1
|
Qiao H, Peterson AT, Myers CE, Yang Q, Saupe EE. Ecological niche conservatism spurs diversification in response to climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:729-738. [PMID: 38374186 PMCID: PMC11009114 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Lengthy debate has surrounded the theoretical and empirical science of whether climatic niche evolution is related to increased or decreased rates of biological diversification. Because species can persist for thousands to millions of years, these questions cross broad scales of time and space. Thus, short-term experiments may not provide comprehensive understanding of the system, leading to the emergence of contrasting opinions: niche evolution may increase diversity by allowing species to explore and colonize new geographic areas across which they could speciate; or, niche conservatism might augment biodiversity by supporting isolation of populations that may then undergo allopatric speciation. Here, we use a simulation approach to test how biological diversification responds to different rates and modes of niche evolution. We find that niche conservatism promotes biological diversification, whereas labile niches-whether adapting to the conditions available or changing randomly-generally led to slower diversification rates. These novel results provide a framework for understanding how Earth-life interactions produced such a diverse biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | | | - Corinne E Myers
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Qinmin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shipley BR, McGuire JL. The environmental conditions of endemism hotspots shape the functional traits of mammalian assemblages. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232773. [PMID: 38471553 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Endemic (small-ranged) species are distributed non-randomly across the globe. Regions of high topography and stable climates have higher endemism than flat, climatically unstable regions. However, it is unclear how these environmental conditions interact with and filter mammalian traits. Here, we characterize the functional traits of highly endemic mammalian assemblages in multiple ways, testing the hypothesis that these assemblages are trait-filtered (less functionally diverse) and dominated by species with traits associated with small range sizes. Compiling trait data for more than 5000 mammal species, we calculated assemblage means and multidimensional functional metrics to evaluate the distribution of traits across each assemblage. We then related these metrics to the endemism of global World Wildlife Fund ecoregions using linear models and phylogenetic fourth-corner regression. Highly endemic mammalian assemblages had small average body masses, low fecundity, short lifespans and specialized habitats. These traits relate to the stable climate and rough topography of endemism hotspots and to mammals' ability to expand their ranges, suggesting that the environmental conditions of endemism hotspots allowed their survival. Furthermore, species living in endemism hotspots clustered near the edges of their communities' functional spaces, indicating that abiotic trait filtering and biotic interactions act in tandem to shape these communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Shipley
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jenny L McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Olivares I, Tusso S, José Sanín M, de La Harpe M, Loiseau O, Rolland J, Salamin N, Kessler M, Shimizu KK, Paris M. Hyper-Cryptic radiation of a tropical montane plant lineage. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 190:107954. [PMID: 37898295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Species are seen as the fundamental unit of biotic diversity, and thus their delimitation is crucial for defining measures for diversity assessments and studying evolution. Differences between species have traditionally been associated with variation in morphology. And yet, the discovery of cryptic diversity suggests that the evolution of distinct lineages does not necessarily involve morphological differences. Here, we analyze 1,684,987 variant sites and over 4,000 genes for more than 400 samples to show how a tropical montane plant lineage (Geonoma undata species complex) is composed of numerous unrecognized genetic groups that are not morphologically distinct. We find that 11 to 14 clades do not correspond to the three currently recognized species. Most clades are genetically different and geographic distance and topography are the most important factors determining this genetic divergence. The genetic structure of this lineage does not match its morphological variation. Instead, this species complex constitutes the first example of a hyper-cryptic plant radiation in tropical mountains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Olivares
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sergio Tusso
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian Universität München, Germany
| | - María José Sanín
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University. United States; Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología, Universidad CES, Colombia
| | - Marylaure de La Harpe
- Office for Nature Conservation and Environment of the Canton of Graubünden, Switzerland
| | - Oriane Loiseau
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Kihara Institute of Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Margot Paris
- Department of Biology. University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karger DN, Saladin B, Wüest RO, Graham CH, Zurell D, Mo L, Zimmermann NE. Interannual climate variability improves niche estimates for ectothermic but not endothermic species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12538. [PMID: 37532828 PMCID: PMC10397316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate is an important limiting factor of species' niches and it is therefore regularly included in ecological applications such as species distribution models (SDMs). Climate predictors are often used in the form of long-term mean values, yet many species experience wide climatic variation over their lifespan and within their geographical range which is unlikely captured by long-term means. Further, depending on their physiology, distinct groups of species cope with climate variability differently. Ectothermic species, which are directly dependent on the thermal environment are expected to show a different response to temporal or spatial variability in temperature than endothermic groups that can decouple their internal temperature from that of their surroundings. Here, we explore the degree to which spatial variability and long-term temporal variability in temperature and precipitation change niche estimates for ectothermic (730 amphibian, 1276 reptile), and endothermic (1961 mammal) species globally. We use three different species distribution modelling (SDM) algorithms to quantify the effect of spatial and temporal climate variability, based on global range maps of all species and climate data from 1979 to 2013. All SDMs were cross-validated and accessed for their performance using the Area under the Curve (AUC) and the True Skill Statistic (TSS). The mean performance of SDMs using only climatic means as predictors was TSS = 0.71 and AUC = 0.90. The inclusion of spatial variability offers a significant gain in SDM performance (mean TSS = 0.74, mean AUC = 0.92), as does the inclusion of temporal variability (mean TSS = 0.80, mean AUC = 0.94). Including both spatial and temporal variability in SDMs shows the highest scores in AUC and TSS. Accounting for temporal rather than spatial variability in climate improved the SDM prediction especially in ectotherm groups such as amphibians and reptiles, while for endothermic mammals no such improvement was observed. These results indicate that including long term climate interannual climate variability into niche estimations matters most for ectothermic species that cannot decouple their physiology from the surrounding environment as endothermic species can.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Nikolaus Karger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Bianca Saladin
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Rafael O Wüest
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Catherine H Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Damaris Zurell
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 3, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lidong Mo
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Woods T, Freeman MC, Krause KP, Maloney KO. Observed and projected functional reorganization of riverine fish assemblages from global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3759-3780. [PMID: 37021672 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate and land-use/land-cover change ("global change") are restructuring biodiversity, globally. Broadly, environmental conditions are expected to become warmer, potentially drier (particularly in arid regions), and more anthropogenically developed in the future, with spatiotemporally complex effects on ecological communities. We used functional traits to inform Chesapeake Bay Watershed fish responses to future climate and land-use scenarios (2030, 2060, and 2090). We modeled the future habitat suitability of focal species representative of key trait axes (substrate, flow, temperature, reproduction, and trophic) and used functional and phylogenetic metrics to assess variable assemblage responses across physiographic regions and habitat sizes (headwaters through large rivers). Our focal species analysis projected future habitat suitability gains for carnivorous species with preferences for warm water, pool habitats, and fine or vegetated substrates. At the assemblage level, models projected decreasing habitat suitability for cold-water, rheophilic, and lithophilic individuals but increasing suitability for carnivores in the future across all regions. Projected responses of functional and phylogenetic diversity and redundancy differed among regions. Lowland regions were projected to become less functionally and phylogenetically diverse and more redundant while upland regions (and smaller habitat sizes) were projected to become more diverse and less redundant. Next, we assessed how these model-projected assemblage changes 2005-2030 related to observed time-series trends (1999-2016). Halfway through the initial projecting period (2005-2030), we found observed trends broadly followed modeled patterns of increasing proportions of carnivorous and lithophilic individuals in lowland regions but showed opposing patterns for functional and phylogenetic metrics. Leveraging observed and predicted analyses simultaneously helps elucidate the instances and causes of discrepancies between model predictions and ongoing observed changes. Collectively, results highlight the complexity of global change impacts across broad landscapes that likely relate to differences in assemblages' intrinsic sensitivities and external exposure to stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Woods
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia, Kearneysville, USA
| | - Mary C Freeman
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Kevin P Krause
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia, Kearneysville, USA
| | - Kelly O Maloney
- Eastern Ecological Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia, Kearneysville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pérez-Consuegra SG, Sánchez-Tovar L, Rodríguez-Tapia G, Castañeda-Rico S, Vázquez-Domínguez E. Late Pleistocene Altitudinal Segregation and Demography Define Future Climate Change Distribution of the Peromyscus mexicanus Species Group: Conservation Implications. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1753. [PMID: 37889659 PMCID: PMC10251973 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mountains harbor a significant number of the World's biodiversity, both on tropical and temperate regions. Notably, one crucial gap in conservation is the consideration of historical and contemporary patterns influencing differential distribution in small mammal mountain species and how climate change will affect their distribution and survival. The mice Peromyscus mexicanus species group is distributed across mountains in Guatemala-Chiapas and Central America, which experienced significant effects of glacial and interglacial cycles. We determined phylogeographic and demographic patterns of lowlands and highlands mountain lineages, revealing that the radiation of modern P. mexicanus lineages occurred during the Pleistocene (ca. 2.6 mya) along Nuclear Central America. In concert with climatic cycles and the distribution of habitats, lowland and highland lineages showed recent population size increase and decrease, respectively. We also estimated the current and future distribution ranges for six lineages, finding marked area size increase for two lineages for which vegetation type and distribution would facilitate migrating towards higher elevations. Contrastingly, three lineages showed range size decrease; their ecological requirements make them highly susceptible to future habitat loss. Our findings are clear evidence of the negative impacts of future climate change, while our ability to manage and conserve these vulnerable ecosystems and mountain species is contingent on our understanding of the implications of climate change on the distribution, ecology, and genetics of wildlife populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G. Pérez-Consuegra
- Departamento de Ecología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Laura Sánchez-Tovar
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (L.S.-T.); (G.R.-T.)
