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Asuaje Pfeifer M, Langehein H, Grupe K, Müller S, Seyda J, Liebmann M, Rustenbeck I, Scherneck S. PyCreas: a tool for quantification of localization and distribution of endocrine cell types in the islets of Langerhans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1250023. [PMID: 37772078 PMCID: PMC10523144 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1250023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Manifest diabetes, but also conditions of increased insulin resistance such as pregnancy or obesity can lead to islet architecture remodeling. The contributing mechanisms are as poorly understood as the consequences of altered cell arrangement. For the quantification of the different cell types but also the frequency of different cell-cell contacts within the islets, different approaches exist. However, few methods are available to characterize islet cell distribution in a statistically valid manner. Here we describe PyCreas, an open-source tool written in Python that allows semi-automated analysis of islet cell distribution based on images of pancreatic sections stained by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. To ensure that the PyCreas tool is suitable for quantitative analysis of cell distribution in the islets at different metabolic states, we studied the localization and distribution of alpha, beta, and delta cells during gestation and prediabetes. We compared the islet cell distribution of pancreatic islets from metabolically healthy NMRI mice with that of New Zealand obese (NZO) mice, which exhibit impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) both preconceptionally and during gestation, and from C57BL/6 N (B6) mice, which acquire this IGT only during gestation. Since substrain(s) of the NZO mice are known to show a variant in the Abcc8 gene, we additionally examined preconceptional SUR1 knock-out (SUR1-KO) mice. PyCreas provided quantitative evidence that alterations in the Abcc8 gene are associated with an altered distribution pattern of islet cells. Moreover, our data indicate that this cannot be a consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia, as islet architecture is already altered in the prediabetic state. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis suggests that states of transient IGT, such as during common gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), are not associated with changes in islet architecture as observed during long-term IGT. PyCreas provides the ability to systematically analyze the localization and distribution of islet cells at different stages of metabolic disease to better understand the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephan Scherneck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Schwarz KG, Flores M, Voituron N, Del Rio R. Contribution of Carotid Bodies on Pulmonary Function During Normoxia and Acute Hypoxia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1427:127-134. [PMID: 37322343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32371-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotid bodies (CBs) are main peripheral chemoreceptors involved in breathing regulation. Despite the well-known role played by CBs on breathing control, the precise contribution of CBs on the regulation of lung mechanics remains controversial. Accordingly, we study changes in lung mechanics in normoxia (FiO2 21%) and hypoxia (FiO2 8%) in mice with or without functional CBs. For this, we used adult male mice that underwent sham or CB denervation (CBD) surgery. Compared to sham-operated mice, we found that CBD induced an increase in lung resistance (RL) while breathing normoxic air (sham vs. CBD, p < 0.05). Importantly, changes in RL were accompanied by an approximately threefold reduction in dynamic compliance (Cdyn). Additionally, end-expiratory work (EEW) was increased in normoxia in the CBD group. Contrarily, we found that CBD has no effect on lung mechanics during hypoxic stimulation. Indeed, RL, Cdyn, and EEW values in CBD mice were undistinguishable from the ones obtained in sham mice. Finally, we found that CBD induces lung parenchyma morphological alterations characterized by reduced alveoli space. Together our results showed that CBD progressively increases lung resistance at normoxic conditions and suggest that CB tonic afferent discharges are needed for the proper regulation of lung mechanics at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla G Schwarz
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maríajose Flores
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas Voituron
- Laboratoire Hypoxie & Poumon UMR INSERM U1272, Universite Sorbonne Paris Nord, Paris, France
| | - Rodrigo Del Rio
- Laboratory of Cardiorespiratory Control, Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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3
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Zhang JY, Xie B, Barba H, Nadeem U, Movahedan A, Deng N, Spedale M, D’Souza M, Luo W, Leone V, Chang EB, Theriault B, Sulakhe D, Skondra D. Absence of Gut Microbiota Is Associated with RPE/Choroid Transcriptomic Changes Related to Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathobiology and Decreased Choroidal Neovascularization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9676. [PMID: 36077073 PMCID: PMC9456402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have begun to reveal significant connections between the gut microbiome and various retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As critical supporting tissues of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and underlying choroid play a critical role in retinal homeostasis and degeneration. However, the relationship between the microbiome and RPE/choroid remains poorly understood, particularly in animal models of AMD. In order to better elucidate this role, we performed high-throughput RNA sequencing of RPE/choroid tissue in germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Furthermore, utilizing a specialized laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model that we developed, we compared CNV size and inflammatory response between GF and SPF mice. After correction of raw data, 660 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including those involved in angiogenesis regulation, scavenger and cytokine receptor activity, and inflammatory response-all of which have been implicated in AMD pathogenesis. Among lasered mice, the GF group showed significantly decreased CNV lesion size and microglial infiltration around CNV compared to the SPF group. Together, these findings provide evidence for a potential gut-RPE/choroidal axis as well as a correlation with neovascular features of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hugo Barba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Urooba Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Asadolah Movahedan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nini Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Melanie Spedale
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark D’Souza
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wendy Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- Department of Animal Biologics and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- The Microbiome Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Betty Theriault
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dinanath Sulakhe
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dimitra Skondra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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4
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Schulz JA, Rodgers LT, Kryscio RJ, Hartz AMS, Bauer B. Characterization and comparison of human glioblastoma models. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:844. [PMID: 35922758 PMCID: PMC9347152 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the deadliest cancers. Treatment options are limited, and median patient survival is only several months. Translation of new therapies is hindered by a lack of GBM models that fully recapitulate disease heterogeneity. Here, we characterize two human GBM models (U87-luc2, U251-RedFLuc). In vitro, both cell lines express similar levels of luciferase and show comparable sensitivity to temozolomide and lapatinib exposure. In vivo, however, the two GBM models recapitulate different aspects of the disease. U87-luc2 cells quickly grow into large, well-demarcated tumors; U251-RedFLuc cells form small, highly invasive tumors. Using a new method to assess GBM invasiveness based on detecting tumor-specific anti-luciferase staining in brain slices, we found that U251-RedFLuc cells are more invasive than U87-luc2 cells. Lastly, we determined expression levels of ABC transporters in both models. Our findings indicate that U87-luc2 and U251-RedFLuc GBM models recapitulate different aspects of GBM heterogeneity that need to be considered in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Schulz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Louis T Rodgers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Richard J Kryscio
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
- Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
- Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Björn Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Translational Therapeutics Track, Markey Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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5
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Light Regimes Regulate Leaf and Twigs Traits of Camellia oleifera (Abel) in Pinus massoniana Plantation Understory. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Camellia oleifera (Abel) is an economic tree species and one of the four largest oil plants in the world. The leaf and twig responses and plasticity indices of C. oleifera were investigated under four light regimes in Pinus massoniana understory plantations, namely, 100% light intensity (CK), 75% of CK (HL), 50% of CK (ML), and 30% of CK (LL). The morphological characteristics, biomass allocation, and physiological characteristics of C. oleifera leaves and twigs under different light regimes, as well as their plasticity indexes, were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that leaf area, and specific leaf area, leaf total carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chlorophyll contents, and photosynthesis increased, which indicates that plants have the strongest adaptability under HL. No fruit appeared in twigs under LL and ML. The plastic morphological traits were greater than the biomass allocation and physiological traits. The plasticity of palisade/sponge tissue thickness and lower epidermis thickness were the lowest. In conclusion, C. oleifera have differences in sensitivity and regulation mechanism according to their differences in leaf morphological characteristics, biomass allocation physiological indicators, and response to light regimes. C. oleifera plants showed obvious phenotypic inhibition under CK, while they can adjust their strategies for using light energy to maintain their own growth and development under HL. The wide range of light adaptation and strong plasticity of C. oleifera may be two important reasons for its existence in heterogeneous habitats, but it needs at least 75% light regimes to complete its normal growth development and fruit setting. The study provides insights into the optimum light regimes for the improvement of the quality and efficiency of C. oleifera in P. massoniana understory plantations.
