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Vimali J, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Ashwin R, Balakrishnan P, Raju S, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Surrogate Biomarkers of Disease Progression in Human Pegivirus Seropositive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:55-62. [PMID: 36355180 PMCID: PMC10024059 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific observations indicate that an actively prevailing systemic condition could alleviate the pathology of another disease. Human pegivirus (HPgV), a highly ubiquitous flavivirus is believed to be associated with slow human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, and has seldom been linked to hepatic pathology. In this study, we investigated whether HPgV seropositivity had any impact on surrogate markers of HIV disease progression in a cohort of HIV-infected HPgV seropositive (n = 28) and seronegative (n = 12) individuals who were prospectively evaluated for absolute CD4+ T cell counts, plasma viral load (PVL), liver enzymes, and plasma cytokine levels. The HIV PVL was relatively lower in HPgV seropositive than in HPgV seronegative HIV-infected subjects. Clinical markers of hepatic injury were significantly low among HPgV seropositive HIV-infected participants. HPgV seropositive individuals showed significantly higher levels of interleukin-7 (IL-7), and although not significant, the levels of IL-6 were lower among HPgV seropositive subjects. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the absolute CD4+T cell count was inversely correlated with HIV PVL. Exposure to HPgV appears to have a positive prognostic impact on the levels of surrogate biomarkers of HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela Vimali
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Yean K. Yong
- Laboratory Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Virus Research Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | - Rajeev Ashwin
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- State Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, DMS Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus Type 1: A Common Human Virus That Is Beneficial in Immune-Mediated Disease? Front Immunol 2022; 13:887760. [PMID: 35707535 PMCID: PMC9190258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two groups identified a novel human flavivirus in the mid-1990s. One group named the virus hepatitis G virus (HGV) and the other named it GB Virus type C (GBV-C). Sequence analyses found these two isolates to be the same virus, and subsequent studies found that the virus does not cause hepatitis despite sharing genome organization with hepatitis C virus. Although HGV/GBV-C infection is common and may cause persistent infection in humans, the virus does not appear to directly cause any other known disease state. Thus, the virus was renamed “human pegivirus 1” (HPgV-1) for “persistent G” virus. HPgV-1 is found primarily in lymphocytes and not hepatocytes, and several studies found HPgV-1 infection associated with prolonged survival in people living with HIV. Co-infection of human lymphocytes with HPgV-1 and HIV inhibits HIV replication. Although three viral proteins directly inhibit HIV replication in vitro, the major effects of HPgV-1 leading to reduced HIV-related mortality appear to result from a global reduction in immune activation. HPgV-1 specifically interferes with T cell receptor signaling (TCR) by reducing proximal activation of the lymphocyte specific Src kinase LCK. Although TCR signaling is reduced, T cell activation is not abolished and with sufficient stimulus, T cell functions are enabled. Consequently, HPgV-1 is not associated with immune suppression. The HPgV-1 immunomodulatory effects are associated with beneficial outcomes in other diseases including Ebola virus infection and possibly graft-versus-host-disease following stem cell transplantation. Better understanding of HPgV-1 immune escape and mechanisms of inflammation may identify novel therapies for immune-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Stapleton
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jack T. Stapleton,
