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The modulating effect of food composition on the immune system in growing ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277236. [PMID: 36342931 PMCID: PMC9639844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in the population of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in northwestern Germany since 2007 raises questions about the underlying causes. We therefore studied the growth and immune status of ring-necked pheasant chicks dependent on different feed composition. Here, 490 ring-necked pheasant chicks were raised in five groups up to nine weeks. While control groups C1 and C2 received sufficient crude protein (28%) and energy (12.5 MJ/Kg feed) according to current standards, group C2 was treated with cyclosporine eight hours prior to phythemagglutination (PHA) testing, serving as a positive immune suppressed control. Group V1 was fed with reduced protein (20%) but optimal energy content (12.5 MJ/Kg feed), group V2 was fed with sufficient protein (28%) and reduced energy content (10 MJ/kg feed) whereas group V3 was fed reduced crude protein (20%) and reduced energy content (10MJ/kg feed). On all chicks, health status was checked each week, and 20 birds of each group were weighed randomly per week. PHA-testing was performed on 12 birds of each group to study the in vivo non-specific activation of lymphocytes at week 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. In addition, hemolysis–hemagglutination–assay (HHA) was performed on each of the PHA-tested chicks, which were subsequently euthanized and dissected. Histopathologic examinations of 5 birds that were randomly chosen were performed. The PHA–test results demonstrate significant differences between control (C1, C2) and experimental groups (V1-V3) in several developmental stages. According to the HHA results, weekly testing detected a significant increase of titres per week in all groups without significant differences. Here, only hemagglutination and no lysis of samples was observed. It seems appropriate to conclude that during their first weeks of life, protein content is of higher importance in ring-necked pheasant chicks than energy intake. In particular T-cell response is significantly reduced, which indicate a weaker immune system resulting in a higher risk for clinical diseases. Therefore, we assume that protein i.e. insect availability is a highly important co-factor in the free-ranging population dynamics, and is linked to declines of the northwestern German population.
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Squire GR, Young MW, Hawes C. Solar Radiation Flux Provides a Method of Quantifying Weed-Crop Balance in Present and Future Climates. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122657. [PMID: 34961128 PMCID: PMC8703587 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A systematic approach to quantifying the weed–crop balance through the flux of solar radiation was developed and tested on commercial fields in a long-established Atlantic zone cropland. Measuring and modelling solar energy flux in crop stands has become standard practice in analysis and comparison of crop growth and yield across regions, species and years. In a similar manner, the partitioning of incoming radiation between crops and the in-field plant community may provide ‘common currencies’ through which to quantify positive and negative effects of weeds in relation to global change. Here, possibilities were explored for converting simple ground-cover measures in commercial fields of winter and spring oilseed rape in eastern Scotland, UK to metrics of solar flux. Solar radiation intercepted by the crops ranged with season and sowing delay from 129 to 1975 MJ m−2 (15-fold). Radiation transmitted through the crop, together with local weed management, resulted in a 70-fold range of weed intercepted radiation (14.2 to 963 MJ m−2), which in turn explained 93% of the corresponding between-site variation in weed dry mass (6.36 to 459 g m−2). Transmitted radiation explained almost 90% of the variation in number of weed species per field (12 to 40). The conversion of intercepted radiation to weed dry matter was far less variable at a mean of 0.74 g MJ−1 at both winter and spring sites. The primary cause of variation was an interaction between the temperature at sowing and the annual wave of incoming solar radiation. The high degree of explanatory power in solar flux indicates its potential use as an initial predictor and subsequent monitoring tool in the face of future change in climate and cropping intensity.
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García-Ruiz E, Cobos G, Sánchez-Ramos I, Pascual S, Chueca MC, Escorial MC, Santín-Montanyá I, Loureiro Í, González-Núñez M. Dynamics of canopy-dwelling arthropods under different weed management options, including glyphosate, in conventional and genetically modified insect-resistant maize. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1121-1138. [PMID: 32458593 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of genetically modified varieties tolerant to herbicides (HT varieties) and resistant to insects (Bt varieties) in combination with application of a broad-spectrum herbicide such as glyphosate could be an effective option for the simultaneous control of weeds and pests in maize. Nevertheless, the possible impact of these tools on nontarget arthropods still needs to be evaluated. In a field study in central Spain, potential changes in populations of canopy-dwelling arthropods in Bt maize under different weed management options, including glyphosate application, were investigated. Canopy-dwelling arthropods were sampled by visual inspection and yellow sticky traps. The Bt variety had no effect on any group of studied arthropods, except for the expected case of corn borers-the target pests of Bt maize. Regarding the effects of herbicide regimes, the only observed difference was a lower abundance of Cicadellidae and Mymaridae on yellow sticky traps in plots not treated with pre-emergence herbicides. This effect was especially pronounced in a treatment involving two glyphosate applications. The decrease in Cicadellidae and Mymaridae populations was associated with a higher density of weeds in plots, which may have hindered colonization of the crop by leafhoppers. These differences, however, were only significant in the last year of the study. The low likelihood of the use of glyphosate- and herbicide-tolerant varieties for weed control triggering important effects on the nontarget arthropod fauna of the maize canopy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban García-Ruiz
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cobos
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Ramos
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Pascual
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Cristina Chueca
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Concepción Escorial
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Santín-Montanyá
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Íñigo Loureiro
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel González-Núñez
- Plant Protection Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Beal EJ, Waghorn IAG, Perry JN, Clover GRG, Cromey MG. Susceptibility of Garden Plants to Phytophthora Root Rot. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:1610-1620. [PMID: 32897156 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0765-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is a serious disease of horticultural, forest, and ornamental plant species caused by species of the oomycete genus Phytophthora. Their wide host range makes the choice of resistant plants in the management of the disease difficult. We used the Royal Horticultural Society diagnostic dataset of PRR records from U.K. gardens to compare the susceptibility of different host genera to the disease. The dataset was compared with existing reports of plants recorded as notably resistant or notably susceptible to PRR. An index-based approach was used to separate 177 genera of woody plants into three categories: 85 were low index (<0.10: rarely affected), 34 were medium index (0.10 to 0.20: sometimes affected) and 58 were high index (>0.20: frequently affected). Similarly, genera of nonwoody plants were separated into: 45 low index (<0.22), 16 medium index (0.22 to 0.44), and 18 high index (>0.44). Taxus was the genus with the highest index, while most genera in the Malvales and Ericales were in the high-index group. Most genera in the Myrtales, Fabales, and Monocotyledons were low index. While 30 Phytophthora species were recorded in our study, the wide host range spp., P. plurivora, P. cryptogea, and P. cinnamomi, represented 63% of identifications. P. plurivora was the most common species on woody plants and P. cryptogea on nonwoody plants. These results provide confidence in the use of host resistance as part of the integrated management of PRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Beal
- Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A G Waghorn
- Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, United Kingdom
| | - Joe N Perry
- Oaklands Barn, Norfolk NR35 2HT, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard R G Clover
- Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew G Cromey
- Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, United Kingdom
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Arpaia S, Smagghe G, Sweet JB. Biosafety of bee pollinators in genetically modified agro-ecosystems: Current approach and further development in the EU. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2659-2666. [PMID: 33470515 PMCID: PMC8247894 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bee pollinators are an important guild delivering a fundamental input to European agriculture due to the ecological service they provide to crops in addition to the direct economic revenues from apiculture. Bee populations are declining in Europe as a result of the effects of several environmental stressors, both natural and of anthropic origin. Efforts are ongoing in the European Union (EU) to improve monitoring and management of pollinator populations to arrest further declines. Genetically modified (GM) crops are currently cultivated in a limited area in Europe, and an environmental risk assessment (ERA) is required prior to their authorization for cultivation. The possible impacts of GM crops on pollinators are deemed relevant for the ERA. Existing ecotoxicological studies indicate that traits currently expressed in insect-resistant GM plants are unlikely to represent a risk for pollinators. However, new mechanisms of insect resistance are being introduced into GM plants, including novel combinations of Cry toxins and double strand RNA (dsRNA), and an ERA is required to consider lethal and sublethal effects of these new products on nontarget species, including insect pollinators. The evaluation of indirect effects linked to the changes in management practices (e.g. for herbicide-tolerant GM crops) is an important component of EU regulations and a requirement for ERA. This paper reviews current approaches used to test the sensitivity of pollinators to GM plants and their products to determine whether sufficient data are being provided on novel GM plants to satisfy EU risk assessment requirements. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Arpaia
- TERIN‐BBCENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentRotondellaItaly
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and CropsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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Laigle I, Moretti M, Rousseau L, Gravel D, Venier L, Handa IT, Messier C, Morris D, Hazlett P, Fleming R, Webster K, Shipley B, Aubin I. Direct and Indirect Effects of Forest Anthropogenic Disturbance on Above and Below Ground Communities and Litter Decomposition. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Arpaia S. Environmental risk assessment in agro-ecosystems: Revisiting the concept of receiving environment after the EFSA guidance document. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111676. [PMID: 33396008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risk assessment (ERA) for genetically modified plants (GMPs) is a prerequisite for commercial approval of these new varieties according to regulatory systems worldwide. The first country to regulate GM crops was the USA and the issue of possible environmental impacts was based on the principles used in risk assessment of pesticides. Two main pillars of this approach are the use of surrogate species for testing effects on non-target organisms using a tiered assessment with clear thresholds to indicate the need to move between tiers. The latest EFSA guidance document on ERA of Genetically Modified Organisms considers specifically the receiving environment in preparation of ERA for commercial cultivation of GMPs. According to existing guidelines in the EU, the receiving environment is defined by three mutually interacting components: the characteristics of the environmental stressor (i.e. the GM plant), the bio-geographical regions where the commercial release of the crop is expected and the agricultural systems therein. Difference in agronomic and ecological conditions (e.g. use of different varieties, vegetation of adjacent areas, non-target species assemblages, sensitivity of local species to the stressors) suggests that explicit considerations of the receiving environments are necessary. Results from field experiments indicate that differences in cultivation practices, e.g. the herbicide regime used on herbicide-tolerant GM crops, may induce direct and indirect effects on wild plant distribution and abundance, with consequent repercussions on food webs based on these plants. Moreover, ecological literature indicates that the concept of surrogate species has clear limitations if applied broadly to any ERA. Starting from case studies regarding GMPs, this paper discusses some ecological and agronomic characteristics of agro-ecosystems, which have implications in the elaboration of both hazard and exposure analyses during ERA. The species selection approach indicated in the EFSA Guidance Document and the consideration of the area(s) of the expected release of the new variety may provide the basis to an ecologically sound ERA for a range of environmental stressors. The quality of the data that become available for risk managers with this approach may support a more transparent and dependable ERA and risk management for GMPs as well as for other potential environmental stressors in agro-ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Arpaia
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. Research Centre Trisaia, S.S. 106 Jonica, km 419.5, I-75026 Rotondella MT, Italy.
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Current State and Drivers of Arable Plant Diversity in Conventionally Managed Farmland in Northwest Germany. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12120469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification has led to dramatic diversity losses and impoverishment of the arable vegetation in much of Europe. We analyzed the status of farmland phytodiversity and its determinants in 2016 in northwest Germany by surveying 200 conventionally managed fields cultivated with seven crops. The study was combined with an analysis of edaphic (soil yield potential), agronomic (crop cover, fertilizer and herbicide use) and landscape factors (adjacent habitats). In total, we recorded 150 non-crop plant species, many of them nitrophilous generalist species, while species of conservation value were almost completely absent. According to a post-hoc pairwise comparison of the mixed model results, the cultivation of rapeseed positively influenced non-crop plant species richness as compared to winter cereals (wheat, barley, rye and triticale; data pooled), maize or potato. The presence of grassy strips and ditch margins adjacent to fields increased plant richness at field edges presumably through spillover effects. In the field interiors, median values of non-crop plant richness and cover were only 2 species and 0.5% cover across all crops, and at the field edges 11 species and 4% cover. Agricultural intensification has wiped out non-crop plant life nearly completely from conventionally managed farmland, except for a narrow, floristically impoverished field edge strip.