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Asuaje Pfeifer M, Liebmann M, Beuerle T, Grupe K, Scherneck S. Role of Serotonin (5-HT) in GDM Prediction Considering Islet and Liver Interplay in Prediabetic Mice during Gestation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126434. [PMID: 35742878 PMCID: PMC9224346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is characterized by a glucose tolerance disorder. This may first appear during pregnancy or pre-exist before conception as a form of prediabetes, but there are few data on the pathogenesis of the latter subtype. Female New Zealand obese (NZO) mice serve as a model for this subpopulation of GDM. It was recently shown that GDM is associated with elevated urinary serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels, but the role of the biogenic amine in subpopulations with prediabetes remains unclear. 5-HT is synthesized in different tissues, including the islets of Langerhans during pregnancy. Furthermore, 5-HT receptors (HTRs) are expressed in tissues important for the regulation of glucose homeostasis, such as liver and pancreas. Interestingly, NZO mice showed elevated plasma and islet 5-HT concentrations as well as impaired glucose-stimulated 5-HT secretion. Incubation of isolated primary NZO islets with 5-HT revealed an inhibitory effect on insulin and glucagon secretion. In primary NZO hepatocytes, 5-HT aggravated hepatic glucose production (HGP), decreased glucose uptake (HGU), glycogen content, and modulated AKT activation as well as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) increase, indicating 5-HT downstream modulation. Treatment with an HTR2B antagonist reduced this 5-HT-mediated deterioration of the metabolic state. With its strong effect on glucose metabolism, these data indicate that 5-HT is already a potential indicator of GDM before conception in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Asuaje Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.A.P.); (M.L.); (K.G.)
| | - Moritz Liebmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.A.P.); (M.L.); (K.G.)
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Katharina Grupe
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.A.P.); (M.L.); (K.G.)
| | - Stephan Scherneck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (M.A.P.); (M.L.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-391-8440
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7
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Singh DK, Cole J, Escobedo RA, Alfson KJ, Singh B, Lee TH, Alvarez X, Ganatra SR, Carrion R, Kaushal D. Animal Models of COVID-19: Nonhuman Primates. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2452:227-258. [PMID: 35554911 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2111-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the novel SARS-CoV-2, the entire world has been thrown into chaos with severe disruptions from a normal life. While the entire world was going chaotic, the researchers throughout the world were struggling to contribute to the best of their capabilities to advance the understanding of this new pandemic and fast track the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. While various animal models have helped a lot to understand the basic physiology, nonhman primates have been promising and much more successful in modelling human diseases compared to other available clinical models. Here we describe the different aspects of modelling the SARS-CoV-2 infection in NHPs along with the associated methods used in NHP immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj K Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Journey Cole
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ruby A Escobedo
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Bindu Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tae-Hyung Lee
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shashank R Ganatra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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8
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Lachowski D, Matellan C, Gopal S, Cortes E, Robinson BK, Saiani A, Miller AF, Stevens MM, del Río Hernández AE. Substrate Stiffness-Driven Membrane Tension Modulates Vesicular Trafficking via Caveolin-1. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4322-4337. [PMID: 35255206 PMCID: PMC9007531 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, a condition characterized by extensive deposition and cross-linking of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, is idiosyncratic in cases of chronic liver injury. The dysregulation of ECM remodeling by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the main mediators of fibrosis, results in an elevated ECM stiffness that drives the development of chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) is a key element in the regulation of ECM remodeling, which modulates the degradation and turnover of ECM components. We have previously reported that a rigid, fibrotic-like substrate can impact TIMP-1 expression at the protein level in HSCs without altering its mRNA expression. While HSCs are known to be highly susceptible to mechanical stimuli, the mechanisms through which mechanical cues regulate TIMP-1 at the post-translational level remain unclear. Here, we show a mechanism of regulation of plasma membrane tension by matrix stiffness. We found that this effect is orchestrated by the β1 integrin/RhoA axis and results in elevated exocytosis and secretion of TIMP-1 in a caveolin-1- and dynamin-2-dependent manner. We then show that TIMP-1 and caveolin-1 expression increases in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These conditions are associated with fibrosis, and this effect can be recapitulated in 3D fibrosis models consisting of hepatic stellate cells encapsulated in a self-assembling polypeptide hydrogel. This work positions stiffness-dependent membrane tension as a key regulator of enzyme secretion and function and a potential target for therapeutic strategies that aim at modulating ECM remodeling in chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Lachowski
- Cellular
and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Manchester
BIOGEL, Mereside, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Matellan
- Cellular
and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sahana Gopal
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ernesto Cortes
- Cellular
and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin K. Robinson
- Cellular
and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Saiani
- Department
of Materials and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of
Science and Engineering, The University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
BIOGEL, Mereside, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Aline F. Miller
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, The
University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester
BIOGEL, Mereside, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Armando E. del Río Hernández
- Cellular
and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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9
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Nie S, Wang B, Ding H, Lin H, Zhang L, Li Q, Wang Y, Zhang B, Liang A, Zheng Q, Wang H, Lv H, Zhu K, Jia M, Wang X, Du J, Zhao R, Jiang Z, Xia C, Qiao Z, Li X, Liu B, Zhu H, An R, Li Y, Jiang Q, Chen B, Zhang H, Wang D, Tang C, Yuan Y, Dai J, Zhan J, He W, Wang X, Shi J, Wang B, Gong M, He X, Li P, Huang L, Li H, Pan C, Huang H, Yuan G, Lan H, Nie Y, Li X, Zhao X, Zhang X, Pan G, Wu Q, Xu F, Zhang Z. Genome assembly of the Chinese maize elite inbred line RP125 and its EMS mutant collection provide new resources for maize genetics research and crop improvement. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:40-54. [PMID: 34252236 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maize is an important crop worldwide, as well as a valuable model with vast genetic diversity. Accurate genome and annotation information for a wide range of inbred lines would provide valuable resources for crop improvement and pan-genome characterization. In this study, we generated a high-quality de novo genome assembly (contig N50 of 15.43 Mb) of the Chinese elite inbred line RP125 using Nanopore long-read sequencing and Hi-C scaffolding, which yield highly contiguous, chromosome-length scaffolds. Global comparison of the RP125 genome with those of B73, W22, and Mo17 revealed a large number of structural variations. To create new germplasm for maize research and crop improvement, we carried out an EMS mutagenesis screen on RP125. In total, we obtained 5818 independent M2 families, with 946 mutants showing heritable phenotypes. Taking advantage of the high-quality RP125 genome, we successfully cloned 10 mutants from the EMS library, including the novel kernel mutant qk1 (quekou: "missing a small part" in Chinese), which exhibited partial loss of endosperm and a starch accumulation defect. QK1 encodes a predicted metal tolerance protein, which is specifically required for Fe transport. Increased accumulation of Fe and reactive oxygen species as well as ferroptosis-like cell death were detected in qk1 endosperm. Our study provides the community with a high-quality genome sequence and a large collection of mutant germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 11724, USA
