1
|
Bodea GO, Botto JM, Ferreiro ME, Sanchez-Luque FJ, de Los Rios Barreda J, Rasmussen J, Rahman MA, Fenlon LR, Jansz N, Gubert C, Gerdes P, Bodea LG, Ajjikuttira P, Da Costa Guevara DJ, Cumner L, Bell CC, Kozulin P, Billon V, Morell S, Kempen MJHC, Love CJ, Saha K, Palmer LM, Ewing AD, Jhaveri DJ, Richardson SR, Hannan AJ, Faulkner GJ. LINE-1 retrotransposons contribute to mouse PV interneuron development. Nat Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41593-024-01650-2. [PMID: 38773348 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Retrotransposons are mobile DNA sequences duplicated via transcription and reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Cis-regulatory elements encoded by retrotransposons can also promote the transcription of adjacent genes. Somatic LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposon insertions have been detected in mammalian neurons. It is, however, unclear whether L1 sequences are mobile in only some neuronal lineages or therein promote neurodevelopmental gene expression. Here we report programmed L1 activation by SOX6, a transcription factor critical for parvalbumin (PV) interneuron development. Mouse PV interneurons permit L1 mobilization in vitro and in vivo, harbor unmethylated L1 promoters and express full-length L1 mRNAs and proteins. Using nanopore long-read sequencing, we identify unmethylated L1s proximal to PV interneuron genes, including a novel L1 promoter-driven Caps2 transcript isoform that enhances neuron morphological complexity in vitro. These data highlight the contribution made by L1 cis-regulatory elements to PV interneuron development and transcriptome diversity, uncovered due to L1 mobility in this milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela O Bodea
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Juan M Botto
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria E Ferreiro
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Francisco J Sanchez-Luque
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine 'López-Neyra', Spanish National Research Council, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jay Rasmussen
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Muhammed A Rahman
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura R Fenlon
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natasha Jansz
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carolina Gubert
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Gerdes
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liviu-Gabriel Bodea
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Prabha Ajjikuttira
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Darwin J Da Costa Guevara
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda Cumner
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles C Bell
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Kozulin
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victor Billon
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Biology Department, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Santiago Morell
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marie-Jeanne H C Kempen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chloe J Love
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karabi Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Lucy M Palmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam D Ewing
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dhanisha J Jhaveri
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandra R Richardson
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee M, Ahmad SF, Xu J. Regulation and function of transposable elements in cancer genomes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:157. [PMID: 38556602 PMCID: PMC10982106 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Over half of human genomic DNA is composed of repetitive sequences generated throughout evolution by prolific mobile genetic parasites called transposable elements (TEs). Long disregarded as "junk" or "selfish" DNA, TEs are increasingly recognized as formative elements in genome evolution, wired intimately into the structure and function of the human genome. Advances in sequencing technologies and computational methods have ushered in an era of unprecedented insight into how TE activity impacts human biology in health and disease. Here we discuss the current views on how TEs have shaped the regulatory landscape of the human genome, how TE activity is implicated in human cancers, and how recent findings motivate novel strategies to leverage TE activity for improved cancer therapy. Given the crucial role of methodological advances in TE biology, we pair our conceptual discussions with an in-depth review of the inherent technical challenges in studying repeats, specifically related to structural variation, expression analyses, and chromatin regulation. Lastly, we provide a catalog of existing and emerging assays and bioinformatic software that altogether are enabling the most sophisticated and comprehensive investigations yet into the regulation and function of interspersed repeats in cancer genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Syed Farhan Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Center of Excellence for Leukemia Studies, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place - MS 345, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Pathology, Center of Excellence for Leukemia Studies, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place - MS 345, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lanciano S, Philippe C, Sarkar A, Pratella D, Domrane C, Doucet AJ, van Essen D, Saccani S, Ferry L, Defossez PA, Cristofari G. Locus-level L1 DNA methylation profiling reveals the epigenetic and transcriptional interplay between L1s and their integration sites. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100498. [PMID: 38309261 PMCID: PMC10879037 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Long interspersed element 1 (L1) retrotransposons are implicated in human disease and evolution. Their global activity is repressed by DNA methylation, but deciphering the regulation of individual copies has been challenging. Here, we combine short- and long-read sequencing to unveil L1 methylation heterogeneity across cell types, families, and individual loci and elucidate key principles involved. We find that the youngest primate L1 families are specifically hypomethylated in pluripotent stem cells and the placenta but not in most tumors. Locally, intronic L1 methylation is intimately associated with gene transcription. Conversely, the L1 methylation state can propagate to the proximal region up to 300 bp. This phenomenon is accompanied by the binding of specific transcription factors, which drive the expression of L1 and chimeric transcripts. Finally, L1 hypomethylation alone is typically insufficient to trigger L1 expression due to redundant silencing pathways. Our results illuminate the epigenetic and transcriptional interplay between retrotransposons and their host genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lanciano
- University Cote d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
| | - Claude Philippe
- University Cote d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
| | - Arpita Sarkar
- University Cote d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
| | - David Pratella
- University Cote d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
| | - Cécilia Domrane
- University Paris Cité, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien J Doucet
- University Cote d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
| | - Dominic van Essen
- University Cote d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
| | - Simona Saccani
- University Cote d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France
| | - Laure Ferry
- University Paris Cité, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, Paris, France
| | | | - Gael Cristofari
- University Cote d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karahan G, Martel J, Rahimi S, Farag M, Matias F, MacFarlane AJ, Chan D, Trasler J. Higher incidence of embryonic defects in mouse offspring conceived with assisted reproduction from fathers with sperm epimutations. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 33:48-63. [PMID: 37740387 PMCID: PMC10729866 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) account for 1-6% of births in developed countries. While most children conceived are healthy, increases in birth and genomic imprinting defects have been reported; such abnormal outcomes have been attributed to underlying parental infertility and/or the ART used. Here, we assessed whether paternal genetic and lifestyle factors, that are associated with male infertility and affect the sperm epigenome, can influence ART outcomes. We examined how paternal factors, haploinsufficiency for Dnmt3L, an important co-factor for DNA methylation reactions, and/or diet-induced obesity, in combination with ART (superovulation, in vitro fertilization, embryo culture and embryo transfer), could adversely influence embryo development and DNA methylation patterning in mice. While male mice fed high-fat diets (HFD) gained weight and showed perturbed metabolic health, their sperm DNA methylation was minimally affected by the diet. In contrast, Dnmt3L haploinsufficiency induced a marked loss of DNA methylation in sperm; notably, regions affected were associated with neurodevelopmental pathways and enriched in young retrotransposons, sequences that can have functional consequences in the next generation. Following ART, placental imprinted gene methylation and growth parameters were impacted by one or both paternal factors. For embryos conceived by natural conception, abnormality rates were similar for WT and Dnmt3L+/- fathers. In contrast, paternal Dnmt3L+/- genotype, as compared to WT fathers, resulted in a 3-fold increase in the incidence of morphological abnormalities in embryos generated by ART. Together, the results indicate that embryonic morphological and epigenetic defects associated with ART may be exacerbated in offspring conceived by fathers with sperm epimutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurbet Karahan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Josée Martel
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sophia Rahimi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mena Farag
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Fernando Matias
- Nutrition Research Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | | | - Donovan Chan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jacquetta Trasler
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Coley AK, Lu C, Pankaj A, Emmett MJ, Lang ER, Song Y, Xu KH, Xu N, Patel BK, Chougule A, Nieman LT, Aryee MJ, Ferrone CR, Deshpande V, Franses JW, Ting DT. Dysregulated Repeat Element Viral-like Immune Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.04.570014. [PMID: 38105940 PMCID: PMC10723373 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.04.570014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Dysregulation of viral-like repeat RNAs are a common feature across many malignancies that are linked with immunological response, but the characterization of these in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is understudied. In this study, we performed RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) of different repeat RNAs, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for immune cell subpopulations, and spatial transcriptomics to understand the relationship of HCC repeat expression, immune response, and clinical outcomes. Experimental Design RNA-ISH for LINE1, HERV-K, HERV-H, and HSATII repeats and IHC for T-cell, Treg, B-cell, macrophage, and immune checkpoint markers were performed on 43 resected HCC specimens. Spatial transcriptomics on tumor and vessel regions of interest was performed on 28 specimens from the same cohort. Results High HERV-K and high LINE1 expression were both associated with worse overall survival. There was a positive correlation between LINE1 expression and FOXP3 T-regulatory cells (r = 0.51 p < 0.001) as well as expression of the TIM3 immune checkpoint (r = 0.34, p = 0.03). Spatial transcriptomic profiling of HERV-K high and LINE-1 high tumors identified elevated expression of multiple genes previously associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition, cellular proliferation, and worse overall prognosis in HCC including SSX1, MAGEC2, and SPINK1. Conclusion Repeat RNAs may serve as useful prognostic biomarkers in HCC and may also serve as novel therapeutic targets. Additional study is needed to understand the mechanisms by which repeat RNAs impact HCC tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avril K. Coley
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chenyue Lu
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
- Health Sciences and Technology Program; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amaya Pankaj
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J. Emmett
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan R. Lang
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yuhui Song
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Katherine H. Xu
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Nova Xu
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Bidish K. Patel
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Abhijit Chougule
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Linda T. Nieman
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Martin J. Aryee
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Vikram Deshpande
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph W. Franses
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Health Sciences and Technology Program; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago; Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David T. Ting
- Mass General Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
- Health Sciences and Technology Program; Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fu S, Debes JD, Boonstra A. DNA methylation markers in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2023; 191:112960. [PMID: 37473464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2023.112960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and has a poor prognosis. Epigenetic modification has been shown to be deregulated during HCC development by dramatically impacting the differentiation, proliferation, and function of cells. One important epigenetic modification is DNA methylation during which methyl groups are added to cytosines without changing the DNA sequence itself. Studies found that methylated DNA markers can be specific for detection of HCC. On the basis of these findings, the utility of methylated DNA markers as novel biomarkers for early-stage HCC has been measured in blood, and indeed superior sensitivity and specificity have been found in several studies when compared to current surveillance methods. However, a variety of factors currently limit the immediate application of these exciting biomarkers. In this review, we provide a detailed rationalisation of the approach and basis for the use of methylation biomarkers for HCC detection and summarise recent studies on methylated DNA markers in HCC focusing on the importance of the aetiological cause of liver disease in the mechanisms leading to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Fu
- Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - José D Debes
- Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - André Boonstra
- Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gerdes P, Chan D, Lundberg M, Sanchez-Luque FJ, Bodea GO, Ewing AD, Faulkner GJ, Richardson SR. Locus-resolution analysis of L1 regulation and retrotransposition potential in mouse embryonic development. Genome Res 2023; 33:1465-1481. [PMID: 37798118 PMCID: PMC10620060 DOI: 10.1101/gr.278003.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Mice harbor ∼2800 intact copies of the retrotransposon Long Interspersed Element 1 (L1). The in vivo retrotransposition capacity of an L1 copy is defined by both its sequence integrity and epigenetic status, including DNA methylation of the monomeric units constituting young mouse L1 promoters. Locus-specific L1 methylation dynamics during development may therefore elucidate and explain spatiotemporal niches of endogenous retrotransposition but remain unresolved. Here, we interrogate the retrotransposition efficiency and epigenetic fate of source (donor) L1s, identified as mobile in vivo. We show that promoter monomer loss consistently attenuates the relative retrotransposition potential of their offspring (daughter) L1 insertions. We also observe that most donor/daughter L1 pairs are efficiently methylated upon differentiation in vivo and in vitro. We use Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read sequencing to resolve L1 methylation genome-wide and at individual L1 loci, revealing a distinctive "smile" pattern in methylation levels across the L1 promoter region. Using Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) SMRT sequencing of L1 5' RACE products, we then examine DNA methylation dynamics at the mouse L1 promoter in parallel with transcription start site (TSS) distribution at locus-specific resolution. Together, our results offer a novel perspective on the interplay between epigenetic repression, L1 evolution, and genome stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gerdes
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Dorothy Chan
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Mischa Lundberg
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Translational Bioinformatics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Sydney, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | - Francisco J Sanchez-Luque
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government), PTS Granada, 18016, Spain
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer (IGC), University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela O Bodea
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adam D Ewing
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia;
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sandra R Richardson
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alkailani MI, Gibbings D. The Regulation and Immune Signature of Retrotransposons in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4340. [PMID: 37686616 PMCID: PMC10486412 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies and the bioinformatic analysis of big data facilitate the study of jumping genes' activity in the human genome in cancer from a broad perspective. Retrotransposons, which move from one genomic site to another by a copy-and-paste mechanism, are regulated by various molecular pathways that may be disrupted during tumorigenesis. Active retrotransposons can stimulate type I IFN responses. Although accumulated evidence suggests that retrotransposons can induce inflammation, the research investigating the exact mechanism of triggering these responses is ongoing. Understanding these mechanisms could improve the therapeutic management of cancer through the use of retrotransposon-induced inflammation as a tool to instigate immune responses to tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maisa I. Alkailani
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
| | - Derrick Gibbings
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chang YS, Hsu MH, Chung CC, Chen HD, Tu SJ, Lee YT, Yen JC, Liu TC, Chang JG. Comprehensive Analysis and Drug Modulation of Human Endogenous Retrovirus in Hepatocellular Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3664. [PMID: 37509325 PMCID: PMC10377948 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) play an important role in the development of cancer and many diseases. Here, we comprehensively explored the impact of HERVs on hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). METHODS We employed Telescope to identify HERVs and quantify their expression in the total RNA sequencing data obtained from 254 HCC samples, comprising 254 tumor tissues and 34 matched normal tissues. RESULTS In total, 3357 locus-specific activations of HERVs were differentially expressed, and 180 were correlated with patient survival. Using these 180 HERVs for classification, we found four subgroups with survival correlation. Higher expression levels of the 180 HERVs were correlated with poorer survival, while age, AFP, some mutations, and copy and structural variants differed among subgroups. The differential expression of host genes in high expression of these 180 HERVs primarily involved the activation of pathways related to immunity and infection, lipid and atherosclerosis, MAPK and NF-kB signaling, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions. Conversely, there was a suppression of pathways associated with RNA processing, including nucleocytoplasmic transport, surveillance and ribosome biogenesis, and transcriptional misregulation in cancer pathways. Almost all genes involved in HERV activation restriction, KRAB zinc finger proteins, RNA nucleocytoplasmic transport, stemness, HLA and antigen processing and presentation, and immune checkpoints were overexpressed in cancerous tissues, and many over-expressed HERV-related nearby genes were correlated with high HERV activation and poor survival. Twenty-three immune and stromal cells showed higher expression in non-cancerous than cancerous tissues, and seven were correlated with HERV activation. Small-molecule modulation of alternative splicing (AS) altered the expression of survival-related HERVs and their activation-related genes, as well as nearby genes. CONCLUSION Comprehensive and integrated approaches for evaluating HERV expression and their correlation with specific pathways have the potential to provide new companion diagnostics and therapeutic strategies for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Sian Chang
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hon Hsu
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chun Chung
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Da Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Siang-Jyun Tu
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Lee
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chen Yen
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Liu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 50544, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen J, Basting PJ, Han S, Garfinkel DJ, Bergman CM. Reproducible evaluation of transposable element detectors with McClintock 2 guides accurate inference of Ty insertion patterns in yeast. Mob DNA 2023; 14:8. [PMID: 37452430 PMCID: PMC10347736 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-023-00296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many computational methods have been developed to detect non-reference transposable element (TE) insertions using short-read whole genome sequencing data. The diversity and complexity of such methods often present challenges to new users seeking to reproducibly install, execute, or evaluate multiple TE insertion detectors. RESULTS We previously developed the McClintock meta-pipeline to facilitate the installation, execution, and evaluation of six first-generation short-read TE detectors. Here, we report a completely re-implemented version of McClintock written in Python using Snakemake and Conda that improves its installation, error handling, speed, stability, and extensibility. McClintock 2 now includes 12 short-read TE detectors, auxiliary pre-processing and analysis modules, interactive HTML reports, and a simulation framework to reproducibly evaluate the accuracy of component TE detectors. When applied to the model microbial eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we find substantial variation in the ability of McClintock 2 components to identify the precise locations of non-reference TE insertions, with RelocaTE2 showing the highest recall and precision in simulated data. We find that RelocaTE2, TEMP, TEMP2 and TEBreak provide consistent estimates of [Formula: see text]50 non-reference TE insertions per strain and that Ty2 has the highest number of non-reference TE insertions in a species-wide panel of [Formula: see text]1000 yeast genomes. Finally, we show that best-in-class predictors for yeast applied to resequencing data have sufficient resolution to reveal a dyad pattern of integration in nucleosome-bound regions upstream of yeast tRNA genes for Ty1, Ty2, and Ty4, allowing us to extend knowledge about fine-scale target preferences revealed previously for experimentally-induced Ty1 insertions to spontaneous insertions for other copia-superfamily retrotransposons in yeast. CONCLUSION McClintock ( https://github.com/bergmanlab/mcclintock/ ) provides a user-friendly pipeline for the identification of TEs in short-read WGS data using multiple TE detectors, which should benefit researchers studying TE insertion variation in a wide range of different organisms. Application of the improved McClintock system to simulated and empirical yeast genome data reveals best-in-class methods and novel biological insights for one of the most widely-studied model eukaryotes and provides a paradigm for evaluating and selecting non-reference TE detectors in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | | | - Shunhua Han
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - David J. Garfinkel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Casey M. Bergman
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zadran B, Sudhindar PD, Wainwright D, Bury Y, Luli S, Howarth R, McCain MV, Watson R, Huet H, Palinkas F, Berlinguer-Palmini R, Casement J, Mann DA, Oakley F, Lunec J, Reeves H, Faulkner GJ, Shukla R. Impact of retrotransposon protein L1 ORF1p expression on oncogenic pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of cytoplasmic PIN1 upregulation. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1236-1248. [PMID: 36707636 PMCID: PMC10050422 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular characterisation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is central to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the disease. We have previously demonstrated mutagenic consequences of Long-Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (LINE1s/L1) retrotransposition. However, the role of L1 in HCC, besides somatic mutagenesis, is not well understood. METHODS We analysed L1 expression in the TCGA-HCC RNAseq dataset (n = 372) and explored potential relationships between L1 expression and clinical features. The findings were confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of an independent human HCC cohort (n = 48) and functional mechanisms explored using in vitro and in vivo model systems. RESULTS We observed positive associations between L1 and activated TGFβ-signalling, TP53 mutation, alpha-fetoprotein and tumour invasion. IHC confirmed a positive association between pSMAD3, a surrogate for TGFβ-signalling status, and L1 ORF1p (P < 0.0001, n = 32). Experimental modulation of L1 ORF1p levels revealed an influence of L1 ORF1p on key hepatocarcinogenesis-related pathways. Reduction in cell migration and invasive capacity was observed upon L1 ORF1 knockdown, both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, L1 ORF1p increased PIN1 cytoplasmic localisation. Blocking PIN1 activity abrogated L1 ORF1p-induced NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response genes while further activated TGFβ-signalling confirming differential alteration of PIN1 activity in cellular compartments by L1 ORF1p. DISCUSSION Our data demonstrate a causal link between L1 ORF1p and key oncogenic pathways mediated by PIN1, presenting a novel therapeutic avenue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bassier Zadran
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Praveen Dhondurao Sudhindar
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Wainwright
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Yvonne Bury
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Saimir Luli
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rachel Howarth
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Misti Vanette McCain
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robyn Watson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Hannah Huet
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fanni Palinkas
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - John Casement
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Derek A Mann
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - John Lunec
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Helen Reeves
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS foundation, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ruchi Shukla