| | - Gerardo Rodríguez-Tapia
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (L.S.-T.); (G.R.-T.)
| | - Susette Castañeda-Rico
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, USA;
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Ella Vázquez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (L.S.-T.); (G.R.-T.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barton MG, Henderson I, Border JA, Siriwardena G. A review of the impacts of air pollution on terrestrial birds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162136. [PMID: 36775168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has a ubiquitous impact on ecosystem functioning through myriad processes, including the acidification and eutrophication of soil and water, deposition of heavy metals and direct (and indirect) effects on flora and fauna. Describing the impacts of air pollution on organisms in the field is difficult because levels of exposure do not occur in a uniform manner across space and time, and species responses tend to be nuanced and difficult to isolate from other environmental stressors. However, given its far-reaching effects on human and ecosystem health, the impacts of air pollution on species are expected to be substantial, and could be direct or indirect, acting via a range of mechanisms. Here, we expand on previous reviews, to evaluate the existing evidence for the impacts of air pollution on avian species in the field, and to identify knowledge gaps to guide future research. We identified 203 studies that have investigated the impacts of air pollution (including nitrogen and heavy metal deposition) on wild populations of birds, considering 231 species from ten feeding guilds. The majority of studies (82 %) document at least one species trait leading to an overall fitness value that is negatively correlated with pollution concentrations, including deleterious effects on reproductive output, molecular (DNA) damage and overall survival, and effects on foraging behaviour, plumage colouration and body size that may show adaptation. Despite this broad range of trait effects, biases in the literature towards certain species (Parus major and Ficeluda hypoleuca), geographical regions (Western Europe) and pollutants (heavy metal deposition), mean that many unknowns remain in our current understanding of the impacts of air pollution on avian species. We discuss these findings in context of future work, and propose research approaches that could help to provide a more holistic understanding of how avian species are impacted by air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine G Barton
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian Henderson
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Border
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Siriwardena
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shipley BR, McGuire JL. Disentangling the drivers of continental mammalian endemism. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2421-2435. [PMID: 36749035 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endemic species and species with small ranges are ecologically and evolutionarily distinct and are vulnerable to extinction. Determining which abiotic and biotic factors structure patterns of endemism on continents can advance our understanding of global biogeographic processes, but spatial patterns of mammalian endemism have not yet been effectively predicted and reconstructed. Using novel null model techniques, we reconstruct trends in mammalian endemism and describe the isolated and combined effects of physiographic, ecological, and evolutionary factors on endemism. We calculated weighted endemism for global continental ecoregions and compared the spatial distribution of endemism to niche-based, geographic null models of endemism. These null models distribute species randomly across continents, simulating their range sizes from their degree of climatic specialization. They isolate the effects of physiography (topography and climate) and species richness on endemism. We then ran linear and structural models to determine how topography and historical climate stability influence endemism. The highest rates of mammalian endemism were found in topographically rough, climatically stable ecoregions with many species. The null model that isolated physiography did not closely approximate the observed distribution of endemism (r2 = .09), whereas the null model that incorporated both physiography and species richness did (r2 = .59). The linear models demonstrate that topography and climatic stability both influenced endemism values, but that average climatic niche breadth was not highly correlated with endemism. Climate stability and topography both influence weighted endemism in mammals, but the spatial distribution of mammalian endemism is driven by a combination of physiography and species richness. Despite its relationship to individual range size, average climate niche breadth has only a weak influence on endemism. The results highlight the importance of historical biogeographic processes (e.g. centers of speciation) and geography in driving endemism patterns, and disentangle the mechanisms structuring species ranges worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Shipley
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jenny L McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Londoño GA, Gomez JP, Sánchez-Martínez MA, Levey DJ, Robinson SK. Changing patterns of nest predation and predator communities along a tropical elevation gradient. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:609-620. [PMID: 36855287 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Tropical montane communities host the world's highest beta diversity of birds, a phenomenon usually attributed to community turnover caused by changes in biotic and abiotic factors along elevation gradients. Yet, empirical data on most biotic factors are lacking. Nest predation is thought to be especially important because it appears to be common and can change selective pressures underlying life history traits, which can alter competitive interactions. We monitored 2538 nests, 338 of which had known nest predators, to evaluate if nest predation changes along a tropical elevational gradient. We found that nest predation decreased with elevation, reflecting the loss of lowland predators that do not tolerate colder climates. We found different "super" nest predators at each elevation that accounted for a high percentage of events, suggesting that selection pressures exerted by nest predator communities may be less diffuse than has been hypothesized, at least for birds nesting in the understory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Londoño
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan Pablo Gomez
- Departamento de Química y Biología, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Sánchez-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Douglas J Levey
- Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Scott K Robinson
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Climate Cycles, Habitat Stability, and Lineage Diversification in an African Biodiversity Hotspot. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya, a montane archipelago of 13 uplifted fault blocks (sky islands) isolated by lowland arid savanna, are a center of exceptional biological endemism. Under the influence of humid winds from the Indian Ocean, forests and associated species may have persisted in this region since the final uplift of these blocks in the late Miocene. Today, these mountains are inhabited by a remarkable diversity of bird species. To better understand the evolutionary processes behind this diversity, we combined molecular phylogenetic studies of East African montane birds with paleoclimate modeling of its montane forests. Across its largest lowland barrier, the 125 km between the Usambara and Nguru/Nguu Mountains, 10 of the 14 bird lineages exhibited a phylogeographic break. Using Bayesian methods, we established that at least three periods of forest contraction and expansion affected the diversification of Eastern Arc birds. Habitat distribution models suggest that lower-elevation hills may have acted as stepping-stones connecting isolated highlands to allow for the dispersal of montane forest-dependent species across them. Periods of vicariance during paleoclimatic cycles extending back through the Last Glacial Maximum would have then isolated these populations within the highlands they had reached. The broad distribution of neoendemic species across the mountains of East Africa provides evidence of climate cycling as a driver of lineage diversification. The high incidence of narrow-range endemism of paleoendemic species on the Usambara, Uluguru, and Udzungwa Mountains of this region is harder to explain. Our paleoclimate models retrodicted the persistence of montane forest during climate cycles on several Eastern Arc sky islands but not on the Southern Tanzania Volcanic Highlands. Consistent with recent theoretical work, different rates of local extinction rather than increased rates of lineage diversification may explain the pattern of excessive narrow-range endemism on some sky islands over others. Thus, a regional filtering effect is generated, with paleoendemics maintaining populations through time only in areas where habitat persisted, providing a credible explanation for the dramatic variance in levels of endemism among different East African sky islands.
