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Kackos CM, Surman SL, Jones BG, Sealy RE, Jeevan T, Davitt CJH, Pustylnikov S, Darling TL, Boon ACM, Hurwitz JL, Samsa MM, Webby RJ. mRNA Vaccine Mitigates SARS-CoV-2 Infections and COVID-19. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0424022. [PMID: 36695597 PMCID: PMC9927305 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04240-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified in December of 2019 and is responsible for millions of infections and deaths across the globe. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has proven effective to contain the spread of the virus and reduce disease. The production and distribution of these vaccines occurred at a remarkable pace, largely through the employment of the novel mRNA platform. However, interruptions in supply chain and high demand for clinical grade reagents have impeded the manufacture and distribution of mRNA vaccines at a time when accelerated vaccine deployment is crucial. Furthermore, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants across the globe continues to threaten the efficacy of vaccines encoding the ancestral virus spike protein. Here, we report results from preclinical studies on mRNA vaccines developed using a proprietary mRNA production process developed by GreenLight Biosciences. Two mRNA vaccines encoding the full-length, nonstabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, GLB-COV2-042 and GLB-COV2-043, containing uridine and pseudouridine, respectively, were evaluated in rodents for their immunogenicity and protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge with the ancestral strain and the Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Beta (B.1.351) variants. In mice and hamsters, both vaccines induced robust spike-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies, and in mice, vaccines induced significant T cell responses with a clear Th1 bias. In hamsters, both vaccines conferred significant protection following challenge with SARS-CoV-2 as assessed by weight loss, viral load, and virus replication in the lungs and nasopharynx. These results support the development of GLB-COV2-042 and GLB-COV2-043 for clinical use. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 continues to disrupt everyday life and cause excess morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccination has been key to quelling the impact of this respiratory pathogen, and mRNA vaccines have led the charge on this front. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has sparked fears regarding vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines continue to be unevenly distributed across the globe. For these reasons and despite the success of emergency authorized and licensed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, additional vaccines are needed to meet public health demands. The studies presented here are significant as they demonstrate robust protective efficacy of mRNA vaccines developed by GreenLight Biosciences against not only wild-type SARS-CoV-2, but also Alpha and Beta variants. These results support the progression of GreenLight Biosciences SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines to clinical trials as another defense against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Kackos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert E. Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Tamarand L. Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adrianus C. M. Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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A phase I/II randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of a self-amplifying Covid-19 mRNA vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:161. [PMID: 36513697 PMCID: PMC9745278 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) pandemic have demonstrated the importantance of vaccines in disease prevention. Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines could be another option for disease prevention if demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic. Phase 1 of this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial (N = 42) assessed the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity in healthy young and older adults of ascending levels of one-dose ARCT-021, a self-amplifying mRNA vaccine against Covid-19. Phase 2 (N = 64) tested two-doses of ARCT-021 given 28 days apart. During phase 1, ARCT-021 was well tolerated up to one 7.5 μg dose and two 5.0 μg doses. Local solicited AEs, namely injection-site pain and tenderness were more common in ARCT-021vaccinated, while systemic solicited AEs, mainly fatigue, headache and myalgia were reported in 62.8% and 46.4% of ARCT-021 and placebo recipients, respectively. Seroconversion rate for anti-S IgG was 100% in all cohorts, except for the 1 μg one-dose in younger adults and the 7.5 μg one-dose in older adults. Anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibody titers showed a general increase with increasing dose, and overlapped with titers in Covid-19 convalescent patients. T-cell responses were also observed in response to stimulation with S-protein peptides. Taken collectively, ARCT-021 is immunogenic and has favorable safety profile for further development.
