proteins. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 221:9-15. [PMID: 25660470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fish egg yolk is largely derived from vitellogenins, which are synthesized in the liver, taken up from the maternal circulation by growing oocytes via receptor-mediated endocytosis and enzymatically processed into yolk proteins that are stored in the ooplasm. Lipid droplets are another major component of fish egg yolk, and these are mainly composed of neutral lipids that may originate from maternal plasma lipoproteins. This review aims to briefly summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying yolk formation in fishes. A hypothetical model of oocyte growth is proposed based on recent advances in our knowledge of fish yolk formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Hiramatsu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Takashi Todo
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | | | - Justin Schilling
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA; Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA(1)
| | - Benjamin J Reading
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA; Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA(1)
| | - Takahiro Matsubara
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Ehime 798-4206, Japan
| | - Yong-Woon Ryu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan; South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Ehime 798-4206, Japan
| | - Hiroko Mizuta
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Wenshu Luo
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan; Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima 411-8540, Japan(1)
| | - Osamu Nishimiya
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Meiqin Wu
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Yuji Mushirobira
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
| | - Ozlem Yilmaz
- National Institute of Agronomic Research, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Akihiko Hara
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
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25
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Ma KY, Liu ZQ, Lin JY, Li JL, Qiu GF. Molecular characterization of a novel ovary-specific gene fem-1 homolog from the oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense. Gene 2015; 575:244-52. [PMID: 26367327 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The feminization-1 (fem-1) gene is characterized by one of the most common protein-protein interaction motifs, ankyrin repeat motifs, displays many expression patterns in vertebrates and invertebrates, and plays an essential role in the sex-determination/differentiation pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study, a fem-1 homolog, designated as Mnfem-1, was first cloned from the oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense. The prawn Mnfem-1 gene consists of six exons and five introns. The full-length cDNA (2603bp) of Mnfem-1 contains an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 622 amino acids. The Mnfem-1 RNA and protein are exclusively expressed in the ovary in adult prawns as revealed by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. In situ hybridization results showed that strong positive signals were concentrated at the edge of the previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocyte. During embryogenesis, Mnfem-1 is highly expressed in both unfertilized eggs and embryos at cleavage stage and thereafter dropped to a low level from blastula to zoea, indicating that the Mnfem-1 in early embryos is maternal. After hatching, the Mnfem-1 expression significantly increased in the larvae at length of 2cm, an important stage of sex differentiation. Yeast two hybridization results showed that the Mnfem-1 protein can be potentially interactive with cathepsin L and proteins containing the domains of insulinase, ankyrin or ubiquitin. Our results suggested that Mnfem-1 could have roles in prawn ovarian development and sex determination/differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Jing-Yun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Jia-Le Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
| | - Gao-Feng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China; E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
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26
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Lee JW, Lee YM, Yang H, Noh JK, Kim HC, Park CJ, Park JW, Hwang IJ, Kim SY, Lee JH. Expression Analysis of Cathepsin F during Embryogenesis and Early Developmental Stage in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Dev Reprod 2015; 17:221-9. [PMID: 25949137 PMCID: PMC4282294 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.3.