1
|
Dandekar AA, Perlman S. Virus-induced demyelination in nude mice is mediated by gamma delta T cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:1255-63. [PMID: 12368199 PMCID: PMC1867296 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2002] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), strain JHM, results in acute and chronic demyelination with many similarities to the human disease multiple sclerosis. This pathological process is primarily T cell-mediated and MHV infection of mice lacking B and T cells does not result in demyelination. In apparent contradiction to these results, robust demyelination is detected in MHV-infected young nude (athymic) mice. Herein, we show that demyelination in nude mice was mediated by gamma delta T cells. These cells, but not conventional CD4 or CD8 alpha beta T cells, were detected in the central nervous system of MHV-infected nude mice and their depletion with neutralizing antibody resulted in an 80% reduction in demyelination. These results show, for the first time, that gamma delta T cells can substitute for alpha beta T cells in a virus model of demyelination and further support a pathological role for gamma delta T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajai A Dandekar
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Parra B, Morales S, Chandran R, Stohlman SA. B cell mediated lysis of JHMV infected targets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 494:369-74. [PMID: 11774494 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Parra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tschen SI, Bergmann CC, Ramakrishna C, Morales S, Atkinson R, Stohlman SA. Recruitment kinetics and composition of antibody-secreting cells within the central nervous system following viral encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2922-9. [PMID: 11884463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.6.2922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection by the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus produces an acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis. While cellular immunity initially eliminates infectious virus, CNS viral persistence is predominantly controlled by humoral immunity. To better understand the distinct phases of immune control within the CNS, the kinetics of humoral immune responses were determined in infected mice. Early during clearance of the JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus, only few virus-specific Ab-secreting cells (ASC) were detected in the periphery or CNS, although mature B cells and ASC without viral specificity were recruited into the CNS concomitant with T cells. Serum antiviral Ab and CNS virus-specific ASC became prominent only during final elimination of infectious virus. Virus-specific ASC peaked in lymphoid organs before the CNS, suggesting peripheral B cell priming and maturation. Following elimination of infectious virus, virus-specific ASC continued to increase within the CNS and then remained stable during persistence, in contrast to declining T cell numbers. These data comprise three novel findings. Rapid recruitment of B cells in the absence of specific Ab secretion supports a potential Ab-independent effector function involving lysis of virus-infected cells. Delayed recruitment relative to viral clearance and subsequent maintenance of a stable CNS ASC population demonstrate differential regulation of T and B lymphocytes within the infected CNS. This supports a critical role of humoral immunity in regulating viral CNS persistence. Lastly, altered antiviral ASC specificities following clearance of infectious virus suggest ongoing recruitment of peripheral memory cells and/or local B cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuen-Ing Tschen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramakrishna C, Stohlman SA, Atkinson RD, Shlomchik MJ, Bergmann CC. Mechanisms of central nervous system viral persistence: the critical role of antibody and B cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1204-11. [PMID: 11801656 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Contributions of humoral and cellular immunity in controlling neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus persistence within the CNS were determined in B cell-deficient J(H)D and syngeneic H-2(d) B cell+ Ab-deficient mice. Virus clearance followed similar kinetics in all mice, confirming initial control of virus replication by cellular immunity. Nevertheless, virus reemerged within the CNS of all Ab-deficient mice. In contrast to diminished T cell responses in H-2(b) B cell-deficient muMT mice, the absence of B cells or Ab in the H-2(d) mice did not compromise expansion, recruitment into the CNS, or function of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The lack of B cells and lymphoid architecture thus appears to manifest itself on T cell responses in a genetically biased manner. Increasing viral load did not enhance frequencies or effector function of virus-specific T cells within the CNS, indicating down-regulation of T cell responses. Although an Ab-independent antiviral function of B cells was not evident during acute infection, the presence of B cells altered CNS cellular tropism during viral recrudescence. Reemerging virus localized almost exclusively to oligodendroglia in B cell+ Ab-deficient mice, whereas it also replicated in astrocytes in B cell-deficient mice. Altered tropism coincided with distinct regulation of CNS virus-specific CD4+ T cells. These data conclusively demonstrate that the Ab component of humoral immunity is critical in preventing virus reactivation within CNS glial cells. B cells themselves may also play a subtle role in modulating pathogenesis by influencing tropism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Ramakrishna
