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Maggi R, De Paolis L, De Santis D, Vellone VG, De Ciucis CG, Fruscione F, Mazzocco K, Ghelardi A, Marruchella G, Razzuoli E. Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 Infection in an Equine Congenital Papilloma. Pathogens 2023; 12:1059. [PMID: 37624019 PMCID: PMC10458069 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomas are benign epithelial lesions protruding on the epithelial surfaces as finger-like or warty projections. These lesions are often caused by papillomavirus (PV) infection. Congenital papillomas have been reported in foals. However, to date, no evidence of PV infection has been provided. In the present paper, we describe the main clinical-pathological features of a congenital papilloma observed in a foal. In addition, biomolecular tests demonstrated BPV1 infection in the case under study. Such data stimulate further investigations, even on archived samples, aiming to clarifying the etiology of equine congenital papilloma and the clinical relevance, if any, of BPV1 vertical transmission in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Livia De Paolis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila 29/34, 16129 Genova, Italy; (L.D.P.); (C.G.D.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Daria De Santis
- Veterinary Practitioner, Via San Manno 19, 03024 Cepranno, Italy;
| | - Valerio Gaetano Vellone
- U.O.C. Anatomia Patologica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (V.G.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Chiara Grazia De Ciucis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila 29/34, 16129 Genova, Italy; (L.D.P.); (C.G.D.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Floriana Fruscione
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila 29/34, 16129 Genova, Italy; (L.D.P.); (C.G.D.C.); (F.F.)
| | - Katia Mazzocco
- U.O.C. Anatomia Patologica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy; (V.G.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Alessandro Ghelardi
- Azienda Usl Toscana-Ovest, UOC Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Ospedale Apuane, 54100 Massa, Italy;
| | | | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila 29/34, 16129 Genova, Italy; (L.D.P.); (C.G.D.C.); (F.F.)
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Jindra C, Hainisch EK, Brandt S. Immunotherapy of Equine Sarcoids—From Early Approaches to Innovative Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040769. [PMID: 37112681 PMCID: PMC10145708 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses and other equid species are frequently affected by bovine papillomavirus type 1 and/or 2 (BPV1, BPV2)-induced skin tumors termed sarcoids. Although sarcoids do not metastasize, they constitute a serious health problem due to their BPV1/2-mediated resistance to treatment and propensity to recrudesce in a more severe, multiple form following accidental or iatrogenic trauma. This review provides an overview on BPV1/2 infection and associated immune escape in the equid host and presents early and recent immunotherapeutic approaches in sarcoid management.
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3
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Gysens L, Depuydt E, Patruno M, Haspeslagh M, Spaas JH, Martens A. Immunogenicity analysis of BPV-1 positive equine sarcoid-derived cultured fibroblasts. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 256:110547. [PMID: 36621059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most common equine skin tumours Although they do not metastasize, they can be locally aggressive and cause significant clinical symptoms in affected horses. Despite being common, very little is known about the host immune response and the biological mechanisms underlying persistence and recurrence of equine sarcoids. The latter reflects the need for further research in this field. This in-vitro study used sarcoid explants from horses with naturally occurring sarcoids (n = 12) to evaluate the induction of a humoral immune response directed against equine sarcoid-derived bovine papilloma-virus (BPV)- 1 infected fibroblasts using a flow cytometric crossmatch assay. The presence of antibodies against exogenous bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fibroblast-like mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) was also evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. The viral load in the sarcoid explants, the corresponding cultured sarcoid fibroblasts, and matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from affected horses were determined by quantitative BPV-1/- 2 PCR analysis. Antibodies against autologous sarcoid cells were present in six out of twelve sarcoid-affected horses. Serum from all horses showed cross reactivity with allogeneic sarcoid cells, while only a part reacted with BSA or MSCs. Screening of host PBMCs demonstrated the absence of BPV E1 nucleic acids. Statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher mean viral load in the parental sarcoid tissue compared to the low passage fibroblasts (P < 0.001). These results support the hypothesis that sarcoid-affected horses may develop antibodies recognizing tumour-specific antigens. In contrast to sarcoid explants, equine PBMCs do not seem to contain complete BPV genomes. These results provide a basis for future investigations on the clinical relevance of these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Gysens
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Eva Depuydt
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Medicine Belgium, Noorwegenstraat 4, 9940 Evergem, Belgium
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science BCA, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jan H Spaas
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, 30606 Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Hainisch EK, Jindra C, Kirnbauer R, Brandt S. Papillomavirus-like Particles in Equine Medicine. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020345. [PMID: 36851559 PMCID: PMC9966523 DOI: 10.3390/v15020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are a family of small DNA tumor viruses that can induce benign lesions or cancer in vertebrates. The observation that animal PV capsid-proteins spontaneously self-assemble to empty, highly immunogenic virus-like particles (VLPs) has led to the establishment of vaccines that efficiently protect humans from specific PV infections and associated diseases. We provide an overview of PV-induced tumors in horses and other equids, discuss possible routes of PV transmission in equid species, and present recent developments aiming at introducing the PV VLP-based vaccine technology into equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K. Hainisch
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Haematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology (LVO), Department of Dermatology, Medical University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterinary University, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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5