Collapse
|
11
|
Carilo Filho LM, Gomes L, Katzenberger M, Solé M, Orrico VGD. There and back again: A meta-analytical approach on the influence of acclimation and altitude in the upper thermal tolerance of amphibians and reptiles. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1017255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Realistic predictions about the impacts of climate change onbiodiversity requires gathering ecophysiological data and the critical thermal maxima (CTMax) is the most frequently used index to assess the thermal vulnerability of species. In the present study, we performed a systematic review to understand how acclimation and altitude affect CTMax estimates for amphibian and non-avian reptile species. We retrieved CTMax data for anurans, salamanders, lizards, snakes, and turtles/terrapins. Data allowed to perform a multilevel random effects meta-analysis to answer how acclimation temperature affect CTMax of Anura, Caudata, and Squamata and also meta-regressions to assess the influence of altitude on CTMax of frogs and lizards. Acclimation temperature influenced CTMax estimates of tadpoles, adult anurans, salamanders, and lizards, but not of froglets. In general, the increase in acclimation temperature led to higher CTMax values. Altitudinal bioclimatic gradient had an inverse effect for estimating the CTMax of lizards and anuran amphibians. For lizards, CTMax was positively influenced by the mean temperature of the wettest quarter. For anurans, the relationship is inverse; we recover a trend of decreasing CTMax when max temperature of warmest month and precipitation seasonality increase. There is an urgent need for studies to investigate the thermal tolerance of subsampled groups or even for which we do not have any information such as Gymnophiona, Serpentes, Amphisbaena, and Testudines. Broader phylogenetic coverage is mandatory for more accurate analyses of macroecological and evolutionary patterns for thermal tolerance indices as CTMax.
Collapse
|
12
|
Freeman BG, Strimas-Mackey M, Miller ET. Interspecific competition limits bird species' ranges in tropical mountains. Science 2022; 377:416-420. [PMID: 35862538 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Species' geographic ranges are limited by climate and species interactions. Climate is the prevailing explanation for why species live only within narrow elevational ranges in megadiverse biodiverse tropical mountains, but competition can also restrict species' elevational ranges. We test contrasting predictions of these hypotheses by conducting a global comparative test of birds' elevational range sizes within 31 montane regions, using more than 4.4 million citizen science records from eBird to define species' elevational ranges in each region. We find strong support that competition, not climate, is the leading driver of narrow elevational ranges. These results highlight the importance of species interactions in shaping species' ranges in tropical mountains, Earth's hottest biodiversity hotspots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Freeman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Eliot T Miller
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA, 14850
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rodriguez-Muñoz E, Montes C, Rojas-Runjaic FJM, Crawford AJ. Synthesis of geological data and comparative phylogeography of lowland tetrapods suggests recent dispersal through lowland portals crossing the Eastern Andean Cordillera. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13186. [PMID: 35855906 PMCID: PMC9288170 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vicariance is the simplest explanation for divergence between sister lineages separated by a potential barrier, and the northern Andes would seem to provide an ideal example of a vicariant driver of divergence. We evaluated the potential role of the uplift of the Eastern Cordillera (EC) of the Colombian Andes and the Mérida Andes (MA) of Venezuela as drivers of vicariance between lowland populations co-distributed on both flanks. We synthesized published geological data and provided a new reconstruction showing that the EC-MA grew from north to south, reaching significant heights and separating drainages and changing sediment composition by 38-33 million years ago (Ma). A few lowland passes across the EC-MA may have reached their current heights (~1,900 m a.s.l.) at 3-5 Ma. We created a comparative phylogeographic data set for 37 lineages of lowland tetrapods. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, most divergences between sister populations or species across the EC-MA occurred during Pliocene and the Quaternary and a few during the latest Miocene, and coalescent simulations rejected synchronous divergence for most groups. Divergence times were on average slightly but significantly more recent in homeotherms relative to poikilotherms. Because divergence ages are mostly too recent relative to the geological history and too asynchronous relative to each other, divergence across the northern Andes may be better explained by organism-environment interactions concomitant with climate oscillations during the Pleistocene, and/or dispersal across portals through the Andes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilo Montes
- Department of Physics and Geosciences, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Atlantico, Colombia
| | - Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic
- Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Caracas, Venezuela,Laboratório de Herpetologia, Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Andrew J. Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sanín MJ, Borchsenius F, Paris M, Carvalho-Madrigal S, Gómez Hoyos AC, Cardona A, Arcila Marín N, Ospina Y, Hoyos-Gómez SE, Manrique HF, Bernal R. The Tracking of Moist Habitats Allowed Aiphanes (Arecaceae) to Cover the Elevation Gradient of the Northern Andes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:881879. [PMID: 35832227 PMCID: PMC9272002 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.881879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The topographic gradients of the Tropical Andes may have triggered species divergence by different mechanisms. Topography separates species' geographical ranges and offers climatic heterogeneity, which could potentially foster local adaptation to specific climatic conditions and result in narrowly distributed endemic species. Such a pattern is found in the Andean centered palm genus Aiphanes. To test the extent to which geographic barriers and climatic heterogeneity can explain distribution patterns in Aiphanes, we sampled 34 out of 36 currently recognized species in that genus and sequenced them by Sanger sequencing and/or sequence target capture sequencing. We generated Bayesian, likelihood, and species-tree phylogenies, with which we explored climatic trait evolution from current climatic occupation. We also estimated species distribution models to test the relative roles of geographical and climatic divergence in their evolution. We found that Aiphanes originated in the Miocene in Andean environments and possibly in mid-elevation habitats. Diversification is related to the occupation of the adjacent high and low elevation habitats tracking high annual precipitation and low precipitation seasonality (moist habitats). Different species in different clades repeatedly occupy all the different temperatures offered by the elevation gradient from 0 to 3,000 m in different geographically isolated areas. A pattern of conserved adaptation to moist environments is consistent among the clades. Our results stress the evolutionary roles of niche truncation of wide thermal tolerance by physical range fragmentation, coupled with water-related niche conservatism, to colonize the topographic gradient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Sanín
- Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Departamento de Procesos y Energía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Finn Borchsenius
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Margot Paris
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Agustín Cardona
- Departamento de Procesos y Energía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Yerson Ospina
- Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
The role of climatic niche divergence in the speciation of the genus Neurergus: An inter-and intraspecific survey. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
16
|
Phylogeographic structure suggests environmental gradient speciation in a montane frog from the northern Andes of Colombia. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
Landscape Genetics and Species Delimitation in the Andean Palm Rocket Frog (Aromobatidae, Rheobates). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6774225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The complex topography of the species-rich northern Andes creates heterogeneous environmental landscapes that are hypothesized to have promoted population fragmentation and diversification by processes such as vicariance or local adaptation. Previous phylogenetic work on the palm rocket frog (Anura: Aromobatidae: Rheobates spp.), endemic to midelevation forests of Colombia, suggested that valleys were important in promoting divergence between lineages. In this study, we first evaluated previous hypotheses of species-level diversity, then fitted an isolation-with-migration (IM) historical demographic model, and tested two landscape genetic models to explain genetic divergence within Rheobates: isolation by distance and isolation by environment. The data consisted of two mitochondrial and four nuclear genes from 24 samples covering most of the geographic range of the genus. Species delimitation by Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography recovered five highly divergent genetic lineages within Rheobates, among which few to no migrants are exchanged according to IM. We found that isolation by environment provided the only variable significantly correlated with genetic distances for both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, suggesting that local adaptation may have a role in driving the genetic divergence within this frog genus. Thus, genetic divergence in Rheobates may be driven more by variation among the local environments where these frogs live rather than by geographic distance.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ceresa F, Kranebitter P, S Monrós J, Rizzolli F, Brambilla M. Disentangling direct and indirect effects of local temperature on abundance of mountain birds and implications for understanding global change impacts. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12560. [PMID: 34950536 PMCID: PMC8647716 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Unravelling the environmental factors driving species distribution and abundance is crucial in ecology and conservation. Both climatic and land cover factors are often used to describe species distribution/abundance, but their interrelations have been scarcely investigated. Climatic factors may indeed affect species both directly and indirectly, e.g., by influencing vegetation structure and composition. We aimed to disentangle the direct and indirect effects (via vegetation) of local temperature on bird abundance across a wide elevational gradient in the European Alps, ranging from montane forests to high-elevation open areas. In 2018, we surveyed birds by using point counts and collected fine-scale land cover and temperature data from 109 sampling points. We used structural equation modelling to estimate direct and indirect effects of local climate on bird abundance. We obtained a sufficient sample for 15 species, characterized by a broad variety of ecological requirements. For all species we found a significant indirect effect of local temperatures via vegetation on bird abundance. Direct effects of temperature were less common and were observed in seven woodland/shrubland species, including only mountain generalists; in these cases, local temperatures showed a positive effect, suggesting that on average our study area is likely colder than the thermal optimum of those species. The generalized occurrence of indirect temperature effects within our species set demonstrates the importance of considering both climate and land cover changes to obtain more reliable predictions of future species distribution/abundance. In fact, many species may be largely tracking suitable habitat rather than thermal niches, especially among homeotherm organisms like birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mattia Brambilla
- Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italia.,Fondazione Lombardia per l'Ambiente, Milano, Italia.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fjeldså J, Bowie RCK. Evolutionary and Ecological Explanations for the Elevational Flexibility of Several East African Bird Species Complexes. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.768062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa’s montane areas are broken up into several large and small units, each isolated as forest-capped “sky islands” in a “sea” of dry lowland savanna. Many elements of their biota, including montane forest birds, are shared across several disjunct mountains, yet it has been difficult to rigorously define an Afromontane forest avifauna, or determine its evolutionary relationships with the birds of the surrounding lowland forests. In order to trace the historical relationship between lowland and highland avifaunas, we review cases of species or groups of closely related species with breeding populations at different elevations, and use phylogeographic methods to explore the historical connections between such populations within the biodiversity hotspot of East Africa. The study reveals several idiosyncratic patterns, but also a prominent number of cases of gene flow between populations in southern areas, mainly around the Malawi Rift, and mountains and coastal forests to the north, close to the equator. This may reflect more continuous past distributions through northern Mozambique and coastal Tanzania, or seasonal migrations between areas with different rainfall regimes. Over time, these distributional dynamics have resulted in a higher persistence of lineages, and an accumulation of forest-dependent lineages within the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and the northern part of the coastal forest mosaic.