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, NE1 8ST, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen J, Basting PJ, Han S, Garfinkel DJ, Bergman CM. Reproducible evaluation of short-read transposable element detectors and species-wide data mining of insertion patterns in yeast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.13.528343. [PMID: 36824955 PMCID: PMC9948991 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.528343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Many computational methods have been developed to detect non-reference transposable element (TE) insertions using short-read whole genome sequencing data. The diversity and complexity of such methods often present challenges to new users seeking to reproducibly install, execute or evaluate multiple TE insertion detectors. Results We previously developed the McClintock meta-pipeline to facilitate the installation, execution, and evaluation of six first-generation short-read TE detectors. Here, we report a completely re-implemented version of McClintock written in Python using Snakemake and Conda that improves its installation, error handling, speed, stability, and extensibility. McClintock 2 now includes 12 short-read TE detectors, auxiliary pre-processing and analysis modules, interactive HTML reports, and a simulation framework to reproducibly evaluate the accuracy of component TE detectors. When applied to the model microbial eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae , we find substantial variation in the ability of McClintock 2 components to identify the precise locations of non-reference TE insertions, with RelocaTE2 showing the highest recall and precision in simulated data. We find that RelocaTE2, TEMP, TEMP2 and TEBreak provide a consistent and biologically meaningful view of non-reference TE insertions in a species-wide panel of ∼ 1000 yeast genomes, as evaluated by coverage-based abundance estimates and expected patterns of tRNA promoter targeting. Finally, we show that best-in-class predictors for yeast have sufficient resolution to reveal a dyad pattern of integration in nucleosome-bound regions upstream of yeast tRNA genes for Ty1, Ty2, and Ty4, allowing us to extend knowledge aboutfine-scale target preferences first revealed experimentally for Ty1 to natural insertions and related copia -superfamily retrotransposons in yeast. Conclusion McClintock ( https://github.com/bergmanlab/mcclintock/ ) provides a user-friendly pipeline for the identification of TEs in short-read WGS data using multiple TE detectors, which should benefit researchers studying TE insertion variation in a wide range of different organisms. Application of the improved McClintock system to simulated and empirical yeast genome data reveals best-in-class methods and novel biological insights for one of the most widely-studied model eukaryotes and provides a paradigm for evaluating and selecting non-reference TE detectors for other species.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahn HW, Worman ZF, Lechsinska A, Payer LM, Wang T, Malik N, Li W, Burns KH, Nath A, Levin HL. Retrotransposon insertions associated with risk of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55197. [PMID: 36367221 PMCID: PMC9827563 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are active in neuronal cells raising the question whether TE insertions contribute to risk of neuropsychiatric disease. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) serve as a tool to discover genetic loci associated with neuropsychiatric diseases, unfortunately GWAS do not directly detect structural variants such as TEs. To examine the role of TEs in psychiatric and neurologic disease, we evaluated 17,000 polymorphic TEs and find 76 are in linkage disequilibrium with disease haplotypes (P < 10-6 ) defined by GWAS. From these 76 polymorphic TEs, we identify potentially causal candidates based on having insertions in genomic regions of regulatory chromatin and on having associations with altered gene expression in brain tissues. We show that lead candidate insertions have regulatory effects on gene expression in human neural stem cells altering the activity of a minimal promoter. Taken together, we identify 10 polymorphic TE insertions that are potential candidates on par with other variants for having a causal role in neurologic and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Won Ahn
- Division of Molecular and Cellular BiologyEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Zelia F Worman
- Division of Molecular and Cellular BiologyEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
- Present address:
Seven BridgesCharlestownMAUSA
| | - Arianna Lechsinska
- Division of Molecular and Cellular BiologyEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Lindsay M Payer
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Tongguang Wang
- Translational Neuroscience CenterNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nasir Malik
- Translational Neuroscience CenterNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Wenxue Li
- Section of Infections of the Nervous SystemNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Kathleen H Burns
- Department of Oncologic PathologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Avindra Nath
- Translational Neuroscience CenterNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
- Section of Infections of the Nervous SystemNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Henry L Levin
- Division of Molecular and Cellular BiologyEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saha B, Vannucci L, Saha B, Tenti P, Baral R. Evolvability and emergence of tumor heterogeneity as a space-time function. Cytokine 2023; 161:156061. [PMID: 36252436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The loss of control of cell proliferation, apoptosis regulation and contact inhibition leads to tumor development. While benign tumors are restricted to their primary space, i.e. where these tumors first originate, the metastatic tumors not only disseminate- facilitated by hypoxia-driven neovascularization- to distant secondary sites but also show substantial changes in metabolism, tissue architectures, gene expression profiles and immune phenotypes. All these alterations result in radio-, chemo- and immune-resistance rendering these metastatic tumor cells refractory to therapy. Since the beginning of the transformation, these factors- which influence each other- are incorporated to the developing and metastasizing tumor. As a result, the complexities in the heterogeneity of tumor progressively increase. This space-time function in the heterogeneity of tumors is generated by various conditions and factors at the genetic as well as microenvironmental levels, for example, endogenous retroviruses, methylation and epigenetic dysregulation that may be etiology-specific, cancer associated inflammation, remodeling of the extracellular matrix and mesenchymal cell shifted functions. On the one hand, these factors may cause de-differentiation of the tumor cells leading to cancer stem cells that contribute to radio-, chemo- and immune-resistance and recurrence of tumors. On the other hand, they may also enhance the heterogeneity under specific microenvironment-driven proliferation. In this editorial, we intend to underline the importance of heterogeneity in cancer progress, its evaluation and its use in correlation with the tumor evolution in a specific patient as a field of research for achieving precise patient-tailored treatments and amelioration of diagnostic (monitoring) tools and prognostic capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Luca Vannucci
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Baibaswata Saha
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Tenti
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Rathindranath Baral
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Road, Calcutta 700026, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gerdes P, Lim SM, Ewing AD, Larcombe MR, Chan D, Sanchez-Luque FJ, Walker L, Carleton AL, James C, Knaupp AS, Carreira PE, Nefzger CM, Lister R, Richardson SR, Polo JM, Faulkner GJ. Retrotransposon instability dominates the acquired mutation landscape of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7470. [PMID: 36463236 PMCID: PMC9719517 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can in principle differentiate into any cell of the body, and have revolutionized biomedical research and regenerative medicine. Unlike their human counterparts, mouse iPSCs (miPSCs) are reported to silence transposable elements and prevent transposable element-mediated mutagenesis. Here we apply short-read or Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read genome sequencing to 38 bulk miPSC lines reprogrammed from 10 parental cell types, and 18 single-cell miPSC clones. While single nucleotide variants and structural variants restricted to miPSCs are rare, we find 83 de novo transposable element insertions, including examples intronic to Brca1 and Dmd. LINE-1 retrotransposons are profoundly hypomethylated in miPSCs, beyond other transposable elements and the genome overall, and harbor alternative protein-coding gene promoters. We show that treatment with the LINE-1 inhibitor lamivudine does not hinder reprogramming and efficiently blocks endogenous retrotransposition, as detected by long-read genome sequencing. These experiments reveal the complete spectrum and potential significance of mutations acquired by miPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gerdes
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Sue Mei Lim
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Adam D. Ewing
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Michael R. Larcombe
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Dorothy Chan
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Francisco J. Sanchez-Luque
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia ,grid.418805.00000 0004 0500 8423GENYO. Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, PTS, Granada, 18016 Spain
| | - Lucinda Walker
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Alexander L. Carleton
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Cini James
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Anja S. Knaupp
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Patricia E. Carreira
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Christian M. Nefzger
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Ryan Lister
- grid.1012.20000 0004 1936 7910Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia ,grid.431595.f0000 0004 0469 0045Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Sandra R. Richardson
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Jose M. Polo
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia ,grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Centre for Epigenetics and The South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - Geoffrey J. Faulkner
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Savage AL, Iacoangeli A, Schumann GG, Rubio-Roldan A, Garcia-Perez JL, Al Khleifat A, Koks S, Bubb VJ, Al-Chalabi A, Quinn JP. Characterisation of retrotransposon insertion polymorphisms in whole genome sequencing data from individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Gene 2022; 843:146799. [PMID: 35963498 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The genetics of an individual is a crucial factor in understanding the risk of developing the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). There is still a large proportion of the heritability of ALS, particularly in sporadic cases, to be understood. Among others, active transposable elements drive inter-individual variability, and in humans long interspersed element 1 (LINE1, L1), Alu and SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retrotransposons are a source of polymorphic insertions in the population. We undertook a pilot study to characterise the landscape of non-reference retrotransposon insertion polymorphisms (non-ref RIPs) in 15 control and 15 ALS individuals' whole genomes from Project MinE, an international project to identify potential genetic causes of ALS. The combination of two bioinformatics tools (mobile element locator tool (MELT) and TEBreak) identified on average 1250 Alu, 232 L1 and 77 SVA non-ref RIPs per genome across the 30 analysed. Further PCR validation of individual polymorphic retrotransposon insertions showed a similar level of accuracy for MELT and TEBreak. Our preliminary study did not identify a specific RIP or a significant difference in the total number of non-ref RIPs in ALS compared to control genomes. The use of multiple bioinformatic tools improved the accuracy of non-ref RIP detection and our study highlights the potential importance of studying these elements further in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Savage
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Alfredo Iacoangeli
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Gerald G Schumann
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen 63225, Germany
| | - Alejandro Rubio-Roldan
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Department of Oncology, GENYO, Centre for Genomics & Oncology, PTS Granada, 18007, Spain
| | - Jose L Garcia-Perez
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Department of Oncology, GENYO, Centre for Genomics & Oncology, PTS Granada, 18007, Spain; MRC-HGU Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ahmad Al Khleifat
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Sulev Koks
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Vivien J Bubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RT, UK; Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - John P Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Population Epigenetics: The Extent of DNA Methylation Variation in Wild Animal Populations. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6040031. [PMID: 36278677 PMCID: PMC9589984 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Population epigenetics explores the extent of epigenetic variation and its dynamics in natural populations encountering changing environmental conditions. In contrast to population genetics, the basic concepts of this field are still in their early stages, especially in animal populations. Epigenetic variation may play a crucial role in phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation as it can be affected by the environment, it is likely to have higher spontaneous mutation rate than nucleotide sequences do, and it may be inherited via non-mendelian processes. In this review, we aim to bring together natural animal population epigenetic studies to generate new insights into ecological epigenetics and its evolutionary implications. We first provide an overview of the extent of DNA methylation variation and its autonomy from genetic variation in wild animal population. Second, we discuss DNA methylation dynamics which create observed epigenetic population structures by including basic population genetics processes. Then, we highlight the relevance of DNA methylation variation as an evolutionary mechanism in the extended evolutionary synthesis. Finally, we suggest new research directions by highlighting gaps in the knowledge of the population epigenetics field. As for our results, DNA methylation diversity was found to reveal parameters that can be used to characterize natural animal populations. Some concepts of population genetics dynamics can be applied to explain the observed epigenetic structure in natural animal populations. The set of recent advancements in ecological epigenetics, especially in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in wild animal population, might reshape the way ecologists generate predictive models of the capacity of organisms to adapt to changing environments.