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Hollis AR. Management of equine sarcoids. Vet J 2023; 291:105926. [PMID: 36334801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most common cutaneous neoplasm of the horse, arising as a result of a neoplastic proliferation of fibroblasts associated with infection with bovine papillomavirus, most notably types 1 and 2. Although they do not metastasise, they are locally invasive and aggressive, and can lead to important welfare concerns, interfere with tack and therefore impede athleticism, and undoubtedly lead to a reduction in the value of affected horses. This review discusses the evidence behind the most commonly used treatments for equine sarcoids. The most commonly used treatments are discussed. No one treatment is universally successful, and there are many treatments with varying level of scientific evaluation and reported success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Hollis
- Cambridge Equine Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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Portenko M, Shchebentovska O. Patho-histological features of fibroblastic sarcoid in horses. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoid is one of the most common skin tumours, which is diagnosed in various breeds of horses at any age regardless of the animal’s sex. Such fibroblastic neoplasm manifests itself in several clinical ways with its specific morphological features. As a rule, it metastasizes rarely but can be locally invasive. The disease’setiology is multifactorial and includes the confirmed role of the bovine papillomavirus and genetic and environmental factors. The article introduces the results of a retrospective study of horses of the Ukrainian riding breed with a fibroblastic sarcoid type, which was localized mainly in the area of the external thoracic vein. Neoplasms were represented by two types. The first one included broad base neoplasms without a pronounced pedicle but with signs of hyperkeratosis. Massive rounded dense formations with an ulcerated surface refer to the second type. To verify the studied types of sarcoid, wide surgical excision of the lesion’svisible parts was performed, followed by the selection of fragments for the pathohistological diagnosis. Also, additional staining methods were used to detect the connective and muscle tissue (Van Gieson’s staining) and elastic fibers (Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin staining). Microscopically, the neoplasm without a visible pedicle showed signs of hyperkeratosis and acanthosis in the peritumoral epidermal layer. Epidermis desquamation with a significant amount of oxyphilic detritus, diapedesis hemorrhages, and dilated vessels was also detected in some areas. Chaotic placement of fibroblasts and fibrocytes was noted, to a greater extent, subdermally. Anisocytosis and anisokaryosis were expressed moderately. Sarcoids, macroscopically presented in the form of massive dense formations with an ulcerated surface, were histologically characterized by the replacement of the epidermis with cellular elements, subdermal hemorrhages, and the characteristic perpendicular orientation of coarse collagen fibers towards the basement membrane. Closely spaced spindle-shaped cells with fibers forming moiré structures were visualized in the deep dermis layers. Nuclei were hyperchromic and elongated in shape, no atypical mitoses were noted. Pathohistological examination during the identification of a sarcoid type for diagnostic purposes can cause rapid growth and formation of an ulcer. The final diagnosis regarding equine sarcoid can be made based on a combination of clinical signs, histopathological examination, and molecular genetic testing with the isolation of BPV DNA.
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Viral Safety Issues in the Production and Manufacturing of Human Immunoglobulin Preparations from Equine Plasma/Serum. Pharm Chem J 2022; 56:532-537. [PMID: 35845147 PMCID: PMC9274627 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The current Russian and foreign pharmacopoeias either do not provide any information about existing types of viral diseases in horses or do not present it in full. Data of modern domestic and foreign literature was used to prepare the most complete list of viruses that cause equine diseases including 36 infectious agents, 25 of which are pathogenic for humans, 13 of the 25 of which are widespread throughout Russia. Information is provided on the magnitudes of the disease incubation periods (which are most often within one month), the external clinical signs of these diseases (which can also be asymptomatic), and the maximum possible concentrations of viruses in the blood of horses with these diseases (which can reach 8 log conventional units/mL of blood). This information is offered for use in critical production stages of heterologous immunoglobulin drugs for medical use to assure viral safety.
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Jindra C, Hainisch EK, Rümmele A, Wolschek M, Muster T, Brandt S. Influenza virus vector iNS1 expressing bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1) antigens efficiently induces tumour regression in equine sarcoid patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260155. [PMID: 34797850 PMCID: PMC8604313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomaviruses types 1 and 2 (BPV1, BPV2) commonly induce skin tumours termed sarcoids in horses and other equids. Sarcoids seriously compromise the health and welfare of affected individuals due to their propensity to resist treatment and reoccur in a more severe form. We have developed influenza (Flu) A and B virus vectors that harbour a truncated NS1 gene (iNS) assuring interferon induction and co-express shuffled BPV1 E6 and E7 antigens for sarcoid immunotherapy. In a safety trial involving 12 healthy horses, intradermal administration of iNSA/E6E7equ and iNSB/E6E7equ was well tolerated, with the only transient side effect being mild fever in four horses. Repeated screening of secretions and faeces by RT-PCR and plaque assay revealed no virus shedding, thus also confirming biological safety. In a patient trial involving 29 horses bearing BPV1-induced single or multiple sarcoids, at least one lesion per horse was intratumourally injected and then boosted with iNSA/E6E7equ and/or iNSB/E6E7equ. The treatment induced a systemic antitumour response as reflected by the synchronous regression of injected and non-injected lesions. Irrespective of vaccination schemes, complete tumour regression was achieved in 10/29 horses. In 10/29 horses, regression is still ongoing (May 2021). Intriguingly, scrapings collected from former tumour sites in two patients tested negative by BPV1 PCR. Nine severely affected individuals with a history of unsuccessful therapeutic attempts did not (6/29) or only transiently (3/29) respond to the treatment. INSA/E6E7equ and iNSB/E6E7equ proved safe and effective in significantly reducing the tumour burden even in severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jindra