Collapse
|
20
|
Thom G, Gehara M, Smith BT, Miyaki CY, do Amaral FR. Microevolutionary dynamics show tropical valleys are deeper for montane birds of the Atlantic Forest. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6269. [PMID: 34725329 PMCID: PMC8560783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical mountains hold more biodiversity than their temperate counterparts, and this disparity is often associated with the latitudinal climatic gradient. However, distinguishing the impact of latitude versus the background effects of species history and traits is challenging due to the evolutionary distance between tropical and temperate assemblages. Here, we test whether microevolutionary processes are linked to environmental variation across a sharp latitudinal transition in 21 montane birds of the southern Atlantic Forest in Brazil. We find that effective dispersal within populations in the tropical mountains is lower and genomic differentiation is better predicted by the current environmental complexity of the region than within the subtropical populations. The concordant response of multiple co-occurring populations is consistent with spatial climatic variability as a major process driving population differentiation. Our results provide evidence for how a narrow latitudinal gradient can shape microevolutionary processes and contribute to broader scale biodiversity patterns. There are many hypotheses for why the tropics are more biodiverse than higher latitudes. Phylogenomic analyses of 21 montane birds finds that tropical birds disperse less and have more genetically structured populations than their counterparts at higher latitudes, possibly due to a larger elevational climate gradient in the tropics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Thom
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA. .,Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Gehara
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, 195 University Ave, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Brian Tilston Smith
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Cristina Y Miyaki
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fábio Raposo do Amaral
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP, CEP 09972-270, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Carvajal-Castro JD, Ospina-L AM, Toro-López Y, Pulido-G A, Cabrera-Casas LX, Guerrero-Peláez S, García-Merchán VH, Vargas-Salinas F. Urbanization is associated to a loss of phylogenetic diversity of birds in a medium size city on the Andes of Colombia, South America. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2021.1974709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan D. Carvajal-Castro
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, USA
- Grupo de Investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Ana María Ospina-L
- Grupo de Investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
- Behavior and Sensory Ecology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Purdue, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Anny Pulido-G
- Área de Proyectos, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Laura Ximena Cabrera-Casas
- Maestría en Enseñanza de las Ciencias Exactas y, Universidad Nacional Sede Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Guerrero-Peláez
- Maestria en Conservación y Uso de Biodiversidad, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Víctor Hugo García-Merchán
- Grupo de Investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Fernando Vargas-Salinas
- Grupo de Investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Linck EB, Freeman BG, Cadena CD, Ghalambor CK. Evolutionary conservatism will limit responses to climate change in the tropics. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210363. [PMID: 34610253 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid species turnover in tropical mountains has fascinated biologists for centuries. A popular explanation for this heightened beta diversity is that climatic stability at low latitudes promotes the evolution of narrow thermal tolerance ranges, leading to local adaptation, evolutionary divergence and parapatric speciation along elevational gradients. However, an emerging consensus from research spanning phylogenetics, biogeography and behavioural ecology is that this process rarely, if ever, occurs. Instead, closely related species typically occupy a similar elevational niche, while species with divergent elevational niches tend to be more distantly related. These results suggest populations have responded to past environmental change not by adapting and diverging in place, but instead by shifting their distributions to tightly track climate over time. We argue that tropical species are likely to respond similarly to ongoing and future climate warming, an inference supported by evidence from recent range shifts. In the absence of widespread in situ adaptation to new climate regimes by tropical taxa, conservation planning should prioritize protecting large swaths of habitat to facilitate movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B Linck
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Benjamin G Freeman
- Beatty Biodiversity Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C Daniel Cadena
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Cameron K Ghalambor
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Avian ecology and community structure across elevation gradients: The importance of high latitude temperate mountain habitats for conserving biodiversity in the Americas. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
24
|
Raposo do Amaral F, Thom G, Lima-Ribeiro MS, Alvarado-Serrano DF, Montesanti JAC, Pellegrino KCM, Miyaki CY, Hickerson MJ, Maldonado-Coelho M. Rugged relief and climate promote isolation and divergence between two neotropical cold-associated birds. Evolution 2021; 75:2371-2387. [PMID: 34375460 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of historical factors in establishing patterns of diversity in tropical mountains is of interest to understand the buildup of megadiverse biotas. In these regions, the historical processes of range fragmentation and contraction followed by dispersal are thought to be mediated by the interplay between rugged relief (complex topography) and climate fluctuations and likely explain most of the dynamics of diversification in plants and animals. Although empirical studies addressing the interaction between climate and topography have provided invaluable insights into population divergence and speciation patterns in tropical montane organisms, a more detailed and robust test of such processes in an explicit spatio-temporal framework is still lacking. Consequently, our ability to gain insights into historical range shifts over time and the genomic footprint left by them is limited. Here, we used niche modeling and subgenomic population-level datasets to explore the evolution of two species of warbling finches (genus Microspingus) disjunctly distributed across the Montane Atlantic Forest, a Neotropical region with complex geological and environmental histories. Population structure inferences suggest a scenario of three genetically differentiated populations, which are congruent with both geography and phenotypic variation. Demographic simulations support asynchronous isolation of these populations as recently as ∼40,000 years ago, relatively stable population sizes over recent time, and past gene flow subsequent to divergence. Throughout the last 800,000 years, niche models predicted extensive expansion into lowland areas with increasing overlap of species distributions during glacial periods, with prominent retractions and isolation into higher altitudes during interglacials, which are in line with signs of introgression of currently isolated populations. These results support a dual role of cyclical climatic changes: population divergence and persistence in mountain tops during warm periods followed by periods of expansion and admixture in lower elevations during cold periods. Our results underscore the role of the interplay between landscape and climate as an important mechanism in the evolution of the Neotropical montane biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Raposo do Amaral
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Gregory Thom
- Department of Ornithology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024-5192, USA
| | - Matheus S Lima-Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Jataí, CP 03, Jataí, GO, 75804-020, Brazil
| | - Diego F Alvarado-Serrano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies, Ohio University, Life Sciences Building R219, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Julia A C Montesanti
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Katia C M Pellegrino
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Cristina Y Miyaki
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Michael J Hickerson
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, 160, Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Marcos Maldonado-Coelho
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Professor Artur Riedel, 275, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, SE-223 62, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jervis P, Pintanel P, Hopkins K, Wierzbicki C, Shelton JMG, Skelly E, Rosa GM, Almeida-Reinoso D, Eugenia-Ordoñez M, Ron S, Harrison X, Merino-Viteri A, Fisher MC. Post-epizootic microbiome associations across communities of neotropical amphibians. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1322-1335. [PMID: 33411382 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microbiome-pathogen interactions are increasingly recognized as an important element of host immunity. While these host-level interactions will have consequences for community disease dynamics, the factors which influence host microbiomes at larger scales are poorly understood. We here describe landscape-scale pathogen-microbiome associations within the context of post-epizootic amphibian chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the panzootic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. We undertook a survey of Neotropical amphibians across altitudinal gradients in Ecuador ~30 years following the observed amphibian declines and collected skin swab-samples which were metabarcoded using both fungal (ITS-2) and bacterial (r16S) amplicons. The data revealed marked variation in patterns of both B. dendrobatidis infection and microbiome structure that are associated with host life history. Stream breeding amphibians were most likely to be infected with B. dendrobatidis. This increased probability of infection was further associated with increased abundance and diversity of non-Batrachochytrium chytrid fungi in the skin and environmental microbiome. We also show that increased alpha diversity and the relative abundance of fungi are lower in the skin microbiome of adult stream amphibians compared to adult pond-breeding amphibians, an association not seen for bacteria. Finally, stream tadpoles exhibit lower proportions of predicted protective microbial taxa than pond tadpoles, suggesting reduced biotic resistance. Our analyses show that host breeding ecology strongly shapes pathogen-microbiome associations at a landscape scale, a trait that may influence resilience in the face of emerging infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Jervis