Collapse
|
18
|
Billon V, Sanchez-Luque FJ, Rasmussen J, Bodea GO, Gerhardt DJ, Gerdes P, Cheetham SW, Schauer SN, Ajjikuttira P, Meyer TJ, Layman CE, Nevonen KA, Jansz N, Garcia-Perez JL, Richardson SR, Ewing AD, Carbone L, Faulkner GJ. Somatic retrotransposition in the developing rhesus macaque brain. Genome Res 2022; 32:1298-1314. [PMID: 35728967 PMCID: PMC9341517 DOI: 10.1101/gr.276451.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The retrotransposon LINE-1 (L1) is central to the recent evolutionary history of the human genome and continues to drive genetic diversity and germline pathogenesis. However, the spatiotemporal extent and biological significance of somatic L1 activity are poorly defined and are virtually unexplored in other primates. From a single L1 lineage active at the divergence of apes and Old World monkeys, successive L1 subfamilies have emerged in each descendant primate germline. As revealed by case studies, the presently active human L1 subfamily can also mobilize during embryonic and brain development in vivo. It is unknown whether nonhuman primate L1s can similarly generate somatic insertions in the brain. Here we applied approximately 40× single-cell whole-genome sequencing (scWGS), as well as retrotransposon capture sequencing (RC-seq), to 20 hippocampal neurons from two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). In one animal, we detected and PCR-validated a somatic L1 insertion that generated target site duplications, carried a short 5′ transduction, and was present in ∼7% of hippocampal neurons but absent from cerebellum and nonbrain tissues. The corresponding donor L1 allele was exceptionally mobile in vitro and was embedded in PRDM4, a gene expressed throughout development and in neural stem cells. Nanopore long-read methylome and RNA-seq transcriptome analyses indicated young retrotransposon subfamily activation in the early embryo, followed by repression in adult tissues. These data highlight endogenous macaque L1 retrotransposition potential, provide prototypical evidence of L1-mediated somatic mosaicism in a nonhuman primate, and allude to L1 mobility in the brain over the past 30 million years of human evolution.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mutational signatures and processes in hepatobiliary cancers. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:367-382. [PMID: 35273358 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of hepatobiliary cancers is embedded in their genomes. By analysing their catalogue of somatic mutations and the DNA sequence context in which they occur, it is possible to infer the mechanisms underpinning tumorigenesis. These mutational signatures reflect the exogenous and endogenous origins of genetic damage as well as the capacity of hepatobiliary cells to repair and replicate DNA. Genomic analysis of thousands of patients with hepatobiliary cancers has highlighted the diversity of mutagenic processes active in these malignancies, highlighting a prominent source of the inter-cancer-type, inter-patient, intertumour and intratumoural heterogeneity that is observed clinically. However, a substantial proportion of mutational signatures detected in hepatocellular carcinoma and biliary tract cancer remain of unknown cause, emphasizing the important contribution of processes yet to be identified. Exploiting mutational signatures to retrospectively understand hepatobiliary carcinogenesis could advance preventative management of these aggressive tumours as well as potentially predict treatment response and guide the development of therapies targeting tumour evolution.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lecuelle J, Favier L, Fraisse C, Lagrange A, Kaderbhai C, Boidot R, Chevrier S, Joubert P, Routy B, Truntzer C, Ghiringhelli F. MER4 endogenous retrovirus correlated with better efficacy of anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-004241. [PMID: 35277462 PMCID: PMC8919440 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are highly expressed in various cancer types and are associated with increased innate immune response and better efficacy of antiprogrammed death-1/ligand-1 (anti-PD1/PD-L1)-directed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in preclinical models. However, their role in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients receiving ICI for advanced NSCLC in two independent cohorts. ERV expression was determined by RNA sequencing. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) under ICI. The secondary endpoint was overall survival (OS) from ICI initiation. We studied expression of 6205 ERVs. Multivariate Cox regression model with lasso penalty was estimated on the training set to select ERVs significantly associated with survival. The predictive power of these ERVs was compared with that of previously described transcriptomic signatures. Results We studied two independent cohorts of 89 and 70 patients, used as training and validation sets. Clinicopathological characteristics included 75% of patients with non-squamous NSCLC. We selected four ERVs significantly associated with PFS. Only high MER4 ERV was associated with better PFS and OS in both cohorts. From a biological point of view, high MER4 expression is associated with higher infiltration of eosinophils and inflammatory gene signatures, while low MER4 expression is associated with enrichment in metabolism and proliferation signatures. Adding MER4 to previously described transcriptomic signatures of response to ICI improved their predictive power. Conclusions MER4 ERV expression is useful to stratify risk and predict PFS and OS in patients treated with ICI for NSCLC. It also improves the predictive power of other known transcriptomic signatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lecuelle
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
- UMR INSERM 1231, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
- Genomic and Immunotherapy Medical Institute, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
- University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Laure Favier
- Departmnt of Medical Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Cléa Fraisse
- Departmnt of Medical Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Aurélie Lagrange
- Departmnt of Medical Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Coureche Kaderbhai
- Departmnt of Medical Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Department of Biopathology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Sandy Chevrier
- Department of Biopathology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Philippe Joubert
- Department of Pathology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bertrand Routy
- Department of Medicine Montréal, Division of Oncology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Truntzer
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
- UMR INSERM 1231, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
- Genomic and Immunotherapy Medical Institute, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
- University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| | - Francois Ghiringhelli
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges-Francois Leclerc Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
- UMR INSERM 1231, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
- Genomic and Immunotherapy Medical Institute, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
- University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
- Departmnt of Medical Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center - UNICANCER, Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Karakülah G, Yandim C. Identification of differentially expressed genomic repeats in primary hepatocellular carcinoma and their potential links to biological processes and survival. Turk J Biol 2021; 45:599-612. [PMID: 34803457 PMCID: PMC8574195 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2104-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers. Research on HCC so far primarily focused on genes and provided limited information on genomic repeats, which constitute more than half of the human genome and contribute to genomic stability. In line with this, repeat dysregulation was significantly shown to be pathological in various cancers and other diseases. In this study, we aimed to determine the full repeat expression profile of HCC for the first time. We utilised two independent RNA-seq datasets obtained from primary HCC tumours with matched normal tissues of 20 and 17 HCC patients, respectively. We quantified repeat expressions and analysed their differential expression. We also identified repeats that are cooperatively expressed with genes by constructing a gene coexpression network. Our results indicated that HCC tumours in both datasets harbour 24 differentially expressed repeats and even more elements were coexpressed with genes involved in various metabolic pathways. We discovered that two L1 elements (L1M3b, L1M3de) were downregulated and a handful of HERV subfamily repeats (HERV-Fc1-int, HERV3-int, HERVE_a-int, HERVK11D-int, HERVK14C-int, HERVL18-int) were upregulated with the exception of HERV1_LTRc, which was downregulated. Various LTR elements (LTR32, LTR9, LTR4, LTR52-int, LTR70) and MER elements (MER11C, MER11D, MER57C1, MER9a1, MER74C) were implicated along with few other subtypes including Charlie12, MLT2A2, Tigger15a, Tigger 17b. The only satellite repeat differentially expressed in both datasets was GSATII, whose expression was upregulated in 33 (>90%) out of 37 patients. Notably, GSATII expression correlated with HCC survival genes. Elements discovered here promise future studies to be considered for biomarker and HCC therapy research. The coexpression pattern of the GSATII satellite with HCC survival genes and the fact that it has been upregulated in the vast majority of patients make this repeat particularly stand out for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Karakülah
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (İBG), İzmir Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (İBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir Turkey
| | - Cihangir Yandim
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (İBG), İzmir Turkey.,Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir University of Economics, İzmir Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sudhindar PD, Wainwright D, Saha S, Howarth R, McCain M, Bury Y, Saha SS, McPherson S, Reeves H, Patel AH, Faulkner GJ, Lunec J, Shukla R. HCV Activates Somatic L1 Retrotransposition-A Potential Hepatocarcinogenesis Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5079. [PMID: 34680227 PMCID: PMC8533982 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The activation and mutagenic consequences of L1 retrotransposons in virus-associated-HCC have been documented. However, the direct influence of HCV upon L1 elements is unclear, and is the focus of the present study. L1 transcript expression was evaluated in a publicly available liver tissue RNA-seq dataset from patients with chronic HCV hepatitis (CHC), as well as healthy controls. L1 transcript expression was significantly higher in CHC than in controls. L1orf1p (a L1 encoded protein) expression was observed in six out of 11 CHC livers by immunohistochemistry. To evaluate the influence of HCV on retrotransposition efficiency, in vitro engineered-L1 retrotransposition assays were employed in Huh7 cells in the presence and absence of an HCV replicon. An increased retrotransposition rate was observed in the presence of replicating HCV RNA, and persisted in cells after viral clearance due to sofosbuvir (PSI7977) treatment. Increased retrotransposition could be due to dysregulation of the DNA-damage repair response, including homologous recombination, due to HCV infection. Altogether these data suggest that L1 expression can be activated before oncogenic transformation in CHC patients, with HCV-upregulated retrotransposition potentially contributing to HCC genomic instability and a risk of transformation that persists post-viral clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen D. Sudhindar
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.D.S.); (D.W.); (R.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Daniel Wainwright
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.D.S.); (D.W.); (R.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Santu Saha
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.S.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Rachel Howarth
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.D.S.); (D.W.); (R.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Misti McCain
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.S.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Yvonne Bury
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK;
| | - Sweta S. Saha
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.S.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Stuart McPherson
- The Liver Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Heaton NE7 7DN, UK;
| | - Helen Reeves
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.S.S.); (H.R.)