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Division of Equine Surgery, Research Group Oncology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edmund K. Hainisch
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Division of Equine Surgery, Research Group Oncology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Rümmele
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Division of Equine Surgery, Research Group Oncology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Sabine Brandt
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, Division of Equine Surgery, Research Group Oncology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Ogłuszka M, Starzyński RR, Pierzchała M, Otrocka-Domagała I, Raś A. Equine Sarcoids-Causes, Molecular Changes, and Clinicopathologic Features: A Review. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:472-482. [PMID: 33461443 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine sarcoid is the most common skin tumor of horses. Clinically, it occurs as a locally invasive, fibroblastic, wart-like lesion of equine skin, which has 6 clinical classes: occult, verrucose, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant. Sarcoids may be single but multiple lesions are more frequent. The typical histological feature is increased density of dermal fibroblasts which form interlacing bundles and whorls within the dermis. Lesions are mostly persistent, resist therapy, and tend to recur following treatment. In general, sarcoids are not fatal but their location, size, and progression to the more aggressive form may lead to the withdrawal of a horse from use and serious infringement of their welfare leading to the loss of valuable animals. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 and less commonly type 2 contribute to the development of equine sarcoid. The viral genome and proteins are detected in a high percentage of cases. Furthermore, viral oncoprotein activity leads to changes in the fibroblastic tissue similar to changes seen in other types of tumors. Equine sarcoids are characterized by a loss of tumor suppressor activity and changes allowing abnormal formation of the affected tissue, as well as y immune defense abnormalities that weaken the host's immune response. This impaired immune response to BPV infection appears to be crucial for the development of lesions that do not spontaneously regress, as occurs in BPV-infected cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ogłuszka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Radosław Starzyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pierzchała
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Raś
- 49674University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Tobari Y, Yoshimura H, Yamamoto M, Yumoto N, Aoki H, Sugiura K, Higuchi T, Saito S, Haga T. Genomic characterisation of bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 identified in equine sarcoids in Japan. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1199-1209. [PMID: 33300145 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV1/2) infection in horses has been associated with the development of equine sarcoids. Previous findings revealed the presence of sarcoid-associated BPV sequence variants that have been proposed as a key factor of cross-species infection in horses. To verify this hypothesis, sarcoid-associated BPV variants should be identified regardless of geographic location. OBJECTIVES Sequence analyses of BPV1/2 derived from both horses and cattle were conducted to clarify the sarcoid-associated sequence variants. The aim of this study was to clarify the correlation between BPV phylogeny and the geographic origin/host species. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Conventional PCR to detect BPV1/2 was performed with genomic DNA extracted from equine sarcoid (n = 10) and bovine papilloma (n = 10) samples collected in Japan. Direct sequencing results were compared between equine and bovine (equine/bovine)-derived BPV to identify sarcoid-associated variants of two early regions (E2, E5), one late region (L1) and the long control region (LCR). Phylogenetic and phylogeny-trait correlation were analysed using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and Bayesian tip-association significance testing (BaTS). RESULTS Seven BPV1 and three BPV2 were identified from equine sarcoids using PCR and direct sequencing. Sequence analysis of equine/bovine-derived samples showed no sarcoid-associated variants in four regions (E2, E5, L1 and LCR) of either BPV1 or BPV2. The phylogenetic tree of BPV1 E2, L1 and LCR tended to cluster within its geographic origins. BaTS analysis demonstrated that BPV1 sequence variability may be due to the geographic origin rather than host species difference. MAIN LIMITATIONS There was a limitation in sample numbers. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the geographic-specific hypothesis of sequence variability, suggesting that BPV1 is shared between local equids and bovids. However, more extensively collected sequences worldwide and functional evaluations are needed to verify the geographic-specific sequence variability of BPV1/2 between equine- and bovine-derived sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Tobari
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Yumoto
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoki
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Higuchi
- Mitsuishi Animal Medical Center, Hokkaido South Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Novel Production of Bovine Papillomavirus Pseudovirions in Tobacco Plants. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9120996. [PMID: 33260725 PMCID: PMC7760623 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy requires the production of neutralising antibodies which offer protection against the native virus. The current gold standard for determining the presence of neutralising antibodies is the pseudovirion-based neutralisation assay (PBNA). PBNAs utilise pseudovirions (PsVs), structures which mimic native virus capsids, but contain non-viral nucleic material. PsVs are currently produced in expensive cell culture systems, which limits their production, yet plant expression systems may offer cheaper, safer alternatives. Our aim was to determine whether plants could be used for the production of functional PsVs of bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1), an important causative agent of economically damaging bovine papillomas in cattle and equine sarcoids in horses and wild equids. BPV1 capsid proteins, L1 and L2, and a self-replicating reporter plasmid were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) and PsVs. Strategies to enhance particle yields were investigated and optimised protocols were established. The PsVs' ability to infect mammalian cells and express their encapsidated reporter genes in vitro was confirmed, and their functionality as reagents in PBNAs was demonstrated through their neutralisation by several different antibodies. This is the first report of BPV PsVs expressed in plants and demonstrates the potential for the development of therapeutic veterinary vaccines in planta.
