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Young KL, Olshan AF, Lunetta K, Graff M, Williams LA, Yao S, Zirpoli GR, Troester M, Palmer JR. Influence of alcohol consumption and alcohol metabolism variants on breast cancer risk among Black women: results from the AMBER consortium. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:66. [PMID: 37308906 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate to heavy alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The etiologic role of genetic variation in genes involved in ethanol metabolism has not been established, with little information available among women of African ancestry. METHODS Our analysis from the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk (AMBER) Consortium included 2889 U.S. Black women who were current drinkers at the time of breast cancer diagnosis (N cases = 715) and had available genetic data for four ethanol metabolism genomic regions (ADH, ALDH, CYP2E1, and ALDH2). We used generalized estimating equations to calculate genetic effects, gene* alcohol consumption (≥ 7drinks/week vs. < 7/week) interactions, and joint main plus interaction effects of up to 23,247 variants in ethanol metabolism genomic regions on odds of breast cancer. RESULTS Among current drinkers, 21% of cases and 14% of controls reported consuming ≥ 7 drinks per week. We identified statistically significant genetic effects for rs79865122-C in CYP2E1 with odds of ER- breast cancer and odds of triple negative breast cancer, as well as a significant joint effect with odds of ER- breast cancer (≥ 7drinks per week OR = 3.92, < 7 drinks per week OR = 0.24, pjoint = 3.74 × 10-6). In addition, there was a statistically significant interaction of rs3858704-A in ALDH2 with consumption of ≥ 7 drinks/week on odds of triple negative breast cancer (≥ 7drinks per week OR = 4.41, < 7 drinks per week OR = 0.57, pint = 8.97 × 10-5). CONCLUSIONS There is a paucity of information on the impact of genetic variation in alcohol metabolism genes on odds of breast cancer among Black women. Our analysis of variants in four genomic regions harboring ethanol metabolism genes in a large consortium of U.S. Black women identified significant associations between rs79865122-C in CYP2E1 and odds of ER- and triple negative breast cancer. Replication of these findings is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA.
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Kathryn Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Lindsay A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Gary R Zirpoli
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Melissa Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Dos Santos SP, Morissugui SS, Gimenez Martins APD, Fernandes GMDM, Russo A, Galbiatti-Dias ALS, Castanhole-Nunes MMU, Francisco JLE, Pavarino ÉC, Goloni-Bertollo EM. Evaluation of molecular markers GSTM1 and GSTT1 and clinical factors in breast cancer: case-control study and literature review. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1326-1334. [PMID: 34096444 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1938291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in patients with breast cancer compared with individuals without history of cancer, and the association of these polymorphisms with clinical/epidemiological parameters.There were evaluated 752 women (219 patients and 533 controls). Molecular analysis was performed by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was used multiple logistic regression and descriptive statistics.Age ≥50 years (OR =3.22, 95% CI =2.30 - 4.51, p <0.001) and alcohol consumption (OR =1.60, 95% CI =1.13 - 2.27, p = 0.008) were associated to the development of breast cancer, while smoking and null genotypes GSTM1 and GSTT1 presented no association. GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms presented no relationship with the clinical and histopathological parameters or molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Ninety-two percent of tumors were invasive ductal, 66% were grade II, 65% were larger than 2 cm, the stages II (35.3%) and III (31.2%) were the most prevalent, and 47.7% were molecular subtype luminal B.Individuals aged ≥50 years and alcohol consumers have more chance to developing breast cancer. GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms are not associated to the risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Piacenti Dos Santos
- Molecular Biology: Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Sayuri Morissugui
- Molecular Biology: Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula D'Alarme Gimenez Martins
- Molecular Biology: Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Maria de Mendonça Fernandes
- Molecular Biology: Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil
| | - Anelise Russo
- Molecular Biology: Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lívia Silva Galbiatti-Dias
- Molecular Biology: Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil
| | | | - José Luis Esteves Francisco
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, São José do Rio Preto Medical School Fundation - FAMERP/FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Medical School Fundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Érika Cristina Pavarino
- Molecular Biology: Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Medical School Fundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eny Maria Goloni-Bertollo
- Molecular Biology: Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, São José do Rio Preto Medical School - FAMERP, São Jose do Rio Preto/SP, Brazil.,São José do Rio Preto Medical School Fundation - FUNFARME, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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Rajagopal T, Seshachalam A, Rathnam KK, Jothi A, Talluri S, Venkatabalasubramanian S, Dunna NR. Impact of xenobiotic-metabolizing gene polymorphisms on breast cancer risk in South Indian women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 186:823-837. [PMID: 33392841 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-06028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional variants of the xenobiotic-metabolizing genes (XMG) might modulate breast cancer (BC) risk by altering the rate of metabolism and clearance of myriad types of potent carcinogens from the breast tissue. Despite mounting evidence on the role of XMG variants on BC risk, the current knowledge regarding their influence on BC development is still fragmentary. METHODS The present study examined the candidate genetic variants in CYP1A1, NQO1, GST-T1, GST-M1, and GST-P1 in 1002 subjects (502 BC patients and 500 disease-free women). PCR-RFLP was employed to genotype the mono-nucleotide variation in CYP1A1, NQO1, and GST-P1, and allele-specific PCR was used to detect the deletion polymorphism in GST-T1 and GST-M1 genes. RESULTS Regarding CYP1A1-M1 polymorphism, the heterozygous TC and mutant CC genotype conferred 1.47-fold (95% CI 1.13-1.91, p = 0.004) and 1.84-fold (95% CI 1.17-2.91, p = 0.009) elevated risk of BC. GST-T1 null genotype was associated with increased BC risk (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.02-2.11, p = 0.037). For the NQO1 C609T variant, the mutant T allele was associated with BC risk with an odds ratio of 1.22 (95% CI 1.02-1.48, p = 0.034). Combinatorial analysis indicated that the presence of NQO1*2 (CT), CYP1A1-M1 (CC), and GST-P1 rs1695 (AG) genotypes conferred 16.7-fold elevated risk of BC (95% CI 3.65-76.85; p < 0.001). Moreover, GST-M1 null genotype was associated with the development of larger primary breast tumors. CONCLUSION Xenobiotic-metabolizing gene polymorphisms may play a crucial role in mammary carcinogenesis in South Indian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taruna Rajagopal
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA - Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - Arun Seshachalam
- Department of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, Dr.G.V.N Cancer Institute, Singarathope, Trichy, 620 008, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Rathnam
- Department of Hemato Oncology - Medical Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Meenakshi Mission Hospital & Research Centre, Madurai, 625 107, India
| | - Arunachalam Jothi
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA - Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India
| | - Srikanth Talluri
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Sivaramakrishnan Venkatabalasubramanian
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Dunna
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA - Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613 401, India.
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Baig MH, Adil M, Khan R, Dhadi S, Ahmad K, Rabbani G, Bashir T, Imran MA, Husain FM, Lee EJ, Kamal MA, Choi I. Enzyme targeting strategies for prevention and treatment of cancer: Implications for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 56:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sharma AK, Sharma VR, Gupta GK, Ashraf GM, Kamal MA. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), Glutathione and Breast Cancer: Factors, Mechanism and Therapeutic Interventions. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:65-71. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180912104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) are basically the end result of glycation of proteins
and/or lipids in the presence of sugars. Specific cases of hyperglycemia have been reported with increased propensity
of generation of AGEs. Many chronic and deadly diseases such as diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative
disorders have been known to be caused as a result of generation of AGEs. The role of glutathione (GSH) metabolism
and its intricate association with AGEs have also been well established in breast cancer prognosis and treatment.
To understand the etiology, mechanism and production of AGEs along with clinical relevance of Receptors for Advanced
Glycation End-products (RAGE) and RAGE ligands, their interplay with GSH is of paramount importance
especially in relation to breast cancer.
Methods:
The available literature using PubMed, National Library of Medicine database, Web of Science and SCOPUS
indexed, Science Direct and other prestigious journals have been systematically reviewed using the keywords:
advanced glycation end-products, breast cancer, glutathione RAGE, and AGEs inhibitors. This narrative review of all
the relevant papers with significant citations has led us to have greater insight into the action mechanism and potential
therapeutic significance of AGEs inhibitors.
Results:
Targeting breast cancer with the specific immunoglobulins and with other therapeutic interventions is
needed to inhibit the generation of AGEs and manage glutathione expression, thus having strong implications in the
management of breast cancer. Many RAGE ligands such as HMGB1, S100P, S100A8, S100A9 etc. have been
known to enhance RAGE expression which may further lead to increased proliferation, migration and metastatic
nature of tumor cells. Hence, RAGE and RAGE ligands in a close linkup with GSH may prove to be effective therapeutic
markers of severity of breast cancer and for angiogenesis of tumor.