- The Liver Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Heaton NE7 7DN, UK;
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Geoffrey J. Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - John Lunec
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.D.S.); (D.W.); (R.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruchi Shukla
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.D.S.); (D.W.); (R.H.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Smits N, Rasmussen J, Bodea GO, Amarilla AA, Gerdes P, Sanchez-Luque FJ, Ajjikuttira P, Modhiran N, Liang B, Faivre J, Deveson IW, Khromykh AA, Watterson D, Ewing AD, Faulkner GJ. No evidence of human genome integration of SARS-CoV-2 found by long-read DNA sequencing. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109530. [PMID: 34380018 PMCID: PMC8316065 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study proposed that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) hijacks the LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposition machinery to integrate into the DNA of infected cells. If confirmed, this finding could have significant clinical implications. Here, we apply deep (>50×) long-read Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing to HEK293T cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 and do not find the virus integrated into the genome. By examining ONT data from separate HEK293T cultivars, we completely resolve 78 L1 insertions arising in vitro in the absence of L1 overexpression systems. ONT sequencing applied to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive liver cancer tissues located a single HBV insertion. These experiments demonstrate reliable resolution of retrotransposon and exogenous virus insertions by ONT sequencing. That we find no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 integration suggests that such events are, at most, extremely rare in vivo and therefore are unlikely to drive oncogenesis or explain post-recovery detection of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Smits
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jay Rasmussen
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gabriela O Bodea
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alberto A Amarilla
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Patricia Gerdes
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Francisco J Sanchez-Luque
- GENYO, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, PTS Granada 18016, Spain; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer (IGC), University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Prabha Ajjikuttira
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin Liang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jamila Faivre
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Ira W Deveson
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Adam D Ewing
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kong C, Fu T. Value of methylation markers in colorectal cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:177. [PMID: 34212989 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial and multistage process that occurs due to both genetic and epigenetic variations in normal epithelial cells. Analysis of the CRC epigenome has revealed that almost all CRC types have a large number of abnormally methylated genes. Hypermethylation of cell‑free DNA from CRC in the blood or stool is considered as a potential non‑invasive cancer biomarker, and various methylation markers have shown high sensitivity and specificity. The aim of the present review was to examine potential methylation markers in CRC that have been used or are expected to be used in the clinical setting, focusing on their screening, predictive, prognostic and therapeutic roles in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Kong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Tao Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Karahan G, Chan D, Shirane K, McClatchie T, Janssen S, Baltz JM, Lorincz M, Trasler J. Paternal MTHFR deficiency leads to hypomethylation of young retrotransposons and reproductive decline across two successive generations. Development 2021; 148:dev199492. [PMID: 34128976 PMCID: PMC8276981 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a crucial enzyme in the folate metabolic pathway with a key role in generating methyl groups. As MTHFR deficiency impacts male fertility and sperm DNA methylation, there is the potential for epimutations to be passed to the next generation. Here, we assessed whether the impact of MTHFR deficiency on testis morphology and sperm DNA methylation is exacerbated across generations in mouse. Although MTHFR deficiency in F1 fathers has only minor effects on sperm counts and testis weights and histology, F2 generation sons show further deterioration in reproductive parameters. Extensive loss of DNA methylation is observed in both F1 and F2 sperm, with >80% of sites shared between generations, suggestive of regions consistently susceptible to MTHFR deficiency. These regions are generally methylated during late embryonic germ cell development and are enriched in young retrotransposons. As retrotransposons are resistant to reprogramming of DNA methylation in embryonic germ cells, their hypomethylated state in the sperm of F1 males could contribute to the worsening reproductive phenotype observed in F2 MTHFR-deficient males, compatible with the intergenerational passage of epimutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurbet Karahan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Donovan Chan
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kenjiro Shirane
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Epigenetics Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Taylor McClatchie
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sanne Janssen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Epigenetics Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jay M. Baltz
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Matthew Lorincz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Epigenetics Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jacquetta Trasler
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang D, Zhang K, Protzer U, Zeng C. HBV Integration Induces Complex Interactions between Host and Viral Genomic Functions at the Insertion Site. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:399-408. [PMID: 34221926 PMCID: PMC8237140 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), one of the well-known DNA oncogenic viruses, is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In infected hepatocytes, HBV DNA can be integrated into the host genome through an insertional mutagenesis process inducing tumorigenesis. Dissection of the genomic features surrounding integration sites will deepen our understanding of mechanisms underlying integration. Moreover, the quantity and biological activity of integration sites may reflect the DNA damage within affected cells or the potential survival benefits they may confer. The well-known human genomic features include repeat elements, particular regions (such as telomeres), and frequently interrupted genes (e.g., telomerase reverse transcriptase [i.e. TERT], lysine methyltransferase 2B [i.e. KMT2B], cyclin E1 [CCNE1], and cyclin A2 [CCNA2]). Consequently, distinct genomic features within diverse integrations differentiate their biological functions. Meanwhile, accumulating evidence has shown that viral proteins produced by integrants may cause cell damage even after the suppression of HBV replication. The integration-derived gene products can also serve as tumor markers, promoting the development of novel therapeutic strategies for HCC. Viral integrants can be single copy or multiple copies of different fragments with complicated rearrangement, which warrants elucidation of the whole viral integrant arrangement in future studies. All of these considerations underlie an urgent need to develop novel methodology and technology for sequence characterization and function evaluation of integration events in chronic hepatitis B-associated disease progression by monitoring both host genomic features and viral integrants. This endeavor may also serve as a promising solution for evaluating the risk of tumorigenesis and as a companion diagnostic for designing therapeutic strategies targeting integration-related disease complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dake Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- SCG Cell Therapy Pte. Ltd, Singapore
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Urlike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Changqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
DNA methylation profile of liver of mice conceived by in vitro fertilization. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 13:358-366. [PMID: 34121654 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174421000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Offspring generated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) are believed to be healthy but display a possible predisposition to chronic diseases, like hypertension and glucose intolerance. Since epigenetic changes are believed to underlie such phenotype, this study aimed at describing global DNA methylation changes in the liver of adult mice generated by natural mating (FB group) or by IVF. Embryos were generated by IVF or natural mating. At 30 weeks of age, mice were sacrificed. The liver was removed, and global DNA methylation was assessed using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Genomic Regions for Enrichment Analysis Tool (GREAT) and G:Profilerβ were used to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and for functional enrichment analysis. Overrepresented gene ontology terms were summarized with REVIGO, while canonical pathways (CPs) were identified with Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis. Overall, 2692 DMRs (4.91%) were different between the groups. The majority of DMRs (84.92%) were hypomethylated in the IVF group. Surprisingly, only 0.16% of CpG islands were differentially methylated and only a few DMRs were located on known gene promoters (n = 283) or enhancers (n = 190). Notably, the long-interspersed element (LINE), short-interspersed element (SINE), and long terminal repeat (LTR1) transposable elements showed reduced methylation (P < 0.05) in IVF livers. Cellular metabolic process, hepatic fibrosis, and insulin receptor signaling were some of the principal biological processes and CPs modified by IVF. In summary, IVF modifies the DNA methylation signature in the adult liver, resulting in hypomethylation of genes involved in metabolism and gene transcription regulation. These findings may shed light on the mechanisms underlying the developmental origin of health and disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Blythe MJ, Kocer A, Rubio-Roldan A, Giles T, Abakir A, Ialy-Radio C, Wheldon LM, Bereshchenko O, Bruscoli S, Kondrashov A, Drevet JR, Emes RD, Johnson AD, McCarrey JR, Gackowski D, Olinski R, Cocquet J, Garcia-Perez JL, Ruzov A. LINE-1 transcription in round spermatids is associated with accretion of 5-carboxylcytosine in their open reading frames. Commun Biol 2021; 4:691. [PMID: 34099857 PMCID: PMC8184969 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin of male and female gametes undergoes a number of reprogramming events during the transition from germ cell to embryonic developmental programs. Although the rearrangement of DNA methylation patterns occurring in the zygote has been extensively characterized, little is known about the dynamics of DNA modifications during spermatid maturation. Here, we demonstrate that the dynamics of 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) correlate with active transcription of LINE-1 retroelements during murine spermiogenesis. We show that the open reading frames of active and evolutionary young LINE-1s are 5caC-enriched in round spermatids and 5caC is eliminated from LINE-1s and spermiogenesis-specific genes during spermatid maturation, being simultaneously retained at promoters and introns of developmental genes. Our results reveal an association of 5caC with activity of LINE-1 retrotransposons suggesting a potential direct role for this DNA modification in fine regulation of their transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Blythe
- Deep Seq, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ayhan Kocer
- GReD Laboratory, CNRS UMR 6293 - INSERM U1103 - Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Alejandro Rubio-Roldan
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Tom Giles
- Digital Research Service, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Abdulkadir Abakir
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Côme Ialy-Radio
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin - CNRS UMR8104 - Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lee M Wheldon
- Medical Molecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Oxana Bereshchenko
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Bruscoli
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Joël R Drevet
- GReD Laboratory, CNRS UMR 6293 - INSERM U1103 - Clermont Université, Aubière, France
| | - Richard D Emes
- Digital Research Service, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Daniel Gackowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ryszard Olinski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Julie Cocquet
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin - CNRS UMR8104 - Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jose L Garcia-Perez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alexey Ruzov