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12
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Malla RR, Deepak K, Merchant N, Dasari VR. Breast Tumor Microenvironment: Emerging target of therapeutic phytochemicals. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 70:153227. [PMID: 32339885 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and challenging form of breast cancers. Tumor microenvironment (TME) of TNBC is associated with induction of metastasis, immune system suppression, escaping immune detection and drug resistance. TME is highly complex and heterogeneous, consists of tumor cells, stromal cells and immune cells. The rapid expansion of tumors induce hypoxia, which concerns the reprogramming of TME components. The reciprocal communication of tumor cells and TME cells predisposes cancer cells to metastasis by modulation of developmental pathways, Wnt, notch, hedgehog and their related mechanisms in TME. Dietary phytochemicals are non-toxic and associated with various human health benefits and remarkable spectrum of biological activities. The phytochemicals serve as vital resources for drug discovery and also as a source for breast cancer therapy. The novel properties of dietary phytochemicals propose platform for modulation of tumor signaling, overcoming drug resistance, and targeting TME. Therefore, TME could serve as promising target for the treatment of TNBC. This review presents current status and implications of experimentally evaluated therapeutic phytochemicals as potential targeting agents of TME, potential nanosystems for targeted delivery of phytochemicals and their current challenges and future implications in TNBC treatment. The dietary phytochemicals especially curcumin with significant delivery system could prevent TNBC development as it is considered safe and well tolerated in phase II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, 530045, India.
| | - Kgk Deepak
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, 530045, India
| | - Neha Merchant
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Venkata Ramesh Dasari
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Clinic, 100 Academy Ave, Danville, PA, 17822, USA
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Pratscher B, Hainisch EK, Sykora S, Brandt S, Jindra C. No evidence of bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 infection in healthy equids. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:612-616. [PMID: 30560998 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a large body of evidence supporting bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV1; BPV2) as aetiological agents of equine sarcoids. However, there is conflicting data regarding BPV1/2 infection in sarcoid-free equids. OBJECTIVES Data obtained between 2007 and 2017 by BPV1/2 screening of sarcoids and nonsarcoid tumours vs. samples from healthy equids are presented to help clarify this issue. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Tumour material obtained from horses, donkeys and mules with confirmed sarcoids (n = 130), suspected sarcoids (n = 120), or nonsarcoid lesions (n = 70), skin biopsies from 102 tumour-free horses and dandruff/hair roots from 35 tumour-free donkeys and mules were screened for BPV1/2 infection. Sample DNA was extracted and validated by equine β-actin PCR. BPV1/2 screening was performed by BPV1/2 E5-specific PCR allowing for the detection of less than 10 viral DNA molecules. Twenty-six amplicons were bidirectionally sequenced and compared to known E5 variants using BLAST program. RESULTS BPV1/2 E5 PCR scored positive for 130/130 diagnosed sarcoids, 63/120 suspected sarcoids and 13/70 nonsarcoid lesions, whereas 137/137 DNA aliquots derived from tumour-free equids tested negative. On predicted E5 protein level, six different BPV1 E5 variants were identified. MAIN LIMITATIONS The diagnosis of equine sarcoid was not confirmed in 120 lesions. CONCLUSIONS Lack of BPV1/2 E5 DNA in tumour-free equids and the prevalence of sarcoid disease in young adult individuals suggest that the time span between initial infection and sarcoid development is short. This contrasts with the long phase of virus latency characterising infection of humans by carcinogenic papillomaviruses. Presence of BPV1/2 DNA in several cases of poor wound healing/hypergranulation and dermatitis points to these skin disorders being possibly co-induced by BPV1/2. PCR screening of tumour tissue/scrapings for BPV1/2 DNA represents a reliable tool for the rapid validation of a clinical diagnosis of equine sarcoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pratscher
- Clinical Unit of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University Clinic for Small Animals, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, University Clinic for Horses, Vienna, Austria
| | - E K Hainisch
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Sykora
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Jindra
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Haspeslagh M, Vlaminck L, Martens A. The possible role of Stomoxys calcitrans in equine sarcoid transmission. Vet J 2017; 231:8-12. [PMID: 29429489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The association between bovine papillomavirus (BPV) and equine sarcoids is well established, but it is unclear how the virus spreads. Although evidence in support of viral spread through direct animal contact exists, this does not explain sarcoid development in isolated equids. BPV DNA has been detected in flies, which could indicate that these insects serve as a vector. This study aimed to investigate whether BPV-negative stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) become positive for BPV DNA after exposure to equine sarcoid or bovine papilloma tissue under experimental conditions and, if so, for how long. A total of 420 stable flies were caught alive and exposed to BPV positive equine sarcoid or bovine papilloma tissue. During the following week, dead flies were collected daily and BPV loads were determined by quantitative PCR. There was a significant rise in BPV load after tissue exposure both in sarcoid and papilloma exposed flies, but the viral load was higher and remained high for a longer time after exposure to papilloma tissue compared to sarcoid tissue. Within days, viral loads decreased again and became indifferent from loads before exposure. The results of these experiments indicate that BPV transmission by S. calcitrans seems possible and is more likely to occur after contact with bovine papillomas than with equine sarcoids. Transmission seems only possible shortly after tissue exposure. Further research could include experimental induction of sarcoids with BPV positive stable flies, or a repeat of the experiment with micro-dissection prior to PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - L Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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15
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Harnacker J, Hainisch EK, Shafti-Keramat S, Kirnbauer R, Brandt S. Type-specific L1 virus-like particle-mediated protection of horses from experimental bovine papillomavirus 1-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation is long-lasting. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1329-1333. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Harnacker