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morales S, Parra B, Ramakrishna C, Blau DM, Stohlman SA. B-cell-mediated lysis of cells infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus. Virology 2001; 286:160-7. [PMID: 11448169 PMCID: PMC7142306 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells expressing the spike (S) glycoprotein of the neurotropic JHM strain (JHMV) of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) are susceptible to lysis by B cells derived from naïve mice, including B cells from perforin-deficient mice. Cytolysis requires interaction of the virus receptor and the viral S glycoprotein, is independent of other viral-induced components, and is not a unique property of B cells. Neutralizing anti-S-protein monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and a mAb specific for the viral receptor inhibit lysis. However, cells infected with an MHV strain unable to induce cell-cell fusion are resistant to lysis and lysis of JHMV-infected cells is inhibited by an anti-S-protein nonneutralizing mAb which prevents S-protein-mediated cell fusion. These data suggest that B cells may function as antibody-independent innate immune response during JHMV infection in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Morales
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lamontagne L, Jolicoeur P, Decarie D, Menezes J. Effect of adoptive transfer of CD4, CD8 and B cells on recovery from MHV3-induced immunodeficiencies. Immunology 1996; 88:220-9. [PMID: 8690454 PMCID: PMC1456434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.1996.tb00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A chronic viral infection can occur when the host fails to mount an effective immune response to clear the virus. Mouse hepatitis virus type 3 (MHV3) appears to be an excellent model for the study of the relationship between viral-induced immunodeficiency and chronic disease development. (C57BL/6 x A/J)F1 mice surviving acute hepatitis develop a chronic disease characterized by T- and B-cell immunodeficiencies, viral persistence in various organs including the brain, spleen and thymus, and death within 3 months postinfection (p.i.). We have reported that T- or B-cell deficiencies, observed in MHV3 chronically infected (C57BL/6 x A/J)F1 mice, can be partially or totally thwarted by adoptive transfer of CD4+, CD8+ and/or B cells, at 15 days p.i. in mice surviving the acute phase of the disease. Adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+ and/or CD8+ allowed a partial restoration of the T-cell deficiencies, as characterized by thymic atrophy, decrease in splenic T cells, and in all thymocyte subpopulations. B-cell immunodeficiency, as defined by a decrease in splenic B cells, as well as in the bone marrow pre-B- and B-cell compartments, and the occurrence of abnormally larger forms of bone marrow pre-B and B cells, were partially thwarted by B-cell treatment only. Splenic B cells and the bone marrow B-cell compartment, respectively, returned partially or totally to normal values, whereas the pre-B-cell compartment remained depleted in infected mice treated with B cells. Levels of all immunoglobulin classes returned to normal values in MHV3 chronically infected mice when treated with CD4+ in combination with CD8+ cells. All T- and/or B-cell treatments, however, were sufficient to thwart the process of the chronic disease, and favoured the survival of mice for up to 6 months p.i.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Lamontagne
- Dépt Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- E S Razvi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coutelier JP, Godfraind C, Dveksler GS, Wysocka M, Cardellichio CB, Noël H, Holmes KV. B lymphocyte and macrophage expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-related adhesion molecules that serve as receptors for murine coronavirus. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1383-90. [PMID: 8206098 PMCID: PMC7163708 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related glycoproteins that have been associated with intercellular adhesion and that serve as receptors for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) was analyzed in cells from the immune system of BALB/c mice using immunolabeling and RNA polymerase chain reaction amplification of receptor transcripts. These glycoproteins, which are called biliary glycoproteins, were highly expressed in B lymphocytes, including cells of the B-1a (CD5+) lineage, and in macrophages, but were not detectable in resting T lymphocytes. Similarly, murine cell lines of B cell and macrophage origin expressed messenger RNA encoding CEA-related molecules, while the corresponding mRNA was only slightly detectable in a T cell line. These CEA-related cell adhesion glycoproteins were also expressed in endothelial cells. Therefore, their specific interaction with their so far unknown ligand may be of functional importance in cellular interactions in the immune response. Monoclonal antibody directed against these glycoproteins blocked MHV-A59 infection of the B cell-derived SP20 cell line. Thus, the functional receptors for MHV on B lymphocytes, like those on murine fibroblasts, are isoforms of CEA-related glycoproteins. Treatment of B cells with anti-receptor antibody also blocked B cell-mediated cytotoxicity against MHV-A59-infected fibroblasts, indicating that this phenomenon is mediated by interaction of viral attachment protein on the infected target cells with specific CEA-related receptor glycoproteins on the effector B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Coutelier
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, St-Luc Hospital, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stohlman SA, Kyuwa S, Polo JM, Brady D, Lai MM, Bergmann CC. Characterization of mouse hepatitis virus-specific cytotoxic T cells derived from the central nervous system of mice infected with the JHM strain. J Virol 1993; 67:7050-9. [PMID: 8230429 PMCID: PMC238166 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.12.7050-7059.