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Waselkov KE, Regenold ND, Lum RC, Olsen KM. Agricultural adaptation in the native North American weed waterhemp, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Amaranthaceae). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238861. [PMID: 32970699 PMCID: PMC7514059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in documenting adaptation of weedy plant species to agricultural ecosystems, beyond the evolution of herbicide resistance. Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) is a native plant of the Midwestern U.S. that began infesting agricultural fields in the 20th century within the central portion of its range. We hypothesized that the vegetative growth and reproductive traits of waterhemp from this heavily infested central region provide differential fitness benefits in agricultural environments. We collected seeds from across the species' native range, representing regions with varying degrees of waterhemp infestation, and planted them together in common garden soybean plots. A 2010 common garden experiment was conducted within the range of agriculturally weedy waterhemp (in Missouri), and a 2011 common garden experiment was conducted outside of this range (in Ohio). Days to flowering and flowering plant height, mature plant size data (height, number of branches, and length of the longest branch), and above-ground biomass were measured to estimate relative fitness. In both common garden locations, plants from regions where waterhemp occurs as an agricultural weed - including those from the heavily infested Mississippi Valley region (Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri) and the less severely infested Plains region (Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma) - had higher relative performance in almost all fitness-related measures than plants from the Northeast region (Ohio, Michigan, and Ontario), which had little to no agriculturally weedy waterhemp at the time of our study. Further analysis revealed that fewer days to flowering in the Northeast populations can be largely accounted for by latitude of origin, suggesting a strong genetic influence on this reproductive trait. These findings suggest intraspecific variation in agricultural adaptation in a native U.S. weed, and support the use of agricultural weeds to study adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Waselkov
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel D. Regenold
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Romy C. Lum
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, California, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M. Olsen
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Liebing J, Völker I, Curland N, Wohlsein P, Baumgärtner W, Braune S, Runge M, Moss A, Rautenschlein S, Jung A, Ryll M, Raue K, Strube C, Schulz J, Heffels-Redmann U, Fischer L, Gethöffer F, Voigt U, Lierz M, Siebert U. Health status of free-ranging ring-necked pheasant chicks (Phasianus colchicus) in North-Western Germany. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234044. [PMID: 32544211 PMCID: PMC7297342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Being a typical ground-breeding bird of the agricultural landscape in Germany, the pheasant has experienced a strong and persistent population decline with a hitherto unexplained cause. Contributing factors to the ongoing negative trend, such as the effects of pesticides, diseases, predation, increase in traffic and reduced fallow periods, are currently being controversially discussed. In the present study, 62 free-ranging pheasant chicks were caught within a two-year period in three federal states of Germany; Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein. The pheasant chicks were divided into three age groups to detect differences in their development and physical constitution. In addition, pathomorphological, parasitological, virological, bacteriological and toxicological investigations were performed. The younger chicks were emaciated, while the older chicks were of moderate to good nutritional status. However, the latter age group was limited to a maximum of three chicks per hen, while the youngest age class comprised up to ten chicks. The majority of chicks suffered from dermatitis of the periocular and caudal region of the head (57-94%) of unknown origin. In addition, intestinal enteritis (100%), pneumonia (26%), hepatitis (24%), perineuritis (6%), tracheitis (24%), muscle degeneration (1%) and myositis (1%) were found. In 78% of the cases, various Mycoplasma spp. were isolated. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was not detected using an MG-specific PCR. Parasitic infections included Philopteridae (55%), Coccidia (48%), Heterakis/Ascaridia spp. (8%) and Syngamus trachea (13%). A total of 8% of the chicks were Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) positive using RT-PCR, 16% positive for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) using RT-PCR, and 2% positive for haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) using PCR. All samples tested for avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) or infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) were negative. The pool samples of the ten chicks were negative for all acid, alkaline-free and derivative substances, while two out of three samples tested were positive for the herbicide glyphosate. Pheasant chick deaths may often have been triggered by poor nutritional status, probably in association with inflammatory changes in various tissues and organs as well as bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Theses impacts may have played a major role in the decline in pheasant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Liebing
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - I. Völker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - N. Curland
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P. Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - W. Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S. Braune
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Runge
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A. Moss
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S. Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A. Jung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Ryll
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - K. Raue
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - C. Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - J. Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - U. Heffels-Redmann
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - L. Fischer
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - F. Gethöffer
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - U. Voigt
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - U. Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Cromey MG, Drakulic J, Beal EJ, Waghorn IAG, Perry JN, Clover GRG. Susceptibility of Garden Trees and Shrubs to Armillaria Root Rot. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:483-492. [PMID: 31746694 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-19-1147-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Armillaria root rot (ARR) is a serious disease of woody plants caused by several species of Armillaria. Armillaria isolates from diagnostic samples received in 2017 were identified by genus- and species-specific PCR and compared with isolates from an earlier survey (2004 to 2007). The results were comparable and, therefore, were combined for further analysis. Three species were identified: Armillaria mellea (83%), A. gallica (15%), and A. ostoyae (2%). Their wide host range makes choice of resistant plants in management of the disease difficult. We used the Royal Horticultural Society diagnostic dataset of ARR records from U.K. gardens to compare the susceptibility of different host genera to the disease. The dataset was compared with an earlier experiment at the University of California. An index-based approach was used to separate genera into three categories: 77 low-index (<0.99), 37 medium-index (0.99 to 1.76), and 56 high-index (>1.76) genera were recorded. All three species were associated with both angiosperms and gymnosperms; moreover, A. ostoyae did not show the host preference for gymnosperms that has been reported elsewhere. A. gallica was particularly common on herbaceous perennials and showed a trend to occur on resistant hosts that may be under other stress, supporting its description as an opportunistic pathogen. Four monocotyledons grown as trees or shrubs in U.K. gardens had a very low ARR index according to indices associated with A. mellea and A. ostoyae. Genera in the order Myrtales were almost always low index, while those in the Saxifragales and Fagales were mostly high index. These results provide confidence in the use of host resistance as part of the integrated management of ARR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Cromey
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, U.K
| | - Jassy Drakulic
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, U.K
| | - Elizabeth J Beal
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, U.K
| | - Ian A G Waghorn
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, U.K
| | - Joe N Perry