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mukherjee K, Sur D, Singh A, Rai S, Das N, Sekar R, Narindi S, Dhingra VK, Jat B, Balraam KVV, Agarwal SP, Mandal PK. Robust expression of LINE-1 retrotransposon encoded proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:628. [PMID: 34044801 PMCID: PMC8161598 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) results from a series of genetic alteration in squamous cells. This particular type of cancer considers one of the most aggressive malignancies to control because of its frequent local invasions to the regional lymph node. Although several biomarkers have been reported, the key marker used to predict the behavior of the disease is largely unknown. Here we report Long INterpersed Element-1 (LINE1 or L1) retrotransposon activity in post-operative oral cancer samples. L1 is the only active retrotransposon occupying around 17% of the human genome with an estimated 500,000 copies. An active L1 encodes two proteins (L1ORF1p and L1ORF2p); both of which are critical in the process of retrotransposition. Several studies report that the L1 retrotransposon is highly active in many cancers. L1 activity is generally determined by assaying L1ORF1p because of its high expression and availability of the antibody. However, due to its lower expression and unavailability of a robust antibody, detection of L1ORF2p has been limited. L1ORF2p is the crucial protein in the process of retrotransposition as it provides endonuclease and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed on the post-operative oral cancer samples and murine tissues. RESULTS Using in house novel antibodies against both the L1 proteins (L1ORF1p and L1ORF2p), we found L1 retrotransposon is extremely active in post-operative oral cancer tissues. Here, we report a novel human L1ORF2p antibody generated using an 80-amino-acid stretch from the RT domain, which is highly conserved among different species. The antibody detects significant L1ORF2p expression in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples and murine germ tissues. CONCLUSIONS We report exceptionally high L1ORF1p and L1ORF2p expression in post-operative oral cancer samples. The novel L1ORF2p antibody reported in this study will serve as a useful tool to understand why L1 activity is deregulated in OSCC and how it contributes to the progression of this particular cancer. Cross-species reactivity of L1ORF2p antibody due to the conserved epitope will be useful to study the retrotransposon biology in mice and rat germ tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koel Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand India
| | - Debpali Sur
- Department of Biotechnology, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand India
| | - Abhijeet Singh
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery and Oncology, AIIMS Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | - Sandhya Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand India
| | | | - Rakshanya Sekar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - Vandana Kumar Dhingra
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery and Oncology, AIIMS Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | - Bhinyaram Jat
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery and Oncology, AIIMS Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | | | - Satya Prakash Agarwal
- Department of Head-Neck Surgery and Oncology, AIIMS Rishikesh, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jansz N, Faulkner GJ. Endogenous retroviruses in the origins and treatment of cancer. Genome Biol 2021; 22:147. [PMID: 33971937 PMCID: PMC8108463 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are emerging as promising therapeutic targets in cancer. As remnants of ancient retroviral infections, ERV-derived regulatory elements coordinate expression from gene networks, including those underpinning embryogenesis and immune cell function. ERV activation can promote an interferon response, a phenomenon termed viral mimicry. Although ERV expression is associated with cancer, and provisionally with autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, ERV-mediated inflammation is being explored as a way to sensitize tumors to immunotherapy. Here we review ERV co-option in development and innate immunity, the aberrant contribution of ERVs to tumorigenesis, and the wider biomedical potential of therapies directed at ERVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Jansz
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia. .,Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Siudeja K, van den Beek M, Riddiford N, Boumard B, Wurmser A, Stefanutti M, Lameiras S, Bardin AJ. Unraveling the features of somatic transposition in the Drosophila intestine. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106388. [PMID: 33634906 PMCID: PMC8090852 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) play a significant role in evolution, contributing to genetic variation. However, TE mobilization in somatic cells is not well understood. Here, we address the prevalence of transposition in a somatic tissue, exploiting the Drosophila midgut as a model. Using whole-genome sequencing of in vivo clonally expanded gut tissue, we have mapped hundreds of high-confidence somatic TE integration sites genome-wide. We show that somatic retrotransposon insertions are associated with inactivation of the tumor suppressor Notch, likely contributing to neoplasia formation. Moreover, applying Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing technology we provide evidence for tissue-specific differences in retrotransposition. Comparing somatic TE insertional activity with transcriptomic and small RNA sequencing data, we demonstrate that transposon mobility cannot be simply predicted by whole tissue TE expression levels or by small RNA pathway activity. Finally, we reveal that somatic TE insertions in the adult fly intestine are enriched in genic regions and in transcriptionally active chromatin. Together, our findings provide clear evidence of ongoing somatic transposition in Drosophila and delineate previously unknown features underlying somatic TE mobility in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Siudeja
- Institut CurieCNRSUMR 3215INSERM U934Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis GroupPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 6ParisFrance
| | - Marius van den Beek
- Institut CurieCNRSUMR 3215INSERM U934Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis GroupPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 6ParisFrance
| | - Nick Riddiford
- Institut CurieCNRSUMR 3215INSERM U934Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis GroupPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 6ParisFrance
| | - Benjamin Boumard
- Institut CurieCNRSUMR 3215INSERM U934Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis GroupPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 6ParisFrance
| | - Annabelle Wurmser
- Institut CurieCNRSUMR 3215INSERM U934Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis GroupPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 6ParisFrance
| | - Marine Stefanutti
- Institut CurieCNRSUMR 3215INSERM U934Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis GroupPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 6ParisFrance
| | - Sonia Lameiras
- ICGex Next‐Generation Sequencing PlatformInstitut CuriePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Allison J Bardin
- Institut CurieCNRSUMR 3215INSERM U934Stem Cells and Tissue Homeostasis GroupPSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 6ParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Keegan RM, Talbot LR, Chang YH, Metzger MJ, Dubnau J. Intercellular viral spread and intracellular transposition of Drosophila gypsy. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009535. [PMID: 33886543 PMCID: PMC8096092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that retrotransposons (RTEs) are more widely expressed in somatic tissues than previously appreciated. RTE expression has been implicated in a myriad of biological processes ranging from normal development and aging, to age related diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Long Terminal Repeat (LTR)-RTEs are evolutionary ancestors to, and share many features with, exogenous retroviruses. In fact, many organisms contain endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) derived from exogenous retroviruses that integrated into the germ line. These ERVs are inherited in Mendelian fashion like RTEs, and some retain the ability to transmit between cells like viruses, while others develop the ability to act as RTEs. The process of evolutionary transition between LTR-RTE and retroviruses is thought to involve multiple steps by which the element loses or gains the ability to transmit copies between cells versus the ability to replicate intracellularly. But, typically, these two modes of transmission are incompatible because they require assembly in different sub-cellular compartments. Like murine IAP/IAP-E elements, the gypsy family of retroelements in arthropods appear to sit along this evolutionary transition. Indeed, there is some evidence that gypsy may exhibit retroviral properties. Given that gypsy elements have been found to actively mobilize in neurons and glial cells during normal aging and in models of neurodegeneration, this raises the question of whether gypsy replication in somatic cells occurs via intracellular retrotransposition, intercellular viral spread, or some combination of the two. These modes of replication in somatic tissues would have quite different biological implications. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila gypsy is capable of both cell-associated and cell-free viral transmission between cultured S2 cells of somatic origin. Further, we demonstrate that the ability of gypsy to move between cells is dependent upon a functional copy of its viral envelope protein. This argues that the gypsy element has transitioned from an RTE into a functional endogenous retrovirus with the acquisition of its envelope gene. On the other hand, we also find that intracellular retrotransposition of the same genomic copy of gypsy can occur in the absence of the Env protein. Thus, gypsy exhibits both intracellular retrotransposition and intercellular viral transmission as modes of replicating its genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Keegan
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Lillian R. Talbot
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Yung-Heng Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Metzger
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Josh Dubnau
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Magnani E, Macchi F, Madakashira BP, Zhang C, Alaydaroos F, Sadler KC. uhrf1 and dnmt1 Loss Induces an Immune Response in Zebrafish Livers Due to Viral Mimicry by Transposable Elements. Front Immunol 2021; 12:627926. [PMID: 33854502 PMCID: PMC8039153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.627926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of transposable elements (TEs) can cause cellular damage. Cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensing pathways evolved to detect pathogens, but can also serve to cull cells with inappropriate TE activation as TEs can be viral mimetics. Epigenetic silencing of TEs is mediated in part by DNA methylation, but it is not clear if TE activation or the immune system contribute to the cellular damage caused by loss of DNA methylation. Here, we provide mechanistic insight into the observation of an activated interferon response in the liver of zebrafish larvae with deletion in critical components of the DNA methylation machinery, uhrf1 and dnmt1. We focus on dissecting the relationship between DNA methylation, TE activation and induction of an immune response through cytoplasmic DNA and double stranded RNA sensing pathways and identify tnfa as a mediator of cell death in the liver of these mutants. Integrated RNAseq and methylome analysis identified LTR transposons as the most upregulated in these mutants and also the most methylated in control larvae, indicating a direct role of DNA methylation in suppressing this TE subclass. RNAseq analysis from these same samples revealed expression signatures of a type-I interferon response and of tnfa activation, mimicking the pattern of gene expression in virally infected cells. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated depletion of the cellular antiviral sensors sting and mavs reduced expression of interferon response genes and tnfa depletion dramatically reduced cell death in uhrf1 mutant livers. This suggests that the antiviral response induced by DNA hypomethylation and TE activation in the liver is mediated by the signaling pathways activated by both cytoplasmic double stranded RNA and DNA and that tnfa mediates cell death as a potential mechanism to eliminate these damaged cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Magnani
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Filippo Macchi
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Chi Zhang
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Alaydaroos
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Araújo NP, Sena RS, Bonvicino CR, Kuhn GCS, Svartman M. SINE-B1 Distribution and Chromosome Rearrangements in the South American Proechimys gr. goeldii (Echimyidae, Rodentia). Cytogenet Genome Res 2021; 161:6-13. [PMID: 33556945 DOI: 10.1159/000513106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proechimys species are remarkable for their extensive chromosome rearrangements, representing a good model to understand genome evolution. Herein, we cytogenetically analyzed 3 different cytotypes of Proechimys gr. goeldii to assess their evolutionary relationship. We also mapped the transposable element SINE-B1 on the chromosomes of P. gr. goeldii in order to investigate its distribution among individuals and evaluate its possible contribution to karyotype remodeling in this species. SINE-B1 showed a dispersed distribution along chromosome arms and was also detected at the pericentromeric regions of some chromosomes, including pair 1 and the sex chromosomes, which are involved in chromosome rearrangements. In addition, we describe a new cytotype for P. gr. goeldii, reinforcing the significant role of gross chromosomal rearrangements during the evolution of the genus. The results of FISH with SINE-B1 suggest that this issue should be more deeply investigated for a better understanding of its role in the mechanisms involved in the wide variety of Proechimys karyotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naiara P Araújo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Rondônia, Jaru, Brazil
| | - Radarane S Sena
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo C S Kuhn
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marta Svartman
