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Cheng ZJ, Li B, Zhan Z, Zhao Z, Xue M, Zheng P, Lyu J, Hu C, He J, Chen R, Sun B. Clinical Application of Antibody Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Comprehensive Review on Immunoassay and Immunotherapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2023; 64:17-32. [PMID: 35031959 PMCID: PMC8760112 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 global pandemic poses immense challenges to global health, largely due to the difficulty to detect infection in the early stages of the disease, as well as the current lack of effective antiviral therapy. Research and understanding of the human immune system can provide important theoretical and technical support for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, the clinical implementations of which include immunoassays and immunotherapy, which play a crucial role in the fight against the pandemic. This review consolidates the current scientific evidence for immunoassay, which includes multiple methods of detecting antigen and antibody against SARS-CoV-2. We compared the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and clinical applications of these three detection techniques. In addition to detecting viral infections, knowledge on the body's immunity against the virus is desirable; thus, the immunotherapy-based neutralizing antibody (nAb) detection methods were discussed. We also gave a brief introduction to the new immunoassay technology such as biosensing. This was followed by an in-depth and extensive review on a variety of immunotherapy methods. It includes convalescent plasma therapy, neutralizing antibody-based treatments targeting different regions of SARS-CoV-2, immunotherapy targeted on the host cell including inhibiting the host cell receptor and cytokine storm, as well as cocktail antibodies, cross-neutralizing antibodies, and immunotherapy based on cross-reactivity between viral epitopes and autoepitopes and autoantibody. Despite the development of various immunological testing methods and antibody therapies, the current global situation of COVID-19 is still tense. We need more efficient detection methods and more reliable antibody therapies. The up-to-date knowledge on therapeutic strategies will likely help clinicians worldwide to protect patients from life-threatening viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangkai J. Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Bizhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Zhiqing Zhan
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436 China
| | - Zifan Zhao
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436 China
| | - Mingshan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Jiali Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Chundi Hu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436 China
| | - Jianxing He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Ruchong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120 China
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2
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Martínez-Barnetche J, Carnalla M, Gaspar-Castillo C, Basto-Abreu A, Lizardi R, Antonio RA, Martinez IL, Escamilla AC, Ramirez OT, Palomares LA, Barreto-Cabrera D, Rivera-Castro JC, Segura-Sánchez C, Ávila MH, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Aranda CMA. Comparable diagnostic accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and N-specific IgG tests to determine pre-vaccination nation-wide baseline seroprevalence in Mexico. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18014. [PMID: 36289305 PMCID: PMC9606250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for developing countries during the COVID-19 pandemic is affordable and adequate monitoring of disease progression and population exposure as the primary source relevant epidemiological indicators. Serology testing enables assessing population exposure and to guide vaccination strategies but requires rigorous accuracy validation before population-wide implementation. We adapted a two-step ELISA protocol as a single-step protocol for detection of IgG against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and compared its diagnostic accuracy with a commercial immunoassay anti-nucleoprotein IgG. Both methods yielded adequate and comparable diagnostic accuracy after 3 weeks post-symptom onset and were implemented in a nation-wide population based serological survey during August-November 2020. Anti-RBD National seroprevalence was 23.6%, 1.3% lower, but not significantly, than for anti-N. Double positive seroprevalence was 19.7%. Anti-N single-positive seroprevalence was 3.72% and anti-RBD single-positive seroprevalence was 1.98%. Discrepancies in the positivity to either single marker may be due to different kinetics of each antibody marker as well as the heterogeneity of the sampling time in regards to local epidemic waves. Baseline single positivity prevalence will be useful to assess the serological impact of vaccination and natural infection in further serosurveillance efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Martínez-Barnetche
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Martha Carnalla
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Carlos Gaspar-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ana Basto-Abreu
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Lizardi
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Irma López Martinez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anais Cortes Escamilla
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Octavio T Ramirez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Laura A Palomares
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Daniel Barreto-Cabrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Segura-Sánchez
- Dirección General de Prestaciones Médicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Hernández Ávila
- Dirección General de Prestaciones Médicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Celia M Alpuche Aranda
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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3
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Prabhu PR, Carter JJ, Galloway DA. B Cell Responses upon Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060837. [PMID: 35746445 PMCID: PMC9229470 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the necessary cause of cervical cancer. Availability of vaccines against HPV makes it a highly preventable disease. HPV vaccines act through type-specific neutralizing antibodies produced by antigen-specific plasma cells known as long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). However, just as any other vaccine, success of HPV vaccine is attributed to the immunologic memory that it builds, which is largely attained through generation and maintenance of a class of B cells named memory B cells (Bmem). Both LLPCs and Bmems are important in inducing and maintaining immune memory and it is therefore necessary to understand their role after HPV vaccination to better predict outcomes. This review summarizes current knowledge of B-cell responses following HPV vaccination and natural infection, including molecular signatures associated with these responses.
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4
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Windsor IW, Tong P, Lavidor O, Sanjari Moghaddam A, McKay LGA, Gautam A, Chen Y, MacDonald EA, Yoo DK, Griffiths A, Wesemann DR, Harrison SC. Antibodies induced by ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain that cross-neutralize variants from Alpha to Omicron BA.1. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabo3425. [PMID: 35536154 PMCID: PMC9097876 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies that recognize the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein are the principal host defense against viral invasion. Variants of SARS-CoV-2 bear mutations that allow escape from neutralization by many antibodies, especially those belonging to classes widely distributed in the human population. Identifying antibodies that neutralize these variants of concern and determining their prevalence are important goals for understanding immune protection. To determine the Delta- and Omicron BA.1-variant specificity of B cell repertoires established by an initial Wuhan strain infection, we measured neutralization potencies of 73 antibodies from an unbiased survey of the early memory B cell response. Antibodies recognizing each of three, previously defined, epitopic regions on the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) varied in neutralization potency and variant-escape resistance. The ACE2 binding surface (“RBD-2”) harbored the binding sites of the neutralizing antibodies with highest potency but with the greatest sensitivity to viral escape; two other epitopic regions on the RBD (“RBD-1 and “RBD-3”) bound antibodies of more modest potency but greater breadth. The structures of several Fab:spike complexes that neutralized all five variants of concern tested, including one Fab each from the RBD-1, -2 and -3 clusters, illustrated the determinants of broad neutralization and showed that B cell repertoires can have specificities that avoid immune escape driven by widely distributed (“public”) antibodies. The structure of the RBD-2-binding, broad neutralizer shows why it retains neutralizing activity for Omicron BA.1, unlike most others in the same public class. Our results correlate with real-world data on vaccine efficacy, which indicate mitigation of disease caused by Omicron BA.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Windsor
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pei Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivia Lavidor
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali Sanjari Moghaddam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay G A McKay
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Avneesh Gautam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuezhou Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth A MacDonald
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duck Kyun Yoo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115.,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Duane R Wesemann
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Jonczyk R, Stanislawski N, Seiler LK, Blume H, Heiden S, Lucas H, Sarikouch S, Pott PC, Stiesch M, Hauß C, Saletti G, González-Hernández M, Kaiser FK, Rimmelzwaan G, Osterhaus A, Blume C. Combined Prospective Seroconversion and PCR Data of Selected Cohorts Indicate a High Rate of Subclinical SARS-CoV-2 Infections-an Open Observational Study in Lower Saxony, Germany. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0151221. [PMID: 35171028 PMCID: PMC8849099 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01512-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite lockdown measures, intense symptom-based PCR, and antigen testing, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic spread further. In this open observational study conducted in Lower Saxony, Germany, voluntary SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests were performed from April 2020 until June 2021, supported by serum antibody testing to prove whether PCR testing in subjects with none or few symptoms of COVID-19 is a suitable tool to manage the pandemic. In different mobile stations, 4,817 subjects from three different working fields participated in the PCR testing. Serum antibody screening using the SARS-CoV-2 ViraChip IgG (Viramed, Germany) and the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay (Roche, Germany) was performed alongside virus neutralization testing. Subjects were questioned regarding comorbidities and COVID-19 symptoms. Fifty-one subjects with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected of which 31 subjects did not show any symptoms possibly characteristic for COVID-19. An additional 37 subjects reported a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (total prevalence 1.82%). Seroconversion was discovered in 58 subjects with known SARS-CoV-2 infection and in 58 subjects that never had a positive PCR test. The latter had a significantly lower Charlson Comorbidity Index, and one third of them were asymptomatic. In 50% of all seroconverted subjects, neutralizing serum antibodies (NAbs) were detectable in parallel to N/S1 (n = 16) or N/S1/S2 antigen specific antibodies (n = 40) against SARS-CoV-2. NAb titers decreased within 100 days after PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 acute infection by at least 2.5-fold. A relatively high rate of subclinical SARS-CoV-2 infections may contribute to the spread of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that in addition to other intervention strategies, systematic screening of asymptomatic persons by PCR testing may significantly enable better pandemic control. IMPORTANCE Within this open observational study, repeated PCR (n > 4,700) and antibody screening (n > 1,600) tests were offered in three different working fields. The study identified 51 subjects with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and 37 subjects reported to have had a positive PCR test taken externally. Thirty-one of the 51 subjects did not display any symptoms prior to testing. In addition, 58 subjects without PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified by seroconversion. Subjects, that had undergone SARS-CoV-2 infection without having noticed, more often had a low grade of immunization with no NAbs, but may have relevantly contributed to the spread of the pandemic. Based on these results, we suggest that both regular PCR and rapid test screening of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, specifically within groups or workplaces identifiable as having close quarter contact, thus increased infection transference risk, is necessary to better assess and therefore reduce the spread of a pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jonczyk