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Analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-neutralizing antibody titers in different vaccinated and unvaccinated convalescent plasma sources. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6478. [PMID: 36309490 PMCID: PMC9617541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33864-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The latest SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern Omicron, with its immune escape from therapeutic anti-Spike monoclonal antibodies and WA-1 vaccine-elicited sera, demonstrates the continued relevance of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) therapies. Lessons learnt from previous usage of CCP suggests focusing on early outpatients and immunocompromised recipients, with high neutralizing antibody titer units. Here, we systematically review Omicron-neutralizing plasma activity data, and report that approximately 47% (424/902) of CCP samples from unvaccinated pre-Omicron donors neutralizes Omicron BA.1 with a very low geometric mean of geometric mean titers for 50% neutralization GM(GMT50) of ~13, representing a > 20-fold reduction from WA-1 neutralization. Non-convalescent subjects who had received two doses of mRNA vaccines had a GM(GMT50) for Omicron BA.1 neutralization of ~27. However, plasma from vaccinees recovering from either previous pre-Omicron variants of concern infection, Omicron BA.1 infection, or third-dose uninfected vaccinees was nearly 100% neutralizing against Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.4/5 with GM(GMT(50)) all over 189, 10 times higher than pre-Omicron CCP. Fully vaccinated and post-BA.1 plasma (Vax-CCP) had a GM(GMT50) > 450 for BA.4/5 and >1,500 for BA.1 and BA.2. These findings have implications for both CCP stocks collected in prior pandemic periods and for future plans to restart CCP collections. Thus, Vax-CCP provides an effective tool to combat ongoing variants that escape therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
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Mehta N, Shah S, Paudel K, Chamlagain R, Chhetri S. Safety and efficacy of coronavirus disease‐19 vaccines in chronic kidney disease patients under maintenance hemodialysis: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e700. [PMID: 35755410 PMCID: PMC9203992 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Patients on maintenance dialysis are a high‐risk, immune‐compromised population with 15%–25% coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) mortality rate that has been underrepresented in COVID‐19 vaccination clinical trials. The aim of study was to review of those studies to determine the safety and efficacy of the COVID‐19 vaccination in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis systematically. Methods The effectiveness was assessed by looking at the humoral and cellular responses. The humoral response is defined as de novo IgG‐ or IgA‐anti‐SpikeS1 antibody positivity. The establishment of de novo T‐cell immunity after immunization was used to measure cellular response. Adverse results were also reported of the included studies to analyze the safety of COVID‐19 vaccines. Eight previous works were included in our study. Results Two doses of COVID‐19 vaccines were shown to be effective with seroconversion rate of humoral response ranging from 81% to 97% among eight studies. The T‐cell response was shown 67% and 100% in two studies. COVID‐19 vaccines did not have notable adverse events and hence can be considered safe. Conclusion Although a single dosage has not shown to improve humoral immune response in most hemodialysis trials, a double dose has been reported to improve seroconversion rate and humoral immune response. Further research are required to observe if hemodialysis patients generate effective T‐cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mehta
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital Maharajgunj Nepal
| | - Sangam Shah
- Division of Research Affairs, Larkins Community Hospital South Miami Florida USA
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Maharajgunj Nepal
| | | | | | - Santosh Chhetri
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Institute of Medicine Tribhuvan University Maharajgunj Nepal
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Fielding CA, Sabberwal P, Williamson JC, Greenwood EJD, Crozier TWM, Zelek W, Seow J, Graham C, Huettner I, Edgeworth JD, Price DA, Morgan PB, Ladell K, Eberl M, Humphreys IR, Merrick B, Doores K, Wilson SJ, Lehner PJ, Wang ECY, Stanton RJ. SARS-CoV-2 host-shutoff impacts innate NK cell functions, but antibody-dependent NK activity is strongly activated through non-spike antibodies. eLife 2022; 11:e74489. [PMID: 35587364 PMCID: PMC9239683 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of infection is dependent on the ability of viruses to manipulate the infected cell to evade immunity, and the ability of the immune response to overcome this evasion. Understanding this process is key to understanding pathogenesis, genetic risk factors, and both natural and vaccine-induced immunity. SARS-CoV-2 antagonises the innate interferon response, but whether it manipulates innate cellular immunity is unclear. An unbiased proteomic analysis determined how cell surface protein expression is altered on SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells, showing downregulation of activating NK ligands B7-H6, MICA, ULBP2, and Nectin1, with minimal effects on MHC-I. This occurred at the level of protein synthesis, could be mediated by Nsp1 and Nsp14, and correlated with a reduction in NK cell activation. This identifies a novel mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 host-shutoff antagonises innate immunity. Later in the disease process, strong antibody-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) developed. These responses were sustained for at least 6 months in most patients, and led to high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Depletion of spike-specific antibodies confirmed their dominant role in neutralisation, but these antibodies played only a minor role in ADNKA compared to antibodies to other proteins, including ORF3a, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid. In contrast, ADNKA induced following vaccination was focussed solely on spike, was weaker than ADNKA following natural infection, and was not boosted by the second dose. These insights have important implications for understanding disease progression, vaccine efficacy, and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri Alan Fielding
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Pragati Sabberwal