Conclusion:
This review provides a strong platform to comprehend the etiology, mechanism and production of
AGEs and glutathione along with the agents which can block their production, paving a way for the therapeutic intervention
and an amicable solution to treat and manage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana- Ambala (Haryana) 133207, India
| | - Var R. Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana- Ambala (Haryana) 133207, India
| | - Girish K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Miao LF, Wang XY, Ye XH, Cui MS, He XF. Combined effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on breast cancer risk: A MOOSE-compliant meta-analysis and false-positive report probabilities test. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14333. [PMID: 30732156 PMCID: PMC6380837 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many molecular epidemiology studies have reported an association between the combined effects of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms on breast cancer risk. However, the results have been controversial.A meta-analysis was performed to clarify this issue.Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology guidelines was used. Pooled the crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model or fixed-effects model. Several subgroup analyses were conducted by ethnicity, source of control, matching, and menopausal status. In addition, we also performed sensitivity analysis and publication bias. Moreover, a false-positive report probability (FPRP) test was applied to assess positive results.A significantly increased breast cancer risk was observed in overall population (GSTM1 null/GSTT1 present [- +] vs GSTM1 present/GSTT1 present [+ +]: OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03-1.36, GSTM1 null/GSTT1 null [- -] vs + +: OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.29-2.06, (- +) + GSTM1 present/GSTT1 null (+ -) vs + +: OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.05-1.31, (- +) + (+ -) + (- -) vs + +: OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.12-1.44, and - - vs (- +) + (+ -) + (+ +): OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.17-1.66) and several subgroup analyses, such as Caucasians, Indians, postmenopausal women, and so on. However, positive results were only considered noteworthy in overall population (- - vs + +: FPRP = 0.150 and (- +) + (+ -) + (- -) vs + +: FPRP = 0.162). Moreover, no significant association was observed when we used the trim and fill method to adjust the pooled data from all populations. Further, none of positive results of sensitivity analysis were considered noteworthy (FPRP >0.2).These positive findings should be interpreted with caution and indicate that an increased breast cancer risk may most likely result from false-positive results, rather than from true associations or biological factors on the combined effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1. Future studies should be based on sample sizes well-powered and attention needs to be paid to study design to further identify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Miao
- Department of Galactophore, Affiliated Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, Changzhi
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Basic Medical College of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiang-Hua Ye
- Department of Radiotherapy, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Meng-Shen Cui
- Department of Galactophore, Affiliated Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, Changzhi
| | - Xiao-Feng He
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, Changzhi, PR China
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8
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Suthar PC, Purkait P, Uttaravalli K, Sarkar BN, Ameta R, Sikdar M. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 null genotype frequency distribution among four tribal populations of western India. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang J, Wu Y, Hu X, Wang B, Wang L, Zhang S, Cao J, Wang Z. GSTT1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 genetic variants are associated with survival in previously untreated metastatic breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105905-105914. [PMID: 29285301 PMCID: PMC5739688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The polymorphisms in genes including GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 have been found to predict development and therapeutic efficacy in various malignancies. Breast cancer is one of most common cancers among women. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic value of three functional polymorphisms of GSTs in patients with previously untreated metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Patients and Methods The genotype of GSTT1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 in 170 patients with previously untreated MBC from one single center were assessed via PCR-based RFLP methods. The prognostic of polymorphisms on overall survival (OS) was examined using the Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) regression analyses. Results The null genotypes of GSTT1 and GSTM1 were significantly correlated to poor OS compared with the present genotypes, respectively. After adjusting for clinic-pathologic factors, GSTT1 and GSTM1 genetic variants were still significantly associated with OS (HR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.26-2.91 and HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.05-2.23). GSTT1 and GSTM1 were independent survival predictors and GSTP1 was not associated with overall survival of previous untreated MBC. Conclusion This exploratory analysis suggests that in addition to clinic-pathologic factors, the genetic variants in GSTT1 and GSTM1 might be predictive of survival outcome in patients with previously untreated MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xichun Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biyun Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Leiping Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Candelaria NR, Weldon R, Muthusamy S, Nguyen-Vu T, Addanki S, Yoffou PH, Karaboga H, Blessing AM, Bollu LR, Miranda RC, Lin CY. Alcohol Regulates Genes that Are Associated with Response to Endocrine Therapy and Attenuates the Actions of Tamoxifen in Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145061. [PMID: 26661278 PMCID: PMC4681367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary, hormonal, and behavioral factors contribute to the development of breast cancer. Alcohol consumption is a modifiable behavior that is linked to increased breast cancer risks and is associated with the development of hormone-dependent breast cancers as well as disease progression and recurrence following endocrine treatment. In this study we examined the molecular mechanisms of action of alcohol by applying molecular, genetic, and genomic approaches in characterizing its effects on estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells. Treatments with alcohol promoted cell proliferation, increased growth factor signaling, and up-regulated the transcription of the ER target gene GREB1 but not the canonical target TFF1/pS2. Microarray analysis following alcohol treatment identified a large number of alcohol-responsive genes, including those which function in apoptotic and cell proliferation pathways. Furthermore, expression profiles of the responsive gene sets in tumors were strongly associated with clinical outcomes in patients who received endocrine therapy. Correspondingly, alcohol treatment attenuated the anti-proliferative effects of the endocrine therapeutic drug tamoxifen in ER-positive breast cancer cells. To determine the contribution and functions of responsive genes, their differential expression in tumors were assessed between outcome groups. The proto-oncogene BRAF was identified as a novel alcohol- and estrogen-induced gene that showed higher expression in patients with poor outcomes. Knock-down of BRAF, moreover, prevented the proliferation of breast cancer cells. These findings not only highlight the mechanistic basis of the effects of alcohol on breast cancer cells and increased risks for disease incidents and recurrence, but may facilitate the discovery and characterization of novel oncogenic pathways and markers in breast cancer research and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholes R. Candelaria
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ryan Weldon
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Selvaraj Muthusamy
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Trang Nguyen-Vu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sridevi Addanki
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paule-Helena Yoffou
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Husna Karaboga
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alicia M. Blessing
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Reddy Bollu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rajesh C. Miranda
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics and Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chin-Yo Lin
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Vellingiri B, Shanmugam S, Subramaniam MD, Balasubramanian B, Meyyazhagan A, Alagamuthu K, Prakash V, Shafiahammedkhan M, Kathannan S, Pappuswamy M, Raviganesh B, Anand S, Shahnaz N D, Cho SG, Keshavarao S. Cytogenetic endpoints and Xenobiotic gene polymorphism in lymphocytes of hospital workers chronically exposed to ionizing radiation in Cardiology, Radiology and Orthopedic Laboratories. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 100:266-274. [PMID: 24290889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is known as a classical mutagen capable of inducing various kinds of stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations (CA) including the possibility of increasing the incidence of DNA damage. This study aims to assess occupationally induced CA in workers chronically exposed to low doses of IR in Radiology (RL), Cardiology (CL) and Orthopedic (OL) Laboratories in hospitals of Tamil Nadu. We performed the analysis of CA by trypsin G-banding, micronucleus (MN) assay, Comet assay and Xenobiotic-metabolizing gene polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) in 56 exposed and 56 control subjects who were matched for gender and age (± 2 years). Higher degree of CA and MN frequencies were observed in exposed groups, especially in CL subjects compared to other exposed groups and controls (p<0.05). Higher frequency of DNA tail length and tail moment was observed in the CL exposed subjects compared to the RL and OL subjects. The frequencies of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes were 39.3 percent and 14.3 percent, respectively. No significant difference in allele frequencies between exposed subjects and controls were observed (p=0.0128). Using multiple linear regression analysis, statistical significance was determined for work duration and age for the CL, RL and OL workers and the examination of the possible impact by confounding factors showed few significant influences on the radiation exposure, as a specific biomarker. However, the findings from the present study suggest that, awareness should be created among the personnel exposed to radiations in hospital laboratories, highlighting the necessity of applying radiation protection principles against medical radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sureshkumar Shanmugam
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthickkumar Alagamuthu
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Varsha Prakash
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sankar Kathannan
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikantan Pappuswamy
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Banu Raviganesh
- PG and Research Center, Department of Biotechnology, Hindustan College, India
| | | | | | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Molecular Cell Biology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143 701, South Korea
| | - Sasikala Keshavarao