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Stanislawski
- Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa K. Seiler
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Blume
- Institute of Microelectronic Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heiden
- Institute of Innovation Research, Technology Management & Entrepreneurship, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Lucas
- Institute of Innovation Research, Technology Management & Entrepreneurship, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Samir Sarikouch
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philipp-Cornelius Pott
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Clinic for Dental Prosthetics and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Giulietta Saletti
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariana González-Hernández
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Karola Kaiser
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Albert Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Lake DF, Roeder AJ, Kaleta E, Jasbi P, Pfeffer K, Koelbela C, Periasamy S, Kuzmina N, Bukreyev A, Grys TE, Wu L, Mills JR, McAulay K, Gonzalez-Moa M, Seit-Nebi A, Svarovsky S. Development of a rapid point-of-care test that measures neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Virol 2021; 145:105024. [PMID: 34781240 PMCID: PMC8567411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After receiving a COVID-19 vaccine, most recipients want to know if they are protected from infection and for how long. Since neutralizing antibodies are a correlate of protection, we developed a lateral flow assay (LFA) that measures levels of neutralizing antibodies from a drop of blood. The LFA is based on the principle that neutralizing antibodies block binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). METHODS The ability of the LFA was assessed to correctly measure neutralization of sera, plasma or whole blood from patients with COVID-19 using SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assays. We also determined if the LFA distinguished patients with seasonal respiratory viruses from patients with COVID-19. To demonstrate the usefulness of the LFA, we tested previously infected and non-infected COVID-19 vaccine recipients at baseline and after first and second vaccine doses. RESULTS The LFA compared favorably with SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assays with an area under the ROC curve of 98%. Sera obtained from patients with seasonal coronaviruses did not show neutralizing activity in the LFA. After a single mRNA vaccine dose, 87% of previously infected individuals demonstrated high levels of neutralizing antibodies. However, if individuals were not previously infected, only 24% demonstrated high levels of neutralizing antibodies after one vaccine dose. A second dose boosted neutralizing antibody levels just 8% higher in previously infected individuals, but over 63% higher in non-infected individuals. CONCLUSIONS A rapid, semi-quantitative, highly portable and inexpensive neutralizing antibody test might be useful for monitoring rise and fall in vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA.
| | - Alexa J Roeder
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - Erin Kaleta
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Paniz Jasbi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix AZ, USA
| | - Kirsten Pfeffer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - Calvin Koelbela
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Thomas E Grys
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Liang Wu
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN USA
| | - John R Mills
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Kathrine McAulay
- Mayo Clinic Arizona, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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7
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Cheng ZJ, Xue M, Zheng P, Lyu J, Zhan Z, Hu H, Zhang Y, Zhang XD, Sun B. Factors Affecting the Antibody Immunogenicity of Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: A Focused Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:869. [PMID: 34451994 PMCID: PMC8402513 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are a crucial part of the global anti-pandemic effort against COVID-19. The effects of vaccines, as well as their common influencing factors, are the most important issues that we should focus on at this time. To this end, we review statistics on immunogenicity after vaccination, using neutralizing antibodies as the main reference index. Age, infection history, and virus variants are compared, and vaccination program recommendations are made accordingly. Suggestions are made to address concerns raised by the vaccines' shortened development cycle, as well as the emergence of immunity escape of viral variants. Finally, a brief description and future prospects are provided based on the principle of the ADE effect and previous experience with similar viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangkai Jason Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (Z.J.C.); (M.X.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mingshan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (Z.J.C.); (M.X.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Peiyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (Z.J.C.); (M.X.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jiali Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (Z.J.C.); (M.X.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhiqing Zhan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China;
| | - Haisheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (Z.J.C.); (M.X.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (Z.J.C.); (M.X.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | | | - Baoqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China; (Z.J.C.); (M.X.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (H.H.); (Y.Z.)
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8
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Patel A, Reuschel EL, Xu Z, Zaidi FI, Kim KY, Scott DP, Mendoza J, Ramos S, Stoltz R, Feldmann F, Okumura A, Meade-White K, Haddock E, Thomas T, Rosenke R, Lovaglio J, Hanley PW, Saturday G, Muthumani K, Feldmann H, Humeau LM, Broderick KE, Weiner DB. Intradermal delivery of a synthetic DNA vaccine protects macaques from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146082. [PMID: 33886507 PMCID: PMC8262283 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging coronaviruses from zoonotic reservoirs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have been associated with human-to-human transmission and significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we study both intradermal and intramuscular 2-dose delivery regimens of an advanced synthetic DNA vaccine candidate encoding a full-length MERS-CoV spike (S) protein, which induced potent binding and neutralizing antibodies as well as cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques. In a MERS-CoV challenge, all immunized rhesus macaques exhibited reduced clinical symptoms, lowered viral lung load, and decreased severity of pathological signs of disease compared with controls. Intradermal vaccination was dose sparing and more effective in this model at protecting animals from disease. The data support the further study of this vaccine for preventing MERS-CoV infection and transmission, including investigation of such vaccines and simplified delivery routes against emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emma L. Reuschel
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Faraz I. Zaidi
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Y. Kim
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dana P. Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Janess Mendoza
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephanie Ramos
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Regina Stoltz
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Tina Thomas
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Kar Muthumani
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | | | | | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Potential Antiviral Immune Response Against COVID-19: Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:149-167. [PMID: 33973177 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virus and host innate immune system interaction plays a significant role in forming the outcome of viral diseases. Host innate immunity initially recognizes the viral invasion and induces a rapid inflammatory response, and this recognition activates signaling cascades that trigger the release of antiviral mediators. This chapter aims to explore the mechanisms by which newly emerged coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) activates the host immune system. Since SARS-CoV-2 shares similarities with SARS-CoV that caused the epidemic of SARS in 2003, the pathogenesis of both viruses could be at least very similar. For this, this chapter provides a synthesis of literature concerning antiviral immunity in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. It includes the presentation of epitopes linked to SARS-CoV-2 as well as the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to cause proteolytic activation and interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via molecular mimicry. This chapter characterizes various mechanisms that this virus may engage in escaping the host immunity, ended by a discussion of humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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10
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Chen EC, Gilchuk P, Zost SJ, Suryadevara N, Winkler ES, Cabel CR, Binshtein E, Sutton RE, Rodriguez J, Day S, Myers L, Trivette A, Williams JK, Davidson E, Li S, Doranz BJ, Campos SK, Carnahan RH, Thorne CA, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Convergent antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in convalescent and vaccinated individuals. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33972937 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.02.442326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Unrelated individuals can produce genetically similar clones of antibodies, known as public clonotypes, which have been seen in responses to different infectious diseases as well as healthy individuals. Here we identify 37 public clonotypes in memory B cells from convalescent survivors of SARS-CoV-2 infection or in plasmablasts from an individual after vaccination with mRNA-encoded spike protein. We identified 29 public clonotypes, including clones recognizing the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein S1 subunit (including a neutralizing, ACE2-blocking clone that protects in vivo ), and others recognizing non-RBD epitopes that bound the heptad repeat 1 region of the S2 domain. Germline-revertant forms of some public clonotypes bound efficiently to spike protein, suggesting these common germline-encoded antibodies are preconfigured for avid recognition. Identification of large numbers of public clonotypes provides insight into the molecular basis of efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and sheds light on the immune pressures driving the selection of common viral escape mutants.