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward JD Greenwood
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas WM Crozier
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Wioleta Zelek
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Isabella Huettner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul B Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Blair Merrick
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Katie Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sam J Wilson
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Eddie CY Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
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Vizcarra P, Haemmerle J, Velasco H, Velasco T, Fernández-Escribano M, Vallejo A, Casado JL. BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine Reactogenicity: The key role of immunity. Vaccine 2021; 39:7367-7374. [PMID: 34802792 PMCID: PMC8580836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We examined the impact of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immunity on BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine reactogenicity. Of 96 healthcare workers (HCWs), 76% reported any vaccine reaction (first dose: 70%, second dose: 67%), none of which was severe. Following first dose, systemic reactions were significantly more frequent among HCWs with past infection than in infection-naïve individuals, and among HCWs with pre-existing cellular immunity than in those without it. The rate of systemic reactions after second dose was 1.7 and 2.0-times higher than after first dose among infection-naïve HCWs and those without pre-existing cellular immunity, respectively. Levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells before vaccination were higher in HCWs with systemic reactions after the first dose than in those without them. BNT162b2 vaccine reactogenicity after first dose is attributable to pre-existing cellular immunity elicited by prior COVID-19 or cross-reactivity. Reactogenicity following second dose suggests an immunity-boosting effect. Overall, these data may reduce negative attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. Study Registration. The study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04402827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Vizcarra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain.
| | - Johannes Haemmerle
- Department of Prevention of Occupational Risks, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Hector Velasco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Laboratory of Immunovirology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Tamara Velasco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Marina Fernández-Escribano
- Department of Prevention of Occupational Risks, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vallejo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Laboratory of Immunovirology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - José L Casado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. Colmenar Km 9, Madrid 28034, Spain
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Gil-Manso S, Carbonell D, López-Fernández L, Miguens I, Alonso R, Buño I, Muñoz P, Ochando J, Pion M, Correa-Rocha R. Induction of High Levels of Specific Humoral and Cellular Responses to SARS-CoV-2 After the Administration of Covid-19 mRNA Vaccines Requires Several Days. Front Immunol 2021; 12:726960. [PMID: 34671348 PMCID: PMC8521189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, the fast development of vaccines with efficacy of around 95% preventing Covid-19 illness provides a unique opportunity to reduce the mortality associated with the pandemic. However, in the absence of efficacious prophylactic medications and few treatments for this infection, the induction of a fast and robust protective immunity is required for effective disease control, not only to prevent the disease but also the infection and shedding/transmission. The objective of our study was to analyze the level of specific humoral and cellular T-cell responses against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induced by two mRNA-based vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273), but also how long it takes after vaccination to induce these protective humoral and cellular immune responses. Methods We studied in 40 healthy (not previously infected) volunteers vaccinated with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines the presence of spike-specific IgG antibodies and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells at 3, 7 and 14 days after receiving the second dose of the vaccine. The specific T-cell response was analyzed stimulating fresh whole blood from vaccinated volunteers with SARS-CoV-2 peptides and measuring the release of cytokines secreted by T cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 stimulation. Results Our results indicate that the immunization capacity of both vaccines is comparable. However, although both BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines can induce early B-cell and T-cell responses, these vaccine-mediated immune responses do not reach their maximum values until 14 days after completing the vaccination schedule. Conclusion This refractory period in the induction of specific immunity observed after completing the vaccination could constitute a window of higher infection risk, which could explain some emerging cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gil-Manso
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón and "Gregorio Marañón" Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Carbonell
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón and "Gregorio Marañón" Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Hematology, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón and "Gregorio Marañón" Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis López-Fernández
- Pharmacy Service, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón and "Gregorio Marañón" Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria Miguens
- Emergency Service, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón and "Gregorio Marañón" Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Alonso
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of the University Hospital Gregorio Marañón and "Gregorio Marañón" Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Buño
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón and "Gregorio Marañón" Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of the University Hospital Gregorio Marañón and "Gregorio Marañón" Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Ochando
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marjorie Pion