| | - Haiping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Haijian Lin
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Qigui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Anping Liang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Huayang Lv
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Minghui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Jiyuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Runtai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Zhenzhen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Caina Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Zhenghao Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xiaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Boyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Rong An
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Yucui Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Benfang Chen
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Hongkai Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Dening Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Changxiao Tang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Jie Dai
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Jing Zhan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Weiqiang He
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Xuebo Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Min Gong
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Xiujing He
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Peng Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Li Huang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Hui Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Hong Huang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Guangsheng Yuan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Hai Lan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Yongxin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Guangtang Pan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, ChengDu, 611130, China
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10
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Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Cryosectioning and Immunostaining of Xenopus Embryonic Tissues. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2021; 2021:pdb.prot107151. [PMID: 34244349 PMCID: PMC8527664 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Xenopus embryo is a classical vertebrate model for molecular, cellular, and developmental biology. Despite many advantages of this organism, such as large egg size and external development, imaging of early embryonic stages is challenging because of nontransparent cytoplasm. Staining and imaging of thin tissue sections is one way to overcome this limitation. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol that combines cryosectioning of gelatin-embedded embryos with immunostaining and imaging. The purpose of this protocol is to examine various cellular and tissue markers after the manipulation of protein function. This protocol can be performed within a 2-d period and allows detection of many antigens by immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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11
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Liu X, Wan Y, An J, Zhang X, Cao Y, Li Z, Liu X, Ma H. Morphological, Physiological, and Molecular Responses of Sweetly Fragrant Luculia gratissima During the Floral Transition Stage Induced by Short-Day Photoperiod. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:715683. [PMID: 34456954 PMCID: PMC8385556 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.715683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod-regulated floral transition is vital to the flowering plant. Luculia gratissima "Xiangfei" is a flowering ornamental plant with high development potential economically and is a short-day woody perennial. However, the genetic regulation of short-day-induced floral transition in L. gratissima is unclear. To systematically research the responses of L. gratissima during this process, dynamic changes in morphology, physiology, and transcript levels were observed and identified in different developmental stages of long-day- and short-day-treated L. gratissima plants. We found that floral transition in L. gratissima occurred 10 d after short-day induction, but flower bud differentiation did not occur at any stage under long-day conditions. A total of 1,226 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 146 genes were associated with flowering pathways of sugar, phytohormones, photoperiod, ambient temperature, and aging signals, as well as floral integrator and meristem identity genes. The trehalose-6-phosphate signal positively modulated floral transition by interacting with SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING-LIKE PROTEIN 4 (SPL4) in the aging pathway. Endogenous gibberellin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid promoted floral transition, whereas strigolactone inhibited it. In the photoperiod pathway, FD, CONSTANS-LIKE 12, and nuclear factors Y positively controlled floral transition, whereas PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 7, FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX PROTEIN 1, and LUX negatively regulated it. SPL4 and pEARLI1 positively affected floral transition. Suppressor of Overexpression of Constans 1 and AGAMOUSLIKE24 integrated multiple flowering signals to modulate the expression of FRUITFULL/AGL8, AP1, LEAFY, SEPALLATAs, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE, and TERMINAL FLOWER 1, thereby regulating floral transition. Finally, we propose a regulatory network model for short-day-induced floral transition in L. gratissima. This study improves our understanding of flowering time regulation in L. gratissima and provides knowledge for its production and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfang Liu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Youming Wan
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Jing An
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Xiujiao Zhang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Yurong Cao
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Xiuxian Liu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, China
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12
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Protocol for induction and characterization of microglia extracellular traps in murine and human microglia cells. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100678. [PMID: 34355202 PMCID: PMC8319797 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular traps (ETs) are composed of decondensed chromatin and are embedded with various antimicrobial proteins like myeloperoxidase and histones. Recently, we reported that dopamine (DA) induces ETs in BV2 microglia cell line and primary adult human microglia in a manner independent of cell death, reactive oxygen species, and actin polymerization. This protocol details how to characterize DA-induced ETs in BV2 microglia and human microglia. The protocols for characterization of ETs may also be used for other adherent cell lines. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Agrawal et al. (2021).