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11
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Riley TP, Chou HT, Hu R, Bzymek KP, Correia AR, Partin AC, Li D, Gong D, Wang Z, Yu X, Manzanillo P, Garces F. Enhancing the Prefusion Conformational Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Through Structure-Guided Design. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660198. [PMID: 33968063 PMCID: PMC8100506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unprecedented and the impact on public health and the global economy continues to be devastating. Although early therapies such as prophylactic antibodies and vaccines show great promise, there are concerns about the long-term efficacy and universal applicability of these therapies as the virus continues to mutate. Thus, protein-based immunogens that can quickly respond to viral changes remain of continued interest. The Spike protein, the main immunogen of this virus, displays a highly dynamic trimeric structure that presents a challenge for therapeutic development. Here, guided by the structure of the Spike trimer, we rationally design new Spike constructs that show a uniquely high stability profile while simultaneously remaining locked into the immunogen-desirable prefusion state. Furthermore, our approach emphasizes the relationship between the highly conserved S2 region and structurally dynamic Receptor Binding Domains (RBD) to enable vaccine development as well as the generation of antibodies able to resist viral mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Riley
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Hui-Ting Chou
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ruozhen Hu
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Krzysztof P. Bzymek
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Ana R. Correia
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Alexander C. Partin
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Danqing Li
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Zhulun Wang
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xinchao Yu
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Paolo Manzanillo
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Fernando Garces
- Department of Therapeutics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
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12
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Peng HT, Rhind SG, Beckett A. Convalescent Plasma for the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e25500. [PMID: 33825689 PMCID: PMC8245055 DOI: 10.2196/25500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus termed SARS-CoV-2, has spread quickly worldwide. Convalescent plasma (CP) obtained from patients following recovery from COVID-19 infection and development of antibodies against the virus is an attractive option for either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment, since antibodies may have direct or indirect antiviral activities and immunotherapy has proven effective in principle and in many clinical reports. OBJECTIVE We seek to characterize the latest advances and evidence in the use of CP for COVID-19 through a systematic review and quantitative analysis, identify knowledge gaps in this setting, and offer recommendations and directives for future research. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were continuously searched for studies assessing the use of CP for COVID-19, including clinical studies, commentaries, reviews, guidelines or protocols, and in vitro testing of CP antibodies. The screening process and data extraction were performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Quality appraisal of all clinical studies was conducted using a universal tool independent of study designs. A meta-analysis of case-control and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted using a random-effects model. RESULTS Substantial literature has been published covering various aspects of CP therapy for COVID-19. Of the references included in this review, a total of 243 eligible studies including 64 clinical studies, 79 commentary articles, 46 reviews, 19 guidance and protocols, and 35 in vitro testing of CP antibodies matched the criteria. Positive results have been mostly observed so far when using CP for the treatment of COVID-19. There were remarkable heterogeneities in the CP therapy with respect to patient demographics, donor antibody titers, and time and dose of CP administration. The studies assessing the safety of CP treatment reported low incidence of adverse events. Most clinical studies, in particular case reports and case series, had poor quality. Only 1 RCT was of high quality. Randomized and nonrandomized data were found in 2 and 11 studies, respectively, and were included for meta-analysis, suggesting that CP could reduce mortality and increase viral clearance. Despite promising pilot studies, the benefits of CP treatment can only be clearly established through carefully designed RCTs. CONCLUSIONS There is developing support for CP therapy, particularly for patients who are critically ill or mechanically ventilated and resistant to antivirals and supportive care. These studies provide important lessons that should inform the planning of well-designed RCTs to generate more robust knowledge for the efficacy of CP in patients with COVID-19. Future research is necessary to fill the knowledge gap regarding prevention and treatment for patients with COVID-19 with CP while other therapeutics are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Peng
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn G Rhind
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Beckett
- St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Royal Canadian Medical Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Noval MG, Kaczmarek ME, Koide A, Rodriguez-Rodriguez BA, Louie P, Tada T, Hattori T, Panchenko T, Romero LA, Teng KW, Bazley A, de Vries M, Samanovic MI, Weiser JN, Aifantis I, Cangiarella J, Mulligan MJ, Desvignes L, Dittmann M, Landau NR, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Koide S, Stapleford KA. Antibody isotype diversity against SARS-CoV-2 is associated with differential serum neutralization capacities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5538. [PMID: 33692390 PMCID: PMC7946906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 is indispensable for the development of containment measures to overcome the current COVID-19 pandemic. Recent studies showed that serum from convalescent patients can display variable neutralization capacities. Still, it remains unclear whether there are specific signatures that can be used to predict neutralization. Here, we performed a detailed analysis of sera from a cohort of 101 recovered healthcare workers and we addressed their SARS-CoV-2 antibody response by ELISA against SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain and nucleoprotein. Both ELISA methods detected sustained levels of serum IgG against both antigens. Yet, the majority of individuals from our cohort generated antibodies with low neutralization capacity and only 6% showed high neutralizing titers against both authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Spike pseudotyped virus. Interestingly, higher neutralizing sera correlate with detection of -IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies against both antigens, while individuals with positive IgG alone showed poor neutralization response. These results suggest that having a broader repertoire of antibodies may contribute to more potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Altogether, our work provides a cross sectional snapshot of the SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody response in recovered healthcare workers and provides preliminary evidence that possessing multiple antibody isotypes can play an important role in predicting SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Noval
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Maria E Kaczmarek
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Akiko Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Ping Louie
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Takamitsu Hattori
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 521 1st Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Tatyana Panchenko
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Larizbeth A Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 521 1st Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Kai Wen Teng
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Andrew Bazley
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 521 1st Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Maren de Vries
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Marie I Samanovic
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ioannis Aifantis
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joan Cangiarella
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center and New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Office of Science and Research, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Meike Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Landau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Shohei Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 521 1st Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Stapleford
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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14
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Naik AQ, Zafar T, Shrivastava VK. The Perspective of Coronavirus Disease Outbreak: Epidemiology, Transmission, and Possible Treatment. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:78-85. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ab Qayoom Naik
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Tabassum Zafar
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Vinoy K. Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
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15
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Laferl H, Kelani H, Seitz T, Holzer B, Zimpernik I, Steinrigl A, Schmoll F, Wenisch C, Allerberger F. An approach to lifting self-isolation for health care workers with prolonged shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Infection 2021; 49:95-101. [PMID: 33025521 PMCID: PMC7538033 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE According to the European Public Health Authority guidance for ending isolation in the context of COVID-19, a convalescent healthcare worker (HCW) can end their isolation at home and resume work upon clinical improvement and two negative RT-PCR tests from respiratory specimens obtained at 24-h intervals at least 8 days after the onset of symptoms. However, convalescent HCWs may shed SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA for prolonged periods. METHODS 40 healthy HCWs off work because of ongoing positive RT-PCR results in combined nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs following SARS-CoV-2 infection were invited to participate in this study. These HCWs had been in self-isolation because of a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. NP and OP swabs as well as a blood sample were collected from each participant. RT-PCR and virus isolation was performed with each swab sample and serum neutralization test as well as two different ELISA tests were performed on all serum samples. RESULTS No viable virions could be detected in any of 29 nasopharyngeal and 29 oropharyngeal swabs taken from 15 long-time carriers. We found SARSCoV- 2 RNA in 14/29 nasopharyngeal and 10/29 oropharyngeal swabs obtained from screening 15 HCWs with previous COVID-19 up to 55 days after symptom onset. Six (40%) of the 15 initially positive HCWs converted to negative and later reverted to positive again according to their medical records. All but one HCW, a healthy volunteer banned from work, showed the presence of neutralizing antibodies in concomitantly taken blood samples. Late threshold cycle (Ct) values in RT-PCR [mean 37.4; median 37.3; range 30.8-41.7] and the lack of virus growth in cell culture indicate that despite the positive PCR results no infectivity remained. CONCLUSION We recommend lifting isolation if the RT-PCR Ct-value of a naso- or oropharyngeal swab sample is over 30. Positive results obtained from genes targeted with Ct-values > 30 correspond to non-viable/noninfectious particles that are still detected by RT-PCR. In case of Ct-values lower than 30, a blood sample from the patient should be tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies. If positive, non-infectiousness can also be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Laferl
- 4th Medical Department with Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, 1100, Vienna, Austria.