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón and "Gregorio Marañón" Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, University Hospital Gregorio Marañón and "Gregorio Marañón" Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
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Colucci M, De Santis E, Totti B, Miroballo M, Tamiro F, Rossi G, Piepoli A, De Vincentis G, Greco A, Mangia A, Cianci R, Di Mauro L, Miscio G, Giambra V. Associations between Allelic Variants of the Human IgH 3' Regulatory Region 1 and the Immune Response to BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1207. [PMID: 34696315 PMCID: PMC8540755 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalation of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has required the development of safe and effective vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-associated (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of the disease. Here, we determined the levels of antibodies, antigen-specific B cells, against a recombinant GFP-tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and total T and NK cell subsets in subjects up to 20 days after the injection of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine using a combined approach of serological and flow cytometry analyses. In former COVID-19 patients and highly responsive individuals, a significant increase of antibody production was detected, simultaneous with an expansion of antigen-specific B cell response and the total number of NK-T cells. Additionally, through a genetic screening of a specific polymorphic region internal to the 3' regulatory region 1 (3'RR1) of human immunoglobulin constant-gene (IgH) locus, we identified different single-nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) variants associated with either highly or lowly responsive subjects. Taken together, these results suggest that favorable genetic backgrounds and immune profiles support the progression of an effective response to BNT162b2 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Colucci
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (M.C.); (E.D.S.); (B.T.); (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Elisabetta De Santis
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (M.C.); (E.D.S.); (B.T.); (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Beatrice Totti
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (M.C.); (E.D.S.); (B.T.); (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Mattia Miroballo
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (M.C.); (E.D.S.); (B.T.); (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesco Tamiro
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (M.C.); (E.D.S.); (B.T.); (M.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Giovanni Rossi
- Department of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Ada Piepoli
- Hospital Health Department, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (A.P.); (G.D.V.)
| | - Gabriella De Vincentis
- Hospital Health Department, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (A.P.); (G.D.V.)
| | - Antonio Greco
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Mangia
- Liver Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Rossella Cianci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli”, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lazzaro Di Mauro
- Clinical Laboratory Analysis and Transfusional Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (L.D.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Miscio
- Clinical Laboratory Analysis and Transfusional Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (L.D.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Giambra
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy; (M.C.); (E.D.S.); (B.T.); (M.M.); (F.T.)
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9
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Hirotsu Y, Amemiya K, Sugiura H, Shinohara M, Takatori M, Mochizuki H, Omata M. Robust Antibody Responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Occur Within a Week After the First Dose in Previously Infected Individuals and After the Second Dose in Uninfected Individuals. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722766. [PMID: 34512649 PMCID: PMC8427169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can trigger acquired immunity in infection-naïve individuals and offer a path toward ending the coronavirus disease pandemic that began in 2019. However, the kinetics of early antibody responses in vaccinated individuals remain poorly understood. Method We followed BNT162b2 mRNA-vaccinated health care workers (HCWs, N=108) including 103 infection-naïve and five previously infected individuals. A total of 763 blood samples were collected weekly or hourly basis before and after vaccination. Serological analysis of anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies was performed. Results Seroconversion occurred in all infection-naïve HCWs 3 weeks after the first dose (just before the second vaccination) and a marked boosting effect was observed at 4 weeks (1 week after the second dose). Among previously infected HCWs with pre-existing antibodies against the spike protein, a remarkable boosting effect was observed during the first week after vaccination, and a further increase in antibody titres was observed after the second dose. In one previously infected patient, daily blood sampling was conducted. Antibody titres began to increase 96 hours (4 days) after the first dose. Conclusion The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine remarkably enhanced antibody responses after the second dose in infection-naïve individuals and after the first dose in previously infected HCWs of all ages and genders. Antibody titres decreased slightly after the 5th week post-vaccination. The robust boosting effect of immunisation suggests that increased antibody titres following exposure to the virus may restrict viral replication, prolong the incubation period, or lessen the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hirotsu
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu, Japan
| | - Kenji Amemiya
- Division of Genetics and Clinical Laboratory, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugiura
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu, Japan
| | - Miyuki Shinohara
- Division of Health Management, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu, Japan
| | - Mika Takatori
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mochizuki
- Genome Analysis Center, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu, Japan.,Central Clinical Laboratory, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu, Japan