- Research Group Oncology, Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edmund K. Hainisch
- Research Group Oncology, Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Hainisch EK, Abel-Reichwald H, Shafti-Keramat S, Pratscher B, Corteggio A, Borzacchiello G, Wetzig M, Jindra C, Tichy A, Kirnbauer R, Brandt S. Potential of a BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine to prevent BPV1- or BPV2-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation and safety and immunogenicity of EcPV2 L1 VLPs in horse. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:230-241. [PMID: 28284277 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunization of horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) is safe and highly immunogenic and that BPV1 and bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV2) are closely related serotypes. Here we evaluated the protective potential of a BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine against experimental BPV1 and BPV2 challenge and studied the safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2)/BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine. Fourteen healthy horses were immunized with BPV1 L1 VLPs (100 µg per injection) plus adjuvant on days 0 and 28, while seven remained unvaccinated. On day 42, all 21 horses were challenged intradermally at 10 sites of the neck with 107 BPV1 virions per injection. In analogy, 14 horses immunized twice with EcPV2 plus BPV1 L1 VLPs (50 µg each) and seven control animals were challenged with 107 BPV2 virions per injection. Immunization with BPV1 L1 VLPs alone induced a robust antibody response (day 42 median titre: 12 800), and BPV1-inoculated skin remained unchanged in 13/14 vaccinated horses. Immunization with the bivalent vaccine was safe, resulted in lower median day 42 antibody titres of 400 for BPV1 and 1600 for EcPV2 and conferred significant yet incomplete cross-protection from BPV2-induced tumour formation, with 11/14 horses developing small, short-lived papules. Control horses developed pseudo-sarcoids at all inoculation sites. The monovalent BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine proved highly effective in protecting horses from BPV1-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation. Incomplete protection from BPV2-induced tumour development conferred by the bivalent vaccine is due to the poorer immune response by immune interference or lower cross-neutralization titres to heterologous BPV2 virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K Hainisch
- Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Abel-Reichwald
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Wetzig
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Araldi RP, Assaf SMR, Carvalho RFD, Carvalho MACRD, Souza JMD, Magnelli RF, Módolo DG, Roperto FP, Stocco RDC, Beçak W. Papillomaviruses: a systematic review. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:1-21. [PMID: 28212457 PMCID: PMC5409773 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a group of viruses has received great attention due to its
relationship with cancer development and its wide distribution throughout the
vertebrates: the papillomaviruses. In this article, we aim to review some of the most
relevant reports concerning the use of bovines as an experimental model for studies
related to papillomaviruses. Moreover, the obtained data contributes to the
development of strategies against the clinical consequences of bovine
papillomaviruses (BPV) that have led to drastic hazards to the herds. To overcome the
problem, the vaccines that we have been developing involve recombinant DNA
technology, aiming at prophylactic and therapeutic procedures. It is important to
point out that these strategies can be used as models for innovative procedures
against HPV, as this virus is the main causal agent of cervical cancer, the second
most fatal cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Fiusa Magnelli
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Peppino Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | | | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Prophylactic Vaccination Against Papillomavirus-Induced Tumour Disease. Comp Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47007-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Abel-Reichwald H, Hainisch EK, Zahalka S, Corteggio A, Borzacchiello G, Massa B, Merlone L, Nasir L, Burden F, Brandt S. Epidemiologic analysis of a sarcoid outbreak involving 12 of 111 donkeys in Northern Italy. Vet Microbiol 2016; 196:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Brandt S. Immune response to bovine papillomavirus type 1 in equine sarcoid. Vet J 2016; 216:107-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Munday JS, Thomson N, Dunowska M, Knight CG, Laurie RE, Hills S. Genomic characterisation of the feline sarcoid-associated papillomavirus and proposed classification as Bos taurus papillomavirus type 14. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:289-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Alcântara BKD, Alfieri AA, Headley SA, B.Rodrigues W, Otonel RA, Lunardi M, Alfieri AF. Caracterização molecular de DNA de Delta papillomavirus bovino (BPV1, 2 e 13) em sarcoides equinos. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2015000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resumo:Sarcoides são tumores fibroblásticos, considerados os tumores de pele mais comuns em pele de equinos e que raramente apresentam regressão espontânea. Papilomavírus bovino (BPV) tipos 1 e 2 são relacionados com a patogenia do sarcoide e, provavelmente, o BPV tipo 13 (BPV13), recentemente descrito, também pode estar associado com a formação dessa lesão. Neste estudo, 20 amostras de lesões cutâneas, sendo 12 constituídas por tecidos frescos e 8 amostras de tecido fixado em formalina e embebido em parafina, provenientes de 15 cavalos foram utilizadas para a identificação do DNA de BPV. A análise histopatológica (HE) confirmou todas as lesões como sarcoide. Para a amplificação do DNA de papilomavírus (PV) foram realizadas três reações de PCR. Como triagem, os primers IFNR2/IDNT2 foram utilizados para amplificar um fragmento da ORF L1 do PV. O segundo par de primersutilizado é complementar a sequência dos genes E5 e L2 de BPVs 1, 2 e 13. O terceiro par de primers(FAP59/FAP64) utilizado tem o gene L1 como alvo. A primeira e a segunda PCRs permitiram amplificar produtos em todas as amostras avaliadas. Entretanto, na terceira reação, na qual foram utilizados os primers FAP, foi possível amplificar produtos com tamanho molecular esperado somente nas amostras constituídas por tecidos frescos. O sequenciamento de nucleotídeos e as análises filogenéticas realizadas nos fragmentos E5L2 resultaram na identificação de BPV1, 2 e 13 em 14 (70%), 2 (10%) e em 4 (20%) amostras de sarcoides, respectivamente. As amostras de sarcoides de um dos animais continha somente o DNA de BPV1. Entretanto, nas amostras provenientes do segundo cavalo foi possível identificar o DNA de três tipos de Deltapapillomavirus bovino (BPV1, 2 e 13) em lesões distintas. Este estudo ratifica a presença do DNA de BPV1, 2 e 13 em lesões de sarcoides em equinos, além de identificar três tipos de BPVs em um mesmo animal e descrever pela primeira vez no Brasil a presença de BPV1 e 2 nesse tipo de lesão.