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Samadi M, Salimi V, Haghshenas MR, Miri SM, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A. Clinical and molecular aspects of human pegiviruses in the interaction host and infectious agent. Virol J 2022; 19:41. [PMID: 35264187 PMCID: PMC8905790 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human pegivirus 1 (HPgV-1) is a Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ ssRNA) virus, discovered in 1995 as a Flaviviridae member, and the closest human virus linked to HCV. In comparison to HCV, HPgV-1 seems to be lymphotropic and connected to the viral group that infects T and B lymphocytes. HPgV-1 infection is not persuasively correlated to any known human disease; nevertheless, multiple studies have reported a connection between chronic HPgV-1 infection and improved survival in HPgV-1/HIV co-infected patients with a delayed and favorable impact on HIV infection development. While the process has not been thoroughly clarified, different mechanisms for these observations have been proposed. HPgV-1 is categorized into seven genotypes and various subtypes. Infection with HPgV-1 is relatively common globally. It can be transferred parenterally, sexually, and through vertical ways, and thereby its co-infection with HIV and HCV is common. In most cases, the clearance of HPgV-1 from the body can be achieved by developing E2 antibodies after infection. Main body In this review, we thoroughly discuss the current knowledge and recent advances in understanding distinct epidemiological, molecular, and clinical aspects of HPgV-1. Conclusion Due to the unique characteristics of the HPgV-1, so advanced research on HPgV-1, particularly in light of HIV co-infection and other diseases, should be conducted to explore the essential mechanisms of HIV clearance and other viruses and thereby suggest novel strategies for viral therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Samadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Molecular and Cell-Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Haghshenas
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular and Cell-Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Miri
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
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Zimmerman J, Blackard JT. Human pegivirus type 1 infection in Asia-A review of the literature. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2257. [PMID: 34038600 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human pegivirus type 1 (HPgV-1)-as known as hepatitis G virus and GB virus C-is a common single-stranded RNA flavivirus. Because few studies have demonstrated an association between HPgV-1 infection and disease, screening for HPgV-1 is not performed routinely. Nonetheless, a beneficial impact of HPgV-1 infection on HIV disease progression has been reported in multiple studies. Given the burden of HIV in Asia and the complex interactions between viral co-infections and the host, we provide a comprehensive overview of the existing data from Asia on HPgV-1 infection, including the prevalence and circulating genotypes in all Asian countries with data reported. This review highlights the research conducted thus far and emphasizes the need for additional studies on HPgV-1 across the Asian continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zimmerman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Molecular and Clinical Profiles of Human Pegivirus Type 1 Infection in Individuals Living with HIV-1 in the Extreme South of Brazil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8048670. [PMID: 31309117 PMCID: PMC6594344 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8048670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human pegivirus type 1 (HPgV-1) infection has been associated with a beneficial effect on the prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-coinfected individuals. However, the mechanisms involved in this protection are not yet fully elucidated. To date, circulating HPgV-1 genotypes in HIV-1-infected individuals have not yet been identified in the extreme south of Brazil. The present study aimed to determine the genotypic circulation of HPgV-1 and the influence of HPgV-1 status and persistence time on the evolution of HIV-1 infection. A retrospective cohort of 110 coinfected individuals was analyzed. Samples were subjected to viral RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, nested PCR, and genotyping. Genotypes 1 (2.8%), 2 (47.9% of subtype 2a and 42.3% of subtype 2b), and 3 (7%) were identified. In antiretroviral treatment-naïve subjects HPgV-1 subtype 2b was associated with lower HIV-1 viral load (VL) rates (p = 0.04) and higher CD4+ T-cell counts (p = 0.03) than was subtype 2a, and the positivity for HPgV-1 was associated with higher CD4+ T-cell counts (p = 0.02). However, there was no significant difference in HIV-1 VL between HPgV-1-positive and HPgV-1-negative subjects (p = 0.08). There was no significant association between the different groups in HPgV-1 persistence and median HIV-1 VL (p = 0.66) or CD4+ T-cell counts (p = 0.15). HPgV-1 subtype 2b is associated with better prognosis of HIV-1 infection. Although HPgV-1 infection is persistent, our data suggest that the time of infection does not influence HIV-1 VL or CD4+ T-cell counts in coinfected subjects.