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.,Department of Chemistry, UCL, London, UK.,Laboratorio de Ecofisiología and Museo de Zoología (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pol Pintanel
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología and Museo de Zoología (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kevin Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Wierzbicki
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer M G Shelton
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Emily Skelly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Gonçalo M Rosa
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.,Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diego Almeida-Reinoso
- Museo de Zoologίa (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Catόlica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,SARgrillo: Ex situ Management Program of Endangered Amphibians and Insect Breeding program, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Maria Eugenia-Ordoñez
- Fungario QCAM, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Ron
- Museo de Zoologίa (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Catόlica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Xavier Harrison
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Andrés Merino-Viteri
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología and Museo de Zoología (QCAZ), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Villegas M, Loiselle BA, Kimball RT, Blake JG. Ecological niche differentiation in Chiroxiphia and Antilophia manakins (Aves: Pipridae). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243760. [PMID: 33439873 PMCID: PMC7806125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species distribution models are useful for identifying the ecological characteristics that may limit a species' geographic range and for inferring patterns of speciation. Here, we test a hypothesis of niche conservatism across evolutionary time in a group of manakins (Aves: Pipridae), with a focus on Chiroxiphia boliviana, and examine the degree of ecological differentiation with other Chiroxiphia and Antilophia manakins. We tested whether allopatric sister species were more or less similar in environmental space than expected given their phylogenetic distances, which would suggest, respectively, ecological niche conservatism over time or ecologically mediated selection (i.e. niche divergence). We modeled the distribution of nine manakin taxa (C. boliviana, C. caudata, C. lanceolata, C. linearis, C. p. pareola, C. p. regina, C. p. napensis, Antilophia galeata and A. bokermanni) using Maxent. We first performed models for each taxon and compared them. To test our hypothesis we followed three approaches: (1) we tested whether C. boliviana could predict the distribution of the other manakin taxa and vice versa; (2) we compared the ecological niches by using metrics of niche overlap, niche equivalency and niche similarity; and (3) lastly, we tested whether niche differentiation corresponded to phylogenetic distances calculated from two recent phylogenies. All models had high training and test AUC values. Mean AUC ratios were high (>0.8) for most taxa, indicating performance better than random. Results suggested niche conservatism, and high niche overlap and equivalency between C. boliviana and C. caudata, but we found very low values between C. boliviana and the rest of the taxa. We found a negative, but not significant, relationship between niche overlap and phylogenetic distance, suggesting an increase in ecological differentiation and niche divergence over evolutionary time. Overall, we give some insights into the evolution of C. boliviana, proposing that ecological selection may have influenced its speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Villegas
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bette A. Loiselle
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rebecca T. Kimball
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John G. Blake
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Klinges DH, Scheffers BR. Microgeography, Not Just Latitude, Drives Climate Overlap on Mountains from Tropical to Polar Ecosystems. Am Nat 2021; 197:75-92. [PMID: 33417520 DOI: 10.1086/711873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn extension of the climate variability hypothesis is that relatively stable climate, such as that of the tropics, induces distinct thermal bands across elevation that render dispersal over tropical mountains difficult compared with temperate mountains. Yet ecosystems are not thermally static in space-time, especially at small scales, which might render some mountains greater thermal isolators than others. Here we provide an extensive investigation of temperature drivers from fine to coarse scales, and we demonstrate that the degree of similarity in temperatures at high and low elevations on mountains is driven by more than just absolute mountain height and latitude. We compiled a database of 29 mountains spanning six continents to characterize thermal overlap by vertically stratified microhabitats and biomes and owing to seasonal changes in foliage, demonstrating via mixed effects modeling that micro- and mesogeography more strongly influence thermal overlap than macrogeography. Impressively, an increase of 1 m of vertical microhabitat height generates an increase in overlap equivalent to a 5.26° change in latitude. In addition, forested mountains have reduced thermal overlap-149% lower-relative to nonforested mountains. We provide evidence in support of a climate hypothesis that emphasizes microgeography as a determinant of dispersal, demographics, and behavior, thereby refining the classical theory of macroclimate variability as a prominent driver of biogeography.
Collapse
|
28
|
Villegas M, Loiselle BA, Kimball RT, Blake JG. Ecological niche differentiation in Chiroxiphia and Antilophia manakins (Aves: Pipridae). PLoS One 2021. [PMID: 33439873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243760i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Species distribution models are useful for identifying the ecological characteristics that may limit a species' geographic range and for inferring patterns of speciation. Here, we test a hypothesis of niche conservatism across evolutionary time in a group of manakins (Aves: Pipridae), with a focus on Chiroxiphia boliviana, and examine the degree of ecological differentiation with other Chiroxiphia and Antilophia manakins. We tested whether allopatric sister species were more or less similar in environmental space than expected given their phylogenetic distances, which would suggest, respectively, ecological niche conservatism over time or ecologically mediated selection (i.e. niche divergence). We modeled the distribution of nine manakin taxa (C. boliviana, C. caudata, C. lanceolata, C. linearis, C. p. pareola, C. p. regina, C. p. napensis, Antilophia galeata and A. bokermanni) using Maxent. We first performed models for each taxon and compared them. To test our hypothesis we followed three approaches: (1) we tested whether C. boliviana could predict the distribution of the other manakin taxa and vice versa; (2) we compared the ecological niches by using metrics of niche overlap, niche equivalency and niche similarity; and (3) lastly, we tested whether niche differentiation corresponded to phylogenetic distances calculated from two recent phylogenies. All models had high training and test AUC values. Mean AUC ratios were high (>0.8) for most taxa, indicating performance better than random. Results suggested niche conservatism, and high niche overlap and equivalency between C. boliviana and C. caudata, but we found very low values between C. boliviana and the rest of the taxa. We found a negative, but not significant, relationship between niche overlap and phylogenetic distance, suggesting an increase in ecological differentiation and niche divergence over evolutionary time. Overall, we give some insights into the evolution of C. boliviana, proposing that ecological selection may have influenced its speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Villegas
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bette A Loiselle
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rebecca T Kimball
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John G Blake