- Oaklands Barn, Lug's Lane, Broome, Norfolk NR35 2HT, U.K
| | - Gerard R G Clover
- Royal Horticultural Society, Department of Plant Health, RHS Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, U.K
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Wietzke A, Leuschner C. Surveying the arable plant diversity of conventionally managed farmland: a comparison of methods. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:98. [PMID: 31912302 PMCID: PMC8076134 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-8042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification has led to drastic population declines in Europe's arable plant vegetation, and continuous monitoring is a prerequisite for assessing measures to increase and conserve remnant populations of endangered arable plant species. Unfortunately, strong variation in plot sizes and in-field locations makes comparison of current arable plant monitoring approaches difficult. This study compares different relevé approaches in conventionally managed arable fields in Northwest German farmland with respect to plant species detection success and time expenditure. We compared species detection rate and expenditure of time of six different relevé types in 45 conventionally managed arable fields (each 15 fields of wheat, maize, and rapeseed): field "Interior" plots (50 × 2 m); field edge plots: "Edge_30" (30 × 2 m), "Edge_50" (50 × 2 m), and "Edge_500" (500 × 1 m); "Subplots" (four dispersed plots of 5 × 1 m); and "Corner" plots (50 × 2 m). To determine species detection rate, the species richness recorded with a survey method was related to the field's total plant species number as estimated from a survey of the entire field edge zone. With a species detection rate of 8.3% (median), interior plots were inadequate for characterizing the field's arable plant vegetation. Edge_500 plots yielded the highest proportion of the field's arable plant species pool (75.6%, including taxa of conservation value), followed by "Corner" plots (45.8%) and "Sublots" (32.6%). Edge_50 and Edge_30 plots detected less than 25% of the field's species pool. The average time needed for a relevé was 20 min in Edge500 plots and 5-11 min in the other plot types. We suggest implementing Edge_500 plots as a standard monitoring approach in conventionally managed farmland due to its favorable ratio of detection success to expenditure of time. Our findings should be compared to methodological studies conducted in other regions, in different farmland management systems, and in landscapes of variable complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wietzke
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
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Sharma A, Jha P, Reddy GVP. Multidimensional relationships of herbicides with insect-crop food webs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1522-1532. [PMID: 30189568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlling weeds is critical for improving the yield and quality of crops. Herbicides are the most commonly applied pesticides in agro-ecosystems. Herbicides affect insects directly as contact damage and indirectly by influencing food supplies. The innate susceptibility, life stages, and mode of feeding of insects can affect the herbicide-insect interaction. Interaction of herbicides with insect pest and beneficial insects is mainly indirect and absence of weeds either can reduce the insect population or causes switching of host plant and hence can also increase the population. The direct effect of herbicides depends on carrier or surfactant used. Presence of herbicides also provides surfactant to insecticides and increases impact of insecticides. At present, most reports on impact of herbicides indicate alterations in insect survival or egg production due to increase or decrease in host plant population as an indirect affect, only a handful studies reported a direct topical effect of these herbicides on egg, larvae/nymphs and adults of various insects. Further exploration of this interaction seems intriguing. Use of bio-herbicides, cultural control methods, and judicious use of herbicides could offer ecologically sustainable approaches to reduce impact of herbicides on insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Montana State University-Bozeman, Department of Research Centers, Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, 9546 Old Shelby Rd., P.O. Box 656, Conrad, MT 59425, United States of America
| | - Prashant Jha
- Montana State University-Bozeman, Department of Research Centers, Southern Agricultural Research Center, 748 Railroad Highway, Huntley, MT 59037, United States of America
| | - Gadi V P Reddy
- Montana State University-Bozeman, Department of Research Centers, Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, 9546 Old Shelby Rd., P.O. Box 656, Conrad, MT 59425, United States of America.
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Loxdale HD. Aspects, Including Pitfalls, of Temporal Sampling of Flying Insects, with Special Reference to Aphids. INSECTS 2018; 9:E153. [PMID: 30388726 PMCID: PMC6316496 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent and widespread use of high-resolution molecular markers in the late 1970s, it is now well established that natural populations of insects are not necessarily homogeneous genetically and show variations at different spatial scales due to a variety of reasons, including hybridization/introgression events. In a similar vein, populations of insects are not necessarily homogenous in time, either over the course of seasons or even within a single season. This of course has profound consequences for surveys examining, for whatever reason/s, the temporal population patterns of insects, especially flying insects as mostly discussed here. In the present article, the topics covered include climate and climate change; changes in ecological niches due to changes in available hosts, i.e., essentially, adaptation events; hybridization influencing behaviour⁻host shifts; infection by pathogens and parasites/parasitoids; habituation to light, sound and pheromone lures; chromosomal/genetic changes affecting physiology and behaviour; and insecticide resistance. If such phenomena-i.e., aspects and pitfalls-are not considered during spatio-temporal study programmes, which is even more true in the light of the recent discovery of morphologically similar/identical cryptic species, then the conclusions drawn in terms of the efforts to combat pest insects or conserve rare and endangered species may be in error and hence end in failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
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Dolezel M, Miklau M, Heissenberger A, Reichenbecher W. Limits of Concern: suggestions for the operationalisation of a concept to determine the relevance of adverse effects in the ERA of GMOs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:39. [PMID: 30416927 PMCID: PMC6208838 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Food Safety Authority proposed a concept for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants in the EU that is based on the definition of thresholds for the acceptability of potential adverse effects on the environment. This concept, called Limits of Concern (LoC), needs to be further refined to be implemented in the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms. METHODS We analyse and discuss how LoC can be defined for the environmental risk assessment for three different types of genetically modified plants. We outline protection goals relevant to the genetically modified plants in question and discuss existing concepts and suggestions for acceptability thresholds from the environmental risk assessment of different regulatory areas. We make specific recommendations for the setting and use of LoC for each type of genetically modified plant. RESULTS The LoC concept can be suitably applied for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms, if the different protection goals in agro-environments are specifically considered. Not only biodiversity protection goals but also agricultural protection goals need to be addressed. The different ecosystem services provided by weeds inside and outside agricultural fields have to be considered for genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Exposure-based LoCs are suggested based on knowledge about dose-effect relationships between maize pollen and non-target Lepidoptera for insect-resistant maize. Due to the long-term nature of biological processes such as spread and establishment, LoCs for genetically modified oilseed rape should be defined for the presence of the genetically modified plant or its genetically modified traits in relevant protection goals. CONCLUSIONS When setting LoCs, the focus should be on protection goals which are possibly affected. Potential overlaps of the LoC concept with the ecosystem service concept have to be clarified to harmonise protection levels in the agro-environment for different stressors. If additional impacts on agro-biodiversity resulting from the cultivation of genetically modified plants are to be avoided, then high protection levels and low thresholds for acceptable effects (i.e. LoC) should be set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Dolezel
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianne Miklau