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Singh S, Blackard JT. Human pegivirus (HPgV) infection in sub-Saharan Africa-A call for a renewed research agenda. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27. [PMID: 29148108 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human pegivirus (HPgV)-formerly GB virus C-has a beneficial impact on HIV disease progression that has been described in multiple studies. Given the high prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa and the continuing need to suppress HIV replication, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing data on HPgV infection in sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular focus on studies of prevalence and the circulating HPgV genotypes. This review also highlights the need for additional studies of HPgV conducted on the African continent and proposes a research agenda for evaluation of HPgV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivank Singh
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Study of the interaction of GB virus C/Hepatitis G virus fusion peptides belonging to the E2 protein with phospholipid Langmuir monolayers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:278-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Blackard JT, Ma G, Welge JA, Taylor LE, Mayer KH, Klein RS, Celentano DD, Sobel JD, Jamieson DJ, King CC. Cytokine/chemokine expression associated with Human Pegivirus (HPgV) infection in women with HIV. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1904-1911. [PMID: 28460153 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A beneficial impact of the Human Pegivirus (HPgV)-formerly called GB virus C (GBV-C)-on HIV disease progression has been reported previously. One possible mechanism by which HPgV inhibits HIV replication is an alteration of the cytokine/chemokine milieu. Their expression has not been specifically evaluated in women despite their influence on disease progression and the possibility of gender-based differences in expression. Moreover, the impact of HPgV genotype on cytokine/chemokine expression is unknown. Sera levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IFNγ, TNFα, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TGF-β1 were quantified in 150 HIV-positive women based on HPgV RNA status. Cytokines/chemokines with detection rates of at least 50% included IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IFNγ, TNFα, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TGF-β1 . Absolute values were significantly higher for HPgV positive compared to HPgV negative women for IL-7, IL-13, IL-12p70, and IFNγ. Absolute values were significantly lower for HPgV positive women for IL-4, IL-8, TGF-β1 , and IP-10. IFNγ values were higher for HPgV genotype 2 than for genotype 1 (P = 0.036). Further study of cytokine/chemokine regulation by HPgV may ultimately lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat HIV infection and/or the design of vaccine strategies that mimic the "protective" effects of HPgV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gang Ma
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey A Welge
- Departments of Psychiatry and Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lynn E Taylor
- Miriam Hospital and Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and the Fenway Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert S Klein
- Hudson Infectious Diseases Associates, Briarcliff Manor, New York
| | - David D Celentano
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jack D Sobel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Denise J Jamieson
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Caroline C King
- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Espinoza-Gómez F, Delgado-Enciso I, Valle-Reyes S, Ochoa-Jiménez R, Arechiga-Ramírez C, Gámez-Arroyo JL, Vázquez-Campuzano R, Guzmán-Bracho C, Vásquez C, López-Lemus UA. Dengue Virus Coinfection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Patients on the West Coast of Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:927-930. [PMID: 28722631 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients is not well studied. Previous reports suggest a transitory inhibition of the HIV-1 viral load, as well as a benign clinical progression of dengue. The follow-up of six HIV-1-infected patients, diagnosed and hospitalized with dengue virus infection in the State of Colima, Mexico, was carried out to analyze the progression of this viral coinfection. The presence of dengue virus serotype 1 was confirmed through molecular tests. No severe complications were observed in any of the patients during dengue virus infection. Significant alteration of the HIV-1 viral loads was not observed during dengue virus infection and 6 months after coinfection. Further studies are required to understand the pathology, as well as the clinical course, of these viral coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Espinoza-Gómez
- School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Regional Hospital, Ministry of Health, Colima, Mexico
| | - Iván Delgado-Enciso
- Cancer State Institute, Ministry of Health, Colima, Mexico.,School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | | | - Rodolfo Ochoa-Jiménez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Regional Hospital, Ministry of Health, Colima, Mexico
| | - Conrado Arechiga-Ramírez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Regional Hospital, Ministry of Health, Colima, Mexico
| | - José L Gámez-Arroyo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Regional Hospital, Ministry of Health, Colima, Mexico