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ma SH, Kim BG, Choi JY, Kim TJ, Kim YM, Kim JW, Kang S, Kang D, Yoo KY, Park SK. Korean epithelial ovarian cancer study (Ko-EVE): protocols and interim report. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:3731-40. [PMID: 23098463 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been few studies of Asian ovarian cancer and benign tumors. The primary aim of this paper was to report the protocol of the Ko-EVE study to examine epidemiological and molecular factors for ovarian cancer and benign neoplasms and to ascertain the major risk factors for ovarian cancer control in Korea. METHODS This case-control study covers incident epithelial ovarian cancers and benign neoplasms, four major centers participating in enrolling incident cases and 3 hospitals enrolling healthy controls among health examinees. Standardized questionnaires were administered by trained interviewers, including sections on socio-demographics characteristics, past medical history, medication usage, family history, lifetime consumption of alcohol and tobacco, diet, physical activity, and reproductive factors for women. Various biological specimens were collected in the biorepository according to the standardized protocol. Annual follow-up for cancer cases and follow-up at the 1st year for benign tumor cases are performing to evaluate treatment effect and progression. Passive follow to see long-term survival will be conducting using record linkage with national data. RESULTS The total number recruited in 2010-2011 was 246 epithelial ovarian cancer cases, 362 benign epithelial tumors and 345 controls. We are planning to collect subjects for at least 1,500 sets of ovarian cancer, 2,000 benign tumors and 1,500 controls till 2018. CONCLUSION The Ko-EVE will provide unique and important data to probe the etiology and natural history of Korean epithelial ovarian cancer. It will be continued by genomic and proteomic epidemiological analyses and future intervention studies for the prevention of ovarian cancer among Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Ma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Hashemi M, Eskandari-Nasab E, Fazaeli A, Taheri M, Rezaei H, Mashhadi M, Arbabi F, Kaykhaei MA, Jahantigh M, Bahari G. Association between polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1) and breast cancer risk in a sample Iranian population. Biomark Med 2012; 6:797-803. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.12.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Genetic and environmental factors are risk factors for breast cancer. Our aim was to investigate the associations between genetic polymorphism of GST genes (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and susceptibility to breast cancer in an Iranian population. Materials & methods: This case–control study was carried out on 134 patients with breast cancer and 152 healthy, cancer-free women. GSTP1 polymorphism was determined using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system PCR assay and GSTM1 and GSTT1 were genotyped by a multiplex PCR. Results: We found that the GSTM1 null genotype is a risk factor for predisposition to breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 2.01; 95% CI = 1.78–3.45; p = 0.010). No significant difference was found between the groups regarding GSTT1 null genotype (p > 0.05). The GSTP1 Ile/Val and Val/Val genotypes were associated with breast cancer risk (OR = 3.29; 95% CI = 1.84–5.91; p < 0.0001 and OR = 20.68; 95% CI = 5.66–75.60; p < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: In summary, GSTM1 and GSTP1, but not GSTT1 genetic polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of breast cancer in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Eskandari-Nasab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Fazaeli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taheri
- Genetic of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Mashhadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Farshid Arbabi
- Brain & Spinal Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud-Ali Kaykhaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Jahantigh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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14
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Abdel Rahman HA, Khorshied MM, Elazzamy HH, Khorshid OM. The link between genetic polymorphism of glutathione-S-transferases, GSTM1, and GSTT1 and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Egypt. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1363-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Sakly A, Gaspar JF, Kerkeni E, Silva S, Teixeira JP, Chaari N, Ben Cheikh H. Genotoxic damage in hospital workers exposed to ionizing radiation and metabolic gene polymorphisms. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2012; 75:934-946. [PMID: 22788378 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.690710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Of all workers exposed globally to synthetic sources of radiation, medical personnel represent the largest group, but receive relatively low doses. Accidental or therapeutic acute radiation exposure of humans was observed to induce various forms of cytogenetic damage, including the possibility of increasing the incidence of micronuclei (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CA). The aim of this study was to assess occupationally induced chromosomal damage in a large population of hospital workers exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR). The cytokinesis-block MN and comet assays were used to examine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 31 exposed workers to IR and 33 control subjects corresponding in gender, age, and smoking. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) are postulated to be involved in the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous genotoxicants. The association between these biomarkers and polymorphic genes of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes was thus also assessed. MN frequency was significantly higher in the exposed subjects compared controls. Comet assay results showed a significant increase of tail length in workers exposed to IR. Data obtained suggest that GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphism do not modify significantly the genotoxic potential of IR. Therefore, the exposed medical personnel need to carefully apply radiation protection procedures and minimize, as low as possible, IR exposure to avoid possible genotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Sakly
- Laboratory of Genetics, University School of Medicine of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Kurose K, Sugiyama E, Saito Y. Population differences in major functional polymorphisms of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics-related genes in Eastern Asians and Europeans: implications in the clinical trials for novel drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 27:9-54. [PMID: 22123129 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rv-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug lag, recently discussed extensively in Japan, can be divided into two phases: clinical development time and application review time. The former factor is still an important problem that might be improved by promoting multi-regional clinical trials and considering the results from other similar populations with Japanese, such as Koreans and Chinese. In this review, we compare the allelic or genotype frequencies of 30 relatively common functional alleles mainly between Eastern Asians and Europeans as well as among 3 major populations in Eastern Asian countries, Japan, Korea, and China, in 12 pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD)-related genes; CYP2C9 (*2 and *3), CYP2C19 (*2, *3 and *17), 13 CYP2D6 haplotypes including *4, *5 and *10, CYP3A5 (*3), UGT1A1 (*28 and *6), NAT2 (*5, *6 and *7), GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes, SLCO1B1 521T>C, ABCG2 421C>A, and HLA-A*31:01 and HLA-B*58:01. In this review, differences in allele frequencies (AFs) or genotype frequencies (GFs) less than 0.1 (in the cases of highest AF (GF) ≥0.1) or less than 0.05 (in the cases of lowest AF (GF) <0.1) were regarded as similar. Between Eastern Asians and Europeans, AFs (or GFs) are regarded as being different for many alleles such as CYP2C9 (*2), CYP2C19 (*2, *3 and *17), CYP2D6 (*4 and *10), CYP3A5 (*3), UGT1A1 (*28 and *6), NAT2 (*5*7), GSTT1 null and ABCG2 421C>A. Among the 3 Eastern Asian populations, however, only AFs of CYP2C19*3, CYP2D6*10, HLA-A*31:01 and HLA-B*58:01 are regarded as dissimilar. For CYP2C19*3, the total functional impact on CYP2C19 could be small if the frequencies of the two null alleles CYP2C19*2 and *3 are combined. Regarding CYP2D6*10, frequency difference over 0.1 is observed only between Japanese and Chinese (0.147). Although environmental factors should be considered for PK/PD differences, we could propose that among Japan, Korea, and China, genetic differences are very small for the analyzed common PK-related gene polymorphisms. On the other hand, AFs of the two HLA alleles important for cutaneous adverse drug reactions are diverse even among Eastern Asians and thus should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Kurose
- Division of Medicinal Safety Science, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Park SK, Kim Y, Kang D, Jung EJ, Yoo KY. Risk factors and control strategies for the rapidly rising rate of breast cancer in Korea. J Breast Cancer 2011; 14:79-87. [PMID: 21847401 PMCID: PMC3148542 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2011.14.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the aging population and tremendous changes in life style over the past decades, cancer has been the leading cause of death in Korea. The incidence rate of breast cancer is the second highest in Korea, and it has shown an annual increase of 6.8% for the past 6 years. The major risk factors of breast cancer in Korean women are as follows: Early menarche, late menopause, late full-term pregnancy (FTP), and low numbers of FTP. Height and body mass index increased the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women only. There are ethnic variations in breast cancer due to the differences in genetic susceptibility or exposure to etiologic agent. With the epidemiological evidences on the possibility of further increase of breast cancer in Korea, the Korean Government began implementing the National Cancer Screening Program against breast cancer in 2002. Five-year survival rates for female breast cancer have improved significantly from 78.0% in early 1993-1995 to 90.0% in 2004-2008. This data indicate that improvement of the survival rate may be partially due to the early diagnosis of breast cancer as well as the increased public awareness about the significance of early detection and organized cancer screening program. The current primary prevention programs are geared towards strengthening national prevention campaigns. In accordance with the improvement in 5-year survival rate, the overall cancer mortality has started to decrease. However, breast cancer death rate and incidence rates are still increasing, which need further organized effort by the Korean Government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue K Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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19
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Song M, Lee KM, Kang D. Breast cancer prevention based on gene-environment interaction. Mol Carcinog 2010; 50:280-90. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Maciel ME, Oliveira FK, Propst GB, da Graça Bicalho M, Cavalli IJ, Ribeiro EMDSF. Population analysis of xenobiotic metabolizing genes in South Brazilian Euro and Afro-descendants. Genet Mol Biol 2009; 32:723-8. [PMID: 21637445 PMCID: PMC3036891 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572009005000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual variability in xenobiotic metabolism has been associated with susceptibility to developing complex diseases. Genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism have been evaluated in association studies; the difficulty of obtaining accurate gene frequencies in mixed populations makes interpretation of the results difficult. We sought to estimate population parameters for the cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase gene families, thus contributing to studies using these genes as markers. We describe the frequencies of six genes (CYP1A1, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) and estimate population parameters in 115 Euro-descendants and 196 Afro-descendants from Curitiba, South of Brazil. PCR-based methods were used for genotyping, and statistical analysis were performed by AMOVA with ARLEQUIN software. The mutant allele frequencies in the Afro-descendants and Euro-descendants, respectively, were: CYP1A1*2A = 30.1% and 15.2%; CYP2D6*4 = 14.5% and 21.5%; CYP2E1*5B = 7.9% and 5%; GSTP1*B = 37.8% and 28.3%. The null genotype frequencies were: GSTM1*0 = 36.8% and 46.1%; GSTT1*0 = 24.2% and 17.4%.
