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Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immunology: the missing piece in airway and CNS defence. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:381-398. [PMID: 38097777 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa is a component of the nasal airway that mediates the sense of smell. Recent studies point to an important role for the olfactory mucosa as a barrier to both respiratory pathogens and to neuroinvasive pathogens that hijack the olfactory nerve and invade the CNS. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the olfactory mucosa is an integral part of a heterogeneous nasal mucosal barrier critical to upper airway immunity. However, our insufficient knowledge of olfactory mucosal immunity hinders attempts to protect this tissue from infection and other diseases. This Review summarizes the state of olfactory immunology by highlighting the unique immunologically relevant anatomy of the olfactory mucosa, describing what is known of olfactory immune cells, and considering the impact of common infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders at this site. We will offer our perspective on the future of the field and the many unresolved questions pertaining to olfactory immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:134-143. [PMID: 38143247 PMCID: PMC10806031 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract, yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune barrier. Situated in the nasal passages, the olfactory mucosa is directly exposed to the environment to sense airborne odorants; however, this also means it can serve as a direct route of entry from the outside world into the brain. As a result, olfactotropic infections can have serious consequences, including dysfunction of the olfactory system, CNS invasion, dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, and transmission between individuals. Recent research has shown that a distinctive immune response is needed to protect this neuronal and mucosal tissue. A better understanding of innate, adaptive, and structural immune barriers in the olfactory mucosa is needed to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines against olfactotropic microbes such as SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarize the ramifications of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory mucosa, review the subsequent immune response, and discuss important areas of future research for olfactory immunity to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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3
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Tisoncik-Go J, Voss KM, Lewis TB, Muruato AE, Kuller L, Finn EE, Betancourt D, Wangari S, Ahrens J, Iwayama N, Grant RF, Murnane RD, Edlefsen PT, Fuller DH, Barber GN, Gale M, O’Connor MA. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and efficacy of an rVSV vaccine against Zika virus infection in macaca nemestrina. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1108420. [PMID: 37383986 PMCID: PMC10306241 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1108420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes an acute febrile illness. ZIKV can be transmitted between sexual partners and from mother to fetus. Infection is strongly associated with neurologic complications in adults, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and myelitis, and congenital ZIKV infection can result in fetal injury and congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Development of an effective vaccine is imperative to protect against ZIKV vertical transmission and CZS. Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis virus (rVSV) is a highly effective and safe vector for the delivery of foreign immunogens for vaccine purposes. Here, we evaluate an rVSV vaccine expressing the full length pre-membrane (prM) and ZIKV envelope (E) proteins (VSV-ZprME), shown to be immunogenic in murine models of ZIKV infection, for its capacity to induce immune responses in nonhuman primates. Moreover, we assess the efficacy of the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine in the protection of pigtail macaques against ZIKV infection. Administration of the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine was safe, but it did not induce robust anti-ZIKV T-cell responses, IgM or IgG antibodies, or neutralizing antibodies in most animals. Post ZIKV challenge, animals that received the rVSVΔM control vaccine lacking ZIKV antigen had higher levels of plasma viremia compared to animals that received the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine. Anti-ZIKV neutralizing Ab titers were detected in a single animal that received the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine that was associated with reduced plasma viremia. The overall suboptimal ZIKV-specific cellular and humoral responses post-immunization indicates the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine did not elicit an immune response in this pilot study. However, recall antibody response to the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine indicates it may be immunogenic and further developments to the vaccine construct could enhance its potential as a vaccine candidate in a nonhuman primate pre-clinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for innate immunity and immune disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathleen M. Voss
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for innate immunity and immune disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas B. Lewis
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Antonio E. Muruato
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Eric E. Finn
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Dillon Betancourt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | | | - Joel Ahrens
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Naoto Iwayama
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Robert D. Murnane
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Deborah H. Fuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Glen N. Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for innate immunity and immune disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Megan A. O’Connor
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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4