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are members of the multigene family of lysosomal cysteine proteinases and have regulated function in several life processes. The potential role of cathepsin F cysteine gene was expected as protease in the yolk processing mechanism during early developmental stage, but expression analysis was unknown after fertilization. The alignment analysis showed that amino acid sequence of cathepsin F from olive flounder liver expressed sequence tag (EST) homologous to cathepsin F of other known cathepsin F sequences with 87-98% identity. In this study, we examined the gene expression analysis of cathepsin F in various tissues at variety age flounder. Tissue distribution of the cathepsin F mRNA has been shown to be ubiquitous and constitutive pattern regardless of age in each group, although derived from cDNA library using liver sample. The mRNA level of cathepsin F more increased as developmental proceed during embryogenesis and early developmental stage, especially increased in the blastula, hatching stage and 3 days post hatching (dph). As a result, it may suggest that the proteolysis of yolk proteins (YPs) has been implicated as a mechanism for nutrient supply during early larval stages in olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Wook Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Yang
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Koo Noh
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Choul-Ji Park
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Park
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - In Joon Hwang
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
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27
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Salmerón C, Navarro I, Johnston IA, Gutiérrez J, Capilla E. Characterisation and expression analysis of cathepsins and ubiquitin-proteasome genes in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) skeletal muscle. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:149. [PMID: 25880457 PMCID: PMC4431372 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proteolytic enzymes involved in normal protein turnover in fish muscle are also responsible for post-mortem softening of the flesh and are therefore potential determinants of product quality. The main enzyme systems involved are calpains, cathepsins, and the ubiquitin-proteasome (UbP). In this study on Sparus aurata (Sa), the coding sequences of cathepsins (SaCTSB and SaCTSDb) and UbP family members (SaN3 and SaUb) were cloned from fast skeletal muscle, and their expression patterns were examined during ontogeny and in a fasting/re-feeding experiment. Results The amino acid sequences identified shared 66-100% overall identity with their orthologues in other vertebrates, with well conserved characteristic functional domains and catalytic residues. SaCTSDb showed phylogenetic, sequence and tissue distribution differences with respect to its paralogue SaCTSDa, previously identified in the ovary. Expression of gilthead sea bream cathepsins (B, L, Da, Db) and UbP members (N3, Ub, MuRF1 and MAFbx) in fast skeletal muscle was determined at three different life-history stages and in response to fasting and re-feeding in juveniles. Most of the proteolytic genes analysed were significantly up-regulated during fasting, and down-regulated with re-feeding and, between the fingerling (15 g) and juvenile/adult stages (~50/500 g), consistent with a decrease in muscle proteolysis in both later contexts. In contrast, SaCTSDa and SaMuRF1 expression was relatively stable with ontogeny and SaUb had higher expression in fingerlings and adults than juveniles. Conclusions The data obtained in the present study suggest that cathepsins and UbP genes in gilthead sea bream are co-ordinately regulated during ontogeny to control muscle growth, and indicate that feeding regimes can modulate their expression, providing a potential dietary method of influencing post-mortem fillet tenderisation, and hence, product quality. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1121-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Salmerón
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
| | - Isabel Navarro
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
| | - Ian A Johnston
- Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews Fife, KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK.
| | - Joaquim Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
| | - Encarnación Capilla
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
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28
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Zhou ZJ, Qiu R, Zhang J. Molecular characterization of the cathepsin B of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:473-483. [PMID: 25326658 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is an enzymatic protein belonging to the peptidase C1 family. It is involved in diverse physiological and pathological functions that include immune response. In this study, we identified and characterized a cathepsin B homolog (SmCatB) from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). SmCatB is composed of 330 amino acid residues and possesses typical domain architecture of cathepsin B, which contains a propeptide region and a cysteine protease domain, and the latter processes four conserved residues (Q101, C107, H277, and N297) in the active site. SmCatB shares 80.6-87.6% overall sequence identities with the cathepsin B of a number of teleost. SmCatB expression was detected in a wide range of tissues and upregulated by bacterial infection in a time-dependent manner. Recombinant SmCatB (rSmCatB-WT) purified from Escherichia coli exhibited apparent protease activity, which was optimal at 50 °C and pH 5.5. Compared to rSmCatB-WT, the mutant proteins rSmCatB-C107S, rSmCatB-H277A, and rSmCatB-N297A, which bear C107S, H277A, and N297A mutations, respectively, were significantly reduced in protease activity, with the highest reduction observed with rSmCatB-N297A. These results indicate that SmCatB is a bioactive protease that depends on the conserved structural features and that SmCatB is involved in pathogen-induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Hu X, Hu X, Hu B, Wen C, Xie Y, Wu D, Tao Z, Li A, Gao Q. Molecular cloning and characterization of cathepsin L from freshwater mussel, Cristaria plicata. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:446-454. [PMID: 25038281 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L is one of the crucial enzyme superfamilies and involved in the immune responses. The Cathepsin L cDNA and genome of Cristaria plicata(CpCL) was cloned from the hemocytes using degenerate primers by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The genomic DNA was 9353 bp long and had a total of six introns and seven exons. The full-length cDNA of CpCL was 1144 bp, the cDNA contained a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 34 nucleotides, the 3' UTR of 108 bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a polyA tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1002 bp, encoding 333 amino acid residues with 37.65 kDa predicted molecular weight. The theoretical isoelectric point was 8.61. The prepro-cathepsin L was consisted of a typical signal peptide (Met1-Gly20), a pro-region peptide (Leu21-Glu116) and a mature peptide (Tyr117-Val333). Many members of the papain family possessed of a proline residue at position 2 in the mature enzymem, this was also observed in CpCL. The preproprotein included an oxyanion hole (Gln 135), the active center formed by Cys141, His280 and Asn 300, the potential N-glycosylation site (Asn38, Asn 113 and Asn 272) and the conserved GCXGG motifs, which was characteristic of cathepsin, the conserved ERWNIN and GNFD motifs, which were characteristic for cathepsin L. Homology analysis revealed that the CpCL shared 49-87% identity to other known cathepsin L sequences. The phylogenetic tree showed that the CpCL clustered with the invertebrate cathepsin L cysteine proteases, and was closely related to the cathepsin L of Hyriopsis cumingii. The expression of CpCL mRNA was detected in hepatopancreas, hemocytes, mantle, gills and adductor muscle, and the higher expression level was in hepatopancreas. After A. hydrophila stimulation, the expression of the CpCL mRNA was up-regulated in hemocytes and hepatopancreas, and the expression level was significantly lower in gill than one after PBS challenge group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiangping Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Baoqing Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chungen Wen
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Yanhai Xie
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Dan Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhiying Tao
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Aihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China.
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Choi KM, Shim SH, An CM, Nam BH, Kim YO, Kim JW, Park CI. Cloning, characterisation, and expression analysis of the cathepsin D gene from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:253-258. [PMID: 25038285 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins are lysosomal cysteine proteases belonging to the papain family, members of which play important roles in normal metabolism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) cathepsin D (RbCTSD) cDNAs were identified by expressed sequence tag analysis of a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rock bream liver cDNA library. The full-length RbCTSD cDNA (1644 bp) contained an open reading frame of 1191 bp encoding 396 amino acids. Alignment analysis revealed that the active sites and N-glycosylation sites of the deduced protein were well conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RbCTSD is most closely related to the Mi-iuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) cathepsin D. RbCTSD was ubiquitously expressed in all the examined tissues, predominantly in muscle and kidneys. RbCTSD mRNA expression was also examined in several tissues under conditions of bacterial and viral challenge. All examined tissues of fish infected with Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda), Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae), and red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) showed significant increases in RbCTSD expression compared with the control. In the kidney and spleen, RbCTSD mRNA expression was markedly upregulated following infection with all tested pathogens. These findings indicate that RbCTSD plays an important role in the innate immune response of rock bream. Furthermore, these results provide important information for the identification of other cathepsin D genes in various fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Min Choi
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul-Min An
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea.