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13
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Cuevas RA, Chu CC, Moorhead WJ, Wong R, Sultan I, St Hilaire C. Isolation of Human Primary Valve Cells for In vitro Disease Modeling. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33938898 DOI: 10.3791/62439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is present in nearly a third of the elderly population. Thickening, stiffening, and calcification of the aortic valve causes aortic stenosis and contributes to heart failure and stroke. Disease pathogenesis is multifactorial, and stresses such as inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, turbulent flow, and mechanical stress and strain contribute to the osteogenic differentiation of valve endothelial and valve interstitial cells. However, the precise initiating factors that drive the osteogenic transition of a healthy cell into a calcifying cell are not fully defined. Further, the only current therapy for CAVD-induced aortic stenosis is aortic valve replacement, whereby the native valve is removed (surgical aortic valve replacement, SAVR) or a fully collapsible replacement valve is inserted via a catheter (transcatheter aortic valve replacement, TAVR). These surgical procedures come at a high cost and with serious risks; thus, identifying novel therapeutic targets for drug discovery is imperative. To that end, the present study develops a workflow where surgically removed tissues from patients and donor cadaver tissues are used to create patient-specific primary lines of valvular cells for in vitro disease modeling. This protocol introduces the utilization of a cold storage solution, commonly utilized in organ transplant, to reduce the damage caused by the often-lengthy procurement time between tissue excision and laboratory processing with the benefit of greatly stabilizing cells of the excised tissue. The results of the present study demonstrate that isolated valve cells retain their proliferative capacity and endothelial and interstitial phenotypes in culture upwards of several days after valve removal from the donor. Using these materials allows for the collection of control and CAVD cells, from which both control and disease cell lines are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando A Cuevas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Claire C Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - William J Moorhead
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Ryan Wong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Ibrahim Sultan
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh and Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Cynthia St Hilaire
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and the Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh;
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14
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Abstract
Explants are three-dimensional tissue fragments maintained outside the organism. The goals of this article are to review the history of fish explant culture and discuss applications of this technique that may assist the modern zebrafish laboratory. Because most zebrafish workers do not have a background in tissue culture, the key variables of this method are deliberately explained in a general way. This is followed by a review of fish-specific explantation approaches, including presurgical husbandry, aseptic dissection technique, choice of media and additives, incubation conditions, viability assays, and imaging studies. Relevant articles since 1970 are organized in a table grouped by organ system. From these, I highlight several recent studies using explant culture to study physiological and embryological processes in teleosts, including circadian rhythms, hormonal regulation, and cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. LeClair
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Health, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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15
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Sievers W, Rathner JA, Green RA, Kettle C, Irving HR, Whelan DR, Fernandez RGD, Zacharias A. Innervation of supraclavicular adipose tissue: A human cadaveric study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236286. [PMID: 32702004 PMCID: PMC7377457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) was identified in adult humans only in 2007 with the use of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Previous studies have demonstrated a negative correlation between obesity and BAT presence in humans. It is proposed that BAT possesses the capacity to increase metabolism and aid weight loss. In rodents it is well established that BAT is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system with the interscapular BAT being innervated via branches of intercostal nerves. Whilst there is evidence to suggest that BAT possesses beta-3 adrenoceptors, no studies have identified the specific nerve branch that carries sympathetic innervation to BAT in humans. The aim of this study was to identify and trace the peripheral nerve or nerves that innervate human BAT in the supraclavicular region. The posterior triangle region of the neck of cadaveric specimens were dissected in order to identify any peripheral nerve branches piercing and/or terminating in supraclavicular BAT. A previously undescribed branch of the cervical plexus terminating in a supraclavicular adipose depot was identified in all specimens. This was typically an independent branch of the plexus, from the third cervical spinal nerve, but in one specimen was a branch of the supraclavicular nerve. Histological analysis revealed the supraclavicular adipose depot contained tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive structures, which likely represent sympathetic axons. This is the first study that identifies a nerve branch to supraclavicular BAT-like tissue. This finding opens new avenues for the investigation of neural regulation of fat metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Sievers
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney A. Green
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donna R. Whelan
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard G. D. Fernandez
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita Zacharias
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Juul Belling H, Hofmeister W, Andersen DC. A Systematic Exposition of Methods used for Quantification of Heart Regeneration after Apex Resection in Zebrafish. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030548. [PMID: 32111059 PMCID: PMC7140516 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a worldwide condition that affects millions of people. This is mainly caused by the adult human heart lacking the ability to regenerate upon injury, whereas zebrafish have the capacity through cardiomyocyte proliferation to fully regenerate the heart following injury such as apex resection (AR). But a systematic overview of the methods used to evidence heart regrowth and regeneration in the zebrafish is lacking. Herein, we conducted a systematical search in Embase and Pubmed for studies on heart regeneration in the zebrafish following injury and identified 47 AR studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Overall, three different methods were used to assess heart regeneration in zebrafish AR hearts. 45 out of 47 studies performed qualitative (37) and quantitative (8) histology, whereas immunohistochemistry for various cell cycle markers combined with cardiomyocyte specific proteins was used in 34 out of 47 studies to determine cardiomyocyte proliferation qualitatively (6 studies) or quantitatively (28 studies). For both methods, analysis was based on selected heart sections and not the whole heart, which may bias interpretations. Likewise, interstudy comparison of reported cardiomyocyte proliferation indexes seems complicated by distinct study designs and reporting manners. Finally, six studies performed functional analysis to determine heart function, a hallmark of human heart injury after MI. In conclusion, our data implies that future studies should consider more quantitative methods eventually taking the 3D of the zebrafish heart into consideration when evidencing myocardial regrowth after AR. Furthermore, standardized guidelines for reporting cardiomyocyte proliferation and sham surgery details may be considered to enable inter study comparisons and robustly determine the effect of given genes on the process of heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Juul Belling
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (H.J.B.); (W.H.)
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Winsloewparken 25, 1. floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Hofmeister
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (H.J.B.); (W.H.)
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Winsloewparken 25, 1. floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, DanStem, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, 2200 København H, Denmark
| | - Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (H.J.B.); (W.H.)
- Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Winsloewparken 25, 1. floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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17
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Coste A, Oktay MH, Condeelis JS, Entenberg D. Intravital Imaging Techniques for Biomedical and Clinical Research. Cytometry A 2019; 97:448-457. [PMID: 31889408 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravital imaging, the direct visualization of cells and tissues within a living animal, is a technique that has been employed for the better part of a century. The advent of confocal and multiphoton microscopy has dramatically improved the power of intravital imaging, making it possible to obtain optical sections of tissues non-destructively. This review discusses the various techniques used for intravital imaging, describes how intravital imaging provides information about cellular and tissue dynamics not possible to be garnered by other techniques, and details several ways in which intravital imaging is making a direct impact on the clinical care of patients. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouchka Coste
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Maja H Oktay
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Department of Pathology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Surgery, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Integrated Imaging Program, Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
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18
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Phellinus linteus Grown on Germinated Brown Rice Inhibits IgE-Mediated Allergic Activity through the Suppression of Fc εRI-Dependent Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:1485015. [PMID: 31871471 PMCID: PMC6907041 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1485015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus (PL) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine owing to its immune regulatory activity. Previous studies reported that PL grown on germinated brown rice (PBR) exerted immunomodulatory, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, role of PBR on type I hypersensitive reactions has not been studied yet. We found that PBR contained more polyphenolic compounds than PL extract. Among fractions, PBR butanol fraction (PBR-BuOH) significantly contained the most amounts of total polyphenolic contents compared with all extracts or fractions. In this study, anti-allergic activity of PBR-BuOH was examined using in vitro and in vivo models of immunoglobulin E/antigen- (IgE/Ag-) stimulated allergy. The inhibitory activity of degranulation was higher in PBR-BuOH (IC50 41.31 ± 0.14 μg/mL) than in PL-BuOH (IC50 108.07 ± 8.98 μg/mL). We observed that PBR-BuOH suppressed calcium influx and the level of TNF-α and IL-4 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner. The phosphorylation of Fyn, Gab2, PI3K, Syk, and IκB protein is reduced by PBR-BuOH. Oral administration of PBR-BuOH inhibited allergic reactions including the extravasation of Evans blue dye, ear swelling, and infiltration of immune cells in mice with passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). These findings suggest that PBR-BuOH might be used as a functional food, a health supplement, or a drug for preventing type I hypersensitive allergic disease.
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19
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Shmarakov IO, Lee YJ, Jiang H, Blaner WS. Constitutive androstane receptor mediates PCB-induced disruption of retinoid homeostasis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 381:114731. [PMID: 31449830 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is associated with an increased risk of incidence of metabolic disease, however the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not fully understood. Our study provides new insights into molecular interactions between PCBs and retinoids (vitamin A and its metabolites) by defining a role for constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in the disruption of retinoid homeostasis by non-coplanar 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153). Administration of four weekly 50 mg/kg doses of PCB153 to C57BL/6 male mice resulted in a significant decline in the tissue concentrations of retinyl esters, retinol and all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), while no decline in hepatic and adipose tissue retinoid levels were detected in Car-null littermates. Our data imply that disrupted retinoid homeostasis occurs as a consequence of PCB153-induced activation of CAR, and raise the possibility that CAR signaling can affect atRA homeostasis in vivo. A strong correlation between the changes in retinoid metabolism and extensive upregulation of hepatic CAR-driven Cyp2b10 expression implicates this CYP isoform as contributing to retinoid homeostasis disruption via atRA oxidation during PCB153 exposure. In response to PCB153-induced CAR activation and disruption of retinoid homeostasis, expression of hepatic Pepck, Cd36 and adipose tissue Pparγ, Cd36, Adipoq, and Rbp4 were altered; however, this was reversed by administration of exogenous dietary retinoids (300 IU daily for 4 weeks). Our study establishes that PCB153 exposure enables a significant disruption of retinoid homeostasis in a CAR-dependent manner. We propose that this contributes to the obesogenic properties of PCB153 and may contribute to the predisposition to the metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor O Shmarakov
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Yun Jee Lee
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - William S Blaner
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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20
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Teuscher AC, Statzer C, Pantasis S, Bordoli MR, Ewald CY. Assessing Collagen Deposition During Aging in Mammalian Tissue and in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1944:169-188. [PMID: 30840243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9095-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proper collagen homeostasis is essential for development and aging of any multicellular organism. During aging, two extreme scenarios are commonly occurring: a local excess in collagen deposition, for instance during fibrosis, or a gradual overall reduction of collagen mass. Here, we describe a histological and a colorimetric method to assess collagen levels in mammalian tissues and in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The first method is the polychrome Herovici staining to distinguish between young and mature collagen ratios. The second method is based on hydroxyproline measurements to estimate collagen protein levels. In addition, we show how to decellularize the multicellular organism C. elegans in order to harvest its cuticle, one of the two major extracellular matrices, mainly composed of collagen. These methods allow assessing collagen deposition during aging either in tissues or in whole organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina C Teuscher
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Statzer
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Pantasis
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mattia R Bordoli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Collin Y Ewald
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Mulas C, Chia G, Jones KA, Hodgson AC, Stirparo GG, Nichols J. Oct4 regulates the embryonic axis and coordinates exit from pluripotency and germ layer specification in the mouse embryo. Development 2018; 145:dev159103. [PMID: 29915126 PMCID: PMC6031404 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lineage segregation in the mouse embryo is a finely controlled process dependent upon coordination of signalling pathways and transcriptional responses. Here we employ a conditional deletion system to investigate embryonic patterning and lineage specification in response to loss of Oct4. We first observe ectopic expression of Nanog in Oct4-negative postimplantation epiblast cells. The expression domains of lineage markers are subsequently disrupted. Definitive endoderm expands at the expense of mesoderm; the anterior-posterior axis is positioned more distally and an ectopic posterior-like domain appears anteriorly, suggesting a role for Oct4 in maintaining the embryonic axis. Although primitive streak forms in the presumptive proximal-posterior region, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is impeded by an increase of E-cadherin, leading to complete tissue disorganisation and failure to generate germ layers. In explant and in vitro differentiation assays, Oct4 mutants also show upregulation of E-cadherin and Foxa2, suggesting a cell-autonomous phenotype. We confirm requirement for Oct4 in self-renewal of postimplantation epiblast ex vivo Our results indicate a role for Oct4 in orchestrating multiple fates and enabling expansion, correct patterning and lineage choice in the postimplantation epiblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mulas