| | - Masao Omata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Kofu, Japan.,The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Bégin P, Callum J, Jamula E, Cook R, Heddle NM, Tinmouth A, Zeller MP, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Amorim L, Bazin R, Loftsgard KC, Carl R, Chassé M, Cushing MM, Daneman N, Devine DV, Dumaresq J, Fergusson DA, Gabe C, Glesby MJ, Li N, Liu Y, McGeer A, Robitaille N, Sachais BS, Scales DC, Schwartz L, Shehata N, Turgeon AF, Wood H, Zarychanski R, Finzi A, Arnold DM. Convalescent plasma for hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized controlled trial. Nat Med 2021; 27:2012-2024. [PMID: 34504336 PMCID: PMC8604729 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of convalescent plasma for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unclear. Although most randomized controlled trials have shown negative results, uncontrolled studies have suggested that the antibody content could influence patient outcomes. We conducted an open-label, randomized controlled trial of convalescent plasma for adults with COVID-19 receiving oxygen within 12 d of respiratory symptom onset (NCT04348656). Patients were allocated 2:1 to 500 ml of convalescent plasma or standard of care. The composite primary outcome was intubation or death by 30 d. Exploratory analyses of the effect of convalescent plasma antibodies on the primary outcome was assessed by logistic regression. The trial was terminated at 78% of planned enrollment after meeting stopping criteria for futility. In total, 940 patients were randomized, and 921 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Intubation or death occurred in 199/614 (32.4%) patients in the convalescent plasma arm and 86/307 (28.0%) patients in the standard of care arm—relative risk (RR) = 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94–1.43, P = 0.18). Patients in the convalescent plasma arm had more serious adverse events (33.4% versus 26.4%; RR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.02–1.57, P = 0.034). The antibody content significantly modulated the therapeutic effect of convalescent plasma. In multivariate analysis, each standardized log increase in neutralization or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity independently reduced the potential harmful effect of plasma (odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% CI 0.57–0.95 and OR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.50–0.87, respectively), whereas IgG against the full transmembrane spike protein increased it (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.14–2.05). Convalescent plasma did not reduce the risk of intubation or death at 30 d in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Transfusion of convalescent plasma with unfavorable antibody profiles could be associated with worse clinical outcomes compared to standard care. A randomized trial in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 showed no benefit and potentially increased harm associated with the use of convalescent plasma, with subgroup analyses suggesting that the antibody profile in donor plasma is critical in determining clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bégin
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Jeannie Callum
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre and Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Erin Jamula
- McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Cook
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy M Heddle
- Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan Tinmouth
- Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Centre for Transfusion Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle P Zeller
- Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CHUM Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luiz Amorim
- Hemorio, Hospital and Regional Blood Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Richard Carl
- Patient representative, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michaël Chassé
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Innovation Hub, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Melissa M Cushing
- Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapy, New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nick Daneman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana V Devine
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeannot Dumaresq
- Département de médecine, CISSS de Chaudière-Appalaches, Lévis, Quebec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline Gabe
- McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marshall J Glesby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Na Li
- McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Computing and Software, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Department of Microbiology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy Robitaille
- Héma-Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce S Sachais
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,New York Blood Center Enterprises, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damon C Scales
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Schwartz
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadine Shehata
- Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, Trauma-Emergency-Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heidi Wood
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sections of Hematology/Medical Oncology and Critical Care, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,CHUM Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Donald M Arnold
- McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Focosi D, Baj A, Maggi F. Is a single COVID-19 vaccine dose enough in convalescents ? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2959-2961. [PMID: 33950788 PMCID: PMC8108188 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1917238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 122 million persons worldwide. Most currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines require a two-dose course and many health systems are on a shortage of doses. The requirement for boosting the response after priming with the first dose is uncertain in convalescents already primed by the natural infection. Mounting evidences suggest that, after a single vaccine dose, convalescents develop antibody (total and neutralizing) levels similar to the ones measured in naïve vaccinees after the full two-dose course. While concerns remain on the equivalent duration of such response, optimizing vaccine delivery to convalescents seems effective and could accelerate achievement of herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- Department of Staff, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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12