| | - H Kelani
- 4th Medical Department with Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Seitz
- 4th Medical Department with Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Holzer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - I Zimpernik
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - A Steinrigl
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - F Schmoll
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - C Wenisch
- 4th Medical Department with Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Allerberger
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Mödling, 2340, Mödling, Austria
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16
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Haidere MF, Ratan ZA, Nowroz S, Zaman SB, Jung YJ, Hosseinzadeh H, Cho JY. COVID-19 Vaccine: Critical Questions with Complicated Answers. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:1-10. [PMID: 33372165 PMCID: PMC7771841 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused extensive human casualties with significant economic impacts around the globe, and has imposed new challenges on health systems worldwide. Over the past decade, SARS, Ebola, and Zika also led to significant concerns among the scientific community. Interestingly, the SARS and Zika epidemics ended before vaccine development; however, the scholarly community and the pharmaceutical companies responded very quickly at that time. Similarly, when the genetic sequence of SARSCoV-2 was revealed, global vaccine companies and scientists have stepped forward to develop a vaccine, triggering a race toward vaccine development that the whole world is relying on. Similarly, an effective and safe vaccine could play a pivotal role in eradicating COVID-19. However, few important questions regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development are explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- School of Health & Society, University of Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh
| | - Senjuti Nowroz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - You-Jung Jung
- Biological Resources Utilization Department, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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17
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Galipeau Y, Greig M, Liu G, Driedger M, Langlois MA. Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610688. [PMID: 33391281 PMCID: PMC7775512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, the novel betacoronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Disease Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 has since become a pandemic virus resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths and deep socioeconomic implications worldwide. In recent months, efforts have been directed towards detecting, tracking, and better understanding human humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has become critical to develop robust and reliable serological assays to characterize the abundance, neutralization efficiency, and duration of antibodies in virus-exposed individuals. Here we review the latest knowledge on humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with the benefits and limitations of currently available commercial and laboratory-based serological assays. We also highlight important serological considerations, such as antibody expression levels, stability and neutralization dynamics, as well as cross-reactivity and possible immunological back-boosting by seasonal coronaviruses. The ability to accurately detect, measure and characterize the various antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 is necessary for vaccine development, manage risk and exposure for healthcare and at-risk workers, and for monitoring reinfections with genetic variants and new strains of the virus. Having a thorough understanding of the benefits and cautions of standardized serological testing at a community level remains critically important in the design and implementation of future vaccination campaigns, epidemiological models of immunity, and public health measures that rely heavily on up-to-date knowledge of transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Galipeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Greig
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - George Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- uOttawa Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), Ottawa, ON, Canada
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18
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Mariano G, Farthing RJ, Lale-Farjat SLM, Bergeron JRC. Structural Characterization of SARS-CoV-2: Where We Are, and Where We Need to Be. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:605236. [PMID: 33392262 PMCID: PMC7773825 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.605236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread in humans in almost every country, causing the disease COVID-19. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, research efforts have been strongly directed towards obtaining a full understanding of the biology of the viral infection, in order to develop a vaccine and therapeutic approaches. In particular, structural studies have allowed to comprehend the molecular basis underlying the role of many of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins, and to make rapid progress towards treatment and preventive therapeutics. Despite the great advances that have been provided by these studies, many knowledge gaps on the biology and molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection still remain. Filling these gaps will be the key to tackle this pandemic, through development of effective treatments and specific vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Mariano
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. Farthing
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julien R. C. Bergeron
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Salvamani S, Tan HZ, Thang WJ, Ter HC, Wan MS, Gunasekaran B, Rhodes A. Understanding the dynamics of COVID-19; implications for therapeutic intervention, vaccine development and movement control. Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 77:168-184. [PMID: 32942955 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1826136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is highly infective within the human population. The virus is widely disseminated to almost every continent with over twenty-seven million infections and over ninety-thousand reported deaths attributed to COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 is a single stranded RNA virus, comprising three main viral proteins; membrane, spike and envelope. The clinical features of COVID-19 disease can be classified according to different degrees of severity, with some patients progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome, which can be fatal. In addition, many infections are asymptomatic or only cause mild symptoms. As there is no specific treatment for COVID-19 there is considerable endeavour to raise a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, in addition to engineering neutralizing antibody interventions. In the absence of an effective vaccine, movement controls of varying stringencies have been imposed. Whilst enforced lockdown measures have been effective, they may be less effective against the current strain of SARS-CoV-2, the G614 clade. Conversely, other mutations of the virus, such as the Δ382 variant could reduce the clinical relevance of infection. The front runners in the race to develop an effective vaccine focus on the SARS-Co-V-2 Spike protein. However, vaccines that produce a T-cell response to a wider range of SARS-Co-V-2 viral proteins, may be more effective. Population based studies that determine the level of innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2, from prior exposure to the virus or to other coronaviruses, will have important implications for government imposed movement control and the strategic delivery of vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salvamani
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H Z Tan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W J Thang
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H C Ter
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M S Wan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - B Gunasekaran
- Dept of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Rhodes
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Dept of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Taefehshokr N, Taefehshokr S, Heit B. Mechanisms of Dysregulated Humoral and Cellular Immunity by SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1027. [PMID: 33302366 PMCID: PMC7762606 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in December 2019 in China, and has led to thousands of mortalities globally each day. While the innate immune response serves as the first line of defense, viral clearance requires activation of adaptive immunity, which employs B and T cells to provide sanitizing immunity. SARS-CoV-2 has a potent arsenal of mechanisms used to counter this adaptive immune response through processes, such as T cells depletion and T cell exhaustion. These phenomena are most often observed in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients, pointing towards a link between T cell function and disease severity. Moreover, neutralizing antibody titers and memory B cell responses may be short lived in many SARS-CoV-2 patients, potentially exposing these patients to re-infection. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of B and T cells immune responses and activity in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada;
| | - Sina Taefehshokr
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran;
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada;
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada
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21
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Singh N, Tandukar S, Zibari G, Naseer MS, Amiri HS, Samaniego-Picota MD. Successful simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant in a patient post-COVID-19 infection. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1615-1616. [PMID: 32946881 PMCID: PMC7491417 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Singh
- John C. McDonald Regional Transplant Center, Willis-Knighton Health System, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Srijan Tandukar
- John C. McDonald Regional Transplant Center, Willis-Knighton Health System, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gazi Zibari
- John C. McDonald Regional Transplant Center, Willis-Knighton Health System, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Muhammad Saad Naseer
- John C. McDonald Regional Transplant Center, Willis-Knighton Health System, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hosein S Amiri
- John C. McDonald Regional Transplant Center, Willis-Knighton Health System, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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22
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Wendel S, Kutner JM, Machado R, Fontão‐Wendel R, Bub C, Fachini R, Yokoyama A, Candelaria G, Sakashita A, Achkar R, Hamerschlak N, Scuracchio P, Amaral M, Dal Ben M, Araujo D, Soares C, Camargo A, Kallás E, Durigon E, Reis LF, Rizzo LV. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in convalescent plasma in Brazil: Preliminary lessons from a voluntary convalescent donor program. Transfusion 2020; 60:2938-2951. [PMID: 32935877 PMCID: PMC7756544 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) collection began in two Brazilian hospitals for treatment of severe/critical patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mild/moderate COVID-19 convalescents were selected as CCP donors after reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and absence of symptoms for ≥14 days plus (a) age (18-60 years), body weight greater than 55 kg; (b) immunohematological studies; (c) no infectious markers of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human T-lymphotropic virus-1/2, Chagas and syphilis infection; (d) no HLA antibodies (multiparous); (e) second RT-PCR (nasopharyngeal swab and/or blood) negativity; (f) virus neutralization test (cytopathic effect-based virus neutralization test neutralizing antibody) and anti-nucleocapsid protein SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgG, and IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Among 271 donors (41 females, 230 males), 250 presented with neutralizing antibodies. Final RT-PCR was negative on swab (77.0%) or blood (88.4%; P = .46). Final definition of RT-PCR was only defined at more than 28 days after full recovery in 59 of 174 (33.9%) RT-PCR -ve, and 25/69 RT-PCR +ve (36.2%; 13 between 35 and 48 days). Neutralizing antibody titers of 160 or greater were found in 63.6%. Correlation between IgG signal/cutoff of 5.0 or greater and neutralizing antibody of 160 or greater was 82.4%. Combination of final RT-PCR -ve with neutralizing antibody ≥160 was 41.3% (112/271). Serial plasma collection showed decline in neutralizing antibody titers and IgA levels (P < .05), probably denoting a "golden period" for CCP collection (≤28 days after joining the program); IgA might have an important role as neutralizing antibody. Donor's weight, days between disease onset and serial plasma collection, and IgG and IgM levels are important predictors for neutralizing antibody titer. CONCLUSIONS RT-PCR +ve cases are still detected in 36.2% within 28 to 48 days after recovery. High anti-nucleocapsid protein IgG levels may be used as a surrogate marker to neutralizing antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Machado