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Laende 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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García-Ruiz E, Loureiro Í, Farinós GP, Gómez P, Gutiérrez E, Sánchez FJ, Escorial MC, Ortego F, Chueca MC, Castañera P. Weeds and ground-dwelling predators' response to two different weed management systems in glyphosate-tolerant cotton: A farm-scale study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191408. [PMID: 29351549 PMCID: PMC5774765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of glyphosate, as a post-emergence broad-spectrum herbicide in genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant (GT) cotton, supposes a big change in weed management programs with respect to a conventional regime. Thus, alterations in arable flora and arthropod fauna must be considered when evaluating their potential impacts. A 3-year farm-scale study was conducted in a 2-ha GT cotton crop, in southern Spain, to compare the effects of conventional and glyphosate herbicide regimes on weed abundance and diversity and their consequences for ground-dwelling predators. Surveys reveal that weed density was relatively low within all treatments with a few dominant species, with significantly higher weed densities and modifications of the floristic composition in glyphosate-treated plots that led to an increase in the abundance of Portulaca oleracea and to a reduction in plant diversity. The activity-density of the main predatory arthropod taxa (spiders, ground beetles, rove beetles and earwigs) varied among years, but no significant differences were obtained between conventional and glyphosate herbicide regimes. However, significant differences between treatments were obtained for ground beetles species richness and diversity, being higher under the glyphosate herbicide regime, and a positive correlation with weed density could be established for both parameters. The implications of these findings to weed control in GT cotton are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban García-Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Íñigo Loureiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema P. Farinós
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Laboratorio de Interacción Planta–Insecto, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Gutiérrez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Concepción Escorial
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Ortego
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Laboratorio de Interacción Planta–Insecto, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Cristina Chueca
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Laboratorio de Malherbología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Laboratorio de Interacción Planta–Insecto, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Schütte G, Eckerstorfer M, Rastelli V, Reichenbecher W, Restrepo-Vassalli S, Ruohonen-Lehto M, Saucy AGW, Mertens M. Herbicide resistance and biodiversity: agronomic and environmental aspects of genetically modified herbicide-resistant plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2017; 29:5. [PMID: 28163993 PMCID: PMC5250645 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Farmland biodiversity is an important characteristic when assessing sustainability of agricultural practices and is of major international concern. Scientific data indicate that agricultural intensification and pesticide use are among the main drivers of biodiversity loss. The analysed data and experiences do not support statements that herbicide-resistant crops provide consistently better yields than conventional crops or reduce herbicide amounts. They rather show that the adoption of herbicide-resistant crops impacts agronomy, agricultural practice, and weed management and contributes to biodiversity loss in several ways: (i) many studies show that glyphosate-based herbicides, which were commonly regarded as less harmful, are toxic to a range of aquatic organisms and adversely affect the soil and intestinal microflora and plant disease resistance; the increased use of 2,4-D or dicamba, linked to new herbicide-resistant crops, causes special concerns. (ii) The adoption of herbicide-resistant crops has reduced crop rotation and favoured weed management that is solely based on the use of herbicides. (iii) Continuous herbicide resistance cropping and the intensive use of glyphosate over the last 20 years have led to the appearance of at least 34 glyphosate-resistant weed species worldwide. Although recommended for many years, farmers did not counter resistance development in weeds by integrated weed management, but continued to rely on herbicides as sole measure. Despite occurrence of widespread resistance in weeds to other herbicides, industry rather develops transgenic crops with additional herbicide resistance genes. (iv) Agricultural management based on broad-spectrum herbicides as in herbicide-resistant crops further decreases diversity and abundance of wild plants and impacts arthropod fauna and other farmland animals. Taken together, adverse impacts of herbicide-resistant crops on biodiversity, when widely adopted, should be expected and are indeed very hard to avoid. For that reason, and in order to comply with international agreements to protect and enhance biodiversity, agriculture needs to focus on practices that are more environmentally friendly, including an overall reduction in pesticide use. (Pesticides are used for agricultural as well non-agricultural purposes. Most commonly they are used as plant protection products and regarded as a synonym for it and so also in this text.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Schütte
- FSP BIOGUM Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Eckerstorfer
- Umweltbundesamt GmbH/Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentina Rastelli
- Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Wolfram Reichenbecher
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Marja Ruohonen-Lehto
- Natural Environment Centre, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Martha Mertens
- Institut für Biodiversität–Netzwerk e.V. (ibn), Nußbergerstr. 6a, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
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Haughton AJ, Bohan DA, Clark SJ, Mallott MD, Mallott V, Sage R, Karp A. Dedicated biomass crops can enhance biodiversity in the arable landscape. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY. BIOENERGY 2016; 8:1071-1081. [PMID: 27867421 PMCID: PMC5101831 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Suggestions that novel, non-food, dedicated biomass crops used to produce bioenergy may provide opportunities to diversify and reinstate biodiversity in intensively managed farmland have not yet been fully tested at the landscape scale. Using two of the largest, currently available landscape-scale biodiversity data sets from arable and biomass bioenergy crops, we take a taxonomic and functional trait approach to quantify and contrast the consequences for biodiversity indicators of adopting dedicated biomass crops on land previously cultivated under annual, rotational arable cropping. The abundance and community compositions of biodiversity indicators in fields of break and cereal crops changed when planted with the dedicated biomass crops, miscanthus and short rotation coppiced (SRC) willow. Weed biomass was consistently greater in the two dedicated biomass crops than in cereals, and invertebrate abundance was similarly consistently higher than in break crops. Using canonical variates analysis, we identified distinct plant and invertebrate taxa and trait-based communities in miscanthus and SRC willows, whereas break and cereal crops tended to form a single, composite community. Seedbanks were shown to reflect the longer term effects of crop management. Our study suggests that miscanthus and SRC willows, and the management associated with perennial cropping, would support significant amounts of biodiversity when compared with annual arable crops. We recommend the strategic planting of these perennial, dedicated biomass crops in arable farmland to increase landscape heterogeneity and enhance ecosystem function, and simultaneously work towards striking a balance between energy and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Bohan
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle ECOLDUR17 rue SullyDijon CEDEX21065France
| | | | - Mark D. Mallott
- Rothamsted ResearchWest CommonHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
| | | | - Rufus Sage
- Game and Wildlife Conservation TrustBurgate ManorFordingbridgeHampshireSP6 1EFUK
| | - Angela Karp
- Rothamsted ResearchWest CommonHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK
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Watts C, Thornburrow D, Cave V. Responses of invertebrates to herbicide in Salix cinerea