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21
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Sergentanis TN, Economopoulos KP. GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 121:195-202. [PMID: 19760040 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic glutathione S-transferase comprises multiple isoenzymes; studies have principally examined mu-1 (GSTM1: null/present), theta-1 (GSTT1: null/present) and pi-1 (GSTP1 Ile105Val) gene polymorphisms concerning breast cancer risk. Regarding GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms, studies remain controversial and no recent meta-analysis has appeared. This meta-analysis aims to examine whether GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms are associated with breast cancer risk. Separate analyses were performed on Chinese and non-Chinese populations, in an attempt to investigate race-specific effects. Eligible articles were identified by a search of MEDLINE bibliographic database for the period up to August 2009. Regarding GSTT1 null/present genotype, 41 case-control studies were eligible (16,589 breast cancer cases and 19,995 controls); 30 case-control studies were eligible for GSTP1 Ile105Val (16,908 cases and 20,016 controls). Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were appropriately derived from fixed-effects or random-effects models. At the overall analysis, the null GSTT1 genotype was associated with elevated breast cancer risk (pooled OR = 1.114, 95% CI: 1.035-1.199, random effects). However, the association seemed confined to non-Chinese populations (33 studies, pooled OR = 1.128, 95% CI: 1.042-1.221, random effects), given that the association was not significant in the subset of Chinese studies (eight studies, pooled OR = 1.061, 95% CI: 0.875-1.286, random effects). Regarding GSTP1 Ile105Val, no statistically significant associations were detected in non-Chinese populations (25 studies). On the other hand, the GG genotype was associated with increased breast cancer risk in Chinese populations (five studies, pooled OR = 1.297, 95% CI: 1.023-1.645, fixed effects); accordingly, the recessive model yielded statistically significant results (pooled OR = 1.273, 95% CI: 1.006-1.610, fixed effects). In conclusion, polymorphisms of both GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes seem associated with elevated breast cancer risk in a race-specific manner. Given the small number of Chinese studies, the finding on GSTP1 Ile105Val merits further investigation.
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Abstract
AIM To compile a complete list of risk factors from the Korean breast cancer studies to obtain relevant predictor information essential in developing a predictive model for breast cancer. BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed female cancer in Korea. However, the breast cancer-screening rate in Korea is relatively low compared with that in other countries. In order to promote early health screening, there is a need to identify those individuals who are most likely to develop breast cancer by using an accurate predictive model. METHODS Thirty-four breast cancer studies were selected from MEDLINE and two Korean literature databases. Two researchers summarized the risk factors and their effects in each article using a checklist. FINDINGS Most of the studies were case-control studies conducted after 2000. In 34 articles, a total of 84 risk factors for breast cancer in Korean women were identified; of these, 58 factors were determined as statistically significant factors. The factors identified most often were body mass index, menarche, menopause, family history, pregnancy and delivery, breastfeeding, alcohol use, smoking habits, diet, education and use of oral contraceptives. None of 34 studies looked at stress as a risk factor of which influence on cancer has been reported in other populations. CONCLUSION The next steps will be to construct a questionnaire consisting of relevant variables based on these study results and to develop a predictive model. This would be used to encourage those Koreans who are more likely to develop breast cancer to have early check-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Lee
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
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23
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Abstract
It is estimated that almost 1.5 million people in the USA are diagnosed with cancer every year. However, due to the substantial effect of modifiable lifestyle factors on the most prevalent cancers, it has been estimated that 50% of cancer is preventable. Physical activity, weight loss, and a reduction in alcohol use can strongly be recommended for the reduction of breast cancer risk. Similarly, weight loss, physical activity, and cessation of tobacco use are important behavior changes to reduce colorectal cancer risk, along with the potential benefit for the reduction of red meat consumption and the increase in folic acid intake. Smoking cessation is still the most important prevention intervention for reducing lung cancer risk, but recent evidence indicates that increasing physical activity may also be an important prevention intervention for this disease. The potential benefit of lifestyle change to reduce prostate cancer risk is growing, with recent evidence indicating the importance of a diet rich in tomato-based foods and weight loss. Also, in the cancers for which there are established lifestyle risk factors, such as physical inactivity for breast cancer and obesity for colorectal cancer, there is emerging information on the role that genetics plays in interacting with these factors, as well as the interaction of combinations of lifestyle factors. Integration of genetic information into lifestyle factors can help to clarify the causal relationships between lifestyle and genetic factors and assist in better identifying cancer risk, ultimately leading to better-informed choices about effective methods to enhance health and prevent cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Coyle
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Guo X, O'Brien SJ, Zeng Y, Nelson GW, Winkler CA. GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions and the risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Han Chinese. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1760-3. [PMID: 18628429 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern China is a major nasopharyngeal carcinoma-endemic region. Environmental factors and genetic susceptibility contribute to nasopharyngeal carcinoma development in this area. Polymorphic deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes involved in the detoxification of potentially carcinogenic agents may be a risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. To investigate the roles of genetic variations of GSTM1 and GSTT1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility in the Chinese population, we conducted a case-control study of 350 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases and 622 controls. GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion variants were genotyped by multiplex PCR assays. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). No significant association was observed for either GSTM1- or GSTT1-null genotype independently in the contribution to nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk. To explore possible joint effects of the GSTM1- and GSTT1-null polymorphisms with each other and with other risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we examined the association between each combined genotype and the risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma stratified by gender and EBV replication status. We found that individuals who carried GSTM1/GSTT1-double null genotype had a higher risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the male population (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.97; P = 0.03); however, this was not significant after correction for multiple comparisons. No statistical difference was found between cases and controls in females and the subpopulation positive for immunoglobulin A antibodies to EBV capsid antigen for combined genotypes. Our results suggest that the GSTM1/GSTT1-double null genotype may be a risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma among males in southern China, but this result warrants confirmation in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese CDC, Beijing, China
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25
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Torresan C, Oliveira MM, Torrezan GT, de Oliveira SF, Abuázar CS, Losi-Guembarovski R, Lima RS, Urban CA, Cavalli IJ, Ribeiro EM. Genetic polymorphisms in oestrogen metabolic pathway and breast cancer: a positive association with combined CYP/GST genotypes. Clin Exp Med 2008; 8:65-71. [PMID: 18618215 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-008-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 family (CYPs) and the glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) enzymes play an important role in the metabolism of environmental carcinogens and of oestrogen and can affect breast cancer risk. In this study we examine the role of the genes CYP1A1, CYP17, CYP2D6, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 in breast cancer risk in Brazilian women. The study population consisted of 102 incident breast cancer cases and 102 healthy controls. Genotyping analyses were performed by PCR-based methods. A significant finding was observed between GSTP1 Ile-Val polymorphism and breast cancer risk (OR = 1.81; CI 95% = 1.04-3.16). A significant association was observed between women with 0-2 risk genotypes and those with 4 or more risk genotypes (OR = 2.42; CI 95% = 1.13-5.18) when the potential combined effects of the risk genotypes were examined. No significant differences between cases and controls were found correlating the genotypes and the clinical-histopathological parameters. In conclusion, in our population only GSTP1 was associated with breast cancer risk. However, when the genes were tested in combination, a significant association in the breast cancer risk was observed.
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Saadat M, Zendeh-Boodi Z. Association between genetic polymorphism of GSTT1 and depression score in individuals chronically exposed to natural sour gas. Neurosci Lett 2008; 435:65-8. [PMID: 18325667 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the association between effects of genetic polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 and depression score of individuals chronically exposed to natural sour gas containing sulfur compounds, the present cross-sectional study was done. The study was performed on 124 healthy females living in the polluted area of Masjid-i-Sulaiman (MIS; Khozestan province, southwest of Iran). The GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method. Depression and hopelessness scores were determined by means of Beck's depression inventory (BDI) and Beck's hopelessness scale (BHS), respectively. The BHS score was positively correlated to the depression score (beta=0.687, t=10.474, p<0.001). The GSTT1 active genotype decreased the BDI score (beta=-0.161, t=-2.451, p=0.016). Polymorphism of GSTM1 may not be a good predictive factor for BDI (beta=-0.056, t=-0.857, p=0.393). There is no evidence for additive effect of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on BDI score. It is supposed that chronic exposure to natural sour gas may positively associated with DNA strand breaks and apoptosis in brain, especially in GSTT1 null genotype persons; finally living in the contaminated areas of MIS is associated with high BDI score.
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Syamala VS, Sreeja L, Syamala V, Raveendran PB, Balakrishnan R, Kuttan R, Ankathil R. Influence of germline polymorphisms of GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 in familial versus sporadic breast cancer susceptibility and survival. Fam Cancer 2008; 7:213-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-007-9177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Torkaman-Boutorabi A, Hoormand M, Naghdi N, Bakhshayesh M, Milanian I. GENOTYPE AND ALLELE FREQUENCIES OF N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE 2 AND GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE IN THE IRANIAN POPULATION. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:1207-11. [PMID: 17880378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes constitute an important line of defence against a variety of carcinogens. Many are polymorphic, constituting the basis for the wide interindividual variation in metabolic capacity and possibly a source of variation in the susceptibility to chemical-induced carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequencies of important allelic variants in the N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes in the Iranian population and compare them with frequencies in other ethnic populations. 2. Genotyping was performed in a total of 229 unrelated healthy subjects (119 men, 110 women) for NAT2 and 170 unrelated healthy subjects (89 men, 81 women) for GST from the general Tehran population. A combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was applied for typing of NAT2 polymorphisms. Detection of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null alleles was performed simultaneously using a multiplex PCR assay. 3. The frequencies of specific NAT2 alleles were 0.299, 0.314, 0.380, 0.007 and 0.000 for 4 (wild-type), 5 (C481T, M1), 6 (G590A, M2), 7 (G857A, M3) and 14 (G191A, M4), respectively. The most prevalent genotypes were NAT2 5/6 (29.70%) and 4/6 (21.40%). The GSTM1- and GSTT1-null alleles were detected in 44.7 and 21.2% of subjects, respectively. 4. We found that Iranians resemble Indians with regard to allelic frequencies of the tested variants of NAT2. The predominance of slow (49.36%) and intermediate (41.47%) acetylation status compared with wild-type rapid acetylation status (9.17%) in the study group suggests the significant prevalence of the slow acetylator (SA) phenotypes in the Iranian population. Our data confirmed that Iranians are similar to other Caucasian populations in the frequency of both GSTM1- and GSTT1-null alleles.