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Carolina Bub
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Blood BankSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Ana Yokoyama
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Blood BankSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Araci Sakashita
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Blood BankSão PauloBrazil
| | - Ruth Achkar
- Hospital Sírio‐Libanês Blood BankSão PauloBrazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Danielle Araujo
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Camila Soares
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Esper Kallás
- Infectious Disease DepartmentUniversity of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
| | - Edison Durigon
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Luiz Vicente Rizzo
- Albert Einstein Jewish Institute for Education and ResearchSão PauloBrazil
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23
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Zeng C, Evans JP, Pearson R, Qu P, Zheng YM, Robinson RT, Hall-Stoodley L, Yount J, Pannu S, Mallampalli RK, Saif L, Oltz E, Lozanski G, Liu SL. Neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 spike in COVID-19 patients, health care workers, and convalescent plasma donors. JCI Insight 2020; 5:143213. [PMID: 33035201 PMCID: PMC7710271 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and specific antibody testing is crucial for improved understanding, control, and treatment of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Herein, we describe and apply a rapid, sensitive, and accurate virus neutralization assay for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The assay is based on an HIV-1 lentiviral vector that contains a secreted intron Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) or secreted nano-luciferase reporter cassette, pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein, and is validated with a plaque-reduction assay using an authentic, infectious SARS-CoV-2 strain. The assay was used to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum from individuals with a broad range of COVID-19 symptoms; patients included those in the intensive care unit (ICU), health care workers (HCWs), and convalescent plasma donors. The highest neutralizing antibody titers were observed among ICU patients, followed by general hospitalized patients, HCWs, and convalescent plasma donors. Our study highlights a wide phenotypic variation in human antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrates the efficacy of a potentially novel lentivirus pseudotype assay for high-throughput serological surveys of neutralizing antibody titers in large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zeng
- Center for Retrovirus Research
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences
| | - John P. Evans
- Center for Retrovirus Research
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program
| | | | - Panke Qu
- Center for Retrovirus Research
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences
| | | | | | - Jacob Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, and
| | - Sonal Pannu
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Linda Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, OSU, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eugene Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, and
| | | | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, and
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, OSU, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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24
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Huang J, Tao G, Liu J, Cai J, Huang Z, Chen JX. Current Prevention of COVID-19: Natural Products and Herbal Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:588508. [PMID: 33178026 PMCID: PMC7597394 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from December 2019, novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused tremendous economic loss and unprecedented health crisis across the globe. While the development of cure is at full speed, less attention and fewer effort have been spent on the prevention of this rapidly spreading respiratory infectious disease. Although so far, several vaccine candidates have advanced into clinical trials, limited data have been released regarding the vaccine efficacy and safety in human, not mention the long-term effectiveness of those vaccines remain as open question yet. Natural products and herbal medicines have been historically used for acute respiratory infection and generally show acceptable toxicity. The favorable stability for oral formulation and ease of scaling up manufacture make it ideal candidate for prophylactic. Hereby, we summarized the most recent advance in SARS-CoV-2 prevention including vaccine development as well as experimental prophylactics. Mainly, we reviewed the natural products showing inhibitory effect on human coronavirus, and discussed the herbal medicines lately used for COVID-19, especially focused on the herbal products already approved by regulatory agency with identifiable patent number. We demonstrated that to fill in the response gap between appropriate treatment and commercially available vaccine, repurposing natural products and herbal medicines as prophylactic will be a vigorous approach to stop or at least slow down SARS-CoV-2 transmission. In the interest of public health, this will lend health officials better control on the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Huang
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gabriel Tao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Junming Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Zhongyu Huang
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-xu Chen
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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25
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Chai KL, Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Kimber C, Monsef I, Doree C, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 10:CD013600. [PMID: 33044747 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013600.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and are currently being investigated in trials as potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding the benefits and risks is required. OBJECTIVES: To continually assess, as more evidence becomes available, whether convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin transfusion is effective and safe in treatment of people with COVID-19. SEARCH METHODS We searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Research Article Database and trial registries to identify completed and ongoing studies on 19 August 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We included studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19, irrespective of study design, disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. We excluded studies including populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)) and studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' 2.0 tool for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for controlled non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs), and the assessment criteria for observational studies, provided by Cochrane Childhood Cancer for non-controlled NRSIs. We rated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality at hospital discharge, mortality (time to event), improvement of clinical symptoms (7, 15, and 30 days after transfusion), grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs). MAIN RESULTS This is the second living update of our review. We included 19 studies (2 RCTs, 8 controlled NRSIs, 9 non-controlled NRSIs) with 38,160 participants, of whom 36,081 received convalescent plasma. Two completed RCTs are awaiting assessment (published after 19 August 2020). We identified a further 138 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 73 are randomised (3 reported in a study registry as already being completed, but without results). We did not identify any completed studies evaluating hyperimmune immunoglobulin. We did not include data from controlled NRSIs in data synthesis because of critical risk of bias. The overall certainty of evidence was low to very low, due to study limitations and results including both potential benefits and harms. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from two RCTs (both stopped early) with 189 participants, of whom 95 received convalescent plasma. Control groups received standard care at time of treatment without convalescent plasma. We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma decreases all-cause mortality at hospital discharge (risk ratio (RR) 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22 to 1.34; 1 RCT, 86 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma decreases mortality (time to event) (hazard ratio (HR) 0.64, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.25; 2 RCTs, 189 participants; low-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may result in little to no difference in improvement of clinical symptoms (i.e. need for respiratory support) at seven days (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.30 to 3.19; 1 RCT, 103 participants; low-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may increase improvement of clinical symptoms at up to 15 days (RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.11; 2 RCTs, 189 participants; low-certainty evidence), and at up to 30 days (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.43; 2 studies, 188 participants; low-certainty evidence). No studies reported on quality of life. Safety of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from two RCTs, eight controlled NRSIs and nine non-controlled NRSIs assessing safety of convalescent plasma. Reporting of safety data and duration of follow-up was variable. The controlled studies reported on AEs and SAEs only in participants receiving convalescent plasma. Some, but not all, studies included death as a SAE. The studies did not report the grade of AEs. Fourteen studies (566 participants) reported on AEs of possible grade 3 or 4 severity. The majority of these AEs were allergic or respiratory events. We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma therapy affects the risk of moderate to severe AEs (very low-certainty evidence). 17 studies (35,944 participants) assessed SAEs for 20,622 of its participants. The majority of participants were from one non-controlled NRSI (20,000 participants), which reported on SAEs within the first four hours and within an additional seven days after transfusion. There were 63 deaths, 12 were possibly and one was probably related to transfusion. There were 146 SAEs within four hours and 1136 SAEs within seven days post-transfusion. These were predominantly allergic or respiratory, thrombotic or thromboembolic and cardiac events. We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma therapy results in a clinically relevant increased risk of SAEs (low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma is beneficial for people admitted to hospital with COVID-19. There was limited information regarding grade 3 and 4 AEs to determine the effect of convalescent plasma therapy on clinically relevant SAEs. In the absence of a control group, we are unable to assess the relative safety of convalescent plasma therapy. While major efforts to conduct research on COVID-19 are being made, recruiting the anticipated number of participants into these studies is problematic. The early termination of the first two RCTs investigating convalescent plasma, and the lack of data from 20 studies that have completed or were due to complete at the time of this update illustrate these challenges. Well-designed studies should be prioritised. Moreover, studies should report outcomes in the same way, and should consider the importance of maintaining comparability in terms of co-interventions administered in all study arms. There are 138 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 73 are RCTs (three already completed). This is the second living update of the review, and we will continue to update this review periodically. Future updates may show different results to those reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolyn Doree
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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26