invaded wetlands: Restoration implications. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Svobodová Z, Skoková Habuštová O, Boháč J, Sehnal F. Functional diversity of staphylinid beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in maize fields: testing the possible effect of genetically modified, insect resistant maize. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:432-445. [PMID: 26781035 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531500111x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylinid beetles are recommended bioindicators for the pre-market environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) insect protected maize expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Our multiannual study is a unique European analysis of a staphylinid community within a 14 ha maize field. GM maize, its near-isogenic hybrid (with or without insecticide treatment), and two other reference hybrids were each grown in five 0.5 ha plots. The opportunity for exposure to Cry toxin from plant residues ploughed into the soil was shown by the presence of saprophagous dipteran larvae that are common prey of predatory staphylinid species and hosts of the parasitoid species. 2587 individuals belonging to 77 staphylinid species were sampled using pitfall traps. Lesteva longoelytrata (31%), Oxypoda acuminata (12%), Aloconota sulcifrons (8%) and Anotylus rugosus (7%) were the most abundant beetles in the field. Bionomics, food specialization, temperature requirements and size group were assigned for 25 most common species. These traits determine the occurrence of staphylinid beetles in the field, the food sources they could utilize and thus also their likely contact with the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Statistical analysis of activity abundance, Rao indices and multivariate analysis of distribution of particular categories of functional traits in the field showed negligible effects of the experimental treatments, including the GM maize, upon the staphylinid community. Staphylinid beetles represent a considerably diverse part of epigeic field fauna with wide food specialization; these features render them suitable for the assessment of environmental safety of GM insect protected maize. However, the availability of prey and the presence of particular staphylinid species and their abundance are highly variable; this complicates the interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Svobodová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS,Branišovská 31, 370 05,České Budějovice,Czech Republic
| | - O Skoková Habuštová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS,Branišovská 31, 370 05,České Budějovice,Czech Republic
| | - J Boháč
- Faculty of Agriculture,University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice,Studentská 13,370 05 České Budějovice,Czech Republic
| | - F Sehnal
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS,Branišovská 31, 370 05,České Budějovice,Czech Republic
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22
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Garcia MA, Altieri MA. Transgenic Crops: Implications for Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0270467605277293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The potential for genetically modified (GM) crops to threaten biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture is substantial. Megadiverse countries and centers of origin and/or diversity of crop species are particularly vulnerable regions. The future of sustainable agriculture may be irreversibly jeopardized by contamination of in situ preserved genetic resources threatening a strategic resource for the world—s food security. Because GM crops are truly biological novelties, their release into the environment poses concerns about the unpredictable ecological and evolutionary responses that GM species themselves and the interacting biota may express in the medium and long term. One of the consequences of these processes may be a generalized contamination of natural flora by GM traits and a degradation and erosion of the commonly owned genetic resources available today for agricultural development. GM plants carrying pharmaceutical and industrial traits will pose even more dangerous risks if released in the environment.
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Abstract
The rapid adoption of transgenic crops in the United States, Argentina, and Canada stands in strong contrast to the situation in the European Union (EU), where a de facto moratorium has been in place since 1998. This article reviews recent scientific literature relevant to the problematic introduction of transgenic crops in the EU to assess if there are specific reasons why transgenic crops have a potentially greater adverse impact on sustainable agriculture in the EU context than elsewhere. Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental health, economic profitability, and socioeconomic equity. Transgenic crops do not appear a suitable tool for sustainable agriculture in the EU due to specific environmental, economic, and socioeconomic reasons. Therefore, a moratorium on transgenic crops based on the precautionary principle should be officially adopted until proper risk assessment. In addition, agroecological alternatives to transgenic crops fit better the EU vision of agriculture.
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Schoenly KG, Barrion AT. Designing Standardized and Optimized Surveys to Assess Invertebrate Biodiversity in Tropical Irrigated Rice Using Structured Inventory and Species Richness Models. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:446-464. [PMID: 26865370 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Insect pest management depends on simple, rapid, and reliable sampling methods that should also be standardized and optimized. We tested structured inventory, community characterization, and sampling optimization approaches on the invertebrate fauna of Philippine irrigated rice, undisrupted by pesticides, using seven field methods and species richness models. Canopy and floodwater invertebrates were intensively and repetitively sampled from 600 quadrats (∼0.1-m(2) planar area) over dry and wet cropping seasons in one field at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. In the canopy, pooled counts from D-Vac and plant dissections (PD) on the same rice hills ("absolute methodology") were compared with three other methods (i.e., FARMCOP, Blower-Vac, sweep-net), while, in the floodwater, the area collector ("absolute methodology") was compared with three other methods (i.e., FARMCOP, Blower-Vac, strainer-net). Overall, 25 and 50% of the observed richness of canopy and floodwater taxa, respectively, were caught by all four methods. Estimated inventory completeness for the canopy and floodwater averaged 82 and 98%, respectively, after all methods were pooled. To maximize observed richness, optimization results for the canopy recommended allocating the highest sampling effort to D-Vac and PD, followed by the Blower-Vac, whereas the area collector should be assigned the highest sampling effort in the floodwater, followed by the strainer-net or Blower-Vac. Our results suggest that structured inventory and species richness models are useful tools for setting optimization criteria and stopping rules for sampling crop-invertebrate assemblages based on inventory completeness and for enabling more informative biodiversity comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Schoenly
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Stanislaus, 1 University Circle, Turlock, CA 95382 ,
| | - Alberto T Barrion
- Department of Biology, De La Salle University Taft, Metro Manila, Philippines
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25
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Rühl AT, Eckstein RL, Otte A, Donath TW. Distinct germination response of endangered and common arable weeds to reduced water potential. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18 Suppl 1:83-90. [PMID: 25786499 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arable weeds are one of the most endangered species groups in Europe. Modern agriculture and intensive land-use management are the main causes of their dramatic decline. However, besides the changes in land use, climate change may further challenge the adaptability of arable weeds. Therefore, we investigated the response pattern of arable weeds to different water potential and temperature regimes during the phase of germination. We expected that endangered arable weeds would be more sensitive to differences in water availability and temperature than common arable weeds. To this end, we set up a climate chamber experiment where we exposed seeds of five familial pairs of common and endangered arable weed species to different temperatures (5/15, 10/20 °C) and water potentials (0.0 to -1.2 MPa). The results revealed a significant relationship between the reaction of arable weed species to water availability and their Red List status. The effects of reduced water availability on total germination, mean germination time and synchrony were significantly stronger in endangered than in common arable weeds. Therefore, global climate change may present a further threat to the survival of endangered arable weed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Rühl
- Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - R L Eckstein
- Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - A Otte
- Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - T W Donath