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Liu J, Liu Y, Xia H, Zou J, Weaver SC, Swanson KA, Cai H, Cutler M, Cooper D, Muik A, Jansen KU, Sahin U, Xie X, Dormitzer PR, Shi PY. BNT162b2-elicited neutralization of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nature 2021; 596:273-275. [PMID: 34111888 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuing to evolve around the world, generating new variants that are of concern on the basis of their potential for altered transmissibility, pathogenicity, and coverage by vaccines and therapeutic agents1-5. Here we show that serum samples taken from twenty human volunteers, two or four weeks after their second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine, neutralize engineered SARS-CoV-2 with a USA-WA1/2020 genetic background (a virus strain isolated in January 2020) and spike glycoproteins from the recently identified B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.618 (all of which were first identified in India) or B.1.525 (first identified in Nigeria) lineages. Geometric mean plaque reduction neutralization titres against the variant viruses-particularly the B.1.617.1 variant-seemed to be lower than the titre against the USA-WA1/2020 virus, but all sera tested neutralized the variant viruses at titres of at least 1:40. The susceptibility of the variant strains to neutralization elicited by the BNT162b2 vaccine supports mass immunization as a central strategy to end the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kena A Swanson
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Hui Cai
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Mark Cutler
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - David Cooper
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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13
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Soysal A, Gönüllü E, Karabayır N, Alan S, Atıcı S, Yıldız İ, Engin H, Çivilibal M, Karaböcüoğlu M. Comparison of immunogenicity and reactogenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in previously SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected health care workers. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3876-3880. [PMID: 34324409 PMCID: PMC8330011 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1953344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) on previously naturally infected individuals are unknown. This study compared immunogenicity and reactogenicity of CoronaVac in once naturally infected health-care workers (HCWs) and uninfected HCWs. All HCWs were immunized with two doses of CoronaVac (600 U/0.5 ml) intramuscularly at a 28-day interval. Adverse reactions were obtained by web-based questionnaires or telephone calls seven days after each vaccine dose. Detection of antibody levels against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was done four weeks after the second dose of the vaccine. We enrolled 103 previously naturally infected and 627 uninfected HCWs. The mean time for vaccination after the first nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 positivity was 64 days (range: 15–136 days) in previously naturally infected HCWs. Among the previously naturally infected HCWs, 41 (40%) were asymptomatic, 52 (50%) had mild upper respiratory tract infections, 10 (105) had pneumonia, and only 6 (5%) were hospitalized. Any reported adverse reactions, either from the first dose or the second dose of vaccine administration, did not differ between previously infected and uninfected HCWs. Anti-RBD antibody titers were obtained in 50 (51%) of 103 previously infected HCWs and 142 (23%) of 627 uninfected HCWs. Anti-RBD antibody titers were significantly higher in HCWs with a previous natural infection (median 1220 AU/ml, range: 202–10328 AU/mL) than in uninfected HCWs (median: 913 AU/ml, range: 2.8–15547 AU/mL, p = .032). CoronaVac administration was safe and may elicit higher antibody responses in previously naturally infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Soysal
- Memorial Ataşehir Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Gönüllü
- Istanbul Health and Technology University, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nalan Karabayır
- Medipol University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Servet Alan
- Memorial Şişli Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Atıcı
- Okan University Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Yıldız
- Department of Pediatrics, Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Havva Engin
- Memorial Ataşehir Hospital, Hospital Infection Control Unit, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Çivilibal
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Bahçelievler Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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14
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Prévost J, Richard J, Gasser R, Ding S, Fage C, Anand SP, Adam D, Vergara NG, Tauzin A, Benlarbi M, Gong SY, Goyette G, Privé A, Moreira S, Charest H, Roger M, Mothes W, Pazgier M, Brochiero E, Boivin G, Abrams CF, Schön A, Finzi A. Impact of temperature on the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike for ACE2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.07.09.451812. [PMID: 34268505 PMCID: PMC8282093 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.09.451812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal nature in the outbreaks of respiratory viral infections with increased transmission during low temperatures has been well established. The current COVID-19 pandemic makes no exception, and temperature has been suggested to play a role on the viability and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2. The receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Spike glycoprotein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to initiate viral fusion. Studying the effect of temperature on the receptor-Spike interaction, we observed a significant and stepwise increase in RBD-ACE2 affinity at low temperatures, resulting in slower dissociation kinetics. This translated into enhanced interaction of the full Spike to ACE2 receptor and higher viral attachment at low temperatures. Interestingly, the RBD N501Y mutation, present in emerging variants of concern (VOCs) that are fueling the pandemic worldwide, bypassed this requirement. This data suggests that the acquisition of N501Y reflects an adaptation to warmer climates, a hypothesis that remains to be tested.