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Sakoda LC, Blackston CR, Xue K, Doherty JA, Ray RM, Lin MG, Stalsberg H, Gao DL, Feng Z, Thomas DB, Chen C. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and P1 polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer and fibrocystic breast conditions in Chinese women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 109:143-55. [PMID: 17624589 PMCID: PMC2741390 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes encoded by the glutathione S-tranferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and pi 1 (GSTP1) genes, which are expressed in breast tissue, catalyze the detoxification of endogenous and exogenous electrophiles. Reduced enzyme activity, due to carriage of the GSTM1 deletion or the GSTP1 Ile105Val Val allele, may therefore affect susceptibility to breast cancer and related conditions. In a case-control study of Chinese women, we examined whether these polymorphisms were associated with risk of breast cancer and fibrocystic breast conditions. Women diagnosed with breast cancer (n=615) or fibrocystic breast conditions (n=467) were compared to women without clinical breast disease (n=878). We also examined whether these associations differed by menopausal status or by presence of proliferation in the extra-tumoral epithelium among women with breast cancer and in lesions among women with fibrocystic conditions. No overall association of either GST polymorphism with risk of breast cancer or fibrocystic breast conditions was observed. There was some evidence of slightly elevated cancer risk associated with carriage of the GSTM1 null genotype and at least one GSTP1 105-Val allele (OR=1.33, 95% CI, 0.99-1.80), compared to carriage of the GSTM1 non-null and GSTP1 Ile/Ile genotypes. This relationship was stronger in women who had breast cancer with extra-tumoral tissue proliferation (OR=1.77, 95% CI, 1.03-3.04). Our results suggest that GSTM1 and GSTP1 genotypes do not individually influence susceptibility to breast cancer or fibrocystic breast conditions. The observed increased risk of breast cancer associated with joint carriage of the GSTM1 null genotype and GSTP1 105-Val allele needs confirmation in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori C. Sakoda
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christie R. Blackston
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kan Xue
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jennifer A. Doherty
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roberta M. Ray
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ming Gang Lin
- Program in Cancer Biology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helge Stalsberg
- Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dao Li Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Zhongshan Hospital Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziding Feng
- Program in Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David B. Thomas
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chu Chen
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Correspondence to: Chu Chen, Ph.D., Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mailstop M5-C800, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA. Phone: 206-667-6644, Fax: 206-667-2537. E-mail:
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Anderson G, Jun M, Choi K. Breast cancer screening for Korean women must consider traditional risks as well as two genetic risk factors: genetic polymorphisms and inheritable gene mutations. Cancer Nurs 2007; 30:213-22. [PMID: 17510585 DOI: 10.1097/01.ncc.0000270705.41919.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Asian women worldwide have increasing rates of breast cancer due to acculturation which may be altering, gene to gene and/or, genetic and environmental interactions at the cellular level. The purpose of this integrative review is to alert nurses and physicians to rising rates of breast cancer among Korean women and to a need for breast health screening programs in the United States that are more culturally responsive and attentive to the effects of acculturation and genetic risk factors. A comprehensive review of the English and Korean literature pertaining to rising incidence of breast cancer among Korean women in their homeland and in the United States is retraced since 1983. Korean women in Korea and in the United States face similar barriers to cancer screening services. Korean women need knowledge about the effect of acculturation on breast cancer risk and patterns of familial inheritance of breast cancer. Screening is especially important among younger women (younger than age 35), those with a strong family history, and women in community settings where acculturation has its greatest impact. Nurse clinicians and researchers who aim to improve breast cancer screening among minority women must pay closer attention to these risk factors and design culturally competent services and evaluation research. In the United States and Korea, Korean nurses are needed to specialize in breast cancer screening as well as cancer genetic risk assessment and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Anderson
- School of Nursing, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 91962, USA.
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Covolo L, Gelatti U, Talamini R, Garte S, Trevisi P, Franceschi S, Franceschini M, Barbone F, Tagger A, Ribero ML, Parrinello G, Donadon V, Nardi G, Donato F. Alcohol dehydrogenase 3, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms, alcohol consumption and hepatocellular carcinoma (Italy). Cancer Causes Control 2006; 16:831-8. [PMID: 16132793 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-005-2302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of alcohol dehydrogenase type 3 (ADH3), glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) polymorphisms in modifying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk according to alcohol intake. METHODS A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in two areas of North Italy. Two-hundred cases hospitalized for HCC and 400 controls were recruited. Genotypes were determined using PCR and the PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism-based method. RESULTS There was no association of the putative risk genotypes ADH3(1-1), GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null with HCC (odds ratio [OR], 0.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5-1.3; OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6-1.5; OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.4-1.4, respectively). A steady increase in HCC risk with increasing alcohol intake, which did not vary according to ADH3 and GSTT1 genotypes, was observed. Nevertheless, the OR for HCC due to an alcohol intake of >100 g of ethanol per day increased in subjects with GSTM1 null genotype (OR, 8.5; 95% CI, 3.9-18.6) compared to GSTM1 non-null genotype (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 2.0-10.0). CONCLUSIONS ADH3(1-1) and GSTT1 null genotypes did not modify the risk of HCC due to alcohol intake whereas an influence of GSTM1 null genotype for high ethanol consumption was suggested.
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Wu SH, Tsai SM, Hou MF, Lin HS, Hou LA, Ma H, Lin JT, Yeh FL, Tsai LY. Interaction of genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 2E1 and glutathione S-transferase M1 to breast cancer in Taiwanese woman without smoking and drinking habits. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 100:93-8. [PMID: 16758119 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
P450 (CYP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) are involved in the activation and detoxification of many potential carcinogens. Although, the interaction between environmental exposure and genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) in breast cancer has been assessed, the gene-gene interactions between CYP2E1 and GSTM1 related to breast cancer have not been focused on and reported. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to investigate whether the genetic interaction effects of CYP2E1 and GSTM1 modify the risk of developing breast cancer independent of the effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Individuals with the C2/C2 genotype of CYP2E1 had a lower risk (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.08-0.74) when compared with those with the C1/C1 genotype. However, there was no significant difference (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.73-1.50) in the GSTM1 genotype frequency between the cases with breast cancer and that of the controls. When individuals with the genotype of C1/C1 or C1/C2 of CYP2E1 and the wild-type of GSTM1 were compared with those of C2/C2 of CYP2E1 and the null-type of GSTM1 however, we found a significantly increased risk (OR = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.01-16.55) in the breast cancer patients. Our findings indicated a gene-gene interaction between CYP2E1 and GSTM1 was accessible to developing breast cancer in Taiwanese women without the habits of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption even though independent effects of CYP2E1 and GSTM1 were weak or non-significant and suggest that environmental carcinogen besides cigarette and alcohol consumption could induce breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Hsien Wu
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Onay VÜ, Briollais L, Knight JA, Shi E, Wang Y, Wells S, Li H, Rajendram I, Andrulis IL, Ozcelik H. SNP-SNP interactions in breast cancer susceptibility. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:114. [PMID: 16672066 PMCID: PMC1522021 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer predisposition genes identified to date (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2) are responsible for less than 5% of all breast cancer cases. Many studies have shown that the cancer risks associated with individual commonly occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are incremental. However, polygenic models suggest that multiple commonly occurring low to modestly penetrant SNPs of cancer related genes might have a greater effect on a disease when considered in combination. METHODS In an attempt to identify the breast cancer risk conferred by SNP interactions, we have studied 19 SNPs from genes involved in major cancer related pathways. All SNPs were genotyped by TaqMan 5'nuclease assay. The association between the case-control status and each individual SNP, measured by the odds ratio and its corresponding 95% confidence interval, was estimated using unconditional logistic regression models. At the second stage, two-way interactions were investigated using multivariate logistic models. The robustness of the interactions, which were observed among SNPs with stronger functional evidence, was assessed using a bootstrap approach, and correction for multiple testing based on the false discovery rate (FDR) principle. RESULTS None of these SNPs contributed to breast cancer risk individually. However, we have demonstrated evidence for gene-gene (SNP-SNP) interaction among these SNPs, which were associated with increased breast cancer risk. Our study suggests cross talk between the SNPs of the DNA repair and immune system (XPD-[Lys751Gln] and IL10-[G(-1082)A]), cell cycle and estrogen metabolism (CCND1-[Pro241Pro] and COMT-[Met108/158Val]), cell cycle and DNA repair (BARD1-[Pro24Ser] and XPD-[Lys751Gln]), and within carcinogen metabolism (GSTP1-[Ile105Val] and COMT-[Met108/158Val]) pathways. CONCLUSION The importance of these pathways and their communication in breast cancer predisposition has been emphasized previously, but their biological interactions through SNPs have not been described. The strategy used here has the potential to identify complex biological links among breast cancer genes and processes. This will provide novel biological information, which will ultimately improve breast cancer risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venüs Ümmiye Onay
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent Briollais
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia A Knight
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ellen Shi
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Wells
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Li
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isaac Rajendram
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hilmi Ozcelik