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Institute for Natural Resource Conservation, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Salisbury A, Armitage J, Bostock H, Perry J, Tatchell M, Thompson K. EDITOR'S CHOICE: Enhancing gardens as habitats for flower-visiting aerial insects (pollinators): should we plant native or exotic species? J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Salisbury
- Royal Horticultural Society; RHS Garden Wisley; Woking Surrey GU23 6QB UK
| | - James Armitage
- Royal Horticultural Society; RHS Garden Wisley; Woking Surrey GU23 6QB UK
| | - Helen Bostock
- Royal Horticultural Society; RHS Garden Wisley; Woking Surrey GU23 6QB UK
| | - Joe Perry
- Oaklands Barn; Lug's Lane Broome Norfolk NR35 2HT UK
| | | | - Ken Thompson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK
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Rotchés-Ribalta R, Boutin C, Blanco-Moreno JM, Carpenter D, Sans FX. Herbicide impact on the growth and reproduction of characteristic and rare arable weeds of winter cereal fields. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:991-1003. [PMID: 25736611 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The decline of arable species characteristic of winter cereal fields has often been attributed to different factors related to agricultural intensification but most importantly to herbicide use. Herbicide phytotoxicity is most frequently assessed using short-term endpoints, primarily aboveground biomass. However, short-term sensitivity is usually not sufficient to detect actual effects because plants may or may not recover over time following sublethal herbicide exposures. Therefore, it is important to assess the long-term effects of herbicide applications. Annual species rely on renewable seed production to ensure their persistence; hence, assessment of herbicide sensitivity is more accurately estimated through effects on reproduction. Here we aim to assess the phytotoxicity of two commonly used herbicides: tribenuron and 2,4-D on eight plant species belonging to four families, each with one rare and one more common species. Specifically we examined the pattern of sensitivity using short-term and long-term endpoints (total aboveground biomass, total seed biomass and number of seeds) of these species; we determined the levels of and time to recovery in terms of stem length and fruit number, and assessed whether their rarity relates to their sensitivity to herbicide application. Our results suggest that although differences in herbicide sensitivity are not a direct cause of rarity for all species, it may be an important driver of declining arable plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Rotchés-Ribalta
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain,
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Hooftman DAP, Bullock JM, Morley K, Lamb C, Hodgson DJ, Bell P, Thomas J, Hails RS. Seed bank dynamics govern persistence of Brassica hybrids in crop and natural habitats. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:147-157. [PMID: 25452253 PMCID: PMC4284111 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gene flow from crops to their wild relatives has the potential to alter population growth rates and demography of hybrid populations, especially when a new crop has been genetically modified (GM). This study introduces a comprehensive approach to assess this potential for altered population fitness, and uses a combination of demographic data in two habitat types and mathematical (matrix) models that include crop rotations and outcrossing between parental species. METHODS Full life-cycle demographic rates, including seed bank survival, of non-GM Brassica rapa × B. napus F1 hybrids and their parent species were estimated from experiments in both agricultural and semi-natural habitats. Altered fitness potential was modelled using periodic matrices including crop rotations and outcrossing between parent species. KEY RESULTS The demographic vital rates (i.e. for major stage transitions) of the hybrid population were intermediate between or lower than both parental species. The population growth rate (λ) of hybrids indicated decreases in both habitat types, and in a semi-natural habitat hybrids became extinct at two sites. Elasticity analyses indicated that seed bank survival was the greatest contributor to λ. In agricultural habitats, hybrid populations were projected to decline, but with persistence times up to 20 years. The seed bank survival rate was the main driver determining persistence. It was found that λ of the hybrids was largely determined by parental seed bank survival and subsequent replenishment of the hybrid population through outcrossing of B. rapa with B. napus. CONCLUSIONS Hybrid persistence was found to be highly dependent on the seed bank, suggesting that targeting hybrid seed survival could be an important management option in controlling hybrid persistence. For local risk mitigation, an increased focus on the wild parent is suggested. Management actions, such as control of B. rapa, could indirectly reduce hybrid populations by blocking hybrid replenishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny A P Hooftman
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - James M Bullock
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Kathryn Morley
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Caroline Lamb
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - David J Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Philippa Bell
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Jane Thomas
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Rosemary S Hails
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
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Biodiversity Conservation in Rice Paddies in China: Toward Ecological Sustainability. SUSTAINABILITY 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/su6096107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Scientific opinion on applications EFSA‐GMO‐RX‐T25 and EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2007‐46 for the renewal of authorisation of maize T25, and for the placing on the market of herbicide‐tolerant genetically modified maize T25, both for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Bayer CropScience AG. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Nichterlein H, Matzk A, Kordas L, Kraus J, Stibbe C. Yield of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets and efficiency of weed management systems with glyphosate and conventional herbicides under German and Polish crop production. Transgenic Res 2013; 22:725-36. [PMID: 23271374 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In sugar beet production, weed control is one of the most important and most expensive practices to ensure yield. Since glyphosate-resistant sugar beets are not yet approved for cultivation in the EU, little commercial experience exists with these sugar beets in Europe. Experimental field trials were conducted at five environments (Germany, Poland, 2010, 2011) to compare the effects of glyphosate with the effects of conventional weed control programs on the development of weeds, weed control efficiency and yield. The results show that the glyphosate weed control programs compared to the conventional methods decreased not only the number of herbicide applications but equally in magnitude decreased the dosage of active ingredients. The results also showed effective weed control with glyphosate when the weed covering was greater and sugar beets had a later growth stage of four true leaves. Glyphosate-resistant sugar beets applied with the glyphosate herbicide two or three times had an increase in white sugar yield from 4 to 18 % in comparison to the high dosage conventional herbicide systems. In summary, under glyphosate management sugar beets can positively contribute to the increasingly demanding requirements regarding efficient sugar beet cultivation and to the demands by society and politics to reduce the use of chemical plant protection products in the environment.
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Patel R, Torres RJ, Rosset P. Genetic Engineering in Agriculture and Corporate Engineering in Public Debate: Risk, Public Relations, and Public Debate over Genetically Modified Crops. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2013; 11:428-36. [PMID: 16350477 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.2005.11.4.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Corporations have long influenced environmental and occupational health in agriculture, doing a great deal of damage, making substantial profits, and shaping public debate to make it appear that environmental misfortunes are accidents of an otherwise well-functioning system, rather than systemic. The debate over the genetically modified (GM) crops is an example. The largest producer of commercial GM seeds, Monsanto, exemplifies the industry's strategies: the invocation of poor people as beneficiaries, characterization of opposition as technophobic or anti-progress, and portrayal of their products as environmentally beneficial in the absence of or despite the evidence. This strategy is endemic to contemporary market capitalism, with its incentives to companies to externalize health and environmental costs to increase profits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Patel
- Center for Civil Society, School of Development Studies, University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa.