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Mommer BC, Bell AM. Maternal experience with predation risk influences genome-wide embryonic gene expression in threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e98564. [PMID: 24887438 PMCID: PMC4041765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for nongenetic effects of maternal experience on offspring. For example, previous studies have shown that female threespined stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) exposed to predation risk produce offspring with altered behavior, metabolism and stress physiology. Here, we investigate the effect of maternal exposure to predation risk on the embryonic transcriptome in sticklebacks. Using RNA-sequencing we compared genome-wide transcription in three day post-fertilization embryos of predator-exposed and control mothers. There were hundreds of differentially expressed transcripts between embryos of predator-exposed mothers and embryos of control mothers including several non-coding RNAs. Gene Ontology analysis revealed biological pathways involved in metabolism, epigenetic inheritance, and neural proliferation and differentiation that differed between treatments. Interestingly, predation risk is associated with an accelerated life history in many vertebrates, and several of the genes and biological pathways that were identified in this study suggest that maternal exposure to predation risk accelerates the timing of embryonic development. Consistent with this hypothesis, embryos of predator-exposed mothers were larger than embryos of control mothers. These findings point to some of the molecular mechanisms that might underlie maternal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C. Mommer
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alison M. Bell
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Wei S, Huang Y, Huang X, Cai J, Yan Y, Guo C, Qin Q. Characterization of cathepsin B gene from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides involved in SGIV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:194-205. [PMID: 24239598 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B of papain family is a key regulator and signaling molecule that involves in various biological processes, such as the regulation of apoptosis and activation of virus. In the present study, cathepsin B gene (Ec-CB) was cloned and characterized from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. The full-length Ec-CB cDNA was composed of 1918 bp and encoded a polypeptide of 330 amino acids with higher identities to cathepsin B of teleosts and mammalians. Ec-CB possessed typical cathepsin B structural features including an N-terminal signal peptide, the propeptide region and the cysteine protease domain which were conserved in other cathepsin B sequences. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Ec-CB was most closely related to Lutjanus argentimaculatus. RT-PCR analysis showed that Ec-CB transcript was expressed in all the examined tissues which abundant in spleen, kidney and gill. After challenged with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) stimulation, the mRNA expression of cathepsin B in E. coioides was up-regulated at 24 h post-infection. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that Ec-CB was distributed predominantly in the cytoplasm. When the fish cells (GS or FHM) were treated with the cathepsin B specific inhibitor CA-074Me, the occurrence of CPE induced by SGIV was delayed, and the viral gene transcription was significantly inhibited. Additionally, SGIV-induced typical apoptosis was also inhibited by CA-074Me in FHM cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the Ec-CB might play a functional role in SGIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shina Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Chuanyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Lanes CFC, Bizuayehu TT, de Oliveira Fernandes JM, Kiron V, Babiak I. Transcriptome of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) early embryos from farmed and wild broodstocks. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:677-694. [PMID: 23887676 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made to elucidate factors affecting egg quality in fish. Recently, we have shown that eggs originating from wild broodstock (WB) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) are of superior quality to those derived from farmed broodstock (FB), and this is associated with differences in the chemical composition of egg yolk. However, maternal transcripts, accumulated during oogenesis, have not been studied extensively in fish. The aim of the present study was to characterize putative maternal mRNA transcriptome in fertilized eggs of Atlantic cod and to compare transcript pools between WB and FB in order to investigate the relation between egg developmental potential and putative maternal mRNA deposits. We performed high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing. For each WB and FB group, five cDNA libraries were individually tagged and sequenced, resulting in 98,687 (WB) and 119,333 (FB) average reads per library. Sequencing reads were de novo assembled, annotated, and mapped. Out of 13,726 identified isotigs, 238 were differentially expressed between WB and FB, with 155 isotigs significantly upregulated in WB. The sequence reads were mapped to 11,340 different Atlantic cod transcripts and 158 sequences were differentially expressed between the 2 groups. Important transcripts involved in fructose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation were differentially represented between the two broodstock groups, showing potential as biomarkers of egg quality in teleosts. Our findings contribute to the hypothesis that maternal mRNAs affect egg quality and, consequently, the early development of fish.