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23
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Trewby H, Ayele G, Borzacchiello G, Brandt S, Campo MS, Del Fava C, Marais J, Leonardi L, Vanselow B, Biek R, Nasir L. Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2748-2756. [PMID: 25185436 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are a family of slowly evolving DNA viruses and their evolution is commonly linked to that of their host species. However, whilst bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1) primarily causes warts in its natural host, the cow, it can also cause locally aggressive and invasive skin tumours in equids, known as sarcoids, and thus provides a rare contemporary example of cross-species transmission of a papillomavirus. Here, we describe the first phylogenetic analysis of BPV-1 in equine sarcoids to our knowledge, allowing us to explore the evolutionary history of BPV-1 and investigate its cross-species association with equids. A phylogenetic analysis of the BPV-1 transcriptional promoter region (the long control region or LCR) was conducted on 15 bovine and 116 equine samples from four continents. Incorporating previous estimates for evolutionary rates in papillomavirus implied that the genetic diversity in the LCR variants was ancient and predated domestication of both equids and cattle. The phylogeny demonstrated geographical segregation into an ancestral group (African, South American and Australian samples), and a more recently derived, largely European clade. Whilst our data are consistent with BPV-1 originating in cattle, we found evidence of multiple, probably relatively recent, cross-species transmission events into horses. We also demonstrated the high prevalence of one particular sequence variant (variant 20), and suggest this may indicate that this variant shows a fitness advantage in equids. Although strong host specificity remains the norm in papillomaviruses, our results demonstrate that exceptions to this rule exist and can become epidemiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Trewby
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gizachew Ayele
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Ethiopia
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Oncology Group, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Saveria Campo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Leonardo Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vanselow
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, UNE, Armidale, NSW, Australia University of New England, Australia
| | - Roman Biek
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lubna Nasir
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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24
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Mosseri S, Hetzel U, Hahn S, Michaloupoulou E, Sallabank HC, Knottenbelt DC, Kipar A. Equine sarcoid: In situ demonstration of matrix metalloproteinase expression. Vet J 2014; 202:279-85. [PMID: 25439440 PMCID: PMC7128672 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most prevalent equine skin tumours and remain a therapeutic challenge due to their differing clinical morphology, local aggressive behaviour, and high recurrence following surgical treatment. In vitro, sarcoid derived fibroblasts are invasive and express matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -1, -2 and -9. It was hypothesised that the MMPs produced by neoplastic cells play a role in both their local invasiveness and interaction with the overlying epidermis (picket fence formation). The objective of this morphological study was to investigate the local behaviour and in situ MMP expression pattern in sarcoids of different clinical types. A total of 43 surgically excised sarcoids were examined by histology, immunohistology for the expression of MMP-1, -2 and -9, and transmission electron microscopy. Regardless of the clinical type, sarcoids showed local invasion of the dermis and damage to the basement membrane in areas of interaction with the epidermis. This was associated with MMP-1 expression in both neoplastic cells and epidermis. The results suggest a link between MMP-1 expression and the local aggressiveness of sarcoids regardless of the clinical type.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mosseri
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK; Three Counties Equine Hospital, Ripple, Tewkesbury GL20 6HE, UK
| | - U Hetzel
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shelley Hahn
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eleni Michaloupoulou
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Hannah Clare Sallabank
- Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Derek C Knottenbelt
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - A Kipar
- Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK; Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
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25
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Araldi RP, Giovanni DNS, Melo TC, Diniz N, Mazzuchelli-de-Souza J, Sant'Ana TA, Carvalho RF, Beçak W, Stocco RC. Bovine papillomavirus isolation by ultracentrifugation. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:119-24. [PMID: 25102429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is the etiological agent of bovine papillomatosis, which causes significant economic losses to livestock, characterized by the presence of papillomas that regress spontaneously or persist and progress to malignancy. Currently, there are 13 types of BPVs described in the literature as well as 32 putative new types. This study aimed to isolate viral particles of BPV from skin papillomas, using a novel viral isolation method. The virus types were previously identified with new primers designed. 77 cutaneous papilloma samples of 27 animals, Simmental breed, were surgically removed. The DNA was extracted and subjected to PCR using Delta-Epsilon and Xi primers. The bands were purified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using software and compared to the GenBank database, by BLAST tool. The viral typing showed a prevalence of BPV-2 in 81.81% of samples. It was also detected the presence of the putative new virus type BR/UEL2 in one sample. Virus isolation was performed by ultracentrifugation in a single density of cesium chloride. The method of virus isolation is less laborious than those previously described, allowing the isolation of complete virus particles of BPV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - D N S Giovanni
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - T C Melo
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Ed. Leitão da Cunha, R. Botucatu, 740, São Paulo 04023-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - N Diniz
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - J Mazzuchelli-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - T A Sant'Ana
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - R F Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - W Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Av. Silvio Américo Sasdelli, 1842, Vila A, Ed. Comercial Lorivo, Foz do Iguaçú 85866-000, PR, Brazil.