| | - Roberto Vázquez-Campuzano
- Department of Emerging Diseases and Emergencies, Institute for Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Guzmán-Bracho
- Department of Emerging Diseases and Emergencies, Institute for Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Uriel A López-Lemus
- Center for Gene Therapy, Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California.,School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
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Wang C, Timmons CL, Shao Q, Kinlock BL, Turner TM, Iwamoto A, Zhang H, Liu H, Liu B. GB virus type C E2 protein inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag assembly by downregulating human ADP-ribosylation factor 1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43293-309. [PMID: 26675377 PMCID: PMC4791233 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GB virus type C (GBV-C) glycoprotein E2 protein disrupts HIV-1 assembly and release by inhibiting Gag plasma membrane targeting, however the mechanism by which the GBV-C E2 inhibits Gag trafficking remains unclear. In the present study, we identified ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) contributed to the inhibitory effect of GBV-C E2 on HIV-1 Gag membrane targeting. Expression of GBV-C E2 decreased ARF1 expression in a proteasomal degradation-dependent manner. The restoration of ARF1 expression rescued the HIV-1 Gag processing and membrane targeting defect imposed by GBV-C E2. In addition, GBV-C E2 expression also altered Golgi morphology and suppressed protein traffic through the secretory pathway, which are all consistent with a phenotype of disrupting the function of ARF1 protein. Thus, our results indicate that GBV-C E2 inhibits HIV-1 assembly and release by decreasing ARF1, and may provide insights regarding GBV-C E2's potential for a new therapeutic approach for treating HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Wang
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Christine L Timmons
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qiujia Shao
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ballington L Kinlock
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tiffany M Turner
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Aikichi Iwamoto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bindong Liu
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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11
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Blackard JT, Ma G, Polen C, DuBois JC, Gast J, Radens CM, Sterling RK, Sherman KE. Recombination among GB virus C (GBV-C) isolates in the United States. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1537-1544. [PMID: 27072634 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a non-pathogenic flavivirus that may play a role in modulating HIV disease. Multiple genotypes of GBV-C that have been identified to date that may differentially regulate HIV; however, the number of complete GBV-C sequences published to date is very limited. We sequenced full-length GBV-C genomes from four individuals with HIV/HCV co-infection in the United States. Intergenotypic recombination was evident in two of these individuals. Evaluation of additional full-length GBV-C genomes would facilitate the creation of full-length, replication-competent molecular clones of GBV-C to evaluate the phenotypic diversity of GBV-C genotypes and provide important molecular data on this understudied virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Blackard
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gang Ma
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Clarissa Polen
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Juwen C DuBois
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathon Gast
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Caleb M Radens
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard K Sterling
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth E Sherman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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12
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Gómara MJ, Sánchez-Merino V, Paús A, Merino-Mansilla A, Gatell JM, Yuste E, Haro I. Definition of an 18-mer Synthetic Peptide Derived from the GB virus C E1 Protein as a New HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1139-48. [PMID: 26905802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A slower progression of AIDS and increased survival in GBV-C positive individuals, compared with GBV-C negative individuals has been demonstrated; while the loss of GBV-C viremia was closely associated with a rise in mortality and increased progression of AIDS. Following on from the previous reported studies that support the thesis that GBV-C E2 interferes with HIV-1 entry, in this work we try to determine the role of the GBV-C E1 protein in HIV-1 inhibition. METHODS The present work involves the construction of several overlapping peptide libraries scanning the GBV-C E1 protein and the evaluation of their anti-HIV activity. RESULTS Specifically, an 18-mer synthetic peptide from the GBV-C E1 protein, E1(139-156), showed similar antiviral activity against HIVs from viruses from clades A, B, C, D and AE. Competitive ELISA using specific gp41-targeting mAbs, fluorescence resonance energy transfer as well as haemolysis assays demonstrated that this E1 peptide sequence interacts with the highly conserved N-terminal region of the HIV-1 gp41 (the fusion peptide) which is essential for viral entry. CONCLUSIONS We have defined a novel peptide lead compound and described the inhibitory role of a highly conserved fragment of the E1 protein. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The results together allow us to consider the non-pathogenic E1 GBV-C protein as an attractive source of peptides for the development of novel anti-HIV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides. IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - V Sánchez-Merino