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Niu D, Jin K, Wang L, Sun F, Li J. Identification of cathepsin B in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta and its role in innate immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:94-99. [PMID: 23632254 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B, a lysosomal cysteine protease, has drawn much attention in vertebrates. However, very little is known about the functions of cathepsin B in bivalves. In this study, we identified the cathepsin B gene in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. The protein has a typical cysteine protease structure, comprising a 15-residue putative signal peptide, a 75-residue propeptide and a 249-residue mature domain. In the mature domain, there is an occluding loop, an oxyanion hole (Gln) and a catalytic triad (Cys, His and Asn). The cathepsin B gene is expressed in a wide range of tissues but appears to exhibit greatest level of expression in the liver. During the early developmental stages, the transcript could be detected widely. After the clam was infected with Vibrio anguillarum, the expression of the cathepsin B gene showed the most significant up-regulation in the liver and mantle tissues at 8h after infection. The fact that bacterial infection can induce the expression of the cathepsin B transcript suggests that cathepsin B could play an important role in the innate immunity of clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Niu D, Jin K, Wang L, Feng B, Li J. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of four cathepsin L genes in the razor clam, Sinonovacula constricta. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:581-588. [PMID: 23765116 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a lysosomal cysteine protease involved in immune responses in vertebrates. However, few studies exist regarding the role of cathepsin L in bivalves. In this study, we isolated and characterized four cathepsin L genes from the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta, referred to as CTSL1, CTSL2, CTSL3 and CTSL4. These four genes contained typical papain-like cysteine protease structure and enzyme activity sites with ERWNIN-like and GNFD-like motifs in the proregion domain and an oxyanion hole (Gln) and a catalytic triad (Cys, His and Asn) in the mature domain. Expression analysis of the four transcripts revealed a tissue-specific pattern with high expression of CTSL1 and CTSL3 in liver and gonad tissues and high expression of CTSL2 and CTSL4 in liver and gill tissues. During the developmental stages, the four transcripts showed the highest expression in the juvenile stage; however, CTSL3 had a much higher expression level than the other three transcripts during embryogenesis. The four transcripts showed significant changes in expression as early as 4 h or 8 h after infection with Vibrio anguillarum. The fact that bacterial infection can induce expression of the four CTSL transcripts suggests that these transcripts are important components of the innate immunity system of the clam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources and College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai 201306, China
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Cirkvenčič N, Narat M, Dovč P, Benčina D. Distribution of chicken cathepsins B and L, cystatin and ovalbumin in extra-embryonic fluids during embryogenesis. Br Poult Sci 2013; 53:623-30. [PMID: 23281756 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.729131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Concentrations of chicken cathepsin B, cathepsin L, cystatin and ovalbumin were determined in the allantoic fluid, amniotic fluid and extracts of chorioallantoic membranes during days 6 to 12 of embryogenesis. 2. Similar trends for cystatin and ovalbumin were observed in the allantoic fluid with maximum concentrations of cystatin on day 7 (12 ± 4 µg/ml) and ovalbumin on day 8 (∼19 ± 2.5 µg/ml) of embryonic development. The highest concentrations of cathepsin B was found on day 7 and of cathepsin L on day 10, but were significantly lower than those of cystatin and ovalbumin. 3. In the allantoic fluid, especially on day 7, considerable proportions of cystatin and ovalbumin were phosphorylated and contained phosphorylated serine. 4. Concentrations of cathepsin B and L, cystatin and ovalbumin in the amniotic fluid were variable but were comparable to those in allantoic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cirkvenčič
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
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Tingaud-Sequeira A, Lozano JJ, Zapater C, Otero D, Kube M, Reinhardt R, Cerdà J. A rapid transcriptome response is associated with desiccation resistance in aerially-exposed killifish embryos. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64410. [PMID: 23741328 PMCID: PMC3669298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed hatching is a form of dormancy evolved in some amphibian and fish embryos to cope with environmental conditions transiently hostile to the survival of hatchlings or larvae. While diapause and cryptobiosis have been extensively studied in several animals, very little is known concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in the sensing and response of fish embryos to environmental cues. Embryos of the euryhaline killifish Fundulus heteroclitus advance dvelopment when exposed to air but hatching is suspended until flooding with seawater. Here, we investigated how transcriptome regulation underpins this adaptive response by examining changes in gene expression profiles of aerially incubated killifish embryos at ∼100% relative humidity, compared to embryos continuously flooded in water. The results confirm that mid-gastrula embryos are able to stimulate development in response to aerial incubation, which is accompanied by the differential expression of at least 806 distinct genes during a 24 h period. Most of these genes (∼70%) appear to be differentially expressed within 3 h of aerial exposure, suggesting a broad and rapid transcriptomic response. This response seems to include an early sensing phase, which overlaps with a tissue remodeling and activation of embryonic development phase involving many regulatory and metabolic pathways. Interestingly, we found fast (0.5–1 h) transcriptional differences in representatives of classical “stress” proteins, such as some molecular chaperones, members of signalling pathways typically involved in the transduction of sensor signals to stress response genes, and oxidative stress-related proteins, similar to that described in other animals undergoing dormancy, diapause or desiccation. To our knowledge, these data represent the first transcriptional profiling of molecular processes associated with desiccation resistance during delayed hatching in non-mammalian vertebrates. The exceptional transcriptomic plasticity observed in killifish embryos provides an important insight as to how the embryos are able to rapidly adapt to non-lethal desiccation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Tingaud-Sequeira
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Ryu YW, Tanaka R, Kasahara A, Ito Y, Hiramatsu N, Todo T, Sullivan CV, Hara A. Molecular Cloning and Transcript Expression of Genes Encoding Two Types of Lipoprotein Lipase in the Ovary of Cutthroat Trout,Oncorhynchus clarki. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:224-37. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hiramatsu N, Luo W, Reading BJ, Sullivan CV, Mizuta H, Ryu YW, Nishimiya O, Todo T, Hara A. Multiple ovarian lipoprotein receptors in teleosts. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:29-32. [PMID: 22327553 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have revealed multiplicity in maternal yolk precursors and their corresponding ovarian lipoprotein receptors (LRs) in diverse oviparous vertebrates, including fishes. This mini-review describes further evidence for the system of fish egg yolk formation mediated by multiple ovarian LRs, which have been obtained by studies utilizing a combination of conventional molecular and biochemical analyses, and modern proteome and transcriptome technologies. A hypothetical "multiple ovarian LR" model is proposed based on our current and previous knowledge of fish yolk formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hiramatsu
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
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Huang SM, Xu F, Lam SH, Gong Z, Ong CN. Metabolomics of developing zebrafish embryos using gas chromatography- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1372-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25450j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Deloffre LAM, Andrade A, Filipe AI, Canario AVM. Reference genes to quantify gene expression during oogenesis in a teleost fish. Gene 2012; 506:69-75. [PMID: 22750322 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular events involved in the acquisition of competence during oogenesis is a key step to determine the secret of 'high quality' eggs for aquaculture. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is the technique of election to determine changes in transcript abundance in such studies, but choosing reference genes for normalization, in particular during oogenesis, remains a challenge. In the present study, transcription of 6 functionally distinct genes, β actin (ACTB), cathepsin D (CTSD), cathepsin Z (CTSZ), elongation factor 1 α (EEF1A), TATA binding protein (TBP) and tubulin A (TUBA1A) was assessed as normalizers of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) gene expression in mRNA from Mozambique tilapia oocytes during oogenesis. Reverse transcription was equally efficient and varies little in all samples. Most of the genes considered for reference were stable during early stages of oogenesis but variations were observed during vitellogenesis. A single gene and up to 3 genes were shown to be insufficient for reliable normalization throughout the whole oogenesis. The combination of the genes ACTB, CTSD, EEF1A and CTSZ as reference was found to minimize variation and has the most stable expression pattern between maturation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A M Deloffre
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), University of the Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Crespo D, Mañanós EL, Roher N, MacKenzie SA, Planas JV. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha May Act as an Intraovarian Mediator of Luteinizing Hormone-Induced Oocyte Maturation in Trout1. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:1-12. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.094433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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43