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Kandala B, Plock N, Chawla A, Largajolli A, Robey S, Watson K, Thatavarti R, Dubey SA, Cheung SA, de Greef R, Stone J, Sachs JR. Accelerating model-informed decisions for COVID-19 vaccine candidates using a model-based meta-analysis approach. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104264. [PMID: 36182824 PMCID: PMC9514977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for innovative quantitative decision tools to support rapid development of safe and efficacious vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. To meet that need, we developed and applied a model-based meta-analysis (MBMA) approach integrating non-clinical and clinical immunogenicity and protection data. Methods A systematic literature review identified studies of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques (RM) and humans. Summary-level data of 13 RM and 8 clinical trials were used in the analysis. A RM MBMA model was developed to quantify the relationship between serum neutralizing (SN) titres after vaccination and peak viral load (VL) post-challenge in RM. The translation of the RM MBMA model to a clinical protection model was then carried out to predict clinical efficacies based on RM data alone. Subsequently, clinical SN and efficacy data were integrated to develop three predictive models of efficacy – a calibrated RM MBMA, a joint (RM-Clinical) MBMA, and the clinical MBMA model. The three models were leveraged to predict efficacies of vaccine candidates not included in the model and efficacies against newer strains of SARS-CoV-2. Findings Clinical efficacies predicted based on RM data alone were in reasonable agreement with the reported data. The SN titre predicted to provide 50% efficacy was estimated to be about 21% of the mean human convalescent titre level, and that value was consistent across the three models. Clinical efficacies predicted from the MBMA models agreed with reported efficacies for two vaccine candidates (BBV152 and CoronaVac) not included in the modelling and for efficacies against delta variant. Interpretation The three MBMA models are predictive of protection against SARS-CoV-2 and provide a translational framework to enable early Go/No-Go and study design decisions using non-clinical and/or limited clinical immunogenicity data in the development of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Funding This study was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
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Tukhvatulin AI, Gordeychuk IV, Dolzhikova IV, Dzharullaeva AS, Krasina ME, Bayurova EO, Grousova DM, Kovyrshina AV, Kondrashova AS, Avdoshina DV, Gulyaev SA, Gulyaeva TV, Moroz AV, Illarionova VV, Zorkov ID, Iliukhina AA, Shelkov AY, Botikov AG, Erokhova AS, Shcheblyakov DV, Esmagambetov IB, Zubkova OV, Tokarskaya EA, Savina DM, Vereveyko YR, Ungur AS, Naroditsky BS, Ishmukhametov AA, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. Immunogenicity and protectivity of intranasally delivered vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V in mice and non-human primates. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2229-2247. [PMID: 36031930 PMCID: PMC9518644 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2119169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir I. Tukhvatulin
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Inna V. Dolzhikova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Alina S. Dzharullaeva
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Marina E. Krasina
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Ekaterina O. Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Daria M. Grousova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kovyrshina
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Alla S. Kondrashova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Daria V. Avdoshina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Stanislav A. Gulyaev
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Gulyaeva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Moroz
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Viktoria V. Illarionova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Ilya D. Zorkov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Anna A. Iliukhina
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Artem Y. Shelkov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Andrei G. Botikov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Alina S. Erokhova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Ilias B. Esmagambetov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Olga V. Zubkova
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Elisaveta A. Tokarskaya
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Daria M. Savina
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Yulia R. Vereveyko
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Anastasiya S. Ungur
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Boris S. Naroditsky
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Aydar A. Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Denis Y. Logunov
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Gintsburg
- Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 127994, Russia
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Dhama K, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Emran TB, Mitra S, Rabaan AA, Alhumaid S, Alawi ZA, Al Mutair A. COVID-19 intranasal vaccines: current progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2045853. [PMID: 35258416 PMCID: PMC8935456 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2045853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple vaccines have recently been developed, and almost all the countries are presently vaccinating their population to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the COVID-19 vaccines in use are administered via intramuscular (IM) injection, eliciting protective humor and cellular immunity. COVID-19 intranasal (IN) vaccines are also being developed that have shown promising ability to induce a significant amount of antibody-mediated immune response and a robust cell-mediated immunity as well as hold the added ability to stimulate protective mucosal immunity along with the additional advantage of the ease of administration as compared to IM injected vaccines. By inducing secretory IgA antibody responses specifically in the nasal compartment, the intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine can prevent virus infection, replication, shedding, and disease development, as well as possibly limits virus transmission. This article highlights the current progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges in developing intranasal COVID-19 vaccines for countering the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.,The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.,Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Al Alawi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, Australia