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lee KM, Park SK, Hamajima N, Tajima K, Choi JY, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Yoo KY, Hirvonen A, Kang D. Genetic polymorphisms of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) and breast cancer risk in Korean women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 96:197-202. [PMID: 16319982 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential role of genetic polymorphisms of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) on breast cancer development, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Korea. METHODS Histologically confirmed breast cancer cases (n = 560) and controls (n = 509) without cancer history were recruited from three teaching hospitals in Seoul between September 1998 and January 2002. Information on risk factors of breast cancer were collected by interviewed questionnaire. Genotypes of IL-1B (-31C/T) and IL-1RN (86 bp variable number tandom repeats in intron 2) were determined by PCR-CTPP (confronting two-pair primers) and PCR, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression model. RESULTS The IL-1RN *2-allele was associated with decreased breast cancer risk with marginal significance (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.48-1.05). The IL-1B CC or TC genotype was not associated with decreased risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.65-1.16). However, combination of IL-1B C-allele (CT or CC) and IL-1RN *2-allele containing genotypes significantly decreased the risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.39-0.99). A moderately decreasing trend of risk was observed as the number of 'putative low risk' allele increased (p for trend = 0.07). Suggestive combined effect on breast cancer risk was also observed between body mass index (BMI) and IL-1RN non-*2 allele: women with higher BMI and IL-1RN non-*2 allele had 1.7-fold higher risk than women with lower BMI and IL-1RN*2 genotypes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms of interleukin-1 may play a role in the individual susceptibility for breast cancer development in Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Mu Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, SNUMRC, and Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Tars K, Larsson AK, Shokeer A, Olin B, Mannervik B, Kleywegt GJ. Structural basis of the suppressed catalytic activity of wild-type human glutathione transferase T1-1 compared to its W234R mutant. J Mol Biol 2005; 355:96-105. [PMID: 16298388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of wild-type human theta class glutathione-S-transferase (GST) T1-1 and its W234R mutant, where Trp234 was replaced by Arg, were solved both in the presence and absence of S-hexyl-glutathione. The W234R mutant was of interest due to its previously observed enhanced catalytic activity compared to the wild-type enzyme. GST T1-1 from rat and mouse naturally contain Arg in position 234, with correspondingly high catalytic efficiency. The overall structure of GST T1-1 is similar to that of GST T2-2, as expected from their 53% sequence identity at the protein level. Wild-type GST T1-1 has the side-chain of Trp234 occupying a significant portion of the active site. This bulky residue prevents efficient binding of both glutathione and hydrophobic substrates through steric hindrance. The wild-type GST T1-1 crystal structure, obtained from co-crystallization experiments with glutathione and its derivatives, showed no electron density for the glutathione ligand. However, the structure of GST T1-1 mutant W234R showed clear electron density for S-hexyl-glutathione after co-crystallization. In contrast to Trp234 in the wild-type structure, the side-chain of Arg234 in the mutant does not occupy any part of the substrate-binding site. Instead, Arg234 is pointing in a different direction and, in addition, interacts with the carboxylate group of glutathione. These findings explain our earlier observation that the W234R mutant has a markedly improved catalytic activity with most substrates tested to date compared to the wild-type enzyme. GST T1-1 catalyzes detoxication reactions as well as reactions that result in toxic products, and our findings therefore suggest that humans have gained an evolutionary advantage by a partially disabled active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspars Tars
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 590, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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van der Hel OL, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Gils CH, Roest M, Slothouber B, Grobbee DE, Peeters PHM. Cumulative genetic defects in carcinogen metabolism may increase breast cancer risk (The Netherlands). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:675-81. [PMID: 16049806 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-005-1227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the metabolic genes NAT1, NAT2, GSTM1 or GSTT1, may cause differences in individual detoxifying capacity of possible carcinogens. We examined the cumulative effect of putative at risk genotypes on breast cancer risk and we examined the extent to which these polymorphisms modify the association between smoking and breast cancer. A case cohort study was conducted in the DOM cohort with 676 breast cancer cases and a random sample of 669 individuals. No effect of the NAT1, NAT2 or GSTM1 genotypes on breast cancer risk was observed. However, women with GSTT1 null genotype had a 30% increased breast cancer risk compared to women with GSTT1 present (RR = 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.64)). Smoking did not influence breast cancer risk nor did genetic variations in NAT1, NAT2 or GSTM1 in combination with smoking. Compared to women who never smoked with GSTT1 present, women with GSTT1 null genotype and who formerly smoked showed an increased breast cancer risk (RR = 2.55 (95% CI 1.10-5.90)), but current smokers who smoked 20 cigarettes or more per day did not (RR = 1.06 (95% CI 0.51-2.18)). Increasing numbers of putative at risk genotypes increased breast cancer risk in a dose dependent manner (p for trend 0.01). The risk was more than doubled in women with all four risk genotypes, RR = 2.45 (95% CI 1.24-4.86), compared to women with zero putative at risk genotypes. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that presence of three or more putative at risk genotypes increases breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L van der Hel
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cáceres DD, Iturrieta J, Acevedo C, Huidobro C, Varela N, Quiñones L. Relationship among metabolizing genes, smoking and alcohol used as modifier factors on prostate cancer risk: exploring some gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Eur J Epidemiol 2005; 20:79-88. [PMID: 15756908 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-004-1632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common male cancers, but the burden of this disease shows remarkable worldwide variation. The role of susceptibility low penetrance genes and environmental factors in the etiology of (PCa) is unclear, but may involve, in some cases, multiple alleles at multiple loci and environmental factors. STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess whether CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 susceptibility genotypes, smoking status and alcohol consumption factors contribute to PCa risk, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions were analyzed. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS We explored interactions on a multiplicative scale conducting a population-based case-control and a case-only study on 103 incident PCa patients and 132 unrelated controls. MAIN RESULTS The interaction odds ratios (IOR) for PCa risk were increased in men who had both susceptibility genotypes GST (M1; T1) null and CYP1A1-M1* in a case-control and case-only design (IOR(cc): 1.11; 95% CI: 0.12-10.02; IOR(cc): 6.23; 95%, CI: 0.51-75.89; IOR(co): 2.80; 95% CI: 0.44-17.45 and IORco: 2.65; 95%, CI: 0.30-25.40). No clear evidence for interaction on a multiplicative scale between smoking status, alcohol consumption and genetic polymorphisms in PCa risk was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the interaction between genetic polymorphisms in GST (T1; M1) and CYP1A1-M1* would play a significant role as a modifying factor on PCa risk in Chilean people. However, these preliminary exploratory results should be confirmed in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante D Cáceres
- Environmental and Occupational Health Division, School of Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Glutathione is an abundant natural tripeptide found within almost all cells. Glutathione is highly reactive and is often found conjugated to other molecules via its sulfhydryl moiety. It instils several vital roles within a cell including antioxidation, maintenance of the redox state, modulation of the immune response and detoxification of xenobiotics. With respect to cancer, glutathione metabolism is able to play both protective and pathogenic roles. It is crucial in the removal and detoxification of carcinogens, and alterations in this pathway, can have a profound effect on cell survival. However, by conferring resistance to a number of chemotherapeutic drugs, elevated levels of glutathione in tumour cells are able to protect such cells in bone marrow, breast, colon, larynx and lung cancers. Here we present a number of studies investigating the role of glutathione in promoting cancer, impeding chemotherapy, and the use of glutathione modulation to enhance anti-neoplastic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesaratnam K Balendiran
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1450 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Sarmanová J, Sůsová S, Gut I, Mrhalová M, Kodet R, Adámek J, Roth Z, Soucek P. Breast cancer: role of polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 12:848-54. [PMID: 15280903 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed at determining whether any association exists between genetic polymorphisms in epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1), NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1/P1/T1) and individual susceptibility to breast cancer. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism-based genotyping assays were used to determine the frequency of polymorphisms in EPHX1 (exons 3 and 4), NQO1 (exon 6), GSTM1 (deletion), GSTP1 (exon 5), and GSTT1 (deletion) in a case-control study comprised of 238 patients with breast cancer and 313 healthy individuals. The distribution of genotypes in exon 6 of NQO1 was significantly different between the control group and breast cancer cases. Age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for variant genotype NQO1*2/*2 was 3.68 (confidence interval (CI) = 1.41-9.62, P = 0.008). Association of GSTP1*2/*2 genotype as well as that of low EPHX1 activity deduced by combinations of genotypes in exons 3 and 4 with breast cancer was suggestive, but nonsignificant. Individuals simultaneously lacking GSTM1 and carrying at least one GSTP1 variant allele were at significantly higher risk of breast cancer (OR = 2.03, CI = 1.18-3.50, P = 0.010). Combinations of either GSTM1null or GSTP1*2 with low activity of EPHX1 presented significant risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.88, CI = 1.00-3.52, P = 0.049 and OR = 2.40, CI = 1.15-5.00, P = 0.019, respectively) as well. In conclusion, the results suggest that genetic polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes may play a significant role in the development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sarmanová
- Group for Biotransformations, Center of Occupational Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic