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Gloryn Chia
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Kenneth Alan Jones
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Andrew Christopher Hodgson
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Giuliano Giuseppe Stirparo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 4BG, UK
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22
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Farhanah MI, Yasmin AR, Khanh NP, Yeap SK, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR. Bursal immunopathology responses of specific-pathogen-free chickens and red jungle fowl infected with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2085-2097. [PMID: 29626271 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) targets B lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius (BF), causing immunosuppression and increased mortality rates in young birds. There have been few studies on the host immune response following vvIBDV infection at different inoculum doses in chickens with different genetic backgrounds. In this study, we characterized the immune responses of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and Malaysian red jungle fowl following infection with vvIBDV strain UPM0081 at 103.8 and 106.8 times the 50% embryo infectious dose (EID50). The viral burden, histopathological changes, immune cell populations, and expression of immune-related genes were measured and compared between infected and uninfected bursa at specific intervals. The populations of KUL1+, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells were significantly increased in both types of chickens at 3 dpi, and there was significant early depletion of IgM+ B cells at 1 dpi in the red jungle fowl. vvIBDV infection also induced differential expression of genes that are involved in Th1 and pro-inflammatory responses, with groups receiving the higher dose (106.8 EID50) showing earlier expression of IFNG, IL12B, IL15, IL6, CXCLi2, IL28B, and TLR3 at 1 dpi. Although both chicken types showed equal susceptibility to infection, the red jungle fowl were clinically healthier than the SPF chickens despite showing more depletion of IgM+ B cells and failure to induce IFNB activation. In conclusion, high-dose vvIBDV infection caused an intense early host immune response in the infected bursa, with depletion of IgM+ B cells, bursal lesions, and cytokine expression as a response to mitigate the severity of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Isa Farhanah
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahaman Yasmin
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nguyen Phuc Khanh
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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23
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Liberti MV, Dai Z, Wardell SE, Baccile JA, Liu X, Gao X, Baldi R, Mehrmohamadi M, Johnson MO, Madhukar NS, Shestov AA, Chio IIC, Elemento O, Rathmell JC, Schroeder FC, McDonnell DP, Locasale JW. A Predictive Model for Selective Targeting of the Warburg Effect through GAPDH Inhibition with a Natural Product. Cell Metab 2017; 26:648-659.e8. [PMID: 28918937 PMCID: PMC5629112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies that use genetics are successful, but principles for selectively targeting tumor metabolism that is also dependent on the environment remain unknown. We now show that differences in rate-controlling enzymes during the Warburg effect (WE), the most prominent hallmark of cancer cell metabolism, can be used to predict a response to targeting glucose metabolism. We establish a natural product, koningic acid (KA), to be a selective inhibitor of GAPDH, an enzyme we characterize to have differential control properties over metabolism during the WE. With machine learning and integrated pharmacogenomics and metabolomics, we demonstrate that KA efficacy is not determined by the status of individual genes, but by the quantitative extent of the WE, leading to a therapeutic window in vivo. Thus, the basis of targeting the WE can be encoded by molecular principles that extend beyond the status of individual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Liberti
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ziwei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua A Baccile
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Baldi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mahya Mehrmohamadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marc O Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Neel S Madhukar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Meyer Cancer Center, Institute for Precision Medicine and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexander A Shestov
- Molecular Imaging and Metabolomics Lab, Radiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Iok I Christine Chio
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Meyer Cancer Center, Institute for Precision Medicine and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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24
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Yasmin AR, Yeap SK, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR. Characterization of Chicken Splenic-Derived Dendritic Cells Following Vaccine and Very Virulent Strains of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Infection. Avian Dis 2017; 60:739-751. [PMID: 27902915 DOI: 10.1637/11275-091315-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infects lymphoid cells, mainly B cells and macrophages. This study was aimed to examine the involvement of chicken splenic-derived dendritic cells (ch-sDCs) in specific-pathogen-free chickens following inoculation with IBDV vaccine strain (D78) and a very virulent (vv) strain (UPM0081). Following IBDV infection, enriched activated ch-sDCs were collected by using the negative selection method and were examined based on morphology and immunophenotyping to confirm the isolation method for dendritic cells (DCs). The presence of IBDV on enriched activated ch-sDCs was analyzed based on the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) while the mRNAs of several cytokines were detected using RT-qPCR. The isolated ch-sDCs resembled typical DC morphologies found in mammals by having a veiled shape and they grew in clusters. Meanwhile, the expression of DC maturation markers, namely CD86 and MHCII, were increased at day 2 and day 3 following vvIBDV and vaccine strain inoculation, respectively, ranging from 10% to 40% compared to the control at 2.55% (P < 0.05). At day 3 postinfection, IBDV VP3 proteins colocalized with CD86 were readily detected via IFAT and flow cytometry in both vaccine and vvIBDV strains. In addition, enriched activated ch-sDCs were also detected as positive based on the VP4 gene by RT-qPCR; however, a higher viral load was detected on vvIBDV compared to the vaccine group. Infection with vaccine and vvIBDV strains induced the enriched activated ch-sDCs to produce proinflammatory cytokines and Th1-like cytokines from day 3 onward; however, the expressions were higher in the vvIBDV group (P < 0.05). These data collectively suggest that enriched activated ch-sDCs were permissive to IBDV infection and produced a strong inflammatory and Th1-like cytokine response following vvIBDV infection as compared to the vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Yasmin
- A Institute of Bioscience.,B Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - M Hair-Bejo
- A Institute of Bioscience.,B Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A R Omar
- A Institute of Bioscience.,B Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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25