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de Oliveira TM, van Beek L, Shilliday F, Debreczeni JÉ, Phillips C. Cryo-EM: The Resolution Revolution and Drug Discovery. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 26:17-31. [PMID: 33016175 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220960401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has been elevated to the mainstream of structural biology propelled by technological advancements in numerous fronts, including imaging analysis and the development of direct electron detectors. The drug discovery field has watched with (initial) skepticism and wonder at the progression of the technique and how it revolutionized the molecular understanding of previously intractable targets. This article critically assesses how cryo-EM has impacted drug discovery in diverse therapeutic areas. Targets that have been brought into the realm of structure-based drug design by cryo-EM and are thus reviewed here include membrane proteins like the GABAA receptor, several TRP channels, and G protein-coupled receptors, and multiprotein complexes like the ribosomes, the proteasome, and eIF2B. We will describe these studies highlighting the achievements, challenges, and caveats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lotte van Beek
- Structure, Biophysics and FBLG, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Shilliday
- Structure, Biophysics and FBLG, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Judit É Debreczeni
- Structure, Biophysics and FBLG, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Phillips
- Structure, Biophysics and FBLG, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Focosi D, Anderson AO, Tang JW, Tuccori M. Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19: State of the Art. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33:e00072-20. [PMID: 32792417 PMCID: PMC7430293 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00072-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy has been used since the early 1900s to treat emerging infectious diseases; its efficacy was later associated with the evidence that polyclonal neutralizing antibodies can reduce the duration of viremia. Recent large outbreaks of viral diseases for which effective antivirals or vaccines are still lacking has renewed the interest in CP as a life-saving treatment. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to the scaling up of CP therapy to unprecedented levels. Compared with historical usage, pathogen reduction technologies have now added an extra layer of safety to the use of CP, and new manufacturing approaches are being explored. This review summarizes historical settings of application, with a focus on betacoronaviruses, and surveys current approaches for donor selection and CP collection, pooling technologies, pathogen inactivation systems, and banking of CP. We additionally list the ongoing registered clinical trials for CP throughout the world and discuss the trial results published thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arthur O Anderson
- Department of Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Julian W Tang
- Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Tuccori
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Unit of Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
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28
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Luchsinger LL, Ransegnola B, Jin D, Muecksch F, Weisblum Y, Bao W, George PJ, Rodriguez M, Tricoche N, Schmidt F, Gao C, Jawahar S, Pal M, Schnall E, Zhang H, Strauss D, Yazdanbakhsh K, Hillyer CD, Bieniasz PD, Hatziioannou T. Serological Assays Estimate Highly Variable SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Activity in Recovered COVID19 Patients. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32577675 PMCID: PMC7302251 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.08.20124792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of neutralizing antibodies (nAb) against SARS-CoV-2, following infection or vaccination, is likely to be critical for the development of sufficient population immunity to drive cessation of the COVID19 pandemic. A large number of serologic tests, platforms and methodologies are being employed to determine seroprevalence in populations to select convalescent plasmas for therapeutic trials, and to guide policies about reopening. However, tests have substantial variability in sensitivity and specificity, and their ability to quantitatively predict levels of nAb is unknown. We collected 370 unique donors enrolled in the New York Blood Center Convalescent Plasma Program between April and May of 2020. We measured levels of antibodies in convalescent plasma using commercially available SARS-CoV- 2 detection tests and in-house ELISA assays and correlated serological measurements with nAb activity measured using pseudotyped virus particles, which offer the most informative assessment of antiviral activity of patient sera against viral infection. Our data show that a large proportion of convalescent plasma samples have modest antibody levels and that commercially available tests have varying degrees of accuracy in predicting nAb activity. We found the Ortho Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Total Ig and IgG high throughput serological assays (HTSAs), as well as the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay, quantify levels of antibodies that strongly correlate with nAb assays and are consistent with gold-standard ELISA assay results. These findings provide immediate clinical relevance to serology results that can be equated to nAb activity and could serve as a valuable ‘roadmap’ to guide the choice and interpretation of serological tests for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry L Luchsinger
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brett Ransegnola
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Jin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yiska Weisblum
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Weili Bao
- Laboratory of Complement Biology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Parakkal Jovvian George
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marilis Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Blood-Borne Parasites, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nancy Tricoche
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chengjie Gao
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shabnam Jawahar
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mouli Pal
- Laboratory of Complement Biology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emily Schnall
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Huan Zhang
- Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Donna Strauss
- New York Blood Center Enterprises, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Karina Yazdanbakhsh
- Laboratory of Complement Biology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher D Hillyer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regenerative Research, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,New York Blood Center Enterprises, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA
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29
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Deshmukh K, Khanna A, Talwar D. "COVID Vaccine" is not the excuse to delay adaptation to the "New-Normal". J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:5076-5078. [PMID: 33209852 PMCID: PMC7652123 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1079_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Deshmukh
- Medical Officer, Ashay Nursing Home, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arjun Khanna
- Consultant Pulmonologist, Yashoda Superspeciality Hospital, Kaushambi , UP, India
| | - Deepak Talwar
- Chairman, Metro Centre for Respiratory Diseases, Noida Sector 11 , UP, India
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30
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Dingens AS, Crawford KHD, Adler A, Steele SL, Lacombe K, Eguia R, Amanat F, Walls AC, Wolf CR, Murphy M, Pettie D, Carter L, Qin X, King NP, Veesler D, Krammer F, Dickerson JA, Chu HY, Englund JA, Bloom JD. Serological identification of SARS-CoV-2 infections among children visiting a hospital during the initial Seattle outbreak. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4378. [PMID: 32873791 PMCID: PMC7463158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Children are strikingly underrepresented in COVID-19 case counts. In the United States, children represent 22% of the population but only 1.7% of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases as of April 2, 2020. One possibility is that symptom-based viral testing is less likely to identify infected children, since they often experience milder disease than adults. Here, to better assess the frequency of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection, we serologically screen 1,775 residual samples from Seattle Children's Hospital collected from 1,076 children seeking medical care during March and April of 2020. Only one child was seropositive in March, but seven were seropositive in April for a period seroprevalence of ≈1%. Most seropositive children (6/8) were not suspected of having had COVID-19. The sera of seropositive children have neutralizing activity, including one that neutralized at a dilution > 1:18,000. Therefore, an increasing number of children seeking medical care were infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the early Seattle outbreak despite few positive viral tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Katharine H D Crawford
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Amanda Adler
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Sarah L Steele
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Kirsten Lacombe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Rachel Eguia
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Caitlin R Wolf
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Deleah Pettie
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xuan Qin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jane A Dickerson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA.
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31
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Zhang F, Gan R, Zhen Z, Hu X, Li X, Zhou F, Liu Y, Chen C, Xie S, Zhang B, Wu X, Huang Z. Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe versus mild individuals. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:156. [PMID: 32796814 PMCID: PMC7426596 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The global Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than eight million people. There is an urgent need to investigate how the adaptive immunity is established in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we profiled adaptive immune cells of PBMCs from recovered COVID-19 patients with varying disease severity using single-cell RNA and TCR/BCR V(D)J sequencing. The sequencing data revealed SARS-CoV-2-specific shuffling of adaptive immune repertories and COVID-19-induced remodeling of peripheral lymphocytes. Characterization of variations in the peripheral T and B cells from the COVID-19 patients revealed a positive correlation of humoral immune response and T-cell immune memory with disease severity. Sequencing and functional data revealed SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immune memory in the convalescent COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we also identified novel antigens that are responsive in the convalescent patients. Altogether, our study reveals adaptive immune repertories underlying pathogenesis and recovery in severe versus mild COVID-19 patients, providing valuable information for potential vaccine and therapeutic development against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/classification
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- COVID-19
- Case-Control Studies
- China
- Convalescence
- Coronavirus Infections/genetics
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunologic Memory
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/genetics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Severity of Illness Index
- Single-Cell Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/classification
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Rui Gan
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Ziqi Zhen
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiang Li
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Fengxia Zhou
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Harbin Blood Center, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Chuangeng Chen
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Shuangyu Xie
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Bailing Zhang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiaoke Wu
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150030, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.