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jablonski PG, Borowiec M, Nowakowski JJ, Stawarczyk T. Ecological niche partitioning in a fragmented landscape between two highly specialized avian flush-pursuit foragers in the Andean zone of sympatry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22024. [PMID: 33328506 PMCID: PMC7745022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Andes, pairs of ecologically similar species are often separated by narrow elevational sympatry zones but the mechanisms mediating sympatry are not fully understood. Here, we describe niche partitioning within a sympatry zone in a fragmented Andean landscape between two closely related flush-pursue species: a high-elevation montane forest dweller, (Myioborus melanocephalus), and a mid-elevation montane forest dweller, (M. miniatus). As all flush-pursuers use very similar hunting techniques involving visual displays to flush and pursue insects in air, and benefit from being the “rare predators”, ecological sorting between species in sympatry zones should allow their co-existence. We found that both species occupied vegetation resembling their typical allopatric habitats: a mosaic of pastures, clearings, and shrubs with small proportion of high trees for M. melanocephalus, and dense high forests with high proportion of trees, lower irradiance and higher humidity for M. miniatus. M. melanocephalus often foraged in bushes and at lower heights, whereas M. miniatus often foraged in tree crowns. The two species differed relatively little in their foraging technique. These results demonstrate how ecological sorting permits species of divergent elevational distributions and habitats to successfully coexist in sympatric zones where habitat diversity allows both species to find their preferred habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr G Jablonski
- Laboratory of Behavioral Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08-826, Seoul, South Korea.,Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Borowiec
- Museum of Natural History, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek J Nowakowski
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łodzki 3, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Stawarczyk
- Museum of Natural History, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rato C, Stratakis M, Sousa‐Guedes D, Sillero N, Corti C, Freitas S, Harris DJ, Carretero MA. The more you search, the more you find: Cryptic diversity and admixture within the Anatolian rock lizards (Squamata,
Darevskia
). ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Rato
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources InBIO Universidade do Porto Vila do Conde Portugal
| | - Manos Stratakis
- Department of Biology School of Sciences and Engineering University of Crete Greece
- Natural History Museum of Crete School of Sciences and Engineering University of Crete Irakleio Greece
| | - Diana Sousa‐Guedes
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo‐Espaciais (CICGE) Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Vila Nova de Gaia Portugal
| | - Neftali Sillero
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo‐Espaciais (CICGE) Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Vila Nova de Gaia Portugal
| | - Claudia Corti
- Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università di Firenze Firenze Italy
| | - Susana Freitas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - D. James Harris
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources InBIO Universidade do Porto Vila do Conde Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources InBIO Universidade do Porto Vila do Conde Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Salces-Castellano A, Stankowski S, Arribas P, Patiño J, Karger DN, Butlin R, Emerson BC. Long-term cloud forest response to climate warming revealed by insect speciation history. Evolution 2020; 75:231-244. [PMID: 33078844 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Montane cloud forests are areas of high endemism, and are one of the more vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. Thus, understanding how they both contribute to the generation of biodiversity, and will respond to ongoing climate change, are important and related challenges. The widely accepted model for montane cloud forest dynamics involves upslope forcing of their range limits with global climate warming. However, limited climate data provides some support for an alternative model, where range limits are forced downslope with climate warming. Testing between these two models is challenging, due to the inherent limitations of climate and pollen records. We overcome this with an alternative source of historical information, testing between competing model predictions using genomic data and demographic analyses for a species of beetle tightly associated to an oceanic island cloud forest. Results unequivocally support the alternative model: populations that were isolated at higher elevation peaks during the Last Glacial Maximum are now in contact and hybridizing at lower elevations. Our results suggest that genomic data are a rich source of information to further understand how montane cloud forest biodiversity originates, and how it is likely to be impacted by ongoing climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Salces-Castellano
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, 38206, Spain.,School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, 38200, Spain
| | - Sean Stankowski
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, 38206, Spain
| | - Jairo Patiño
- Department of Botany, Ecology, and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, 38071, Spain
| | - Dirk N Karger
- Department - Dynamic Macroecology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Roger Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Brent C Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), La Laguna, 38206, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Vargas OM, Goldston B, Grossenbacher DL, Kay KM. Patterns of speciation are similar across mountainous and lowland regions for a Neotropical plant radiation (Costaceae: Costus). Evolution 2020; 74:2644-2661. [PMID: 33047821 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High species richness and endemism in tropical mountains are recognized as major contributors to the latitudinal diversity gradient. The processes underlying mountain speciation, however, are largely untested. The prevalence of steep ecogeographic gradients and the geographic isolation of populations by topographic features are predicted to promote speciation in mountains. We evaluate these processes in a species-rich Neotropical genus of understory herbs that range from the lowlands to montane forests and have higher species richness in topographically complex regions. We ask whether climatic niche divergence, geographic isolation, and pollination shifts differ between mountain-influenced and lowland Amazonian sister pairs inferred from a 756-gene phylogeny. Neotropical Costus ancestors diverged in Central America during a period of mountain formation in the last 3 million years with later colonization of Amazonia. Although climatic divergence, geographic isolation, and pollination shifts are prevalent in general, these factors do not differ between mountain-influenced and Amazonian sister pairs. Despite higher climatic niche and species diversity in the mountains, speciation modes in Costus appear similar across regions. Thus, greater species richness in tropical mountains may reflect differences in colonization history, diversification rates, or the prevalence of rapidly evolving plant life forms, rather than differences in speciation mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M Vargas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95060.,Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, 95521
| | - Brittany Goldston
- Department of Biology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, 93401
| | - Dena L Grossenbacher
- Department of Biology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, 93401
| | - Kathleen M Kay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95060
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Linck E, Freeman BG, Dumbacher JP. Speciation and gene flow across an elevational gradient in New Guinea kingfishers. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1643-1652. [PMID: 32916016 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Closely related species with parapatric elevational ranges are ubiquitous in tropical mountains worldwide. The gradient speciation hypothesis proposes that these series are the result of in situ ecological speciation driven by divergent selection across elevation. Direct tests of this scenario have been hampered by the difficulty inferring the geographic arrangement of populations at the time of divergence. In cichlids, sticklebacks and Timema stick insects, support for ecological speciation driven by other selective pressures has come from demonstrating parallel speciation, where divergence proceeds independently across replicated environmental gradients. Here, we take advantage of the unique geography of the island of New Guinea to test for parallel gradient speciation in replicated populations of Syma kingfishers that show extremely subtle differentiation across elevation and between historically isolated mountain ranges. We find that currently described high-elevation and low-elevation species have reciprocally monophyletic gene trees and form nuclear DNA clusters, rejecting this hypothesis. However, demographic modelling suggests selection has likely maintained species boundaries in the face of gene flow following secondary contact. We compile evidence from the published literature to show that although in situ gradient speciation in labile organisms such as birds appears rare, divergent selection and post-speciation gene flow may be an underappreciated force in the origin of elevational series and tropical beta diversity along mountain slopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Linck
- Department of Biology & Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin G Freeman
- Beaty Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John P Dumbacher
- Ornithology & Mammalogy, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Carscadden KA, Emery NC, Arnillas CA, Cadotte MW, Afkhami ME, Gravel D, Livingstone SW, Wiens JJ. Niche Breadth: Causes and Consequences for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1086/710388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
35
|