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Chen L, Sun L. Cathepsin B of Cynoglossus semilaevis: Identification, expression, and activity analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 161:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chen L, Zhang M, Sun L. Identification and expressional analysis of two cathepsins from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:1270-1277. [PMID: 21939771 PMCID: PMC7128119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins are a family of lysosomal proteases that play an important role in protein degradation, antigen presentation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Cathepsins are divided into three groups, i.e., cysteine protease, serine protease, and aspartic protease. Cathepsin D and cathepsin L, which are aspartic protease and cysteine protease respectively, have been identified in a number of teleosts; however, the immunological relevance of fish cathepsins is largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the expression profiles of a cathepsin D (CsCatD) and a cathepsin L (CsCatL) homologs from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). CsCatD is composed of 396 amino acid residues and shares 67.6-88.4% overall sequence identities with fish and human cathepsin D. Structurally CsCatD possesses an aspartic endopeptidase domain, which contains two conserved aspartic acid residues that form the catalytic site. CsCatL is 336 residues in length and shares 64.7-90.2% overall sequence identities with fish and human cathepsin L. CsCatL has an N-terminal cathepsin propeptide inhibitor domain followed by a Papain family cysteine protease domain, the latter containing four conserved catalytic residues: Gln-133, Cys-139, His-279, and Asn-303. Recombinant CsCatL purified from Escherichia coli exhibited apparent protease activity. Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis detected constitutive expression of CsCatD and CsCatL in multiple tissues, with the lowest level found in heart and the highest level found in liver. Experimental challenge of tongue sole with the bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum and megalocytivirus caused significant inductions of both CsCatD and CsCatL expression in kidney and spleen in time-dependent manners. Immunization of the fish with a subunit vaccine also enhanced CsCatD and CsCatL expression in the first week post-vaccination. These results suggest involvement of CsCatD and CsCatL in host immune reactions to bacterial and viral infections and in the process of antigen-induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Follo C, Ozzano M, Mugoni V, Castino R, Santoro M, Isidoro C. Knock-down of cathepsin D affects the retinal pigment epithelium, impairs swim-bladder ontogenesis and causes premature death in zebrafish. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21908. [PMID: 21747967 PMCID: PMC3128622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal aspartic protease Cathepsin D (CD) is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic organisms. CD activity is essential to accomplish the acid-dependent extensive or partial proteolysis of protein substrates within endosomal and lysosomal compartments therein delivered via endocytosis, phagocytosis or autophagocytosis. CD may also act at physiological pH on small-size substrates in the cytosol and in the extracellular milieu. Mouse and fruit fly CD knock-out models have highlighted the multi-pathophysiological roles of CD in tissue homeostasis and organ development. Here we report the first phenotypic description of the lack of CD expression during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development obtained by morpholino-mediated knock-down of CD mRNA. Since the un-fertilized eggs were shown to be supplied with maternal CD mRNA, only a morpholino targeting a sequence containing the starting ATG codon was effective. The main phenotypic alterations produced by CD knock-down in zebrafish were: 1. abnormal development of the eye and of retinal pigment epithelium; 2. absence of the swim-bladder; 3. skin hyper-pigmentation; 4. reduced growth and premature death. Rescue experiments confirmed the involvement of CD in the developmental processes leading to these phenotypic alterations. Our findings add to the list of CD functions in organ development and patho-physiology in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Follo
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Matteo Ozzano
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Vera Mugoni
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Castino
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratorio di Patologia Molecolare del Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche and Centro di Biotecnologie per la Ricerca Medica Applicata dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Molecular cloning and mRNA expression of the liver-specific cathepsin L1 gene of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:1214-8. [PMID: 21670505 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a homolog of cathepsin L from a cDNA library of the olive flounder liver. The flounder cathepsin L1 transcript consisted of 1,221 bp that encoded a polypeptide of 334 amino acids. The overall identity between flounder cathepsin L1 and other cathepsin Ls was 50-64%, and flounder cathepsin L1 contained the highly conserved ERFNIN-motif. A phylogenetic tree indicated that flounder cathepsin L1 is in the same monophyletic group as zebrafish cathepsin Lc. RT-PCR analysis revealed that cathepsin L1 transcripts were expressed only in the liver. They were detected from 28 d post-hatching. Under starvation conditions, cathepsin L1 expression was decreased at 30 d.