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Komkov AY, Urazbakhtin SZ, Saliutina MV, Komech EA, Shelygin YA, Nugmanov GA, Shubin VP, Smirnova AO, Bobrov MY, Tsukanov AS, Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV, Lebedev YB, Mamedov IZ. SeqURE - a new copy-capture based method for sequencing of unknown Retroposition events. Mob DNA 2020; 11:33. [PMID: 33317630 PMCID: PMC7734759 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-020-00228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retroelements (REs) occupy a significant part of all eukaryotic genomes including humans. The majority of retroelements in the human genome are inactive and unable to retrotranspose. Dozens of active copies are repressed in most normal tissues by various cellular mechanisms. These copies can become active in normal germline and brain tissues or in cancer, leading to new retroposition events. The consequences of such events and their role in normal cell functioning and carcinogenesis are not yet fully understood. If new insertions occur in a small portion of cells they can be found only with the use of specific methods based on RE enrichment and high-throughput sequencing. The downside of the high sensitivity of such methods is the presence of various artifacts imitating real insertions, which in many cases cannot be validated due to lack of the initial template DNA. For this reason, adequate assessment of rare (< 1%) subclonal cancer specific RE insertions is complicated. Results Here we describe a new copy-capture technique which we implemented in a method called SeqURE for Sequencing Unknown of Retroposition Events that allows for efficient and reliable identification of new genomic RE insertions. The method is based on the capture of copies of target molecules (copy-capture), selective amplification and sequencing of genomic regions adjacent to active RE insertions from both sides. Importantly, the template genomic DNA remains intact and can be used for validation experiments. In addition, we applied a novel system for testing method sensitivity and precisely showed the ability of the developed method to reliably detect insertions present in 1 out of 100 cells and a substantial portion of insertions present in 1 out of 1000 cells. Using advantages of the method we showed the absence of somatic Alu insertions in colorectal cancer samples bearing tumor-specific L1HS insertions. Conclusions This study presents the first description and implementation of the copy-capture technique and provides the first methodological basis for the quantitative assessment of RE insertions present in a small portion of cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13100-020-00228-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Komkov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia. .,Dmitry Rogachev National Medical and Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Maria V Saliutina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yuri A Shelygin
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gaiaz A Nugmanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaliy P Shubin
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Mikhail Y Bobrov
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S Tsukanov
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Snezhkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri B Lebedev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilgar Z Mamedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia. .,Dmitry Rogachev National Medical and Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia. .,V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia. .,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nohara K, Nakabayashi K, Okamura K, Suzuki T, Suzuki S, Hata K. Gestational arsenic exposure induces site-specific DNA hypomethylation in active retrotransposon subfamilies in offspring sperm in mice. Epigenetics Chromatin 2020; 13:53. [PMID: 33267854 PMCID: PMC7709384 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-020-00375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental impacts on a fetus can disrupt germ cell development leading to epimutations in mature germ cells. Paternal inheritance of adverse health effects through sperm epigenomes, including DNA methylomes, has been recognized in human and animal studies. However, the impacts of gestational exposure to a variety of environmental factors on the germ cell epigenomes are not fully investigated. Arsenic, a naturally occurring contaminant, is one of the most concerning environmental chemicals, that is causing serious health problems, including an increase in cancer, in highly contaminated areas worldwide. We previously showed that gestational arsenic exposure of pregnant C3H mice paternally induces hepatic tumor increase in the second generation (F2). In the present study, we have investigated the F1 sperm DNA methylomes genome-widely by one-base resolution analysis using a reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) method. Results We have clarified that gestational arsenic exposure increases hypomethylated cytosines in all the chromosomes and they are significantly overrepresented in the retrotransposon LINEs and LTRs, predominantly in the intergenic regions. Closer analyses of detailed annotated DNA sequences showed that hypomethylated cytosines are especially accumulated in the promoter regions of the active full-length L1MdA subfamily in LINEs, and 5′LTRs of the active IAPE subfamily in LTRs. This is the first report that has identified the specific positions of methylomes altered in the retrotransposon elements by environmental exposure, by genome-wide methylome analysis. Conclusion Lowered DNA methylation potentially enhances L1MdA retrotransposition and cryptic promoter activity of 5′LTR for coding genes and non-coding RNAs. The present study has illuminated the environmental impacts on sperm DNA methylome establishment that can lead to augmented retrotransposon activities in germ cells and can cause harmful effects in the following generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nohara
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Okamura
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shigekatsu Suzuki
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ewing AD, Smits N, Sanchez-Luque FJ, Faivre J, Brennan PM, Richardson SR, Cheetham SW, Faulkner GJ. Nanopore Sequencing Enables Comprehensive Transposable Element Epigenomic Profiling. Mol Cell 2020; 80:915-928.e5. [PMID: 33186547 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) drive genome evolution and are a notable source of pathogenesis, including cancer. While CpG methylation regulates TE activity, the locus-specific methylation landscape of mobile human TEs has to date proven largely inaccessible. Here, we apply new computational tools and long-read nanopore sequencing to directly infer CpG methylation of novel and extant TE insertions in hippocampus, heart, and liver, as well as paired tumor and non-tumor liver. As opposed to an indiscriminate stochastic process, we find pronounced demethylation of young long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1) retrotransposons in cancer, often distinct to the adjacent genome and other TEs. SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retrotransposons, including their internal tandem repeat-associated CpG island, are near-universally methylated. We encounter allele-specific TE methylation and demethylation of aberrantly expressed young LINE-1s in normal tissues. Finally, we recover the complete sequences of tumor-specific LINE-1 insertions and their retrotransposition hallmarks, demonstrating how long-read sequencing can simultaneously survey the epigenome and detect somatic TE mobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Ewing
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Nathan Smits
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Francisco J Sanchez-Luque
- GENYO, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, PTS Granada 18016, Spain; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Jamila Faivre
- INSERM, U1193, Paul-Brousse University Hospital, Hepatobiliary Centre, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Paul M Brennan
- Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sandra R Richardson
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Seth W Cheetham
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
The tumor suppressor microRNA let-7 inhibits human LINE-1 retrotransposition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5712. [PMID: 33177501 PMCID: PMC7658363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of the human genome is made of transposable elements (TEs) whose activity continues to impact its structure and function. Among them, Long INterspersed Element class 1 (LINE-1 or L1) elements are the only autonomously active TEs in humans. L1s are expressed and mobilized in different cancers, generating mutagenic insertions that could affect tumor malignancy. Tumor suppressor microRNAs are ∼22nt RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate oncogene expression and are frequently downregulated in cancer. Here we explore whether they also influence L1 mobilization. We show that downregulation of let-7 correlates with accumulation of L1 insertions in human lung cancer. Furthermore, we demonstrate that let-7 binds to the L1 mRNA and impairs the translation of the second L1-encoded protein, ORF2p, reducing its mobilization. Overall, our data reveals that let-7, one of the most relevant microRNAs, maintains somatic genome integrity by restricting L1 retrotransposition. Human Long INterspersed Element class 1 (LINE-1) elements are expressed and mobilized in many types of cancer, contributing to malignancy. Here the authors show that the tumor suppressor microRNA let-7 targets the LINE-1 mRNA and reduces LINE-1 mobilization.
Collapse
|
39
|
Nohara K, Suzuki T, Okamura K. Gestational arsenic exposure and paternal intergenerational epigenetic inheritance. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115319. [PMID: 33160984 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has shown that gestational exposure to environmental factors such as imbalanced diet, environmental chemicals, and stress can lead to late-onset health effects in offspring and that some of these effects are heritable by the next generation and subsequent generations. Furthermore, altered epigenetic modifications in DNA methylation, histone modifications and small RNAs in a single sperm genome have been shown to transmit disease phenotypes acquired from the environment to later generations. Recently, our group found that gestational exposure of F0 pregnant dams to an inorganic arsenic, sodium arsenite, increases the incidence of hepatic tumors in male F2 mice, and the effects are paternally transmitted to the F2. Here, we first overview the epigenetic changes involved in paternal intergenerational and transgenerational inheritance caused by exposure to environmental factors. Then, we discuss our recent studies regarding paternal inheritance of the tumor-augmenting effects in F2 mice by gestational arsenite exposure, in which we investigated alterations of DNA methylation status in F2 tumors and causative F1 sperm. We also discuss the possible targets of the F2 effects. Finally, we discuss future perspectives on the studies that are needed to fully understand the health effects of arsenic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nohara
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Okamura
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cusack M, King HW, Spingardi P, Kessler BM, Klose RJ, Kriaucionis S. Distinct contributions of DNA methylation and histone acetylation to the genomic occupancy of transcription factors. Genome Res 2020; 30:1393-1406. [PMID: 32963030 PMCID: PMC7605266 DOI: 10.1101/gr.257576.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications on chromatin play important roles in regulating gene expression. Although chromatin states are often governed by multilayered structure, how individual pathways contribute to gene expression remains poorly understood. For example, DNA methylation is known to regulate transcription factor binding but also to recruit methyl-CpG binding proteins that affect chromatin structure through the activity of histone deacetylase complexes (HDACs). Both of these mechanisms can potentially affect gene expression, but the importance of each, and whether these activities are integrated to achieve appropriate gene regulation, remains largely unknown. To address this important question, we measured gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and transcription factor occupancy in wild-type or DNA methylation-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells following HDAC inhibition. We observe widespread increases in chromatin accessibility at retrotransposons when HDACs are inhibited, and this is magnified when cells also lack DNA methylation. A subset of these elements has elevated binding of the YY1 and GABPA transcription factors and increased expression. The pronounced additive effect of HDAC inhibition in DNA methylation-deficient cells demonstrates that DNA methylation and histone deacetylation act largely independently to suppress transcription factor binding and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cusack
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish W King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Spingardi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Klose
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Skirmantas Kriaucionis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Transposon expression in the Drosophila brain is driven by neighboring genes and diversifies the neural transcriptome. Genome Res 2020; 30:1559-1569. [PMID: 32973040 PMCID: PMC7605248 DOI: 10.1101/gr.259200.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Somatic transposon expression in neural tissue is commonly considered as a measure of mobilization and has therefore been linked to neuropathology and organismal individuality. We combined genome sequencing data with single-cell mRNA sequencing of the same inbred fly strain to map transposon expression in the Drosophila midbrain and found that transposon expression patterns are highly stereotyped. Every detected transposon is resident in at least one cellular gene with a matching expression pattern. Bulk RNA sequencing from fly heads of the same strain revealed that coexpression is a physical link in the form of abundant chimeric transposon-gene mRNAs. We identified 264 genes where transposons introduce cryptic splice sites into the nascent transcript and thereby significantly expand the neural transcript repertoire. Some genes exclusively produce chimeric mRNAs with transposon sequence; on average, 11.6% of the mRNAs produced from a given gene are chimeric. Conversely, most transposon-containing transcripts are chimeric, which suggests that somatic expression of these transposons is largely driven by cellular genes. We propose that chimeric mRNAs produced by alternative splicing into polymorphic transposons, rather than transposon mobilization, may contribute to functional differences between individual cells and animals.