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain. HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Paús
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides. IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Merino-Mansilla
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain. HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Gatell
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain. HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit-HIVACAT, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Yuste
- AIDS Research Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain. HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides. IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Galatola R, Cruz A, Gómara MJ, Prat J, Alsina MA, Haro I, Pujol M. Surface behavior of peptides from E1 GBV-C protein: Interaction with anionic model membranes and importance in HIV-1 FP inhibition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:392-407. [PMID: 25450346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between a peptide sequence from GB virus C E1 protein (E1P8) and its structural analogs (E1P8-12), (E1P8-13), and (E1P8-21) with anionic lipid membranes (POPG vesicles and POPG, DPPG or DPPC/DPPG (2:1) monolayers) and their association with HIV-1 fusion peptide (HIV-1 FP) inhibition at the membrane level were studied using biophysical methods. All peptides showed surface activity but leakage experiments in vesicles as well as insertion kinetics in monolayers and lipid/peptide miscibility indicated a low level of interaction: neither E1P8 nor its analogs induced the release of vesicular content and the exclusion pressure values (πe) were clearly lower than the biological membrane pressure (24-30 mN m(-1)) and the HIV-1 FP (35 mN m(-1)). Miscibility was elucidated in terms of the additivity rule and excess free energy of mixing (GE). E1P8, E1P8-12 and E1P8-21 (but not E1P8-13) induced expansion of the POPG monolayer. The mixing process is not thermodynamically favored as the positive GE values indicate. To determine how E1 peptides interfere in the action of HIV-1 FP at the membrane level, mixed monolayers of HIV-1 FP/E1 peptides (2:1) and POPG were obtained. E1P8 and its derivative E1P8-21 showed the greatest HIV-1 FP inhibition. The LC-LE phase lipid behavior was morphologically examined via fluorescence microscopy (FM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Images revealed that the E1 peptides modify HIV-1 FP-lipid interaction. This fact may be attributed to a peptide/peptide interaction as indicated by AFM results. Finally, hemolysis assay demonstrated that E1 peptides inhibit HIV-1 FP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Galatola
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Cruz
- Dept. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Prat
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, CSIC-Associated Unit: Peptides and Proteins: Physicochemical Studies, IN2UB Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M A Alsina
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, CSIC-Associated Unit: Peptides and Proteins: Physicochemical Studies, IN2UB Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Application of Peptides, Department of Biomedical Chemistry, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pujol
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, CSIC-Associated Unit: Peptides and Proteins: Physicochemical Studies, IN2UB Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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A cyclic GB virus C derived peptide with anti-HIV-1 activity targets the fusion peptide of HIV-1. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:589-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Human pegivirus (GB virus C) NS3 protease activity inhibits induction of the type I interferon response and is not inhibited by HCV NS3 protease inhibitors. Virology 2014; 456-457:300-9. [PMID: 24889249 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that human pegivirus (HPgV; formerly GBV-C) NS3 protease activity inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) replication in a CD4+ T cell line. Given the protease׳s similarity to the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease, we characterized HPgV protease activity and asked whether it affects the type I interferon response or is inhibited by HCV protease antagonists. We characterized the activity of proteases with mutations in the catalytic triad and demonstrated that the HCV protease inhibitors Telaprevir, Boceprevir, and Danoprevir do not affect HPgV protease activity. HPgV NS3 protease cleaved MAVS but not TRIF, and it inhibited interferon responses sufficiently to enhance growth of an interferon-sensitive virus. Therefore, HPgV׳s inhibition of the interferon response could help promote HPgV persistence, which is associated with clinical benefits in HIV-infected patients. Our results also imply that HCV protease inhibitors should not interfere with the beneficial effects of HPgV in HPgV/HCV/HIV infected patients.