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15
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Duerr R, Crosse KM, Valero-Jimenez AM, Dittmann M. SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1389. [PMID: 34198973 PMCID: PMC8307803 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale, causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped viruses with positive-stranded RNA and envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses' structural and functional characteristics, delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (K.M.C.); (A.M.V.-J.); (M.D.)
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16
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Early Onset of SARS-COV-2 Antibodies after First Dose of BNT162b2: Correlation with Age, Gender and BMI. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070685. [PMID: 34206312 PMCID: PMC8310011 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first goal of the study was to analyse the antibody titre 21 days after the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in a group of 252 healthcare workers (HCW). The second goal was to analyse how the antibody titre changes in correlation with age, gender and body mass index (BMI). METHODS Participants had a nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 and were assessed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at baseline and 21 days after the BNT162b2 priming dose. RESULTS First dose of BNT162b2 activated immune responses in 98% of the participants. Five HWC had no increase in antibody titre 21 days after the first dose. Antibody titre was greater in young (<38 years) vs. older participants (<38 vs. 47-56 p = 0.002; <38 vs. >56 p = 0.001). Higher antibody levels were detected in underweight vs. pre-obesity group (p = 0.026) and in normal-weight vs. pre-obesity group (p = 0.007). This association was confirmed after adjusting for age (p = 0.0001) and gender (p = 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that a single dose of BNT162b2 activates the immune response, and being young and normal-weight correlate positively with this response. Larger specifically designed clinical trials are needed to validate these results.
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17
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Trinité B, Pradenas E, Marfil S, Rovirosa C, Urrea V, Tarrés-Freixas F, Ortiz R, Rodon J, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Guallar V, Lepore R, Izquierdo-Useros N, Trujillo G, Trapé J, González-Fernández C, Flor A, Pérez-Vidal R, Toledo R, Chamorro A, Paredes R, Blanco I, Grau E, Massanella M, Carrillo J, Clotet B, Blanco J. Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection Increases B.1.1.7 Cross-Neutralization by Vaccinated Individuals. Viruses 2021; 13:1135. [PMID: 34204754 PMCID: PMC8231627 DOI: 10.3390/v13061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the spread of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is a need to assess the protection conferred by both previous infections and current vaccination. Here we tested the neutralizing activity of infected and/or vaccinated individuals against pseudoviruses expressing the spike of the original SARS-CoV-2 isolate Wuhan-Hu-1 (WH1), the D614G mutant and the B.1.1.7 variant. Our data show that parameters of natural infection (time from infection and nature of the infecting variant) determined cross-neutralization. Uninfected vaccinees showed a small reduction in neutralization against the B.1.1.7 variant compared to both the WH1 strain and the D614G mutant. Interestingly, upon vaccination, previously infected individuals developed more robust neutralizing responses against B.1.1.7, suggesting that vaccines can boost the neutralization breadth conferred by natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Institute de Recerca i Tecnologia Agrària (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.R.); (J.V.-A.)
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Institute de Recerca i Tecnologia Agrària (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.R.); (J.V.-A.)
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (R.L.)
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalba Lepore
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (V.G.); (R.L.)
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Glòria Trujillo
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Jaume Trapé
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Carolina González-Fernández
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Antonia Flor
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Rafel Pérez-Vidal
- Fundació Althaia, Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu, 08243 Manresa, Spain; (G.T.); (J.T.); (C.G.-F.); (A.F.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Ruth Toledo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Anna Chamorro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Eulàlia Grau
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.T.); (A.C.)
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (E.P.); (S.M.); (C.R.); (V.U.); (F.T.-F.); (R.O.); (N.I.-U.); (R.P.); (E.G.); (M.M.); (J.C.); (B.C.)
- Chair of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
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