Collapse
|
42
|
Shademan M, Zare K, Zahedi M, Mosannen Mozaffari H, Bagheri Hosseini H, Ghaffarzadegan K, Goshayeshi L, Dehghani H. Promoter methylation, transcription, and retrotransposition of LINE-1 in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:426. [PMID: 32905102 PMCID: PMC7466817 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The methylation of the CpG islands of the LINE-1 promoter is a tight control mechanism on the function of mobile elements. However, simultaneous quantification of promoter methylation and transcription of LINE-1 has not been performed in progressive stages of colorectal cancer. In addition, the insertion of mobile elements in the genome of advanced adenoma stage, a precancerous stage before colorectal carcinoma has not been emphasized. In this study, we quantify promoter methylation and transcripts of LINE-1 in three stages of colorectal non-advanced adenoma, advanced adenoma, and adenocarcinoma. In addition, we analyze the insertion of LINE-1, Alu, and SVA elements in the genome of patient tumors with colorectal advanced adenomas. METHODS LINE-1 hypomethylation status was evaluated by absolute quantitative analysis of methylated alleles (AQAMA) assay. To quantify the level of transcripts for LINE-1, quantitative RT-PCR was performed. To find mobile element insertions, the advanced adenoma tissue samples were subjected to whole genome sequencing and MELT analysis. RESULTS We found that the LINE-1 promoter methylation in advanced adenoma and adenocarcinoma was significantly lower than that in non-advanced adenomas. Accordingly, the copy number of LINE-1 transcripts in advanced adenoma was significantly higher than that in non-advanced adenomas, and in adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than that in the advanced adenomas. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of colorectal advanced adenomas revealed that at this stage polymorphic insertions of LINE-1, Alu, and SVA comprise approximately 16%, 51%, and 74% of total insertions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our correlative analysis showing a decreased methylation of LINE-1 promoter accompanied by the higher level of LINE-1 transcription, and polymorphic genomic insertions in advanced adenoma, suggests that the early and advanced polyp stages may host very important pathogenic processes concluding to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Shademan
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Zare
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 91779-48974 Iran
| | - Morteza Zahedi
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hooman Mosannen Mozaffari
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Bagheri Hosseini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaffarzadegan
- Pathology Department, Education and Research Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ladan Goshayeshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, 91779-48974 Iran
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Oh S, Jo Y, Jung S, Yoon S, Yoo KH. From genome sequencing to the discovery of potential biomarkers in liver disease. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32475383 PMCID: PMC7330805 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.6.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease progresses through several stages, fatty liver, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and eventually, it leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) over a long period of time. Since a large proportion of patients with HCC are accompanied by cirrhosis, it is considered to be an important factor in the diagnosis of liver cancer. This is because cirrhosis leads to an irreversible harmful effect, but the early stages of chronic liver disease could be reversed to a healthy state. Therefore, the discovery of biomarkers that could identify the early stages of chronic liver disease is important to prevent serious liver damage. Biomarker discovery at liver cancer and cirrhosis has enhanced the development of sequencing technology. Next generation sequencing (NGS) is one of the representative technical innovations in the biological field in the recent decades and it is the most important thing to design for research on what type of sequencing methods are suitable and how to handle the analysis steps for data integration. In this review, we comprehensively summarized NGS techniques for identifying genome, transcriptome, DNA methylome and 3D/4D chromatin structure, and introduced framework of processing data set and integrating multi-omics data for uncovering biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Oh
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yeeun Jo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Sungju Jung
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Sumin Yoon
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Yoo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics, Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
- Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wolf G, de Iaco A, Sun MA, Bruno M, Tinkham M, Hoang D, Mitra A, Ralls S, Trono D, Macfarlan TS. KRAB-zinc finger protein gene expansion in response to active retrotransposons in the murine lineage. eLife 2020; 9:56337. [PMID: 32479262 PMCID: PMC7289599 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Krüppel-associated box zinc finger protein (KRAB-ZFP) family diversified in mammals. The majority of human KRAB-ZFPs bind transposable elements (TEs), however, since most TEs are inactive in humans it is unclear whether KRAB-ZFPs emerged to suppress TEs. We demonstrate that many recently emerged murine KRAB-ZFPs also bind to TEs, including the active ETn, IAP, and L1 families. Using a CRISPR/Cas9-based engineering approach, we genetically deleted five large clusters of KRAB-ZFPs and demonstrate that target TEs are de-repressed, unleashing TE-encoded enhancers. Homozygous knockout mice lacking one of two KRAB-ZFP gene clusters on chromosome 2 and chromosome 4 were nonetheless viable. In pedigrees of chromosome 4 cluster KRAB-ZFP mutants, we identified numerous novel ETn insertions with a modest increase in mutants. Our data strongly support the current model that recent waves of retrotransposon activity drove the expansion of KRAB-ZFP genes in mice and that many KRAB-ZFPs play a redundant role restricting TE activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Wolf
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Alberto de Iaco
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ming-An Sun
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Melania Bruno
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Matthew Tinkham
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Don Hoang
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Apratim Mitra
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Sherry Ralls
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Didier Trono
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Todd S Macfarlan
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ardeljan D, Steranka JP, Liu C, Li Z, Taylor MS, Payer LM, Gorbounov M, Sarnecki JS, Deshpande V, Hruban RH, Boeke JD, Fenyö D, Wu PH, Smogorzewska A, Holland AJ, Burns KH. Cell fitness screens reveal a conflict between LINE-1 retrotransposition and DNA replication. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:168-178. [PMID: 32042151 PMCID: PMC7080318 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
LINE-1 retrotransposon overexpression is a hallmark of human cancers. We identified a colorectal cancer wherein a fast-growing tumor subclone downregulated LINE-1, prompting us to examine how LINE-1 expression affects cell growth. We find that nontransformed cells undergo a TP53-dependent growth arrest and activate interferon signaling in response to LINE-1. TP53 inhibition allows LINE-1+ cells to grow, and genome-wide-knockout screens show that these cells require replication-coupled DNA-repair pathways, replication-stress signaling and replication-fork restart factors. Our findings demonstrate that LINE-1 expression creates specific molecular vulnerabilities and reveal a retrotransposition-replication conflict that may be an important determinant of cancer growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ardeljan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jared P Steranka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Martin S Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Payer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail Gorbounov
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacob S Sarnecki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Pei-Hsun Wu
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Agata Smogorzewska
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Holland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen H Burns
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ardeljan D, Wang X, Oghbaie M, Taylor MS, Husband D, Deshpande V, Steranka JP, Gorbounov M, Yang WR, Sie B, Larman HB, Jiang H, Molloy KR, Altukhov I, Li Z, McKerrow W, Fenyö D, Burns KH, LaCava J. LINE-1 ORF2p expression is nearly imperceptible in human cancers. Mob DNA 2019; 11:1. [PMID: 31892958 PMCID: PMC6937734 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-019-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1, L1) is the major driver of mobile DNA activity in modern humans. When expressed, LINE-1 loci produce bicistronic transcripts encoding two proteins essential for retrotransposition, ORF1p and ORF2p. Many types of human cancers are characterized by L1 promoter hypomethylation, L1 transcription, L1 ORF1p protein expression, and somatic L1 retrotransposition. ORF2p encodes the endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activities required for L1 retrotransposition. Its expression is poorly characterized in human tissues and cell lines. RESULTS We report mass spectrometry-based tumor proteome profiling studies wherein ORF2p eludes detection. To test whether ORF2p could be detected with specific reagents, we developed and validated five rabbit monoclonal antibodies with immunoreactivity for specific epitopes on the protein. These reagents readily detect ectopic ORF2p expressed from bicistronic L1 constructs. However, endogenous ORF2p is not detected in human tumor samples or cell lines by western blot, immunoprecipitation, or immunohistochemistry despite high levels of ORF1p expression. Moreover, we report endogenous ORF1p-associated interactomes, affinity isolated from colorectal cancers, wherein we similarly fail to detect ORF2p. These samples include primary tumors harboring hundreds of somatically acquired L1 insertions. The new data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013743. CONCLUSIONS Although somatic retrotransposition provides unequivocal genetic evidence for the expression of ORF2p in human cancers, we are unable to directly measure its presence using several standard methods. Experimental systems have previously indicated an unequal stoichiometry between ORF1p and ORF2p, but in vivo, the expression of these two proteins may be more strikingly uncoupled. These findings are consistent with observations that ORF2p is not tolerable for cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ardeljan
- McKusick Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Xuya Wang
- Institute for Systems Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Mehrnoosh Oghbaie
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Martin S. Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - David Husband
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Jared P. Steranka
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Mikhail Gorbounov
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Wan Rou Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Brandon Sie
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Kelly R. Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Ilya Altukhov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141701 Russia
| | - Zhi Li
- Institute for Systems Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Wilson McKerrow
- Institute for Systems Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Kathleen H. Burns
- McKusick Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - John LaCava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nguyen THM, Carreira PE, Sanchez-Luque FJ, Schauer SN, Fagg AC, Richardson SR, Davies CM, Jesuadian JS, Kempen MJHC, Troskie RL, James C, Beaven EA, Wallis TP, Coward JIG, Chetty NP, Crandon AJ, Venter DJ, Armes JE, Perrin LC, Hooper JD, Ewing AD, Upton KR, Faulkner GJ. L1 Retrotransposon Heterogeneity in Ovarian Tumor Cell Evolution. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3730-3740. [PMID: 29949758 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons are a source of insertional mutagenesis in tumor cells. However, the clinical significance of L1 mobilization during tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we applied retrotransposon capture sequencing (RC-seq) to multiple single-cell clones isolated from five ovarian cancer cell lines and HeLa cells and detected endogenous L1 retrotransposition in vitro. We then applied RC-seq to ovarian tumor and matched blood samples from 19 patients and identified 88 tumor-specific L1 insertions. In one tumor, an intronic de novo L1 insertion supplied a novel cis-enhancer to the putative chemoresistance gene STC1. Notably, the tumor subclone carrying the STC1 L1 mutation increased in prevalence after chemotherapy, further increasing STC1 expression. We also identified hypomethylated donor L1s responsible for new L1 insertions in tumors and cultivated cancer cells. These congruent in vitro and in vivo results highlight L1 insertional mutagenesis as a common component of ovarian tumorigenesis and cancer genome heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thu H M Nguyen
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Patricia E Carreira
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Francisco J Sanchez-Luque
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, PT Ciencias de la Salud, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Stephanie N Schauer
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Allister C Fagg
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sandra R Richardson
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - J Samuel Jesuadian
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Marie-Jeanne H C Kempen
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Robin-Lee Troskie
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Cini James
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | | | - Jermaine I G Coward
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Naven P Chetty
- Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | | | - Deon J Venter
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Jane E Armes
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Lewis C Perrin
- Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Adam D Ewing
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kyle R Upton
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey J Faulkner
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, TRI Building, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gao W, Li G, Bian X, Rui Y, Zhai C, Liu P, Su J, Wang H, Zhu C, Du Y, Zheng W, Zheng B, Zhang W, Zhang H, Zhao K, Yang Y, Yu X. Defective modulation of LINE-1 retrotransposition by cancer-associated SAMHD1 mutants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:213-219. [PMID: 31492497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1) is now considered as the only active autonomous mobile DNA in humans, LINE-1 retrotransposition activities are associated with and fluctuate during cancer initiation and progression; however, the mechanism underlying the increased LINE-1 activity in cancer is poorly understood. SAMHD1 has been reported to be a potent inhibitor of LINE-1 retrotransposition, and SAMHD1 mutations are frequently associated with cancer development. To gain insights on whether cancer-related SAMHD1 mutants affect LINE-1 activity, we explored the biochemical and cellular properties of some human mutants known correlate with the development of cancer. Most of the tested SAMHD1 cancer-related mutations were defective in LINE-1 inhibition. Interestingly we also found that SAMHD1 mutant K288T was defective for dNTPase activity but showed potent activity against LINE-1 retrotransposition. These findings suggest that LINE-1 inhibition does not depend solely on the dNTPase activity of SAMHD1. In contrast, SAMHD1's ability to inhibit ORF2p-mediated LINE-1 RNP reverse transcription was correlated with SAMHD1-mediated LINE-1 inhibition. Together, our data could also facilitate the deeper understanding for the inhibition of endogenous LINE-1 elements by SAMHD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Gao
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangquan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuefeng Bian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yajuan Rui
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhai
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Panpan Liu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaming Su
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhu
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjia Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baisong Zheng
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yongjun Yang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - XiaoFang Yu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research & Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that colonize genomes and threaten genome integrity. As a result, several mechanisms appear to have emerged during eukaryotic evolution to suppress TE activity. However, TEs are ubiquitous and account for a prominent fraction of most eukaryotic genomes. We argue that the evolutionary success of TEs cannot be explained solely by evasion from host control mechanisms. Rather, some TEs have evolved commensal and even mutualistic strategies that mitigate the cost of their propagation. These coevolutionary processes promote the emergence of complex cellular activities, which in turn pave the way for cooption of TE sequences for organismal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Cosby
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Ni-Chen Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Cédric Feschotte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Banuelos-Sanchez G, Sanchez L, Benitez-Guijarro M, Sanchez-Carnerero V, Salvador-Palomeque C, Tristan-Ramos P, Benkaddour-Boumzaouad M, Morell S, Garcia-Puche JL, Heras SR, Franco-Montalban F, Tamayo JA, Garcia-Perez JL. Synthesis and Characterization of Specific Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors for Mammalian LINE-1 Retrotransposons. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1095-1109.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|