Aleuy OA, Kutz S. Adaptations, life-history traits and ecological mechanisms of parasites to survive extremes and environmental unpredictability in the face of climate change. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:308-317. [PMID: 33101908 PMCID: PMC7569736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing weather unpredictability, causing more intense, frequent and longer extreme events including droughts, precipitation, and both heat and cold waves. The performance of parasites, and host-parasite interactions, under these unpredictable conditions, are directly influenced by the ability of parasites to cope with extremes and their capacity to adapt to the new conditions. Here, we review some of the structural, behavioural, life history and ecological characteristics of parasitic nematodes that allow them to persist and adapt to extreme and changing environmental conditions. We focus primarily, but not exclusively, on parasitic nematodes in the Arctic, where temperature extremes are pronounced, climate change is happening most rapidly, and changes in host-parasite interactions are already documented. We discuss how life-history traits, phenotypic plasticity, local adaptation and evolutionary history can influence the short and long term response of parasites to new conditions. A detailed understanding of the complex ecological processes involved in the survival of parasites in extreme and changing conditions is a fundamental step to anticipate the impact of climate change in parasite dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Alejandro Aleuy
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - S Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Qu YF, Wiens JJ. Higher temperatures lower rates of physiological and niche evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200823. [PMID: 32673554 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding rates and patterns of change in physiological and climatic-niche variables is of urgent importance as many species are increasingly threatened by rising global temperatures. Here, we broadly test several fundamental hypotheses about physiological and niche evolution for the first time (with appropriate phylogenetic methods), using published data from 2059 vertebrate species. Our main results show that: (i) physiological tolerances to heat evolve more slowly than those to cold, (ii) the hottest climatic-niche temperatures change more slowly than the coldest climatic-niche temperatures, and (iii) physiological tolerances to heat and cold evolve more slowly than the corresponding climatic-niche variables. Physiological tolerances are significantly and positively related to the corresponding climatic-niche variables, but species often occur in climates outside the range of these tolerances. However, mismatches between climate and physiology do not necessarily mean that the climatic-niche data are misleading. Instead, some standard physiological variables used in vertebrates (i.e. critical thermal maxima and minima) may reflect when species are active (daily, seasonally) and their local-scale microhabitats (sun versus shade), rather than their large-scale climatic distributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Linck EB, Celi JE, Sheldon KS. Panmixia across elevation in thermally sensitive Andean dung beetles. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4143-4155. [PMID: 32489637 PMCID: PMC7244805 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Janzen's seasonality hypothesis predicts that organisms inhabiting environments with limited climatic variability will evolve a reduced thermal tolerance breadth compared with organisms experiencing greater climatic variability. In turn, narrow tolerance breadth may select against dispersal across strong temperature gradients, such as those found across elevation. This can result in narrow elevational ranges and generate a pattern of isolation by environment or neutral genetic differentiation correlated with environmental variables that are independent of geographic distance. We tested for signatures of isolation by environment across elevation using genome-wide SNP data from five species of Andean dung beetles (subfamily Scarabaeinae) with well-characterized, narrow thermal physiologies, and narrow elevational distributions. Contrary to our expectations, we found no evidence of population genetic structure associated with elevation and little signal of isolation by environment. Further, elevational ranges for four of five species appear to be at equilibrium and show no decay of genetic diversity at range limits. Taken together, these results suggest physiological constraints on dispersal may primarily operate outside of a stable realized niche and point to a lower bound on the spatial scale of local adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan B. Linck
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Tennessee, KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTNUSA
| | - Jorge E. Celi
- Biogeography and Spatial Ecology Research GroupUniversidad Regional Amazónica IkiamTenaEcuador
| | - Kimberly S. Sheldon
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Tennessee, KnoxvilleKnoxvilleTNUSA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Outstanding diversity and microendemism in a clade of rare Atlantic Forest montane frogs. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 149:106813. [PMID: 32272149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Distributed across topographically complex landscapes that vary from lowland to high elevation, the Atlantic Forest harbors one of the richest biotas worldwide. Atlantic Forest amphibians are particularly speciose, taxonomic accounts are rising and the group is used as model for biogeographic inference. Past climate-related habitat fragmentation is often invoked to explain diversification, with montane taxa expected to become more widespread during glacial times and restrained at interglacials. In this study we investigate diversification in Ischnocnema lactea and I. holti (Anura: Brachycephalidae), two rare frog species inhabiting Atlantic Forest montane regions in Southeastern Brazil. Previous phylogenetic accounts have suggested uncertain limits between these two sister species. We assembled a multilocus DNA dataset, delimited lineages in this clade, and used ecological niche modeling to explore past and future putative ranges. Assignment analyses and traditional and coalescent phylogenetic methods confirmed the existence of a species complex of Miocene origin comprising nine lineages, most of which show very narrow ranges. Lineages were fully supported as species based in coalescent species delimitation, but the phylogenetic relationships among lineages in higher elevation were unresolved. Models of past ranges suggest extensive suitable areas at the last glacial maximum which, along with phylogenetic uncertainty, are consistent with a hypothesis that climate driven vicariance at higher elevation areas resulted in hard polytomies. Species distribution models under future climates suggest narrower ranges of the lineages relative to now, but no species are currently considered endangered. Overall, our results argue in favor for the reassessment of the taxonomic and conservation status of the I. holti - I. lactea species complex.
Collapse
|
39
|
Climatic dynamics and topography control genetic variation in Atlantic Forest montane birds. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106812. [PMID: 32259655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Montane organisms responded to Quaternary climate change by tracking suitable habitat along elevational gradients. However, it is unclear whether these past climatic dynamics generated predictable patterns of genetic diversity in co-occurring montane taxa. To test if the genetic variation is associated with historical changes in the elevational distribution of montane habitats, we integrated paleoclimatic data and a model selection approach for testing the demographic history of five co-distributed bird species occurring in the southern Atlantic Forest sky islands. We found that changes in historical population sizes and current genetic diversity are attributable to habitat dynamics among time periods and the current elevational distribution of populations. Taxa with populations restricted to the more climatically dynamic southern mountain block (SMB) had, on average, a six-fold demographic expansion, whereas the populations from the northern mountain block (NMB) remained constant. In the current configuration of the southern Atlantic Forest montane habitats, populations in the SMB have more widespread elevational distributions, occur at lower elevations, and harbor higher levels of genetic diversity than NMB populations. Despite the apparent coupling of demographic and climatic oscillations, our data rejected simultaneous population structuring due to historical habitat fragmentation. Demographic modeling indicated that the species had different modes of differentiation, and varied in the timing of divergence and the degree of gene flow across mountain blocks. Our results suggest that the heterogeneous distribution of genetic variation in birds of the Atlantic Forest sky islands is associated with the interplay between topography and climate of distinct mountains, leading to predictable patterns of genetic diversity.
Collapse
|
40
|
Standardized ethograms and a device for assessing amphibian thermal responses in a warming world. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
41
|
Climatic-niche evolution follows similar rules in plants and animals. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:753-763. [PMID: 32203479 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Climatic niches are essential in determining where species can occur and how they will respond to climate change. However, it remains unclear if climatic-niche evolution is similar in plants and animals or is intrinsically different. For example, previous authors have proposed that plants have broader environmental tolerances than animals but are more sensitive to climate change. Here, we test ten predictions about climatic-niche evolution in plants and animals, using phylogenetic and climatic data for 19 plant clades and 17 vertebrate clades (2,087 species total). Surprisingly, we find that for all ten predictions, plants and animals show similar patterns. For example, in both groups, climatic niches change at similar mean rates and species have similar mean niche breadths, and niche breadths show similar relationships with latitude across groups. Our results suggest that there are general 'rules' of climatic-niche evolution that span plants and animals, despite the fundamental differences in their biology. These results may help to explain why plants and animals have similar responses to climate change and why they often have shared species richness patterns, biogeographic regions, biomes and biodiversity hotspots.