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7
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Chang A, Yu J. Fighting Fire with Fire: Immunogenicity of Viral Vectored Vaccines against COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:380. [PMID: 35215973 PMCID: PMC8874888 DOI: 10.3390/v14020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistent expansion of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires the rapid development of safe and effective countermeasures to reduce transmission, morbidity, and mortality. Several highly efficacious vaccines are actively being deployed around the globe to expedite mass vaccination and control of COVID-19. Notably, viral vectored vaccines (VVVs) are among the first to be approved for global distribution and use. In this review, we examine the humoral, cellular, and innate immune responses elicited by viral vectors, and the immune correlates of protection against COVID-19 in preclinical and clinical studies. We also discuss the durability and breadth of immune response induced by VVVs and boosters. Finally, we present challenges associated with VVVs and offer solutions for overcoming certain limitations of current vaccine regimens. Collectively, this review provides the rationale for expanding the portfolio of VVVs against SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Vaccination
- Viral Vaccines/classification
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiquan Chang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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O’Donnell KL, Clancy CS, Griffin AJ, Shifflett K, Gourdine T, Thomas T, Long CM, Furuyama W, Marzi A. Optimization of Single-Dose VSV-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in Hamsters. Front Immunol 2022; 12:788235. [PMID: 35069564 PMCID: PMC8770858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in global effects on human health, economic stability, and social norms. The emergence of viral variants raises concerns about the efficacy of existing vaccines and highlights the continued need for the development of efficient, fast-acting, and cost-effective vaccines. Here, we demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccines encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either alone (VSV-SARS2) or in combination with the Ebola virus glycoprotein (VSV-SARS2-EBOV). Intranasally vaccinated hamsters showed an early CD8+ T cell response in the lungs and a greater antigen-specific IgG response, while intramuscularly vaccinated hamsters had an early CD4+ T cell and NK cell response. Intranasal vaccination resulted in protection within 10 days with hamsters not showing clinical signs of pneumonia when challenged with three different SARS-CoV-2 variants. This data demonstrates that VSV-based vaccines are viable single-dose, fast-acting vaccine candidates that are protective from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Amanda J. Griffin
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Kyle Shifflett
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Tylisha Gourdine
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Tina Thomas
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Carrie M. Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
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9
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O’Donnell KL, Clancy CS, Griffin AJ, Shifflett K, Gourdine T, Thomas T, Long CM, Furuyama W, Marzi A. Optimization of single dose VSV-based COVID-19 vaccination in hamsters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.09.03.458735. [PMID: 34518839 PMCID: PMC8437312 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.03.458735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in global effects on human health, economic stability, and social norms. The emergence of viral variants raises concerns about the efficacy of existing vaccines and highlights the continued need the for the development of efficient, fast-acting, and cost-effective vaccines. Here, we demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccines encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either alone (VSV-SARS2) or in combination with the Ebola virus glycoprotein (VSV-SARS2-EBOV). Intranasally vaccinated hamsters showed an early CD8 + T cell response in the lungs and a greater antigen-specific IgG response, while intramuscularly vaccinated hamsters had an early CD4 + T cell and NK cell response. Intranasal vaccination resulted in protection within 10 days with hamsters not showing clinical signs of pneumonia when challenged with three different SARS-CoV-2 variants. This data demonstrates that VSV-based vaccines are viable single-dose, fast-acting vaccine candidates that are protective from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Amanda J. Griffin
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kyle Shifflett
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Tylisha Gourdine
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Tina Thomas