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity of spleen cells from BALB/c (H-2d) mice immunized with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) was stimulated in vitro for 7 days. CTL were tested for recognition of target cells infected with either JHMV or vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the four virus structural proteins. Only target cells infected with either JHMV or the vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the JHMV nucleocapsid protein were recognized. Cytotoxic T cell lines were established by limiting dilution from the brains of mice undergoing acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis after infection with JHMV. Twenty of the 22 lines recognized JHMV-infected but not uninfected syngeneic target cells, indicating that they are specific for JHMV. All T-cell lines except one were CD8+. The specificity of the CTL lines was examined by using target cells infected with vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the JHMV nucleocapsid, spike, membrane, and hemagglutinin-esterase structural proteins. Seventeen lines recognized target cells expressing the nucleocapsid protein. Three of the JHMV-specific T-cell lines were unable to recognize target cells expressing any of the JHMV structural proteins, indicating that they are specific for an epitope of a nonstructural protein(s) of JHMV. These data indicate that the nucleocapsid protein induces an immunodominant CTL response. However, no CTL activity specific for the nucleocapsid protein could be detected in either the spleens or cervical lymph nodes of mice 4, 5, 6, or 7 days after intracranial infection, suggesting that the CTL response to JHMV infection within the central nervous system may be induced or expanded locally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Stohlman
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oleszak EL, Knisley K, Rodkey LS, Leibowitz JL. Microheterogeneity of S-glycoprotein of mouse hepatitis virus temperature-sensitive mutants. J Virol Methods 1992; 38:103-12. [PMID: 1322926 PMCID: PMC7119594 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(92)90173-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain JHM (MHV-JHM) is a neurotropic coronavirus that causes acute fatal encephalomyelitis in 75-99% of infected mice. The surviving animals may subsequently develop demyelinating disease. We compared the S peplomer protein of the wild type (wt) and five temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of MHV-JHM. In contrast with the wt, none of these five cause fatal disease (mortality less than 10%). Three of these ts mutants did not induce any demyelinating disease, a fourth caused demyelinating disease in 5% of the animals and a fifth, designated ts8, exhibited strong demyelinating properties and caused demyelination in 99% of the animals. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed no differences in the molecular weight of S peplomer protein of wt or ts MHV-JHM mutants. However, isoelectric focusing of the S protein of these five ts mutants and the wt MHV-JHM, followed by transfer to nitrocellulose sheets and immunoblotting with anti-S specific antibody revealed significant differences in the microheterogeneity of the S protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Oleszak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77030
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stohlman SA, Kyuwa S, Cohen M, Bergmann C, Polo JM, Yeh J, Anthony R, Keck JG. Mouse hepatitis virus nucleocapsid protein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are Ld restricted and specific for the carboxy terminus. Virology 1992; 189:217-24. [PMID: 1376538 PMCID: PMC7131058 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90697-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with the JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) results in an acute encephalomyelitis associated with primary demyelination of the central nervous system. Efforts at understanding the components of the immune response in the development of chronic MHV-induced demyelination have implicated the antibody response and both the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. In this report, we demonstrate that Balb/c (H-2d) mice immunized with the JHM (JHMV) strain of MHV develop a CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response. One population of these virus-specific CTL recognize the nucleocapsid (N) protein. Recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either the entire N protein or carboxy-terminal deletions were used to determine the number and location of the epitope(s) recognized. The CTLs were found to recognize a peptide contained within the carboxy-terminal 149 amino acids of the N protein. Analysis of infected cell lines expressing transfected major histocompatibility genes demonstrated that the anti-N protein CTLs were restricted exclusively to the Ld molecule. These data provide the first definition of a MHV-specific CTL response directed to a viral protein and suggest that the anti-N protein CTL response is one potential mechanism used by the host to clear JHMV from the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Stohlman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oleszak EL, Perlman S, Leibowitz JL. MHV S peplomer protein expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus vector exhibits IgG Fc-receptor activity. Virology 1992; 186:122-32. [PMID: 1309271 PMCID: PMC7131518 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that cells infected with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) bind rabbit, mouse, and rat IgG by the Fc portion of the IgG molecule. This Fc-binding activity appeared to be mediated by the MHV S protein. S protein could also be precipitated from MHV-infected cells by a monoclonal antibody directed against the murine Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R). To prove definitively that the S protein mediates Fc-binding activity, we have expressed the MHV S protein utilizing recombinant vaccinia viruses. The anti-Fc gamma R monoclonal antibody, 2.4G2, precipitated recombinant S protein in cells of murine, human, and rabbit origin. Since the anti-Fc receptor monoclonal antibody does not react with human and rabbit Fc receptors these results demonstrate that the epitope recognized by this antibody is carried on the MHV S protein and is not murine in origin. Examination of various MHV isolates and escape mutants failed to identify the precise sequences in S responsible for the molecular mimicry of the murine Fc gamma R. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a previously identified region of similarity between the S protein and the Fc gamma R mediates this activity. The Fc binding activity of S was expressed on the cell surface, since MHV-JHM-infected cells, but not uninfected cells, formed rosettes with anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody-coated SRBC. The anti-Fc gamma R monoclonal antibody neutralized MHV-JHM and inhibited syncytium formation induced by the MHV S protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Oleszak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77030
| | | | | |
Collapse
|