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32
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Callender LA, Curran M, Bates SM, Mairesse M, Weigandt J, Betts CJ. The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1991. [PMID: 32903476 PMCID: PMC7437504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has clearly demonstrated that individuals with pre-existing comorbidities are at a much greater risk of dying from COVID-19. This is of great concern for individuals living with these conditions, and a major challenge for global healthcare systems and biomedical research. Not all comorbidities confer the same risk, however, many affect the function of the immune system, which in turn directly impacts the response to COVID-19. Furthermore, the myriad of drugs prescribed for these comorbidities can also influence the progression of COVID-19 and limit additional treatment options available for COVID-19. Here, we review immune dysfunction in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact of pre-existing comorbidities on the development of COVID-19. We explore how underlying disease etiologies and common therapies used to treat these conditions exacerbate COVID-19 progression. Moreover, we discuss the long-term challenges associated with the use of both novel and repurposed therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Callender
- Immunotoxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Curran
- Immunotoxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie M. Bates
- Immunotoxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maelle Mairesse
- Immunotoxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Weigandt
- Immunotoxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J. Betts
- Immunotoxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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33
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Brouwer PJM, Caniels TG, van der Straten K, Snitselaar JL, Aldon Y, Bangaru S, Torres JL, Okba NMA, Claireaux M, Kerster G, Bentlage AEH, van Haaren MM, Guerra D, Burger JA, Schermer EE, Verheul KD, van der Velde N, van der Kooi A, van Schooten J, van Breemen MJ, Bijl TPL, Sliepen K, Aartse A, Derking R, Bontjer I, Kootstra NA, Wiersinga WJ, Vidarsson G, Haagmans BL, Ward AB, de Bree GJ, Sanders RW, van Gils MJ. Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability. Science 2020; 369:643-650. [PMID: 32540902 PMCID: PMC7299281 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc5902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 880] [Impact Index Per Article: 220.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a large impact on global health, travel, and economy. Therefore, preventative and therapeutic measures are urgently needed. Here, we isolated monoclonal antibodies from three convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients using a SARS-CoV-2 stabilized prefusion spike protein. These antibodies had low levels of somatic hypermutation and showed a strong enrichment in VH1-69, VH3-30-3, and VH1-24 gene usage. A subset of the antibodies was able to potently inhibit authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection at a concentration as low as 0.007 micrograms per milliliter. Competition and electron microscopy studies illustrate that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contains multiple distinct antigenic sites, including several receptor-binding domain (RBD) epitopes as well as non-RBD epitopes. In addition to providing guidance for vaccine design, the antibodies described here are promising candidates for COVID-19 treatment and prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- COVID-19
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Protein Domains
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/immunology
- Receptors, Coronavirus
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J M Brouwer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom G Caniels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karlijn van der Straten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonne L Snitselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Claireaux
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gius Kerster
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1006AD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marlies M van Haaren
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Denise Guerra
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edith E Schermer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten D Verheul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jelle van Schooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle J van Breemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom P L Bijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aafke Aartse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Derking
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ilja Bontjer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1006AD Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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34
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Olvera A, Noguera-Julian M, Kilpelainen A, Romero-Martín L, Prado JG, Brander C. SARS-CoV-2 Consensus-Sequence and Matching Overlapping Peptides Design for COVID19 Immune Studies and Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E444. [PMID: 32781672 PMCID: PMC7565482 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic antigens based on consensus sequences that represent circulating viral isolates are sensitive, time saving and cost-effective tools for in vitro immune monitoring and to guide immunogen design. When based on a representative sequence database, such consensus sequences can effectively be used to test immune responses in exposed and infected individuals at the population level. To accelerate immune studies in SARS-CoV-2 infection, we here describe a SARS-CoV-2 2020 consensus sequence (CoV-2-cons) which is based on more than 1700 viral genome entries in NCBI and encompasses all described SARS-CoV-2 open reading frames (ORF), including recently described frame-shifted and length variant ORF. Based on these sequences, we created curated overlapping peptide (OLP) lists containing between 1500 to 3000 peptides of 15 and 18 amino acids in length, overlapping by 10 or 11 residues, as ideal tools for the assessment of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity. In addition, CoV-2-cons sequence entropy values are presented along with variant sequences to provide increased coverage of the most variable sections of the viral genome. The identification of conserved protein fragments across the coronavirus family and the corresponding OLP facilitate the identification of T cells potentially cross-reactive with related viruses. This new CoV-2-cons sequence, together with the peptides sets, should provide the basis for SARS-CoV-2 antigen synthesis to facilitate comparability between ex-vivo immune analyses and help to accelerate research on SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Olvera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.O.); (M.N.-J.); (A.K.); (L.R.-M.)
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.O.); (M.N.-J.); (A.K.); (L.R.-M.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Athina Kilpelainen
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.O.); (M.N.-J.); (A.K.); (L.R.-M.)
| | - Luis Romero-Martín
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.O.); (M.N.-J.); (A.K.); (L.R.-M.)
| | - Julia G. Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.O.); (M.N.-J.); (A.K.); (L.R.-M.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08196 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (A.O.); (M.N.-J.); (A.K.); (L.R.-M.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic-Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Neidleman J, Luo X, Frouard J, Xie G, Gill G, Stein ES, McGregor M, Ma T, George A, Kosters A, Greene WC, Vasquez J, Ghosn E, Lee S, Roan NR. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells exhibit unique features reflecting robust helper function, lack of terminal differentiation, and high proliferative potential. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32577663 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.08.138826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Convalescing COVID-19 patients mount robust T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting an important role for T cells in viral clearance. To date, the phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells remain poorly defined. Using 38-parameter CyTOF, we phenotyped longitudinal specimens of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from nine individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells were exclusively Th1 cells, and predominantly Tcm with phenotypic features of robust helper function. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells were predominantly Temra cells in a state of less terminal differentiation than most Temra cells. Subsets of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells express CD127, can homeostatically proliferate, and can persist for over two months. Our results suggest that long-lived and robust T cell immunity is generated following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and support an important role for SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in host control of COVID-19.
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36
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Uhl LFK, Chauveau A. Neutralizing antibodies in convalescent patients. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:460. [PMID: 32533112 PMCID: PMC7291932 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Liu L, Wang P, Nair MS, Yu J, Rapp M, Wang Q, Luo Y, Chan JFW, Sahi V, Figueroa A, Guo XV, Cerutti G, Bimela J, Gorman J, Zhou T, Chen Z, Yuen KY, Kwong PD, Sodroski JG, Yin MT, Sheng Z, Huang Y, Shapiro L, Ho DD. Potent Neutralizing Antibodies Directed to Multiple Epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 Spike. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32587975 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.17.153486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic rages on with devasting consequences on human lives and the global economy 1,2 . The discovery and development of virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies could be one approach to treat or prevent infection by this novel coronavirus. Here we report the isolation of 61 SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from 5 infected patients hospitalized with severe disease. Among these are 19 antibodies that potently neutralized the authentic SARS-CoV-2 in vitro , 9 of which exhibited exquisite potency, with 50% virus-inhibitory concentrations of 0.7 to 9 ng/mL. Epitope mapping showed this collection of 19 antibodies to be about equally divided between those directed to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and those to the N-terminal domain (NTD), indicating that both of these regions at the top of the viral spike are immunogenic. In addition, two other powerful neutralizing antibodies recognized quaternary epitopes that are overlapping with the domains at the top of the spike. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of one antibody targeting RBD, a second targeting NTD, and a third bridging two separate RBDs revealed recognition of the closed, "all RBD-down" conformation of the spike. Several of these monoclonal antibodies are promising candidates for clinical development as potential therapeutic and/or prophylactic agents against SARS-CoV-2.