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Timmons CL, Shao Q, Wang C, Liu L, Liu H, Dong X, Liu B. GB virus type C E2 protein inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly through interference with HIV-1 gag plasma membrane targeting. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1171-80. [PMID: 23303812 PMCID: PMC3583272 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
GB virus type C (GBV-C) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus classified in the Flaviviridae family. Persistent coinfection with GBV-C is associated with lower human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) load, higher CD4(+) T-cell count, and prolonged survival in HIV-1 coinfected patients. The GBV-C envelope glycoprotein E2 has been reported to interfere with HIV-1 entry. In this study, we showed that the expression of GBV-C E2 inhibited HIV-1 Gag assembly and release. Expression of glycosylated GBV-C E2 inhibited HIV-1 Gag precursor processing, resulting in lower production of CAp24 and MAp17, while the overall expression level of the Gag precursor Pr55 remained unchanged. Membrane floatation gradient and indirect immunofluorescence confocal microscopy analysis showed that glycosylated E2 disrupted HIV-1 Gag trafficking to the plasma membrane, resulting in Gag accumulation in subcellular compartments. This interference in HIV-1 Gag trafficking led to diminished HIV-1 particle production, which is a critical step for HIV-1 to infect new host cells. These findings shed light on a novel mechanism used by GBV-C E2 to inhibit HIV-1 replication and may provide insight into new approaches for suppressing HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L. Timmons
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Chenliang Wang
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples of Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples of Republic of China
| | - Xinhong Dong
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bindong Liu
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee
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17
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Schwarze-Zander C, Blackard JT, Rockstroh JK. Role of GB virus C in modulating HIV disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:563-72. [PMID: 22702320 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a member of the Flaviviridae family and the most closely related human virus to HCV. However, GBV-C does not replicate in hepatocytes, but rather in lymphocytes. GBV-C has a worldwide distribution and is transmitted sexually, parenterally and through mother-to-child transmission. Thus, co-infection with HCV and HIV is common. Until now, no human disease has been associated with GBV-C infection. However, there are several reports of a beneficial effect of GBV-C on HIV disease progression in vivo. Different mechanisms to explain these observations have been proposed, including modification of antiviral cytokine production, HIV co-receptor expression, direct inhibition of HIV-1 entry, T-cell activation and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Further understanding of these mechanisms may open new strategies for the treatment of HIV/AIDS.
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Bhattarai N, Stapleton JT. GB virus C: the good boy virus? Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:124-30. [PMID: 22325031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GB virus C (GBV-C) is a lymphotropic human virus discovered in 1995 that is related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). GBV-C infection has not been convincingly associated with any disease; however, several studies found an association between persistent GBV-C infection and improved survival in HIV-positive individuals. GBV-C infection modestly alters T cell homeostasis in vivo through various mechanisms, including modulation of chemokine and cytokine release and receptor expression, and by diminution of T cell activation, proliferation and apoptosis, all of which may contribute to improved HIV clinical outcomes. In vitro studies confirm these clinical observations and demonstrate an anti-HIV replication effect of GBV-C. This review summarizes existing data on potential mechanisms by which GBV-C interferes with HIV, and the research needed to capitalize on this epidemiological observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirjal Bhattarai
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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George SL, Varmaz D, Tavis JE, Chowdhury A. The GB virus C (GBV-C) NS3 serine protease inhibits HIV-1 replication in a CD4+ T lymphocyte cell line without decreasing HIV receptor expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30653. [PMID: 22292009 PMCID: PMC3264616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Persistent infection with GBV-C (GB Virus C), a non-pathogenic virus related to hepatitis C virus (HCV), prolongs survival in HIV infection. Two GBV-C proteins, NS5A and E2, have been shown previously to inhibit HIV replication in vitro. We investigated whether the GBV-C NS3 serine protease affects HIV replication. RESULTS GBV-C NS3 protease expressed in a human CD4+ T lymphocyte cell line significantly inhibited HIV replication. Addition of NS4A or NS4A/4B coding sequence to GBV-C NS3 increased the effect on HIV replication. Inhibition of HIV replication was dose-dependent and was not mediated by increased cell toxicity. Mutation of the NS3 catalytic serine to alanine resulted in loss of both HIV inhibition and protease activity. GBV-C NS3 expression did not measurably decrease CD4 or CXCR4 expression. CONCLUSION GBV-C NS3 serine protease significantly inhibited HIV replication without decreasing HIV receptor expression. The requirement for an intact catalytic serine at the active site indicates that inhibition was mediated by proteolytic cleavage of an unidentified target(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L George