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Chacko P, Joseph T, Mathew BS, Rajan B, Pillai MR. Role of xenobiotic metabolizing gene polymorphisms in breast cancer susceptibility and treatment outcome. Mutat Res 2005; 581:153-63. [PMID: 15725614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic activation and inactivation of potential genotoxic agents occur by Phase I and Phase II enzymes in multiple interactions. An expanding body of literature demonstrates that ethnic differences in breast cancer incidence may be partly caused by host genetic factors particularly genetic polymorphisms of these carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. The present case-control study aimed at identification of such low penetrance breast cancer susceptibility genes in 224 Indian women and to investigate the potential effects of their polymorphisms on sporadic breast cancer risk. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of genetic polymorphisms of the xenobiotic metabolizing genes CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 on breast cancer risk by PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing. Our results showed a significant association between CYP1A1 m1, m2 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk; however there was a lack of association between GSTM1 null deletion and breast cancer. The associations of CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes with breast cancer risk were more pronounced among the pre-menopausal patients. Combined genotype analysis revealed the CYP1A1 m2 ValVal-GSTM1 homozygous null deletion genotype combinations to be associated with the highest risk of breast cancer (OR=10.3, 95% CI=1.2-86.1). Correlations with clinicopathological factors and treatment outcome were also analyzed for predicting disease free survival by univariate and multivariate analysis. Significant differences in disease free survival between the wild and polymorphic genotypes were observed only for CYP1A1 m2, GSTT1 genotypes. Our results based on the analysis of functionally relevant polymorphisms in these low penetrance genes may provide a better model that would exhibit additive effects on individual susceptibility to breast cancer. Such genotype analysis resulting in a high-risk profile holds considerable promise for individualizing screening and therapeutic intervention in breast cancer. Hence, the present study may provide strong supportive evidence for genetic interactions in the etiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Chacko
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Drug Development and Chemoinformatics, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
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Niwa Y, Hirose K, Nakanishi T, Nawa A, Kuzuya K, Tajima K, Hamajima N. Association of the NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase C609T polymorphism and the risk of cervical cancer in Japanese subjects. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96:423-9. [PMID: 15661231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, genetic polymorphisms, NQO1 C609T, GSTM1 positive/null, and GSTT1 positive/null, were examined with reference to cervical cancer risk in a population-based incident case-control study in Japanese. METHODS The cases comprised 131 cervical cancer patients: 87 cases with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 44 with adenocarcinoma (ADC) or adenosquamous carcinoma (ADSC). Controls were sampled from 320 healthy women who underwent a health checkup. RESULTS The cervical cancer risk was substantially elevated with smoking for all cases, SCC cases, and ADC/ADSC cases (OR = 4.50, 95% CI = 2.48-8.17, P < 0.001; OR = 5.68, 95% CI = 2.99-10.78, P < 0.001; and OR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.09-6.08, P = 0.032; respectively). The frequency of the NQO1 609TT genotype, reported to be associated with null enzyme activity, was higher in individuals with all cases and SCC than in the healthy controls (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.06-3.66, P = 0.032; and OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.21-4.82, P = 0.012; respectively), but not in ADC/ADSC cases. Analysis of polymorphisms for GSTM1 and GSTT1 showed no significant differences between cervical cancer patients and controls. In stratification analysis, significant elevated risk of all cases and SCC was associated with the NQO1 609TT genotype among nonsmokers (OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.08-4.30, P = 0.030; and OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.21-6.31, P = 0.011; respectively), but not smokers. No gene-gene interaction was observed in our case subjects. CONCLUSION This is the first report that the NQO1 gene might be important in relation to the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Niwa
- Department of Preventive Medicine/Biostatistics and Medical Decision Making, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Petri AL, Tjønneland A, Gamborg M, Johansen D, Høidrup S, Sørensen TIA, Grønbaek M. Alcohol intake, type of beverage, and risk of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 28:1084-90. [PMID: 15252295 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000130812.85638.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies of the relation between alcohol consumption and breast cancer have shown a modestly increased risk, although the results are still conflicting. METHODS The aim of this prospective population-based cohort study was to assess the influence of alcohol intake and type of beverage (beer, wine, or spirits) on breast cancer risk in relation to menopausal status. Among 13,074 women aged 20 to 91 years, we examined the relationship between breast cancer risk, total alcohol intake, and type of alcohol in relation to menopausal status. The women were classified as premenopausal or as postmenopausal at younger than 70 years or 70 years or more. RESULTS During follow-up, 76 premenopausal and 397 postmenopausal women developed breast cancer. Premenopausal women who had an intake of more than 27 drinks per week had a relative risk of breast cancer of 3.49 (95% confidence limits, 1.36-8.99) compared with light drinkers (p = 0.011), whereas there were no differences in risk in the lower-intake categories. The increased risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women was independent of the type of alcohol. Postmenopausal women older than 70 years of age who had an intake of more than six drinks per week of spirits had a relative risk of breast cancer of 2.43 (95% confidence limits, 1.41-4.20) compared with women who consumed less than one drink of spirits per week (p = 0.0014). CONCLUSIONS Total alcohol intake of more than 27 drinks per week increases breast cancer risk in premenopausal women independently of the type of alcohol. Among postmenopausal women, an intake of spirits of more than six drinks per week increases breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Lykke Petri
- Copenhagen Centre for Prospective Population Studies, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre at the Institute of Preventive Medicine, H:S Kommunehospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yang G, Shu XO, Ruan ZX, Cai QY, Jin F, Gao YT, Zheng W. Genetic polymorphisms in glutathione-S-transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) and survival after chemotherapy for invasive breast carcinoma. Cancer 2005; 103:52-8. [PMID: 15565566 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that genetic polymorphisms in certain glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes reduce the effectiveness of detoxifying cytotoxins generated by chemotherapeutic agents, potentially resulting in enhanced clinical responses to chemotherapy. METHODS The authors evaluated common polymorphisms in the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes for associations with overall survival in 1034 patients with invasive breast carcinoma who were recruited into the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study between 1996 and 1998, treated with chemotherapy, and followed for a median of 5.3 years. RESULTS After adjusting for age, tumor stage, and the use of radiotherapy and tamoxifen, women who were homozygous for the variant GSTP1 105Val allele had a 60% reduction in mortality risk compared with women who were homozygous for the Ile allele (hazard ratio, 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-0.8). No association was found with respect to any of the GSTM1 or GSTT1 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study indicate a potential role for GSTP1 polymorphism in predicting the clinical outcomes of patients with breast carcinoma who are treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Yang
- Vanderbilt Center for Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-8300, USA.
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Park SK, Yim DS, Yoon KS, Choi IM, Choi JY, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Choe KJ, Ahn SH, Hirvonen A, Kang D. Combined effect of GSTM1, GSTT1, and COMT genotypes in individual breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 88:55-62. [PMID: 15538046 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-0745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies suggested that both catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1 genotypes are associated with breast cancer risk. Here we extended the studies to evaluate the potential combined effect of these genotypes in individual breast cancer risk. Incident breast cancer cases (n = 202) and controls (n = 299) with no previous cancer were recruited from three teaching hospitals in Seoul in 1996-1999. Information on putative risk factors was collected by interviewed questionnaire. PCR-based methods were used for the genotyping analyses. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence (CIs) intervals were estimated by unconditional logistic regression after adjustment for known or suspected risk factors of breast cancer. Among pre-menopausal women the low activity associated (COMT *L) allele containing genotypes and the GSTM1 null genotype posed increased risks of breast cancer with ORs of 1.7 (95% CI = 1.0 - 2.8) and 1.7 (95% CI = 1.0-2.8), respectively. A marginally significant effect of GSTT1 null genotype was also observed when the total study population was considered (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0-2.1). When the combined genotype effects were examined, the concurrent lack of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes posed a more than 2-fold risk of breast cancer (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2-3.9); this effect was mainly attributable in pre-menopausal women (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.5-7.2). Moreover, the breast cancer risk increased in parallel with the number of COMT , GSTM1 , and GSTT1 at-risk genotypes (p for trend = 0.003). This association was particularly clear in pre-menopausal women among whom combination of all three high-risk genotypes posed a 4.1-fold breast cancer risk (95% CI = 1.4-12.7) compared with pre-menopausal women without at-risk genotypes (p for trend = 0.001). The trend was more pronounced in women with BMI greater than 22 kg/m2 (p for trend < 0.001) and high-risk status of parity factor (nulliparous or women with the first full term pregnancy at age of over 25-year-old) (p for trend = 0.013). These results suggest the combined effect between reproductive factors and GSTM1, GSTT1 and COMT genotypes in human breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Kyung Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine Cancer Research Institute, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Chungju, Korea
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Saadat M. Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 modulate hematological changes of individuals chronically exposed to natural sour gas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:584-7. [PMID: 15474467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to find the effect of genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and GSTT1 on hematological changes of individuals chronically exposed to natural sour gas, the present study was done. Study subjects (59 males, 55 females) were residents of contaminated areas of Masjid-i-Sulaiman (southwest of Iran). The GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction-based method. The multiple linear regression method was applied. There is significant association between GSTs genotypes and either hemoglobin (t=2.185, P=0.031) or hematocrit (t=2.454, P=0.016). Also there is weak association between GSTs genotypes and WBC counts (t=1.802, P=0.074). The hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and WBC counts increased in individuals who had null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 compared to subjects with one or two active genes. Also the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit and WBC counts increased in persons with one active genotype compared to subjects who had two active genes. There is no significant association between neither platelet nor WBC differential parameters and GSTs genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran.