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Botthof JG, Bielczyk-Maczyńska E, Ferreira L, Cvejic A. Loss of the homologous recombination gene rad51 leads to Fanconi anemia-like symptoms in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4452-E4461. [PMID: 28512217 PMCID: PMC5465903 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620631114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RAD51 is an indispensable homologous recombination protein, necessary for strand invasion and crossing over. It has recently been designated as a Fanconi anemia (FA) gene, following the discovery of two patients carrying dominant-negative mutations. FA is a hereditary DNA-repair disorder characterized by various congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and cancer predisposition. In this report, we describe a viable vertebrate model of RAD51 loss. Zebrafish rad51 loss-of-function mutants developed key features of FA, including hypocellular kidney marrow, sensitivity to cross-linking agents, and decreased size. We show that some of these symptoms stem from both decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of embryonic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Comutation of p53 was able to rescue the hematopoietic defects seen in the single mutants, but led to tumor development. We further demonstrate that prolonged inflammatory stress can exacerbate the hematological impairment, leading to an additional decrease in kidney marrow cell numbers. These findings strengthen the assignment of RAD51 as a Fanconi gene and provide more evidence for the notion that aberrant p53 signaling during embryogenesis leads to the hematological defects seen later in life in FA. Further research on this zebrafish FA model will lead to a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of bone marrow failure in FA and the cellular role of RAD51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gregor Botthof
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Bielczyk-Maczyńska
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge CB2 0PT, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Ferreira
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Cvejic
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom;
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
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26
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Modest and Severe Maternal Iron Deficiency in Pregnancy are Associated with Fetal Anaemia and Organ-Specific Hypoxia in Rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46573. [PMID: 28440316 PMCID: PMC5404227 DOI: 10.1038/srep46573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal iron-deficiency (ID) is known to alter fetal developmental trajectories, which predisposes the offspring to chronic disease in later life, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we sought to determine whether varying degrees of maternal anaemia could induce organ-specific patterns of hypoxia in the fetuses. Pregnant female Sprague Dawley rats were fed iron-restricted or iron-replete diets to induce a state of moderate (M-ID) or severe ID (S-ID) alongside respective controls. Ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed on gestational day (GD)20 to assess uterine and umbilical artery blood flow patterns. On GD21, tissues were collected and assessed for hypoxia using pimonidazole staining. Compared to controls, maternal haemoglobin (Hb) in M- and S-ID were reduced 17% (P < 0.01) and 48% (P < 0.001), corresponding to 39% (P < 0.001) and 65% (P < 0.001) decreases in fetal Hb. Prenatal ID caused asymmetric fetal growth restriction, which was most pronounced in S-ID. In both severities of ID, umbilical artery resistive index was increased (P < 0.01), while pulsatility index only increased in S-ID (P < 0.05). In both M-and S-ID, fetal kidneys and livers showed evidence of hypoxia (P < 0.01 vs. controls), whereas fetal brains and placentae remained normoxic. These findings indicate prenatal ID causes organ-specific fetal hypoxia, even in the absence of severe maternal anaemia.
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27
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast cancer metastasis, and results in poor outcomes with median survival rates of only 4.8 - 15 months. Current rodent models of breast cancer metastasis, including primary tumor cell xenograft and spontaneous tumor models, rarely metastasize to the liver. Intracardiac and intrasplenic injection models do result in liver metastases, however these models can be confounded by concomitant secondary-site metastasis, or by compromised immunity due to removal of the spleen to avoid tumor growth at the injection site. To address the need for improved liver metastasis models, a murine portal vein injection method that delivers tumor cells firstly and directly to the liver was developed. This model delivers tumor cells to the liver without complications of concurrent metastases in other organs or removal of the spleen. The optimized portal vein protocol employs small injection volumes of 5 - 10 μl, ≥ 32 gauge needles, and hemostatic gauze at the injection site to control for blood loss. The portal vein injection approach in Balb/c female mice using three syngeneic mammary tumor lines of varying metastatic potential was tested; high-metastatic 4T1 cells, moderate-metastatic D2A1 cells, and low-metastatic D2.OR cells. Concentrations of ≤ 10,000 cells/injection results in a latency of ~ 20 - 40 days for development of liver metastases with the higher metastatic 4T1 and D2A1 lines, and > 55 days for the less aggressive D2.OR line. This model represents an important tool to study breast cancer metastasis to the liver, and may be applicable to other cancers that frequently metastasize to the liver including colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Goddard
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University
| | - Jacob Fischer
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University;
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28
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Patel Y, Lee JS, Chen H. Clinicopathological Analysis of miRNA Expression in Breast Cancer Tissues by Using miRNA In Situ Hybridization. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27341462 DOI: 10.3791/53928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we describe a detailed protocol for miRNA detection in breast cancer tissue using in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labelled LNA (Locked Nucleic Acid) probe. The probe was recognized by anti-DIG alkaline phosphatase antibodies and later developed using alkaline phosphatase substrate producing fluorescence signals. Here we utilized miRNA in situ hybridization (MISH) technique to analyze expression of miR-489 in tissues from breast cancer patients. This technique can detect the localization of miRNA of interest in individual tissue samples. This technique can be used to compare the expression of desired miRNA in tumor tissue with that in adjacent normal tissue and to identify the specific structures responsible for expressing this miRNA. This technique can be very useful in answering certain clinical questions, such as role of specific miRNA in the development of cancer. Our results indicate that mammary epithelial cells express significantly higher levels of miR-489 than adjacent tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogin Patel
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina
| | - Ji S Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School
| | - Hexin Chen
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina;
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29
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Shmarakov IO, Borschovetska VL, Marchenko MM, Blaner WS. Retinoids modulate thioacetamide-induced acute hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2014; 139:284-92. [PMID: 24614237 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature indicates that retinoids can influence the metabolism and actions of xenobiotics and conversely that xenobiotics can influence the metabolism and actions of retinoids. We were interested in understanding the degree to which hepatic retinoid stores, accumulated over a lifetime, affect xenobiotic metabolism, and actions. To investigate this, we induced liver injury through administration of the hepatotoxin thioacetamide (TAA) to chow fed wild type (WT) mice and lecithin:retinol acyltransferase-deficient (Lrat(-/-)) mice that are genetically unable to accumulate hepatic retinoid stores. Within 48 h of TAA-treatment, WT mice develop liver injury as evidenced by focal necrotic areas and increases in serum ALT activity and myeloperoxidase activity in hepatic parenchyma. Simultaneously, features of hepatic encephalopathy develop, as evidenced by a 25% increase in blood ammonia and a threefold reduction of blood glucose levels. This is accompanied by reduced hepatic glutathione, and increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyl and sulfhydryl groups, and increased cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation activity and flavin-containing monooxygenase activity in microsomes prepared from WT liver. Strikingly, none of these TAA-induced effects were observed for matched Lrat(-/-) mice. To confirm that TAA hepatotoxicity depends on retinoid availability, we administered, over 48 h, four oral doses of 3000 IU retinyl acetate each to the mice. This led to the development of hepatotoxicity in Lrat(-/-) mice that was similar in extent to that observed in WT mice. Our findings establish that endogenous hepatic retinoid stores can modulate the toxicity of TAA in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor O Shmarakov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi 58000, Ukraine