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Carrie M. Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Liu G, Cao W, Salawudeen A, Zhu W, Emeterio K, Safronetz D, Banadyga L. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: From Agricultural Pathogen to Vaccine Vector. Pathogens 2021; 10:1092. [PMID: 34578125 PMCID: PMC8470541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which belongs to the Vesiculovirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae, is a well studied livestock pathogen and prototypic non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus. Although VSV is responsible for causing economically significant outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis in cattle, horses, and swine, the virus also represents a valuable research tool for molecular biologists and virologists. Indeed, the establishment of a reverse genetics system for the recovery of infectious VSV from cDNA transformed the utility of this virus and paved the way for its use as a vaccine vector. A highly effective VSV-based vaccine against Ebola virus recently received clinical approval, and many other VSV-based vaccines have been developed, particularly for high-consequence viruses. This review seeks to provide a holistic but concise overview of VSV, covering the virus's ascension from perennial agricultural scourge to promising medical countermeasure, with a particular focus on vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Abdjeleel Salawudeen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Karla Emeterio
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
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Bhatia B, Furuyama W, Hoenen T, Feldmann H, Marzi A. Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Domains Associated with Protective Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:630. [PMID: 34200548 PMCID: PMC8229685 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is the cause of sporadic outbreaks of human hemorrhagic disease in Africa, and the best-characterized virus in the filovirus family. The West African epidemic accelerated the clinical development of vaccines and therapeutics, leading to licensure of vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics for human use in recent years. The most widely used vaccine is based on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) (VSV-EBOV). Due to its favorable immune cell targeting, this vaccine has also been used as a base vector for the development of second generation VSV-based vaccines against Influenza, Nipah, and Zika viruses. However, in these situations, it may be beneficial if the immunogenicity against EBOV GP is minimized to induce a better protective immune response against the other foreign immunogen. Here, we analyzed if EBOV GP can be truncated to be less immunogenic, yet still able to drive replication of the vaccine vector. We found that the EBOV GP glycan cap and the mucin-like domain are both dispensable for VSV-EBOV replication. The glycan cap, however, appears critical for mediating a protective immune response against lethal EBOV challenge in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Bhatia
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (B.B.); (W.F.); (H.F.)
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (B.B.); (W.F.); (H.F.)
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (B.B.); (W.F.); (H.F.)
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (B.B.); (W.F.); (H.F.)
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12
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Park JH, Lee HK. Delivery Routes for COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:524. [PMID: 34069359 PMCID: PMC8158705 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has resulted in a pandemic with millions of deaths. To eradicate SARS-CoV-2 and prevent further infections, many vaccine candidates have been developed. These vaccines include not only traditional subunit vaccines and attenuated or inactivated viral vaccines but also nucleic acid and viral vector vaccines. In contrast to the diversity in the platform technology, the delivery of vaccines is limited to intramuscular vaccination. Although intramuscular vaccination is safe and effective, mucosal vaccination could improve the local immune responses that block the spread of pathogens. However, a lack of understanding of mucosal immunity combined with the urgent need for a COVID-19 vaccine has resulted in only intramuscular vaccinations. In this review, we summarize the history of vaccines, current progress in COVID-19 vaccine technology, and the status of intranasal COVID-19 vaccines. Future research should determine the most effective route for vaccine delivery based on the platform and determine the mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of different delivery routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
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Leventhal SS, Clancy C, Erasmus J, Feldmann H, Hawman DW. An Intramuscular DNA Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 Decreases Viral Lung Load but Not Lung Pathology in Syrian Hamsters. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1040. [PMID: 34065996 PMCID: PMC8151856 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, first reported in December 2019, has infected over 102 million people around the world as of February 2021 and thus calls for rapid development of safe and effective interventions, namely vaccines. In our study, we evaluated a DNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in the Syrian hamster model. Hamsters were vaccinated with a DNA-plasmid encoding the SARS-CoV-2 full length spike open reading frame (ORF) to induce host cells to produce spike protein and protective immune responses before exposure to infectious virus. We tested this vaccine candidate by both intranasal (IN) and intramuscular (IM) routes of administration and complexing with and without an in vivo delivery reagent. Hamsters receiving prime-boost-boost IM-only vaccinations recovered body weight quicker, had decreased lung viral loads, and increased SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titers compared to control vaccinated animals but, surprisingly, lung pathology was as severe as sham vaccinated controls. The IM/IN combination group showed no efficacy in reducing lung virus titers or pathology. With increasing public health need for rapid and effective interventions, our data demonstrate that in some vaccine contexts, significant antibody responses and decreased viral loads may not be sufficient to prevent lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna S. Leventhal
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (S.S.L.); (C.C.); (H.F.)
| | - Chad Clancy
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (S.S.L.); (C.C.); (H.F.)
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jesse Erasmus
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- HDT Bio, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (S.S.L.); (C.C.); (H.F.)
| | - David W. Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (S.S.L.); (C.C.); (H.F.)
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