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Han C, Wen X, Zheng Q, Li H. Effect of starvation on activities and mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. areus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 37:113-122. [PMID: 20706869 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A 4-week study was conducted to determine the effect of starvation on activities and mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. areus). The tissue samples were sampled once a week. Results showed that body weight (BW) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during starvation. The percentages of crude fat and crude protein in the whole body and the fat content in muscle decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while the rate of moisture and crude ash increased significantly (P < 0.05). The response of LPL, HSL activities and mRNA expression in tissues was tissue dependent. The activities of LPL and HSL in muscle at day 7 were elevated by 2.5 times (P < 0.05) and 11.8 times (P < 0.05) of the value at day 0, respectively, and both then decreased to pre-starvation levels at day 14 and finally stabilized at a certain level afterward. LPL and HSL mRNA abundance in muscle remained relatively stable between 0 and 14 day; then, a significant increase was seen after 14 days. In the liver, LPL activity maintained a significantly increasing trend during starvation, while HSL activity rose dramatically at day 7 of starvation by 2.35 times (P < 0.05) and finally stabilized at a certain level. The mRNA abundance of liver LPL increased significantly during the whole process of starvation (P < 0.05), whereas the mRNA abundance of liver HSL decreased significantly at day 7 of starvation, elevating significantly afterward (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Han
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Terova G, Preziosa E, Marelli S, Gornati R, Bernardini G, Saroglia M. Applying transcriptomics to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fish filet quality. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tingaud-Sequeira A, Carnevali O, Cerdà J. Cathepsin B differential expression and enzyme processing and activity during Fundulus heteroclitus embryogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 158:221-8. [PMID: 21059400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of lysosomal proteases such as cathepsin B (Ctsb) and one of the paralogs of cathepsin L (Ctsla) during yolk metabolism in fish oocytes is well established. However, the function of Ctsb during embryogenesis, particularly in marine teleosts, has been poorly documented. In this study, the spatio-temporal expression of Ctsb and Ctsla, their enzymatic activities, and the processing of the Ctsb and its cellular localization, was investigated in developing embryos of the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). Both fhctsb and fhctsla transcript levels, as well as cathepsin B- and L-like activities, gradually increased in embryos from the 2-4 cell stage up to 7 days post-fertilization. During the morula to gastrula transition an increase of the active FhCtsb single chain form was followed by a rise in cathepsin B activity, which were apparently regulated by post-transcriptional mechanisms. During neurulation, a 8-fold increase in cathepsin B activity was accompanied by a more moderate increase in cathepsin L activity, which was 6-fold enhanced by 7 dpf. These increased catalytic activities were well-correlated to changes in the electrophoretic pattern of yolk proteins and a strong expression of fhctsb and its protein product in the yolk syncytial layer. The increase of cathepsin B activity was further correlated with an increment of the relative amount of the FhCtsb single and double chain forms, both active forms of FhCtsb. These results suggest that FhCtsb may be involved in the mechanisms underlying the onset of gastrulation in F. heteroclitus embryos, and may play complementary roles with FhCtsla during yolk metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Tingaud-Sequeira
- Laboratory of Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA)-Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Divers SL, McQuillan HJ, Matsubara H, Todo T, Lokman PM. Effects of reproductive stage and 11-ketotestosterone on LPL mRNA levels in the ovary of the shortfinned eel. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3250-8. [PMID: 20713648 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m009027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the dynamics of lipid uptake into the ovary and the potential role that lipoprotein lipase plays in this event, changes in LPL transcript abundance during oogenesis were measured in both wild-caught and pituitary homogenate-induced artificially maturing eels. Also, the effects of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) on LPL mRNA levels were investigated in vivo and in vitro. Normalized ovarian LPL transcript abundance increased as oogenesis advanced, and it rose particularly rapidly during midvitellogenesis, corresponding to pronounced increases in ovarian lipid deposits and LPL activity. Furthermore, LPL mRNA levels were dramatically increased following 11-KT treatment in vivo, findings that were reinforced as trends in ovarian tissue incubated in vitro. Ovarian LPL appears to be directly involved in the uptake of lipids into the eel ovary, an involvement that appears to be controlled, at least in part, by the androgen 11-KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Divers
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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