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30
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Hatch EM, Fischer AH, Deerinck TJ, Hetzer MW. Catastrophic nuclear envelope collapse in cancer cell micronuclei. Cell 2013; 154:47-60. [PMID: 23827674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During mitotic exit, missegregated chromosomes can recruit their own nuclear envelope (NE) to form micronuclei (MN). MN have reduced functioning compared to primary nuclei in the same cell, although the two compartments appear to be structurally comparable. Here we show that over 60% of MN undergo an irreversible loss of compartmentalization during interphase due to NE collapse. This disruption of the MN, which is induced by defects in nuclear lamina assembly, drastically reduces nuclear functions and can trigger massive DNA damage. MN disruption is associated with chromatin compaction and invasion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules into the chromatin. We identified disrupted MN in both major subtypes of human non-small-cell lung cancer, suggesting that disrupted MN could be a useful objective biomarker for genomic instability in solid tumors. Our study shows that NE collapse is a key event underlying MN dysfunction and establishes a link between aberrant NE organization and aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Hatch
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Shmarakov IO, Jiang H, Yang KJZ, Goldberg IJ, Blaner WS. Hepatic retinoid stores are required for normal liver regeneration. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:893-908. [PMID: 23349206 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m029801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary studies of liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy (PHE) identified a substantial depletion of hepatic retinoid stores, by greater than 70%, in regenerating livers of wild-type C57Bl/6J mice. To understand this, we compared responses of wild-type and lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (Lrat)-deficient mice, which totally lack hepatic retinoid stores, to PHE. The Lrat-deficient livers showed delayed regeneration in the first 24 h after PHE. At 12 h after PHE, we observed significantly less mRNA expression for growth factors and cytokines implicated in regulating the priming phase of liver regeneration, specifically for Hgf and Tgfα, but not Tgfβ. Compared with wild-type mice, the changes in mRNA levels for p21 and cyclins E1, B1, and A2 mRNAs and for hepatocellular BrdU incorporation and mitoses were delayed (i.e., shifted to later times) in regenerating Lrat(-/-) livers. Concentrations of all-trans-retinoic acid were significantly lower in the livers of Lrat(-/-) mice following PHE, and this was accompanied by diminished expression of known retinoid-responsive genes. At later times after PHE, the rate of liver weight restoration for Lrat(-/-) mice was parallel to that of wild-type mice, although additional biochemical differences were observed. Thus, hepatic retinoid stores are required for maintaining expression of signaling molecules that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation immediately after hepatic injury, accounting for the delayed restoration of liver mass in Lrat(-/-) mice.
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32
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Arzumanyan A, Sambandam V, Clayton MM, Choi SS, Xie G, Diehl AM, Yu DY, Feitelson MA. Hedgehog signaling blockade delays hepatocarcinogenesis induced by hepatitis B virus X protein. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5912-20. [PMID: 22986746 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) encoded X protein (HBx) contributes centrally to the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has been linked to many tumor types including HCC. Thus, experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that HBx promotes HCC via activation of Hh signaling. HBx expression correlated with an upregulation of Hh markers in human liver cancer cell lines, in liver samples from HBV infected patients with HCC, and in the livers of HBx transgenic mice (HBxTg) that develop hepatitis, steatosis, and dysplasia, culminating in the appearance of HCC. The findings in human samples provide clinical validation for the in vitro results and those in the HBxTg. Blockade of Hh signaling inhibited HBx stimulation of cell migration, anchorage-independent growth, tumor development in HBxTg, and xenograft growth in nude mice. Results suggest that the ability of HBx to promote cancer is at least partially dependent upon the activation of the Hh pathway. This study provides biologic evidence for the role of Hh signaling in the pathogenesis of HBV-mediated HCC and suggests cause and effect for the first time. The observation that inhibition of Hh signaling partially blocked the ability of HBx to promote growth and migration in vitro and tumorigenesis in two animal models implies that Hh signaling may represent an "oncogene addiction" pathway for HBV-associated HCC. This work could be central to designing specific treatments that target early development and progression of HBx-mediated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Barbels are skin sensory appendages found in fishes, reptiles and amphibians. The zebrafish, Danio rerio, develops two pairs of barbels a short nasal pair and a longer maxillary pair. Barbel tissue contains cells of ectodermal, mesodermal and neural crest origin, including skin cells, glands, taste buds, melanocytes, circulatory vessels and sensory nerves. Unlike most adult tissue, the maxillary barbel is optically clear, allowing us to visualize the development and maintenance of these tissue types throughout the life cycle. This video shows early development of the maxillary barbel (beginning approximately one month post-fertilization) and demonstrates a surgical protocol to induce regeneration in the adult appendage (>3 months post-fertilization). Briefly, the left maxillary barbel of an anesthetized fish is elevated with sterile forceps just distal to the caudal edge of the maxilla. A fine, sterile spring scissors is positioned against the forceps to cut the barbel shaft at this level, establishing an anatomical landmark for the amputation plane. Regenerative growth can be measured with respect to this plane, and in comparison to the contralateral barbel. Barbel tissue regenerates rapidly, reaching maximal regrowth within 2 weeks of injury. Techniques for analyzing the regenerated barbel include dissecting and embedding matched pairs of barbels (regenerate and control) in the wells of a standard DNA electrophoresis gel. Embedded specimens are conveniently photographed under a stereomicroscope for gross morphology and morphometry, and can be stored for weeks prior to downstream applications such as paraffin histology, cryosectioning, and/or whole mount immunohistochemistry. These methods establish the maxillary barbel as a novel in vivo tissue system for studying the regenerative capacity of multiple cell types within the genetic context of zebrafish.
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34
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Fischer AH, Jacobson KA, Rose J, Zeller R. Decalcifying tissues for paraffin embedding. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2008; 2008:pdb.prot4990. [PMID: 21356833 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONParaffin sections of bone usually require a decalcification step after fixation before sectioning. This protocol describes a method for decalcifying fixed tissue.
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35
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Fischer AH, Jacobson KA, Rose J, Zeller R. Cutting sections of paraffin-embedded tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2008:pdb.prot4987. [PMID: 21356830 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes the sectioning of tissues embedded in paraffin blocks. Paraffin sections require extensive fixation and processing steps but provide superior morphology compared with other sectioning methods. Sectioning paraffin blocks requires experience and should be learned from an experienced researcher, if possible.
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