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Kim SU, Lee KM, Park SK, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Choe KJ, Ahn SH, Hirvonen A, Kang D. Genetic Polymorphism of Glutathione S-transferase P1 and Breast Cancer Risk. BMB Rep 2004; 37:582-5. [PMID: 15479622 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2004.37.5.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the potential association between the GSTP1 genotype and the development of breast cancer, a hospital based case-control study was conducted on Korean women. The study population consisted of 171 histologically confirmed incident breast cancer cases and 171 age-matched controls with no present or previous history of cancer. PCR-RFLP was used for the GSTP1 genotyping and statistical evaluations were performed using an unconditional logistic regression model. Postmenopausal women with the GSTP1 Val allele were found to have a reduced risk of breast cancer (OR = 0.3, 95 % CI = 0.10-0.74). A significant interaction was observed between the GSTP1 genotype and alcohol consumption (p for interaction = 0.01); compared with never-drinking women with Ile/Ile genotype, ever-drinking women with the GSTP1 Val allele had almost a three-fold risk of breast cancer (OR = 2.9, 95 % CI = 1.05-7.85), whereas never-drinking women with Val allele had half this risk (OR = 0.5, 95 % CI = 0.27-0.93). Our findings suggest that the GSTP1 polymorphism influences individual susceptibility to breast cancer in the Korean women and this effect may be modified by alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Un Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea
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Vogl FD, Taioli E, Maugard C, Zheng W, Ribeiro Pinto LF, Ambrosone C, Parl FF, Nedelcheva-Kristensen V, Rebbeck TR, Brennan P, Boffetta P. Glutathione S-transferases M1, T1, and P1 and Breast Cancer: A Pooled Analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.1473.13.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes are involved in the metabolism of various carcinogens. Deletion polymorphisms in the genes GSTM1 and GSTT1 and a base transition polymorphism at codon 105 (Ile→Val) in GSTP1 were investigated in relation to breast cancer risk. Tobacco smoking and reproductive factors were examined as potential effect modifiers. Individual data from seven case-control studies were pooled within the International Collaborative Study on Genetic Susceptibility to Environmental Carcinogens. To measure the effect of GSTs on breast cancer risk, odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed adjusting for study center and age. The modifying effect was investigated by stratification on variables of smoking habits and reproductive history. A total of 2,048 cases with breast cancer and 1,969 controls were analyzed. The relative odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of breast cancer was 0.98 (0.86–1.12) with the GSTM1 null, 1.11 (0.87–1.41) with the GSTT1 null, 1.01 (0.79–1.28) with GSTP1 heterozygous mutants, and 0.93 (0.62–1.38) with GSTP1 homozygous mutants. Stratification by smoking or reproductive factors did not reveal a modifying effect of these variables, nor was there any association between GSTM1 and age at diagnosis of breast cancer. This is the largest study investigating susceptibility to breast cancer due to polymorphisms in the GST genes. The results conclusively show that single gene GST polymorphisms do not confer a substantial risk of breast cancer to its carriers. Furthermore, GSTs did not interact with smoking or reproductive history to modify cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian D. Vogl
- 1IARC, Lyon, France
- 2Department of Genetic Medicine, European Academy, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Taioli
- 3Ospedale Policlinico IRCCS-Direzione Scientifica, Milan, Italy
| | - Christine Maugard
- 4Centre René Gauducheau CRLCC Nantes, Nantes-Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Wei Zheng
- 5Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Luis F. Ribeiro Pinto
- 6Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christine Ambrosone
- 7Department of Epidemiology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Fritz F. Parl
- 5Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Timothy R. Rebbeck
- 9School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- 1IARC, Lyon, France
- 10German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Han W, Kang D, Park IA, Kim SW, Bae JY, Chung KW, Noh DY. Associations between breast cancer susceptibility gene polymorphisms and clinicopathological features. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:124-30. [PMID: 14734460 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic polymorphisms may affect not only cancer development but also cancer progression, and as a result could influence cancer phenotypes. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between breast cancer susceptibility gene polymorphisms and clinicopathological features. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We genotyped 664 Korean primary breast cancer patients for 17 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine genes, using a high-throughput SNP scoring method. RESULTS CYP1A1 codon 462 Ile/Val or Val/Val variants and the CYP1B1 codon 432 Leu/Val variant were found more in breast cancer patients </=35 years of age at onset than the common homozygote [odds ratio (OR), 1.6 and 1.7, respectively]. In combination analysis of these two SNPs, the OR was 1.9 when one of them was heterozygous or a rare homozygous form, and increased to 2.3 when both were variants (P = 0.006). Cases with Ile/Val at CYP1A1 codon 462 were 2.6-fold and those with Val/Val were 5.1-fold more likely to have first-degree relatives with breast cancer than those with Ile/Ile (P = 0.002). In the haplotype study of BRCA1, the 2430C/2731T/3667G/4427C/4956G homozygote showed less estrogen receptor negativity than the most common diplotype (OR, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.94). TP53 codon 72 Arg/Pro or Pro/Pro variants were associated with negative axillary lymph node status (OR, 0.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.94). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that polymorphisms of some selected breast cancer susceptibility genes are associated with the clinicopathological phenotypes of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonshik Han
- Departments of Surgery, Preventive Medicine, and Pathology, and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Gaspar J, Rodrigues S, Gil OM, Manita I, Ferreira TC, Limbert E, Gonçalves L, Pina JE, Rueff J. Combined effects of glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and thyroid cancer risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 151:60-7. [PMID: 15120911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2003.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2003] [Revised: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 09/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since exposure to ionizing radiation, a risk factor for thyroid cancer, may produce genotoxins potentially eliminated by glutathione-S-transferases, we conducted a case control study to evaluate the role of the GSTM1- and GSTT1-null genotypes and GSTP1 polymorphisms in thyroid cancer. The frequency of GSTP1 Ile/Ile, GSTM1-, and GSTT1-null genotypes was increased in cancer patients when compared with control population. Considering the genotypes over-represented in thyroid cancer patients as potential risk genotypes, we carried out an odds ratio (OR) analysis considering the presence of none, one, two, or three risk genotypes. The results obtained showed that the presence of three potentially risk alleles (GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, and GSTP1 Ile/Ile) lead to a significant OR increase for all the cases, irrespective of the type of tumor (OR=2.91), for papillary (OR=3.64) but not for follicular tumors. The presence of GSTP1 Ile/Ile leads to a significant later age of tumor onset when compared with GSTP1 Ile/Val and Val/Val (P<0.05), suggesting a possible association between GSTP1 Ile/Ile and the age of disease manifestation. These results suggest that combined GST polymorphisms lead to a moderate increased risk for thyroid cancer, especially for the papillary type, and GSTP1 polymorphisms might modulate the age of onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gaspar
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Rua da Junqueira 96, Lisboa P-1349-008, Portugal
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Egan KM, Cai Q, Shu XO, Jin F, Zhu TL, Dai Q, Gao YT, Zheng W. Genetic polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 and the risk for breast cancer: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13:197-204. [PMID: 14973092 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-03-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the relation of breast cancer to common deletion mutations in GSTM1 and GSTT1 and the functional Ile(105)Val polymorphism in GSTP1 in a large, population-based case-control study conducted in China and performed a meta-analysis to summarize the literature. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In the case-control study, a total of 1144 breast cancer cases and 1221 community controls were genotyped for GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 using PCR-based methods. Associations of genotypes and breast cancer were evaluated in logistic regression models. Meta-analysis odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using a fixed effects model. RESULTS In the case-control study, associations were null for GSTM1 [age-adjusted OR 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82-1.14] and GSTT1 (OR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.83-1.15). A significant increase in risk was observed among homozygotes for the variant Ile(105)Val polymorphism (OR 1.92, 95% CI: 1.21-3.04). No combined effects of GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 genotypes or interactions with potential effect modifiers were detected. All results were similar in pre- and postmenopausal women and for early versus advanced stage breast cancer. The meta-analysis, based predominantly on Caucasian women, supported null results for the homozygous deletion variant in GSTM1 (summary OR 1.05; combining 19 studies) and GSTT1 (summary OR 1.11; 15 studies). Meta-analysis results for the homozygous GSTP1 variant indicated no overall association (summary OR 1.04; 10 studies), although results varied significantly across studies (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS This large case-control study provides strong support for earlier studies showing no overall association of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletion polymorphisms with breast cancer risk. The GSTP1 variant may be relevant to breast cancer risk in Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Egan
- Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 27232-8300, USA.
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