| | - R C Stocco
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, Ed. ICB III, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
Fifty years ago, inoculation with bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found to cause mesenchymal tumors of the skin in cattle and horses, as well as tumors of the bladder in cattle. Subsequent to these studies of BPVs, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) were found to cause cervical cancer resulting in intense research into papillomaviruses. During the past 50 years, the ways that HPVs and BPVs cause disease have been investigated, and both HPVs and BPVs have been associated with an increasingly diverse range of diseases. Herein, the biology, oncogenic mechanisms, and diseases associated with BPVs are compared with those of HPVs. As reviewed, there are currently significant differences between BPVs and HPVs. However, research 50 years ago into BPVs formed a prologue for the recognition that papillomaviruses have a significant role in human disease, and it is possible that future research may similarly reveal that BPVs are less different from HPVs than is currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Foresta C, Bertoldo A, Garolla A, Pizzol D, Mason S, Lenzi A, De Toni L. Human papillomavirus proteins are found in peripheral blood and semen Cd20+ and Cd56+ cells during HPV-16 semen infection. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:593. [PMID: 24341689 PMCID: PMC3878630 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) currently represents an important risk factor for cancer development and infertility in humans. Whilst binding of HPV to spermatozoa has been associated with male infertility, an investigation about the presence of HPV-DNA in non-spermatozoal semen cells is lacking. Previous findings documented the presence of HPV in peripheral blood leukocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of HPV markers in semen and blood leukocytes during HPV-16 infection. Methods A total of 32 subjects, 16 patients affected by HPV-16 semen infection and 16 controls, were evaluated in our andrological centre and enrolled in the study. Semen non-spermatozoal cells from all subjects were isolated and evaluated for the expression of HPV-16 markers (DNA and L1, E6 proteins) and further characterized for their molecular phenotype. Analogue determination was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results The presence of HPV-DNA by FISH analysis in a round cell population from semen, confirmed to be CD45+ leukocytes, was observed. These HPV-DNA containing-cells also displayed HPV-16-E6 and HPV-16-L1 viral proteins and, upon further investigation, were found to be CD20+ and CD56+, likely phenotypes of B cells and natural killer cells (NK) respectively. In 25% of the patient group, a very small population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was found to be positive for HPV-DNA via FISH. These cells displayed the CD20+ and CD56+ phenotype alike. None of the control subjects displayed HPV-DNA in either semen or peripheral blood. Conclusion Considering the role of CD20+ and CD56+ cell populations in the antiviral immune response, the detection of HPV markers on leukocytes may reflect the presence of virus particles within the endosomal compartment. However, the presence of HPV markers in circulating mononuclear cells raise concerns about the risk of developing cancers to distal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Foresta
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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28
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Papillomavirus associated diseases of the horse. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gil da Costa RM, Medeiros R. Bovine papillomavirus: opening new trends for comparative pathology. Arch Virol 2013; 159:191-8. [PMID: 23929231 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For many years, research on bovine papillomavirus (BPV) has contributed to the understanding of papillomavirus-induced pathology in humans and animals. The present review shows how recent studies on BPV keep providing evidence concerning key points in viral infection, such as the expression of viral proteins in lymphocytes and the occurrence of productive infections of the placenta. Studies on BPV-induced tumours also provide important information concerning the mechanisms of oncogenesis and immune evasion, as in the cases of connexin 43 down-regulation with loss of intercellular gap junctions and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) down-regulation in equine sarcoids. The biological functions of viral proteins are also being further clarified, as in the case of E2, which was recently shown to load BPV genomes into host chromosomes during the S phase, a process mediated by the ChlR1 protein. In the near future, the ongoing efforts to characterize and classify additional emerging BPV types are likely to broaden even further the possibilities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Gil da Costa
- Laboratory for Process, Environmental and Energy Engineering (LEPAE), Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (FEUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal,
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30
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Bovine papillomavirus clastogenic effect analyzed in comet assay. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:630683. [PMID: 23956996 PMCID: PMC3728492 DOI: 10.1155/2013/630683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is an oncogenic virus related to serious livestock diseases. Oncoproteins encoded by BPV are involved in several steps of cellular transformation and have been reported as presenting clastogenic effects in peripheral lymphocytes and primary culture cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clastogenic potential of BPV types 1, 2, and 4 by comet assay. Peripheral blood was collected from 37 bovines, 32 infected with different levels of papillomatosis (12 animals have no affection) and five calves, virus free (negative control). The viral identification showed presence of more than one virus type in 59.375% of the infected animals. Comet assay was performed according to alkaline technique. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed statistical difference between the negative control group and infected animals (P = 0.0015). The Dunn post hoc test showed difference comparing the infected animals with calves. Mann-Whitney U test verified no difference between animals infected with only one viral type and animals presenting more than one viral type. The comet assay is considered an efficient tool for assessment of damage in the host chromatin due to viral action, specifically highlighting viral activity in blood cells.