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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20
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Brichacek B, Vanpouille C, Kiselyeva Y, Biancotto A, Merbah M, Hirsch I, Lisco A, Grivel JC, Margolis L. Contrasting roles for TLR ligands in HIV-1 pathogenesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12831. [PMID: 20862220 PMCID: PMC2942834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The first line of a host's response to various pathogens is triggered by their engagement of cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Binding of microbial ligands to these receptors leads to the induction of a variety of cellular factors that alter intracellular and extracellular environment and interfere directly or indirectly with the life cycle of the triggering pathogen. Such changes may also affect any coinfecting microbe. Using ligands to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 5 and 9, we examined their effect on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 replication in lymphoid tissue ex vivo. We found marked differences in the outcomes of such treatment. While flagellin (TLR5 agonist) treatment enhanced replication of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR 5)-tropic and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-tropic HIV-1, treatment with oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) M362 (TLR9 agonist) suppressed both viral variants. The differential effects of these TLR ligands on HIV-1 replication correlated with changes in production of CC chemokines CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, and of CXC chemokines CXCL10, and CXCL12 in the ligand-treated HIV-1-infected tissues. The nature and/or magnitude of these changes were dependent on the ligand as well as on the HIV-1 viral strain. Moreover, the tested ligands differed in their ability to induce cellular activation as evaluated by the expression of the cluster of differentiation markers (CD) 25, CD38, CD39, CD69, CD154, and human leukocyte antigen D related (HLA)-DR as well as of a cell proliferation marker, Ki67, and of CCR5. No significant effect of the ligand treatment was observed on apoptosis and cell death/loss in the treated lymphoid tissue ex vivo. Our results suggest that binding of microbial ligands to TLRs is one of the mechanisms that mediate interactions between coinfected microbes and HIV-1 in human tissues. Thus, the engagement of appropriate TLRs by microbial molecules or their mimetic might become a new strategy for HIV therapy or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beda Brichacek
- Section of Intercellular Interactions, Program in Physical Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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21
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Herrera E, Tenckhoff S, Gómara MJ, Galatola R, Bleda MJ, Gil C, Ercilla G, Gatell JM, Tillmann HL, Haro I. Effect of Synthetic Peptides Belonging to E2 Envelope Protein of GB Virus C on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6054-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100452c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Herrera
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - María J. Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramona Galatola
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J. Bleda
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Guadalupe Ercilla
- Services of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Gatell
- AIDS-Research Group, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Services of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hans L. Tillmann
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- GI/Hepatology Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Xiang J, McLinden JH, Rydze RA, Chang Q, Kaufman TM, Klinzman D, Stapleton JT. Viruses within the Flaviviridae decrease CD4 expression and inhibit HIV replication in human CD4+ cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7860-9. [PMID: 19923460 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections alter host cell homeostasis and this may lead to immune evasion and/or interfere with the replication of other microbes in coinfected hosts. Two flaviviruses are associated with a reduction in HIV replication or improved survival in HIV-infected people (dengue virus (DV) and GB virus type C (GBV-C)). GBV-C infection and expression of the GBV-C nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) and the DV NS5 protein in CD4(+) T cells inhibit HIV replication in vitro. To determine whether the inhibitory effect on HIV replication is conserved among other flaviviruses and to characterize mechanism(s) of HIV inhibition, the NS5 proteins of