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Piechotta V, Chai KL, Valk SJ, Doree C, Monsef I, Wood EM, Lamikanra A, Kimber C, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 7:CD013600. [PMID: 32648959 PMCID: PMC7389743 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013600.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and are currently being investigated in trials as potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding the benefits and risks is required. OBJECTIVES: To continually assess, as more evidence becomes available, whether convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin transfusion is effective and safe in treatment of people with COVID-19. SEARCH METHODS We searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Research Article Database and trial registries to identify completed and ongoing studies on 4 June 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We included studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19, irrespective of study design, disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. We excluded studies including populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)) and studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for controlled non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs), and the assessment criteria for observational studies, provided by Cochrane Childhood Cancer for non-controlled NRSIs. MAIN RESULTS: This is the first living update of our review. We included 20 studies (1 RCT, 3 controlled NRSIs, 16 non-controlled NRSIs) with 5443 participants, of whom 5211 received convalescent plasma, and identified a further 98 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 50 are randomised. We did not identify any completed studies evaluating hyperimmune immunoglobulin. Overall risk of bias of included studies was high, due to study design, type of participants, and other previous or concurrent treatments. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from four controlled studies (1 RCT (stopped early) with 103 participants, of whom 52 received convalescent plasma; and 3 controlled NRSIs with 236 participants, of whom 55 received convalescent plasma) to assess effectiveness of convalescent plasma. Control groups received standard care at time of treatment without convalescent plasma. All-cause mortality at hospital discharge (1 controlled NRSI, 21 participants) We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma has any effect on all-cause mortality at hospital discharge (risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61 to 1.31; very low-certainty evidence). Time to death (1 RCT, 103 participants; 1 controlled NRSI, 195 participants) We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma prolongs time to death (RCT: hazard ratio (HR) 0.74, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.82; controlled NRSI: HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.96; very low-certainty evidence). Improvement of clinical symptoms, assessed by need for respiratory support (1 RCT, 103 participants; 1 controlled NRSI, 195 participants) We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma has any effect on improvement of clinical symptoms at seven days (RCT: RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.30 to 3.19), 14 days (RCT: RR 1.85, 95% CI 0.91 to 3.77; controlled NRSI: RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.29), and 28 days (RCT: RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.81; very low-certainty evidence). Quality of life No studies reported this outcome. Safety of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from 1 RCT, 3 controlled NRSIs and 10 non-controlled NRSIs assessing safety of convalescent plasma. Reporting of adverse events and serious adverse events was variable. The controlled studies reported on adverse events and serious adverse events only in participants receiving convalescent plasma. The duration of follow-up varied. Some, but not all, studies included death as a serious adverse event. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events (13 studies, 201 participants) The studies did not report the grade of adverse events. Thirteen studies (201 participants) reported on adverse events of possible grade 3 or 4 severity. The majority of these adverse events were allergic or respiratory events. We are very uncertain whether or not convalescent plasma therapy affects the risk of moderate to severe adverse events (very low-certainty evidence). Serious adverse events (14 studies, 5201 participants) Fourteen studies (5201 participants) reported on serious adverse events. The majority of participants were from one non-controlled NRSI (5000 participants), which reported only on serious adverse events limited to the first four hours after convalescent plasma transfusion. This study included death as a serious adverse event; they reported 15 deaths, four of which they classified as potentially, probably or definitely related to transfusion. Other serious adverse events reported in all studies were predominantly allergic or respiratory in nature, including anaphylaxis, transfusion-associated dyspnoea, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). We are very uncertain whether or not convalescent plasma affects the number of serious adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma is beneficial for people admitted to hospital with COVID-19. For safety outcomes we also included non-controlled NRSIs. There was limited information regarding adverse events. Of the controlled studies, none reported on this outcome in the control group. There is only very low-certainty evidence for safety of convalescent plasma for COVID-19. While major efforts to conduct research on COVID-19 are being made, problems with recruiting the anticipated number of participants into these studies are conceivable. The early termination of the first RCT investigating convalescent plasma, and the multitude of studies registered in the past months illustrate this. It is therefore necessary to critically assess the design of these registered studies, and well-designed studies should be prioritised. Other considerations for these studies are the need to report outcomes for all study arms in the same way, and the importance of maintaining comparability in terms of co-interventions administered in all study arms. There are 98 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 50 are RCTs. This is the first living update of the review, and we will continue to update this review periodically. These updates may show different results to those reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carolyn Doree
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Abigail Lamikanra
- Clinical, Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
Achieving high levels of neutralizing antibodies to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in a safe manner is likely to be crucial for an effective vaccine. Here, we propose that aluminium-based adjuvants might hold the key to this. Here, Peter Hotez and colleagues discuss the advantages of using an aluminium-based adjuvant in candidate COVID-19 vaccines.
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40
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Dingens AS, Crawford KHD, Adler A, Steele SL, Lacombe K, Eguia R, Amanat F, Walls AC, Wolf CR, Murphy M, Pettie D, Carter L, Qin X, King NP, Veesler D, Krammer F, Dickerson JA, Chu HY, Englund JA, Bloom JD. Serological identification of SARS-CoV-2 infections among children visiting a hospital during the initial Seattle outbreak. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.26.20114124. [PMID: 32511483 PMCID: PMC7273251 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.26.20114124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Children are strikingly underrepresented in COVID-19 case counts1-3. In the United States, children represent 22% of the population but only 1.7% of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases1. One possibility is that symptom-based viral testing is less likely to identify infected children, since they often experience milder disease than adults1,4-7. To better assess the frequency of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection, we serologically screened 1,775 residual samples from Seattle Children's Hospital collected from 1,076 children seeking medical care during March and April of 2020. Only one child was seropositive in March, but seven were seropositive in April for a period seroprevalence of ≈ 1%. Most seropositive children (6/8) were not suspected of having had COVID-19. The sera of seropositive children had neutralizing activity, including one that neutralized at a dilution >1:18,000. Therefore, an increasing number of children seeking medical care were infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the early Seattle outbreak despite few positive viral tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Dingens
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katharine H. D. Crawford
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Amanda Adler
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sarah L. Steele
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kirsten Lacombe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Rachel Eguia
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Caitlin R. Wolf
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Deleah Pettie
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xuan Qin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jane A. Dickerson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Helen Y. Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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41
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Yuan M, Liu H, Wu NC, Lee CCD, Zhu X, Zhao F, Huang D, Yu W, Hua Y, Tien H, Rogers TF, Landais E, Sok D, Jardine JG, Burton DR, Wilson IA. Structural basis of a public antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.06.08.141267. [PMID: 32577642 PMCID: PMC7302194 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.08.141267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-level understanding of human neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 could accelerate vaccine design and facilitate drug discovery. We analyzed 294 SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and found that IGHV3-53 is the most frequently used IGHV gene for targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein. We determined crystal structures of two IGHV3-53 neutralizing antibodies +/- Fab CR3022 ranging from 2.33 to 3.11 Å resolution. The germline-encoded residues of IGHV3-53 dominate binding to the ACE2 binding site epitope with no overlap with the CR3022 epitope. Moreover, IGHV3-53 is used in combination with a very short CDR H3 and different light chains. Overall, IGHV3-53 represents a versatile public VH in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, where their specific germline features and minimal affinity maturation provide important insights for vaccine design and assessing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chang-Chun D. Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fangzhu Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wenli Yu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuanzi Hua
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Henry Tien
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas F. Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elise Landais
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI, New York, NY10004, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI, New York, NY10004, USA
| | - Joseph G. Jardine
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI, New York, NY10004, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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42
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Schmidt F, Weisblum Y, Muecksch F, Hoffmann HH, Michailidis E, Lorenzi JCC, Mendoza P, Rutkowska M, Bednarski E, Gaebler C, Agudelo M, Cho A, Wang Z, Gazumyan A, Cipolla M, Caskey M, Robbiani DF, Nussenzweig MC, Rice CM, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD. Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.06.08.140871. [PMID: 32577658 PMCID: PMC7302213 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.08.140871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing explosive epidemic of COVID19 disease has generated a need for assays to rapidly and conveniently measure the antiviral activity of SARSCoV-2-specific antibodies. Here, we describe a collection of approaches based on SARS-CoV-2 spike-pseudotyped, single-cycle, replication-defective human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), as well as a replication-competent VSV/SARS-CoV-2 chimeric virus. While each surrogate virus exhibited subtle differences in the sensitivity with which neutralizing activity was detected, the neutralizing activity of both convalescent plasma and human monoclonal antibodies measured using each virus correlated quantitatively with neutralizing activity measured using an authentic SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay. The assays described herein are adaptable to high throughput and are useful tools in the evaluation of serologic immunity conferred by vaccination or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the potency of convalescent plasma or human monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Yiska Weisblum
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Eva Bednarski
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Marianna Agudelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Alice Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Davide F Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Theodora Hatziioannou
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York NY 10028
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43
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Barnes CO, West AP, Huey-Tubman KE, Hoffmann MA, Sharaf NG, Hoffman PR, Koranda N, Gristick HB, Gaebler C, Muecksch F, Cetrulo Lorenzi JC, Finkin S, Hagglof T, Hurley A, Millard KG, Weisblum Y, Schmidt F, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD, Caskey M, Robbiani DF, Nussenzweig MC, Bjorkman PJ. Structures of human antibodies bound to SARS-CoV-2 spike reveal common epitopes and recurrent features of antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.28.121533. [PMID: 32577645 PMCID: PMC7302198 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.28.121533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody responses to coronaviruses focus on the trimeric spike, with most against the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Here we characterized polyclonal IgGs and Fabs from COVID-19 convalescent individuals for recognition of coronavirus spikes. Plasma IgGs differed in their degree of focus on RBD epitopes, recognition of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and mild coronaviruses, and how avidity effects contributed to increased binding/neutralization of IgGs over Fabs. Electron microscopy reconstructions of polyclonal plasma Fab-spike complexes showed recognition of both S1A and RBD epitopes. A 3.4Å cryo-EM structure of a neutralizing monoclonal Fab-S complex revealed an epitope that blocks ACE2 receptor-binding on "up" RBDs. Modeling suggested that IgGs targeting these sites have different potentials for inter-spike crosslinking on viruses and would not be greatly affected by identified SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations. These studies structurally define a recurrent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody class derived from VH3-53/VH3-66 and similarity to a SARS-CoV VH3-30 antibody, providing criteria for evaluating vaccine-elicited antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O. Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Anthony P. West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Magnus A.G. Hoffmann
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Naima G. Sharaf
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Pauline R. Hoffman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Koranda
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Harry B. Gristick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Shlomo Finkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Hagglof
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Arlene Hurley
- Hospital Program Direction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katrina G. Millard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yiska Weisblum
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Paul D. Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Davide F. Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Coronavirus vaccine trials have delivered their first results — but their promise is still unclear. Nature 2020; 581:363-364. [DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-01092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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