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Silva MAR, Silva KMG, Jesus ALS, Barros LO, Corteggio A, Altamura G, Borzacchiello G, Freitas AC. The presence and gene expression of bovine papillomavirus in the peripheral blood and semen of healthy horses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:329-33. [PMID: 23210736 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) are double-stranded DNA viruses that can cause both benignant and malignant tumours in mammals. Twelve genotypes of bovine papillomavirus (BPV1-12) have been identified so far. The presence of BPV1 and 2 has been found in the body fluids of cattle and horses. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of BPV DNA and the expression of viral genes in the blood and sperm cells of healthy horses using PCR and RT-PCR. BPV-1 or 2 was detected in 14 of 70 blood samples (20%) and in 11 of 31 semen samples (35%). In five of fourteen blood samples, the E5 expression tested positive, while no blood sample was positive for L1 expression. Four of 11 (36%) semen cell samples proved to be positive for E5 expression, while no gene expression in L1 could be detected. This is the first study that shows BPV1 gene expression in the blood and semen of healthy horses. Our data illustrate the need for a better understanding of the presence of BPV in non-epithelial tissues of horses and their role in the vertical and horizontal transmission of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A R Silva
- Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Wilson AD, Armstrong ELR, Gofton RG, Mason J, De Toit N, Day MJ. Characterisation of early and late bovine papillomavirus protein expression in equine sarcoids. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:369-380. [PMID: 23123175 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoids are common skin tumours of horses and donkeys that are characterised by persistent proliferation of dermal fibroblasts associated with the presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA. Some early BPV proteins have been demonstrated within sarcoids and RNA containing both early and late transcripts is present, yet it remains unclear whether late replication of BPV, culminating in the production of infectious virus particles, can occur in equids. Here we report that BPV1 RNA isolated from equine sarcoids encodes a unique deletion of four residues within the L2 protein suggesting a novel variant of virus has evolved in equines. Such viral evolution would require the production and transmission of virus particles among horses with sarcoids. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated the presence of mRNA transcripts containing early gene message in sarcoid tissues and BPV-E2 early virus antigen was detected by immunofluorescence in the nuclei of dermal fibroblasts, but no E2 expression could be detected within the overlying epidermis where productive virus replication would be expected to occur. Although immunohistochemistry clearly detected late virus proteins in the nuclei of dermal cells from samples of bovine papillomas, no late protein expression was detected in formalin-fixed tissue from equine sarcoids; either in the dermis or epidermis. Moreover, quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that late gene mRNA represented <0.3% of the transcribed BPV RNA. We conclude that BPV does not undergo productive infection in the epidermis overlying equine sarcoids at levels comparable with that occurring in its natural bovine host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wilson
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford, Bristol BS40 7DU, UK.
| | - E L R Armstrong
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford, Bristol BS40 7DU, UK
| | - R G Gofton
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford, Bristol BS40 7DU, UK
| | - J Mason
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford, Bristol BS40 7DU, UK
| | - N De Toit
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford, Bristol BS40 7DU, UK; Veterinary Laboratory, The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon EX10 0NU, UK
| | - M J Day
- University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Sciences, Langford, Bristol BS40 7DU, UK
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34
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Roperto S, Borzacchiello G, Esposito I, Riccardi M, Urraro C, Lucà R, Corteggio A, Tatè R, Cermola M, Paciello O, Roperto F. Productive infection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 in the placenta of pregnant cows affected with urinary bladder tumors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33569. [PMID: 22479413 PMCID: PMC3313941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are believed to be highly epitheliotropic as they usually establish productive infections within stratified epithelia. In vitro, various PVs appear to complete their entire life-cycle in different trophoblastic cell lines. In this study, infection by and protein expression of bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) in the uterine and chorionic epithelium of the placenta has been described in four cows suffering from naturally occurring papillomavirus-associated urothelial bladder tumors. E5 oncoprotein was detected both by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemically. It appears to be complexed and perfectly co-localized with the activated platelet-derived growth factor ß receptor (PDGFßR) by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The activated PDGFßR might be involved in organogenesis and neo-angiogenesis rather than in cell transformation during pregnancy. The major capsid protein, L1, believed to be only expressed in productive papillomavirus infection has been detected by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical investigations confirmed the presence of L1 protein both in the cytoplasm and nuclei of cells of the uterine and chorionic epithelium. Trophoblastic cells appear to be the major target for L1 protein expression. Finally, the early protein E2, required for viral DNA replication and known to be expressed during a productive infection, has been detected by Western blot and immunohistochemically. Electron microscopic investigations detected viral particles in nuclei of uterine and chorionic epithelium. This study shows that both active and productive infections by BPV-2 in the placenta of pregnant cows can occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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