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Tamaddoni-Nezhad A, Milani GA, Raybould A, Muggleton S, Bohan DA. Construction and Validation of Food Webs Using Logic-Based Machine Learning and Text Mining. ADV ECOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420002-9.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Scientific Opinion on an application (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2005‐24) for the placing on the market of the herbicide tolerant genetically modified soybean 40‐3‐2 for cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Fagerström T, Dixelius C, Magnusson U, Sundström JF. Stop worrying; start growing. Risk research on GM crops is a dead parrot: it is time to start reaping the benefits of GM. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:493-7. [PMID: 22576775 PMCID: PMC3367244 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Opponents of genetically modified crops continue to raise concerns about risk, despite 20 years of research disproving their claims. Science should close the book on risk research and turn to studying the economic and environmental benefits of agricultural biotechnology
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-UK-2008-60) for placing on the market of genetically modified herbicide tolerant maize GA21 for food and feed uses, import, processing and cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Syngenta Seeds. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA-GMO-CZ-2008-54) for placing on the market of genetically modified insect resistant and herbicide tolerant maize MON 88017 for cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Guidance on risk assessment of herbicide tolerant GM plants by the European Food Safety Authority. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-011-0686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cussans J, Goulson D, Sanderson R, Goffe L, Darvill B, Osborne JL. Two bee-pollinated plant species show higher seed production when grown in gardens compared to arable farmland. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11753. [PMID: 20668704 PMCID: PMC2909262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insect pollinator abundance, in particular that of bees, has been shown to be high where there is a super-abundance of floral resources; for example in association with mass-flowering crops and also in gardens where flowering plants are often densely planted. Since land management affects pollinator numbers, it is also likely to affect the resultant pollination of plants growing in these habitats. We hypothesised that the seed or fruit set of two plant species, typically pollinated by bumblebees and/or honeybees might respond in one of two ways: 1) pollination success could be reduced when growing in a floriferous environment, via competition for pollinators, or 2) pollination success could be enhanced because of increased pollinator abundance in the vicinity. Methodology/Principal Findings We compared the pollination success of experimental plants of Glechoma hederacea L. and Lotus corniculatus L. growing in gardens and arable farmland. On the farms, the plants were placed either next to a mass-flowering crop (oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. or field beans, Vicia faba L.) or next to a cereal crop (wheat, Triticum spp.). Seed set of G. hederacea and fruit set of L. corniculatus were significantly higher in gardens compared to arable farmland. There was no significant difference in pollination success of G. hederacea when grown next to different crops, but for L. corniculatus, fruit set was higher in the plants growing next to oilseed rape when the crop was in flower. Conclusions/Significance The results show that pollination services can limit fruit set of wild plants in arable farmland, but there is some evidence that the presence of a flowering crop can facilitate their pollination (depending on species and season). We have also demonstrated that gardens are not only beneficial to pollinators, but also to the process of pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cussans
- Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - David Goulson
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Sanderson
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Goffe
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Darvill
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet L. Osborne
- Plant and Invertebrate Ecology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Neve P, Vila-Aiub M, Roux F. Evolutionary-thinking in agricultural weed management. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:783-793. [PMID: 19780985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural weeds evolve in response to crop cultivation. Nevertheless, the central importance of evolutionary ecology for understanding weed invasion, persistence and management in agroecosystems is not widely acknowledged. This paper calls for more evolutionarily-enlightened weed management, in which management principles are informed by evolutionary biology to prevent or minimize weed adaptation and spread. As a first step, a greater knowledge of the extent, structure and significance of genetic variation within and between weed populations is required to fully assess the potential for weed adaptation. The evolution of resistance to herbicides is a classic example of weed adaptation. Even here, most research focuses on describing the physiological and molecular basis of resistance, rather than conducting studies to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of selection for resistance. We suggest approaches to increase the application of evolutionary-thinking to herbicide resistance research. Weed population dynamics models are increasingly important tools in weed management, yet these models often ignore intrapopulation and interpopulation variability, neglecting the potential for weed adaptation in response to management. Future agricultural weed management can benefit from greater integration of ecological and evolutionary principles to predict the long-term responses of weed populations to changing weed management, agricultural environments and global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Neve
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwickshire, UK.
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Baucom RS, Holt JS. Weeds of agricultural importance: bridging the gap between evolutionary ecology and crop and weed science. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:741-3. [PMID: 20021591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina S Baucom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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Dewar AM. Weed control in glyphosate-tolerant maize in Europe. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:1047-58. [PMID: 19557724 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Maize growing in the EU27 increased to over 13 million ha in 2007, most of which (>80%) was grown in just eight countries (France, Romania, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain and Bulgaria). The number of herbicides used to control the wide spectrum of weeds occurring in all these countries is likely to decline in the future as each current active ingredient is reassessed for toxicological and environmental safety under Directive 91/414/EEC. Glyphosate has already been approved under this directive. Glyphosate, applied alone or in combination with currently available residual herbicides to genetically modified varieties tolerant to glyphosate, can provide a viable, flexible and profitable alternative to conventional weed control programmes. Glyphosate usage with glyphosate-tolerant varieties also provides an environmentally sustainable weed control option as long as sufficient diversity of weed management options (crop rotation, chemical diversity, multiple cultural and mechanical practices, buffer strips) is maintained within the farm management system. Appropriate product stewardship measures will be required to maximise the long-term overall benefits of the glyphosate-based system. Specifically, care will need to be taken to manage potential weed shifts to more difficult-to-control species and to reduce the risk of selection for glyphosate-resistant weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Dewar
- Dewar Crop Protection Ltd, Great Saxham, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, UK.
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Applications (references EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2005‐22, EFSA‐GMO‐RX‐NK603) for the placing on the market of the genetically modified glyphosate tolerant maize NK603 for cultivation, food and feed uses, import and processing and for renewal of the authorisation of maize NK603 as existing products, both under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Smith B, Holland J, Jones N, Moreby S, Morris AJ, Southway S. Enhancing invertebrate food resources for skylarks in cereal ecosystems: how useful are in-crop agri-environment scheme management options? J Appl Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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