Collapse
|
42
|
Condez TH, Haddad CFB, Zamudio KR. Historical biogeography and multi-trait evolution in miniature toadlets of the genus Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Evolutionary changes towards a miniaturized body plan may directly affect other important phenotypic traits related to the physiology, behaviour and ecology of organisms. The frog genus Brachycephalus is an outstanding example of a radiation of miniaturized species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We inferred ancestral states and historical changes in body size, body colour and hyperossification to test hypotheses about diversification and selective environmental mechanisms leading to the evolution of these specialized traits. The ancestral distribution was associated with high-elevation regions in the northern Serra do Mar mountain range, and diversification in the genus was coincident with important geological and climatic events during the history of the Atlantic Forest. The dynamic historical changes provided an opportunity for multiple lowland lineages and for speciation via dispersal and vicariance in multiple invasions of the highlands. The ancestral Brachycephalus was reconstructed as miniaturized and dull coloured, without hyperossification in the skin, skull or postcranial skeleton. A parallel evolution of phenotypic traits has occurred in northern and southern Atlantic Forest lineages, beginning in the Miocene. Shifts in body size are not related to elevation range or latitude. However, we found a significant correlation between the evolution of hyperossification and aposematism with increasing body size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais H Condez
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA), Avenida José Ruschi, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Departamento de Zoologia e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (EEB), Cornell University, Corson Hall, Ithaca, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Soley-Guardia M, Carnaval AC, Anderson RP. Sufficient versus optimal climatic stability during the Late Quaternary: using environmental quality to guide phylogeographic inferences in a Neotropical montane system. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractQuaternary climatic oscillations affected species distributions worldwide, creating cycles of connectivity and isolation that impacted population demography and promoted lineage divergence. These effects have been well studied in temperate regions. Taxa inhabiting mesic montane habitats in tropical ecosystems show high levels of endemism and diversification in the distinct mountain ranges they inhabit; such a pattern has commonly been ascribed to past climatic oscillations, but few phylogeographic studies have tested this hypothesis. Here, we combine ecological niche models of species distributions with molecular data to study phylogeographic patterns in two rodents endemic to the highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama (Reithrodontomys creper and Nephelomys devius). In so doing, we apply a novel approach that incorporates a basic ecological principle: the expected positive relationship between environmental suitability and population abundance. Specifically, we use niche models to predict potential patterns of population connectivity and stability of different suitability levels during climatic extremes of the last glacial–interglacial cycle; we then test these predictions with population genetic analyses of a mitochondrial and a nuclear marker. The detailed predictions arising from the different levels of suitability were moderately to highly congruent with the molecular data depending on the species. Overall, results suggest that in these tropical montane ecosystems, cycles of population connectivity and isolation followed a pattern opposite to that typically described for temperate or lowland tropical ecosystems: namely, higher connectivity during the colder glacials, with isolation in montane refugia during the interglacials, including today. Nevertheless, the individualistic patterns for each species indicate a potentially wide gamut of phylogeographic histories reflecting particularities of their niches. Taken together, this study illustrates how phylogeographic inferences may benefit from niche model outputs that provide more detailed predictions of connectivity and finer characterizations of potential refugia through time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Soley-Guardia
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Ana Carolina Carnaval
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert P Anderson
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy), American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Williams JJ, Newbold T. Local climatic changes affect biodiversity responses to land use: A review. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
| | - Tim Newbold
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Varzinczak LH, Moura MO, Passos FC. Shifts to multiple optima underlie climatic niche evolution in New World phyllostomid bats. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Climate underlies species distribution patterns, especially in species where climate limits distributions, such as the phyllostomid bats, which are mostly restricted to the New World tropics. The evolutionary dynamics that shaped phyllostomid climatic niches remain unclear, and a broad phylogenetic perspective is required to uncover their patterns. We used geographical distributions and evolutionary relationships of 130 species, climate data and phylogenetic comparative methods to uncover dynamics of phyllostomid climatic niche evolution. Diversification of climatic niches began early in phyllostomid evolution (~34 Mya), with most changes taking place ~20 Mya. Although most of these bats were found in tropical regions, shifts towards different evolutionary optima were common. Shifts were mostly towards temperate climates, reflecting complexities in phyllostomid evolution highlighted by the probable role of species-specific adaptations to cope with these climates, the influence of palaeoclimatic events, and biogeographical effects related to the evolution and dispersal of clades in the New World. Our results broaden our understanding of the relationships between phyllostomid bats and climate, filling an important gap in knowledge and suggesting a complex evolution in their occupation of the climatic niche space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H Varzinczak
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mauricio O Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Passos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wollenberg Valero KC, Marshall JC, Bastiaans E, Caccone A, Camargo A, Morando M, Niemiller ML, Pabijan M, Russello MA, Sinervo B, Werneck FP, Sites JW, Wiens JJ, Steinfartz S. Patterns, Mechanisms and Genetics of Speciation in Reptiles and Amphibians. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090646. [PMID: 31455040 PMCID: PMC6769790 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, the aspects of reptile and amphibian speciation that emerged from research performed over the past decade are reviewed. First, this study assesses how patterns and processes of speciation depend on knowing the taxonomy of the group in question, and discuss how integrative taxonomy has contributed to speciation research in these groups. This study then reviews the research on different aspects of speciation in reptiles and amphibians, including biogeography and climatic niches, ecological speciation, the relationship between speciation rates and phenotypic traits, and genetics and genomics. Further, several case studies of speciation in reptiles and amphibians that exemplify many of these themes are discussed. These include studies of integrative taxonomy and biogeography in South American lizards, ecological speciation in European salamanders, speciation and phenotypic evolution in frogs and lizards. The final case study combines genomics and biogeography in tortoises. The field of amphibian and reptile speciation research has steadily moved forward from the assessment of geographic and ecological aspects, to incorporating other dimensions of speciation, such as genetic mechanisms and evolutionary forces. A higher degree of integration among all these dimensions emerges as a goal for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathon C Marshall
- Department of Zoology, Weber State University, 1415 Edvalson Street, Dept. 2505, Ogden, UT 84401, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bastiaans
- Department of Biology, State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arley Camargo
- Centro Universitario de Rivera, Universidad de la República, Ituzaingó 667, Rivera 40000, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Morando
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC, CENPAT-CONICET) Bv. Brown 2915, Puerto Madryn U9120ACD, Argentina
| | - Matthew L Niemiller
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Maciej Pabijan
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michael A Russello
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Coastal Biology Building, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Fernanda P Werneck
- Programa de Coleções Científicas Biológicas, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus 69060-000, Brazil
| | - Jack W Sites
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sebastian Steinfartz
- Molecular Evolution and Systematics of Animals, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Duclos TR, DeLuca WV, King DI. Direct and indirect effects of climate on bird abundance along elevation gradients in the Northern Appalachian mountains. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Duclos
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
| | - William V. DeLuca
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
| | - David I. King
- Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Amherst Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Medina D, Ibáñez R, Lips KR, Crawford AJ. Amphibian diversity in Serranía de Majé, an isolated mountain range in eastern Panamá. Zookeys 2019; 859:117-130. [PMID: 31327925 PMCID: PMC6616096 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.859.32869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eastern Panamá is within the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot and supports an understudied amphibian fauna. Here we characterize the amphibian diversity across an elevational gradient in one of the least studied mountain ranges in eastern Panamá, Serranía de Majé. A total of 38 species were found, which represent 17% of all species reported for Panamá. Based on expected richness function and individual-based rarefaction curves, it is estimated that this is an underestimate and that at least 44 amphibian species occur in this area. Members of all three amphibian orders were encountered, represented by ten families and 22 genera, including five species endemic to Central America. Estimated species richness decreased with elevation, and the mid-elevation site supported both lowland and highland species. Our study provides a baseline for understanding the distribution pattern of amphibians in Panamá, for conservation efforts, and for determining disease-induced changes in amphibian communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panamá Panama.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil.,Círculo Herpetológico de Panamá, Estafeta Universitaria, Apartado Postal 10762, Panamá, República de Panamá Estafeta Universitaria Panamá Panama.,Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá Universidad de Panamá Panamá Panama.,Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Panamá, República de Panamá Sistema Nacional de Investigación Panamá Panama
| | - Karen R Lips
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA University of Maryland College Park United States of America
| | - Andrew J Crawford
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil.,Círculo Herpetológico de Panamá, Estafeta Universitaria, Apartado Postal 10762, Panamá, República de Panamá Estafeta Universitaria Panamá Panama.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia Universidad de los Andes Bogotá Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Carvajal-Castro JD, Ospina-L AM, Toro-López Y, Pulido-G A, Cabrera-Casas LX, Guerrero-Peláez S, García-Merchán VH, Vargas-Salinas F. Birds vs bricks: Patterns of species diversity in response to urbanization in a Neotropical Andean city. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218775. [PMID: 31220178 PMCID: PMC6587937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is currently one the most important causes of biodiversity loss. The Colombian Andes is a well-known hotspot for biodiversity, however, it also exhibit high levels of urbanization, making it a useful site to document how species assemblages respond to habitat transformation. To do this, we compared the structure and composition of bird assemblages between rural and urban habitats in Armenia, a medium sized city located in the Central Andes of Colombia. In addition, we examined the influence of urban characteristics on bird species diversity within the city of Armenia. From September 2016 to February 2017 we performed avian surveys in 76 cells (250 x 250 m each) embedded within Armenia city limits; and in 23 cells (250 x 250 m each) in rural areas around Armenia. We found that bird diversity was significantly lower in urban habitats than in rural habitats, and differed in species composition by 29%. In urban cells, with higher abiotic noise intensity and higher impervious surface area, we found lower bird diversity than that in urban cells with higher guadual (Guadua angustifolia patches), and forested surface areas. We did not find segregation of urban cells according to the species composition, although additional bird surveys inside urban forests remnant are needed to be more conclusive about this aspect. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of green areas embedded within cities to conserve bird diversity through reducing the ecological impact of urbanization on avian biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Carvajal-Castro
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt,
Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana María Ospina-L
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt,
Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yemay Toro-López
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| | - Anny Pulido-G
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| | - Laura Ximena Cabrera-Casas
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| | - Sebastián Guerrero-Peláez
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| | - Víctor Hugo García-Merchán
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| | - Fernando Vargas-Salinas
- Grupo de investigación en Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO),
Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia,
Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cadena CD, Pérez-emán JL, Cuervo AM, Céspedes LN, Epperly KL, Klicka JT. Extreme genetic structure and dynamic range evolution in a montane passerine bird: implications for tropical diversification. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Daniel Cadena
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge L Pérez-emán
- Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Colección Ornitológica Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Andrés M Cuervo
- Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura N Céspedes
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kevin L Epperly
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John T Klicka
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|