GBV-C, DV, hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, and yellow fever virus (YFV; vaccine strain 17D) were expressed in CD4(+) T cells. All NS5 proteins inhibited HIV replication. This correlated with decreased steady-state CD4 mRNA levels and reduced cell surface CD4 protein expression. Infection of CD4(+) T cells and macrophages with YFV (17D vaccine strain) also inhibited HIV replication and decreased CD4 gene expression. In contrast, mumps virus was not inhibited by the expression of flavivirus NS5 protein or by YFV infection, and mumps infection did not alter CD4 mRNA or protein levels. In summary, CD4 gene expression is decreased by all human flavivirus NS5 proteins studied. CD4 regulation by flaviviruses may interfere with innate and adaptive immunity and contribute to in vitro HIV replication inhibition. Characterization of the mechanisms by which flaviviruses regulate CD4 expression may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for HIV and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Cao MM, Li G, Ren H, Pan W, Zhao P, Qi ZT. RNA interference effectively degrades mRNA and inhibits protein expression of GBV-C E2 gene in Huh7 cells. Virus Genes 2009; 39:324-9. [PMID: 19809871 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) is a Flaviviridae member that despite its nonpathogenicity, has become of great interest given that it could inhibit the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, a better knowledge of the viral protein E2 has become our aim. In this study, a GBV-C model cell system (HuhEG) which expressing a fusion protein of the GBV-C E2 protein and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) stably was established. And the expression of these proteins was silenced effectively by the two E2 gene-specific siRNAs and an EGFP gene-specific siRNA. This inhibition is sequence-specific and extensive (90%). This HuhEG/specific siRNAs system can provide an approach for investigating the association between GBV-C E2 and HIV replication, which may be of potential value in the development of novel prophylactic or therapeutic agents for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Mei Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Shankar EM, Solomon SS, Vignesh R, Murugavel KG, Sundaram M, Solomon S, Balakrishnan P, Kumarasamy N. GB virus infection: a silent anti-HIV panacea within? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:1176-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Xiang J, McLinden JH, Chang Q, Jordan EL, Stapleton JT. Characterization of a peptide domain within the GB virus C NS5A phosphoprotein that inhibits HIV replication. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2580. [PMID: 18596910 PMCID: PMC2440355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background GBV-C infection is associated with prolonged survival in HIV-infected people and GBV-C inhibits HIV replication in co-infection models. Expression of the GBV-C nonstructural phosphoprotein 5A (NS5A) decreases surface levels of the HIV co-receptor CXCR4, induces the release of SDF-1 and inhibits HIV replication in Jurkat CD4+ T cell lines. Methodology/Principal Findings Jurkat cell lines stably expressing NS5A protein and peptides were generated and HIV replication in these cell lines assessed. HIV replication was significantly inhibited in all cell lines expressing NS5A amino acids 152–165. Substitution of an either alanine or glycine for the serine at position 158 (S158A or S158G) resulted in a significant decrease in the HIV inhibitory effect. In contrast, substituting a phosphomimetic amino acid (glutamic acid; S158E) inhibited HIV as well as the parent peptide. HIV inhibition was associated with lower levels of surface expression of the HIV co-receptor CXCR4 and increased release of the CXCR4 ligand, SDF-1 compared to control cells. Incubation of CD4+ T cell lines with synthetic peptides containing amino acids 152–167 or the S158E mutant peptide prior to HIV infection resulted in HIV replication inhibition compared to control peptides. Conclusions/Significance Expression of GBV-C NS5A amino acids 152–165 are sufficient to inhibit HIV replication in vitro, and the serine at position 158 appears important for this effect through either phosphorylation or structural changes in this peptide. The addition of synthetic peptides containing 152–167 or the S158E substitution to Jurkat cells resulted in HIV replication inhibition in vitro. These data suggest that GBV-C peptides or a peptide mimetic may offer a novel, cellular-based approach to antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Xiang
- Iowa City VA Medical Center and the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - James H. McLinden
- Iowa City VA Medical Center and the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Qing Chang
- Iowa City VA Medical Center and the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Emma L. Jordan
- Iowa City VA Medical Center and the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Iowa City VA Medical Center and the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Björkman P, Widell A. HIV and GB Virus C Infections Seen from the Perspective of the Vertically Coexposed Infant. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:1358-60. [DOI: 10.1086/587489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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